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Assumptions:
incompressible viscous flow
constant properties
zero wall velocity
constant wall temperature
parallel flow independent on streamwise coordinate
Hence:
! 2u ! 2u 1 ! p
+
=
" constant
! y2 ! z 2 ! x
with
Here:
1 d ! du $ 1 dp
1 dp 2
r
=
=
constant
'
u
=
r + C ln r + D
#
&
r dr " dr % dx
4 dx
Integrating with u finite on the centerline ( r = 0 ) and zero on the duct radius ( r = R ):
1 dp 2
u=!
R ! r2
(Poiseuille paraboloid)
4 dx
(energy equation)
u 2 "
r4 %
T = Tw +
1! 4 ' ,
k $#
R &
Tmax
u 2
= T0 = Tw +
k
on the centerline
Assumptions:
no viscous dissipation
q!w ! constant ! !T ! x " constant
constant temperature difference, T ! Tw
Then:
!c p u
(energy equation)
!uT dA
1
"
T =
=
"
!
Q
!
u
dA
"
A
!uT 2# r dr = Tw $
11
(Tw $ T0 )
18
Governing equation:
! 2u ! 2u 1 dp
+
=
= constant
! y 2 ! z 2 dx
with
u = 0 on the wall
Solution approaches:
separation of variables in orthonormal coordinates
conformal mapping with the transformation:
y 2 + z 2 dp
$ 2! $ 2!
!=u"
#
+
=0
4 dx
$ y2 $ z 2
Rectangular section:
(Dirichlet problem)
Concentric annulus:
%
1 dp " 2
2
2
2 ln ( a r )
u=!
$a ! r + a ! b
'
dx #
ln ( b a ) &
and
2
2 2 &
#
a
!
b
" dp 4
%a ! b4 !
(
V! = !
8 dx %
ln ( a b ) (
$
'
ds
Rh = 2A P
!w = !w ;
Rh = R ;
Cf =
16
8!
=
Re Dh uRh
Assumptions:
incompressible viscous flow
constant properties
constant velocity and temperature BCs at y = h
2-D parallel flow independent on streamwise coordinate x
! du $
dp
d 2T
0=u
+ k 2 + # &
" dy %
dx
dy
where:
y! = y h ,
u! = u U
Boundary conditions:
u =0,
T = T0
u =U ,
T = T1
!
!
(energy)
and
at y = !h
at y = h
du "
=0
dx "
d 2u " h 2 dp
=
= #B = constant
dy"2 U dx
2
d 2T "
U 2 * " $ du " ' =
, Bu # & " ) /
dy"2 k (T1 # T0 ) ,+
% dy ( /.
! u" = 0 ,
! u" = 1 ,
T! = 0
T! =1
at y! = "1
at y! = 1
By straightforward integration:
1
1
u ! = 1 + y! + B 1 " y!2
2
2
i.e. linear superposition ( u ! "u = 0 ) of:
Couette flow (linear)
Poiseuille flow (parabolic)
Assumptions:
incompressible viscous flow with constant properties
constant velocity and temperature BCs at r = r0 , r1
2-D axisymmetric flow (independent on ! )
reminiscent of the flow in bearings and seals
Governing equations:
du!
=0
d!
dp !u"2
=
dr
r
d 2u! d " u! %
+ $ ' =0
dr 2
dr # r &
(continuity)
( r -momentum)
( ! -momentum)
k d ! dT $
! du' u' $
0=
r
+
( &
#
&
#"
r dr " dr %
dr
r %
Boundary conditions:
u! = " 0 r0 ,
At r = r0 :
At r = r1 :
u! = " 1r1 ,
T = T0 ,
T = T1
(energy)
p = p0
*$ " 1r12
' r $ "1
' r12 u!
1
=
#1
#
#1
,
/
" 0 r0 r12 r02 # 1 +&% " 0 r02 )( r0 &% " 0 )( r0 r .
r14 (1 ! " 1 " 0 ) #
ln ( r r0 ) , ln ( r r0 )
T ! T0
r02 & )
= Pr Ec
1
!
1
!
+
.+
%$
T1 ! T0
r14 ! r04
r 2 (' * ln ( r1 r0 ) - ln ( r1 r0 )
2
where:
Pr Ec = ! 02 r02 k (T1 " T0 )
(Brinkman number)
In particular:
u!
r
# 0
" 0 r0
r
u!
r $r
# 1
" 0 r0
r1 $ r0
as r1 ! "
(potential vortex)
as r1 ! r0
(small clearance)
Assumptions:
axisymmetric, incompressible, viscous flow
constant properties, negligible viscous dissipation
constant velocity and temperature BCs on:
the surface of the sphere
in the far field (free stream, moving with velocity U )
linearized convective terms:
Stokes approximation: u ! "u ! 0
and
u ! "T ! 0 ( Re = Ua ! << 1 )
Oseen approximation:
and
u ! "u ! U ! "u
u ! "T ! U ! "T
!"u = 0
(continuity)
T
!u " #u = $#p + # " %&#u + ( #u ) '(
(momentum)
!c pu " #T = k# 2T
(energy)
Boundary conditions:
u= 0,
T = Tw
u!U ,
p ! p" ; T = T!
at r = a
+
;
p = p! "
cos
#
&%
)
r
"
2
r #"
#r (
2r
D = 6!Ua
Drag coefficient:
D
"
24
CD = 1
=
12
=
2 2
aU Re
2 !U a
Curve fit for 0 ! Re = 2aU " ! 2 #10 5 :
24
6
CD !
+
+ 0.4
Re 1 + Re
Oseen solution:
8! Re
CD !
! 1 + 10 $ Re " 2 3
1 " # + ln (16 Re )
where 1 ! Re ! 2 "10 5 , ! = 0.577... (Neper no.) and Re = 2aU ! (Reynolds no.)
For spheres:
"2.0
$
Nu m = #2.0 + 0.5 ! Pr Re
$2.0 + 0.3 ! Pr1 3 Re 0.6
%
(Stokes')
(Oseen)
(curve fit)
where
2aU
"
Re
=
$$
!
#
$Pr = c p
$%
k
Vortex Decay
Using polar coordinates, show that a circular vortex flow has only
one vorticity component ! = ! z , which satisfies the equation:
$ ! 2" z 1 !" z '
!" z
1 "
with
!
=
ru# )
=#&
+
(
z
2
)
r "r
!t
r !r (
% !r
Using a similarity approach, solve the above equation for the viscous diffusion of a vortex
initially concentrated at the origin ( r = 0 ) with circulation ! 0 . Compute ! z ( r,t ) and
showthat the circumpherential velocity takes the form:
2
" $
(Oseen, 1911)
u! = 0
1 % e% r 4 & t
2# r $ r
Sketch a few profiles at various times, including t = 0 .
!
"
1
!T
"
1
and
!
=
!
=
x
Ux
x
Ux
Re x Pr
Re x
Hence:
! x << 1 , ! T x << 1 for Re x >> 1 and Pr = c p k = O (1)
Conventionally define:
! where u = 0.99U
! T where T ! Tw = 0.99 (Te ! Tw )
Mass flux defect in the BL:
#
%
$0 ( !eU " !u ) dn = !eU#
! "# =
&
%u )
1
$
,0 (' %eU +* dn
"
(nominal BL thickness)
(thermal BL thickness)
!u (U " u ) dn = !eU 2%
! "=
#u %
u(
'& 1 $ *) dn
#eU
U
(displacement thickness)
(momentum thickness)
#T
% # ht =
#T
2D similarity methods:
reduce the 2D BL equations to ODEs by means of suitable transformations
only applicable under rather restrictive conditions on the BL boundary conditions
"
!u dy =
"
energy balance (neglecting heat conduction and viscous dissipation in the BL):
d "T
dm!
where q!w is the wall heat transfer
!
uh
dy
$
h
= $ q!w
t
te
dx #0
dx
using continuity and the definition of ! ht , for hte ! constant :
d #T
d
%& !eU ( hte " hw )# ht '( = q!w
!
u
h
"
h
dy
=
(
)
te
t
$
0
dx
dx
and, finally:
d! ht % #e" U "
hw" (
+' +
$
! h = Ch
dx & #e U hte $ hw *) t
where primes indicate differentiation w.r.t. x , and:
q!w
(Stanton number)
Ch =
!eUc p (Tte " Tw )
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
finally, using
" dp
Cf
)
d! U " &
#$
1 d #
+ ( 2 + % M e2 + ! =
p
%
p
dy
+
(
e)
dx U '
!
,eU 2 dx -0
2
*
where C f and M e are the skin friction coefficient and freestream Mach No., respectively:
C f = 2! w "eU 2
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
and
Assumptions:
incompressible, steady, viscous, 2-D flow
constant properties
negligible body forces
(continuity)
% ! 2u ! 2u (
!u
!u
1 !p
u
+v
="
+$' 2 + 2*
!x
!y
# !x
!y )
& !x
( x -momentum)
% ! 2v ! 2v (
!v
!v
1 !p
u
+v
="
+$' 2 + 2*
!x
!y
# !y
!y )
& !x
( y -momentum)
!T
!T
k # ! 2T ! 2T & )
u
+v
=
+
+
!x
! y "cv %$ ! x 2 ! y 2 (' cv
2
2
* # !u & 2
# ! v & # !u ! v & + ( / (energy)
,2 % ( + 2 % ( + %
$
'
$
'
$
!
x
!
y
!
y
! x ' /.
,+
where:
!
" 1
" 1
"2
1
"2
1
v !U ;
! ;
! ;
!
;
!
;
x " x x " y ! " x 2 x 2 " y2 ! 2
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
k
! 2U
=$ "% !
#cv
x
!u
!u
1 !p
! 2u
u
+v
="
+$ 2
!x
!y
# !x
!y
1 #p
0=!
" #y
!T
!T
k ! 2T # $ ! u '
u
+v
=
+
!x
! y "cv ! y 2 cv &% ! y )(
Hence:
the pressure is constant across the BL (imposed by the external flow):
dpe 1 2
1 dp
dU
p = pe ( x )
with
+
U
=
B
#
$
=
U
" !e 2
!e dx
dx
!u
!y
u y= 0 = 0 , v y= 0 = 0 ,
T
y= 0
= Tw ,
y= !T
u y= ! = U
= Te
Therefore:
f !!
"#
"#
" 2#
! u
+v
=$ 2
"x
"y
"y
with
f ( 0 ) = 0,
! ( 0 ) = 0, ! (1) = 1
f (1) = 1
(Reynolds analogy)
Recall:
!T
"t
1
!
=
!
#t
Pr
Hence the thermal BL decreases for increasing Pr = ! " and:
Ch
q!w
!U 2
k$
1
=
"
= Pr "1 2
C f !Uc p (Te " Tw ) 2# w 2 c p$ T 2
(Reynolds analogy)
Hence, in the general case, the appropriate definition of the Stanton number is:
q!w
! q!w = 0 for Tw = Twa
Ch =
!eUc pe (Taw " Tw )
and:
Ch
! d lnU $
(generalized Reynolds analogy)
= f # Pr,
&
"
Cf
d ln x %
with
! = Ax n y
Hence similarity solutions (independent on x ) for the velocity in the BL are possible for:
nC x m
mC x m #1
m
2
U = Cx
m = 2n + 1
with
! f """ #
f
f
#
f
# f "" # 1 = 0
""
"
2 2n +1
2 2n
$A x
$A x
Choosing A = C ( m + 1) 2! :
m + 1 U ( x)
!=y
2
"x
and
Recall:
u ( x, y ) = U ( x ) f ! (" )
(self-similar profile)
with:
m + 1 U ( x)
2
"x
U ( x ) = Cx m
and f (! ) solution of:
!=y
(similarity variable)
(freestream velocity)
Notice:
m = 0 ,! = 0 :
flat plate
m = 1,! = 1:
!T
!T
k ! 2T # $ ! u '
u
+v
=
+
!x
! y "cv ! y 2 cv &% ! y )(
with
y= 0
= Tw
and
y!"
= Te
with
!T = Tw " Te
same
!=y
( m + 1)U ( x )
2" x
&
2 Pr d ln $T
PrU 2 2
f !" = #
f !!
(" !! + Pr f " ! #
m
+
1
d
ln
x
c
$
T
p
'
(" ( 0 ) = 1; " ( % ) = 0 (BCs)
)
where
G ( Pr, ! ) =
+%
exp " Pr $ f d# dz
0
! " 1.7208
!
x
Re x
Cf =
(displacement thickness)
2! w # 0.664
= !
"U 2 x
Re x
1 L
1.328
C D = ! C f dx !
L 0
Re L
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
(friction coeff.)
(drag coeff.)
with
where
! = y U 2" x
(Prandtl No.)
"Pr = c p k
#
2
Ec
=
U
c p (Tw ! Te ) (Eckert No.)
$
Formal solution (by double integration of the above 1st order ODE for " ! ):
2
Pr =1
#
# & z f %%
)
Ec )
Ec
&
! = K $ g dz + Pr Ec $ ( $
dx + g dz , ! = ( 1 - + (1 - f % ) +
1 - f %2
"
" ' 0 g
'
2*
2
*
g (!, Pr ) = e
" Pr
#0
f d!
= f $$ Pr " f $$ Pr ( 0 )
and:
K=
1 ! Pr Ec #
$ z f "" 2 '
&% #0 g dx )( g dz
g dz
Thermal boundary layers thicken with decreasing Prandtl number (as expected)
in terms of Taw :
$
U
&q!w = G ( Pr ) k (Taw ! Te )
2" x
&
%
G ( Pr )
q!w
&C =
=
h
&'
#Uc p (Taw ! Te ) Pr 2 Re x
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
where G ( Pr ) =
"
+!
g dz
+%
exp " Pr $ f d# dz
0
With:
G ( Pr, ! ) ! G (1, ! ) Pr1 3 (valid for gases with Pr ! 1)
the Reynolds analogy writes:
Cf
f0!!
where
! 2 Pr 2 3
Ch
G (1, " )
G ( Pr, ! ) =
!=
2m
d lnU d ln x
=2
m +1
1+ d lnU d ln x
# d lnU &
" ! = !%
$ d ln x ('
Hence, the effect of pressure gradients on the wall heat transfer is significant, unless:
x dU
! << 1 "
<< 1
(slow freestream velocity gradients)
U dx
2
u
'%! 3 " ! 2 for 0 # ! = y $ # 1
= f (! ) = &
U
for ! = y $ > 1
('1
determine:
which of the nominal BCs are satisfied
! , ! " and C f as functions of !
the ODE for ! ( x ) with the appropriate IC and the solution ! x = 4.64 Re x
!1 3
Assumptions:
parallel, steady, incompressible streams
constant free stream velocities U1 and U 2
uniform pressure p , constant properties !1 , !2 , 1 , 2
f1!!( 0 ) =
(Blasius equation)
(freestreams)
"2 2
f2!!( 0 ) (interface)
"11
f !!! + ff !! + " 1 # f ! 2 = 0
with
$ f ( 0 ) = f0 ! 0 (vw ! 0)
&
(uw = 0)
% f " (0) = 0
& f " (#) = 1
(ue = U )
'
For:
m = 0 (flat plate):
vw ! x !1 2
thinner (thicker) BL for f ( 0 ) > 0 ( < 0 )
diverging solutions for !0.876 < f ( 0 ) < 0
vw = constant
thinner (thicker) BL for f ( 0 ) > 0 ( < 0 )
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
Assumptions:
x -independent 2-D parallel flow
uniform freestream velocity, U , and wall suction, vw < 0
du
d 2u
!vw
= 2
dy
dy
Obtain:
! ! "4.6
Cf =
! u = U 1 " evw y #
#
vw
2! w
vw
=
#2
"U 2
U
For a 2-D parallel incompressible viscous flow on an infinite flat plate with:
constant properties, !, " , k, cv = c p
uniform wall suction, vw < 0 , and free stream velocity, U
uniform wall and free stream temperatures, Tw and Te
solve the energy equation :
2
" du %
dT
d 2T
!cv vw
= k 2 + $ ' ;
# dy &
dy
dy
u = U 1 ! evw y "
)
U2
;
Ec =
cv (Tw ! Te )
Pr =
the adiabatic wall (recovery) temperature Taw as a function of the Prandtl number
the Eckert number, Ec aw , for which Taw = Te
the expression of the Stanton number based on Taw :
q!w
as a function of the Prandtl number
Ch =
!Uc p (Te " Taw )
!
"
U! d!
U %! & w!
+ 2! + # $
=
" dx
"
U
where:
y
!=
"
and
u=0
and
u =U
and
U "# 2
!=
$
!u " w
=
at y = 0
!y
!u
=0
at y = !
!y
Then, from von Krmns integral momentum equation obtain an integrable ODE for ! ( x ) :
d!
= f (! ,U,U ",U "", # )
dx
and
Then:
! w"
#u
=
U
#y
!"
=
#
U "# 2
!=
$
1
"
= f $ ( 0, % ) ( f (1 & f ) d' = S ( % )
0
U
& (1 $ f ) d% = H ( ' )
& f (1 $ f ) d%
(shear correlation)
0
1
(shape correlation)
"
! = 0.45 6
U
2
U 06 2
#x0 U dx + U 6 ! 0
Finally, ! w and ! " are estimated from the shear and shape correlations:
U
and
! " = # H ($ )
!w =
S (# )
"
accurate within 5% for favorable pressure gradients and within 15% near separation
( )
where:
!c =
k (Tw " Te )
q!w
(conduction thickness)
U "# c2
!c =
$
and, from Falkner-Skan solutions:
"a !1 2 ! 0.332 Pr 0.35
for 0.1 < Pr < 10
#
0.07
b
!
2.95
Pr
$
$ a U 0b
q!w L
Nu L =
=
k (Tw ! Te ) &% Re L U b
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
2
'
U b !1 dx U 0b # c0
+
"x0 U0b !1 L U b L2 )(
x
!1 2
(Nusselt number)
#%U = U 0
p = pmin ! $
%&" = " 0
approximate the BL as a Blasius layer with U = U 0
choose the Blasius origin x B to match local value of:
! = !0
#
" 0.45 6
U0
x0
!p
<0
!x
p = pmin
#
U 5 dx = 0.45
( x % xB )
U max 0
U0
Blasius layer
!0
xB
x0
Us
!s
xs
At the (later) separation point xs > x0 match the Blasius layer with the inner layer where:
u ( y ) ! u y= 0
du
+
dy
1 d 2u
y+
2
2
dy
y= 0
y2 + . . . !
y= 0
1 dp 2
y + ...
2 dx
(x ! x )
B
" dC %
C p $ p ' ! 0.0104
# dx &
matched
velocity
profile
Assumptions:
incompressible, steady flow with constant properties
negligible body forces
axisymmetric flow, local surface radius r0 >> !
!T
!T
k ! 2T # $ ! u '
u
+v
=
+
!x
! y "cv ! y 2 cv &% ! y )(
with boundary conditions:
u=v=0
and
T = Tw ( x )
and
u ! U ( x)
T ! Te ( x )
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
(energy)
at y = 0
at y ! "
With:
2
"'
' x! ' ' y! '
x r
"
0
=
!
x
=
dx
$ ' x ' x ' x! + ' x ' y! =
$$
!0 L2
$
& #
#
$ y! = r0 y
$ ' = ' x! ' + ' y! ' =
$%
$% ' y ' y ' x! ' y ' y!
L
and:
'u! ( x!, y! ) = u ( x, y )
)
$
L!
y dr0
(
!
!
!
v
x
,
y
=
v
x,
y
+
u
x,
y
(
)
(
)
(
)
#
&
)
r0 "
r0 dx
%
*
r02 '
y dr0 '
+
L2 ' x! L dx ' y!
r0 '
L ' y!
'u ( x, y ) = u! ( x!, y! )
)
r0
y dr0
(
!
!
!
v
x,
y
=
v
x
,
y
,
u ( x, y )
(
)
(
)
)
L
r
dx
0
*
!T!
!T!
! 2T! " $ ! u! '
u!
+ v!
=# 2 + & )
! x!
! y!
! y!
cv % ! y (
"$u! = v! = 0 on y! = 0
#
on y! = !!
$%u! = U!
Hence axisymmetric BLs transform into equivalent 2-D BLs in Cartesian coordinates x!, y! .
n 3
with
U "# 2
!=
$
with
U "# c2
!c =
$
#%! ( x0 ) = ! 0
$
%&" c ( x0 ) = " c0
at the location x = x0 where U ( x0 ) = U 0 respectively integrate to:
" r02U
"c r02U
! ( x) =
, !c ( x ) =
U#
U#
"
! = 0.45 2 6
r0 U
2
and
U 06 2
#x0 r U dx + U 6 ! 0
x
2
0
!w =
U
S (# ) ;
"
! " = # H ( $ ) ; q!w =
# U 0b !1
q!w L
!1 2
Nu L =
=a
Re L % 2 b
k (Tw ! Te )
$ r0 U
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
and
"
! =a 2 b
r0 U
2
c
k (Tw ! Te )
"c
b !1
dx &
2U
r
"0 0 U0b !1 L ('
x
x
x0
2
0
rU
b #1
U 0b 2
dx + b ! c0
U
u! = 0
Assumptions:
compressible, steady, viscous, 2-D, force-free flow
temperature-dependent , k ! T n
thin layer approximation ! x ! ! T x << 1
!x
!y
! x ! y &% ! y )(
!p
0=#
!y
2
with BCs
"u = v = 0
$u = U
$
#
$T = Tw
$%T = Te
at y = 0
at y = !
at y = 0
at y = ! T
$ !u '
!h
!h
!p
! $ !T '
"u
+ "v
=u e +
k
+
&% ! y )(
!x
!y
! x ! y &% ! y )(
where dh = c p dT , p = ! RT , and, from the free-stream momentun and energy equations:
dU
#p
!eU
=" e
dhe
dU
dx
#x
(also obtained from hte = he + 12 U 2 = constant )
!
= "U
#h
#p
dx
dx
!eU e = U e
#x
#x
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
Assumptions:
perfect gas with constant specific heats c p , cv
In the BL approximation:
1
1
ht = h + u ! u " c pT + u 2
2
2
! cp
"T " ht
"u
=
#u
"y "y
"y
"x
"y
" x " y &% " y )(
2
# "u &
# "u &
"h
"h
"p
" # "T &
" pe " # " ht " u &
!u
+ !v
= u e + %k
+
=
u
+
)
u
+
%$ " y ('
%$ " y ('
"x
"y
" x " y $ " y ('
" x " y %$ Pr " y Pr " y ('
the mechanical energy equation is:
# "u &
" #1 &
" #1 &
"p
" # "u &
"p
" # "u &
!u % u 2 ( + !v % u 2 ( = )u e + u % ( = )u e + % u ( ) % (
$ "y'
"x $ 2 '
"y $ 2 '
"x
"y $ "y'
"x "y $ "y'
and therefore the equation for the total enthalpy writes:
"h
"h
" * " ht $
1'
"u !u t + !v t =
+
1
#
u
&
)
"x
" y " y ,+ Pr " y %
Pr (
" y /.
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
Assumptions:
Pr = 1
hte ! constant
"x
" y " y %$ " y ('
ht = hte at y = ! T
For adiabatic walls the wall BC is ! ht ! y w ! q"w = 0 and above equation has the solution:
ht = hte ! constant
with
For flat plates, using the similarity assumption ht = ht ( u ) and the momentum equation:
! pe
"u
"u " $ "u '
where
=0
!u
+ !v
#
=
0
!x
"x
" y " y &% " y )(
the total enthalpy equation gives:
2
d 2 ht " ! u %
dht * ! u
!u ! " !u %
=
+ (v
)
, (u
/=0
du 2 $# ! y '&
du ,+ ! x
! y ! y $# ! y '& /.
and integrating with ht ( 0 ) = hw and ht (U ) = hte , obtain:
ht = hw + ( hte ! hw ) u U
Recall:
ht = hw + ( hte ! hw )
u
1
= h + u2
U
2
Therefore:
u 1 2
! u
U 2
Hence h goes through a maximum in high speed BLs on cold walls ( hte > hw ).
h = hw + ( hte ! hw )
For Pr = 1:
Taw = Tte
and
u u2
T = Tw + (Taw ! Tw ) !
U 2c p
Differentiating:
kw # T # y w
kw # u # y w
q!w
kw 2$ w
=
=
=
!wUc p (Taw " Tw ) !wUc p (Taw " Tw )
!wU 2 c p
2 w c p !wU 2
! Ch =
Cf
2 Prw
For Pr ! 1:
1 2
Taw = Te + r
U and
2c p
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
u
u2
T ! Tw + (Taw ! Tw ) ! r
U
2c p
! surprisingly accurate in $
#" flat-plate compressible BLs&%
Look for similarity solutions with hte ! constant (uniform far field) and:
u ( x, y ) = U (! ) f " (# ) and h ( x, y ) = he (! ) g (" ) (Dorodnitsyn 1942, Illingworth 1950)
where:
x
U ( x) y
and
(similarity variables)
! ( x, y ) =
# dy
! ( x ) = # "e ( x )U ( x ) e ( x ) dx
$
0
0
2"
dU % #e
2(
$
f
!
*) = 0
d" '& #
(no slip at the wall)
(external matching)
where:
!e pe T T
=
! !g
!
p Te Te
and
!
1" T %
C=
! $ ' ! g n (1
!e e g # Te &
(Chapman-Rubesin parameter)
U2 U2
=
= (! " 1) M e2
he c pTe
( Me = U
$
! + fg! = " U 2 h Cf !! 2
C
g
Pr
!
(
)
e
&
&&
$& g ( 0 ) = gw (Tw # constant)
%either: %
&' g! ( 0 ) = 0 (adiabatic wall)
&
& g ( ( ) = 1 (external matching)
&'
! Tw " constant
! U ! " # 2 (wedge or cone flow)
! U 2 ! Te (constant free stream Mach number M e )
Therefore:
with
" 1) C Pr M e2 f !! 2
with
#% f ( 0 ) = f ! ( 0 ) = 0
(momentum)
$
%& f ! ( " ) = 1
#% g ( ! ) = 1
(energy)
$
g
0
=
g
or
g
0
=
0
"
( )
%& ( )
w
U ! ! and M e << 1
(stagnation flow)
Pr = 1 and C = 1 if:
U ! ! " 2 , M e # variable (Falkner-Skan flows)
For ! = 0 :
! = "eU e x
and
!=
Ux
2" e
(Cf !! )!
# dy
#e x
f
Cf !!
C
Integrating from ! = 0 to ! " # with:
1
C ! Cw ! constant ;
f ! f !! ( 0 )" 2 + ...
2
and the relevant BCs for f , obtain:
0.47 fB!!( 0 )
f !! ( 0 ) !
!
Cw
Cw
(Cf !! )! + ff !! = 0 "
=#
Similarly:
! w = w
"u
"y
=
w
eUf ## ( 0 )
Cw = ! w, B Cw
2$ e x U
u
= f ! (" ) ! fB! " Cw
U
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
Temperature profile:
T T
T + Tw
r
g = ! w + aw
f ! " (# " 1) M 2 f ! 2
Te Te
Te
2
Notice:
C = ! !e e ! (T Te )
n "1
= C (T )
( )
In low speed flows can use C ! = C T ! evaluated for a suitable value of:
T ! ! Tw +
1
2
! = "eU e x
! "=
Ux
2# e
!
Cw" e
=
x
Ux
$ dy
$e x
+
.
#
Tw &
2
5.0
+
0.2
+
0.9
)
*
1
M
) e0
%$
(' (
T
aw
,
/
dy
=
x
2" e #e
d$ =
Ux #
2" e T
d$
Ux Te
Flow conditions:
Pr = 0.75 , variable specific heats
Sutherland law, ! T 3 2 T + Tref
Main features:
u nearly linear in y for insulated walls
! increases with T and M e
Main features:
Reynolds analogy holds also at high M e
the Fanning and Stanton numbers decrease with M e
the Fanning and Stanton numbers decrease with Tw
boundary layer thickness increases with M e
! increases dramatically for adiabatic walls
approximate analysis is rather accurate for:
wall shear distribution
wall heat transfer distribution
f !!! + ff !! + " g # f ! 2 = 0
with
f ! (") = 1
and
f (0) = f ! (0) = 0
with
g (!) = 1
and
g ( 0 ) = gw or g! ( 0 ) = 0
! = 2m ( m + 1)
m=0:
flat plate
! 12 " m < 0 :
0 < m < +! :
m = 1:
Also let:
S = ht hte ! 1
Luca dAgostino, 2013/14.
f !
( )
1
f "" ( 0 )# 2 + O # 3
2
% 6Cw (
1 " g (0)
!
! $ ( 43 ) '
*
g# ( 0 )
Pr
f
0
##
(
)
&
)
13
"
he " hw
q#w
Hence:
13
q!w ! ( he " hw ) ( Pr Cw )
In general:
KD "e he
,
,
= f ( free-stream, body shape )
V! "! h!
At M e < 1 (freestream or behind the bow shock):
2
#
KD % 4 (1" 0.416M ! + ...) spheres
!$
V! % 3(1" 0.252M !2 + ...) cylinders
&
!e , he " obtained from shock/isentropic relations
Assumptions:
hypersonic incoming flow ( M ! > 5 6 )
thin, quasi-parallel shock layer:
uniform pressure p >> p! across the layer
normal velocity component is lost
tangential velocity component is preserved (no significant shear at the shock)
2 #"
#e0
q!w
12
!e e K ) " !w w %
(
= 0.763
while:
!e0 !t 2
=
!"
!1
0.1
( he ( hw )
Pr 0.6
$# ! '&
e e
and
he0 Te0 Tt 2
!
=
h! T!
T1
r0
j = 0,1
q!w ( x )
=
q!w ( 0 )
"1
and
U = M e ! RTe
)1
(Lees 1956)
Repeat the analysis for a cone of length L and half-angle ! = 0.1 rad , showing that:
2D p
C Dp =
! 2 sin 3 $
2
2
! RB "#V#
Q!
heat power load
=
V! D f mechanical power dissipation
the ratio of the skin friction coefficients on a cone and a flat plate at equal Reynolds no.
where:
2 Si ( ! ) " ! #$ H i ( ! ) + 2 %& ! 0.45 " 6 !
(Thwaites 1949)
" i2 dU
!=
# te dx
with
"T %
! = !i $ t '
# Te &
!T $!
' (1 2$ ' (1 2
H = H i # aw & # 1 +
Me & +
Me
"
%
T
2
2
" t %
te T ! " w# i
Si = !
Te $eU