Materi Fact and Figures , Giving Invitation

April 9, 2011
prantika informasi Tinggalkan Komentar
ini gan ada materi bru di mata pelajaran aku yaitu bhsa inggris,, gag ngerty yah ??
ok langsung ajah deh,,
1.Meaning
Explaining facts and figures is describing or explaining data that contains facts (an event/object)
and figures (value) that is implied in the nonverbal form, such as graph or chart, table, diagram,
sketch, etc.
2.Expressions to Show Facts and Figures
The ratio 1 to 7 means
The total number reflects
Let me show you this graph about
This diagram shows our sales by market area.
Sales reach a peak in October.
They buy three quarters of our production.
It was 10% two years ago.
Production has increased five percent.
Prices have been stable for years.
Profit has increased slightly / dramatically / 10%
The graph shows our sales for the last two years.
5.Fractions and Percentages
: a quarter
1 : one and a half
: three quarter
3/8 : three eight
1/3 : a third / one third
2% : two percent
18.5% : eighteen point five percent
0.4% : zero point four percent
Due to and because of are phrases used in sentence to show cause-effect relationship.Examples:

GIVING INVITATION
1.Meaning
Giving invitation is an expression that is disclosed when there is someone who wants to ask other
persons to come to a place or when there is someone who asks others to do something for
him/her.
2.Expressions and Responses of Inviting

3.Dialogue Invitation
Arif : Hi, Tika.
Tika : Hi, Arif. Whats up friend?
Arif : Hmmm, are you doing anything for next week?
Tika : Nothing. Why?

Arif : Hmm, like you know, next week we will have summer vacation to
Bali and I think that I need you to be my date. Would you mind to come along with me?
Tika : Really? Id love it so much.
Arif : Well, I will pick you at 7 a.m next week at school.
Tika : OK. Thanks Arif.
Arif : Youre welcome. Bye Tika and see you next week.
Tika : See you, too. Bye-bye.
USED TO
The word used to refer to a definite time in the past.
Used to is used for showing habit in the past time.
Examples:
I used to go to the movies a lot.
Used to is used for regular actions or events in the past that no longer happen.
Examples:
I used to play badminton twice a week, but now I only play once a month.
Example in dialogue
Tika : Do you play tennis?
Risky : I used to play a lot, but I havent played for years.
Tika : Do you enjoy playing?
Rizky : Very much. But I never have time.
Tika : Are you very good?
Rizky : I used to be OK.
Tika : Would you like a game?
Risky : Of course.

Tika : When can you get away?

Risky : How about Friday, after work?
Tika : That would suit me.
Risky : Do you know where we can play?
Tika : There are courts at our gym. Ill reserve one.

Vocabulary and Grammar

Causeeffect

Example Sentences

...because of...

There was flooding because of the heavy rain.

...caused by

The flooding was caused by the heavy rain.

...cause of

The heavy rain was the cause of the flooding.

...reason for

The heavy rain was the reason for the flooding.

...attributed to

The flooding was attributed to the heavy rain.

...on account o
f

There was flooding on account of the heavy rain.

Owing to the heavy rain there was flooding.

...owing to
(These cause-effect phrases are all followed by noun
phrases; i.e. 'the heavy rain'.)

... because

There was flooding because heavy rain fell all

night.
('Because' is followed by a verb phrase, 'heavy
rain fell all night'.)

Grammar Note: don't use 'Because' as the first word in a

sentence: it's bad style.
There are a number of alternatives. You can use:
- 'Due to...'; e.g. 'Due to the heavy rain there was flooding.'
- 'Owing to ...'; e.g. 'Owing to the heavy rain there was flooding.'
- 'As...'; e.g. 'As there was heavy rain, there was flooding.'
Verbs

Example Sentences

may

The heavy rain may have caused the flooding.

could

The heavy rain could have caused the flooding.

might

The heavy rain might have caused the flooding.

can

Flooding can be caused by heavy rain.

Grammar Note: modal verbs such as 'may', 'could', and 'might'
must be followed by infinitive verbs, such as 'have' and 'be'.

Time & Certainty

Example Sentences

Always true

Flooding is caused by heavy rain.

Present

The flooding is caused by the heavy

rain.

Less certain present

Past
Less certain past

The flooding may be caused by the

heavy rain.
The flooding was caused by the heavy
rain.

The flooding may have been caused

by the heavy rain.

Adverbs

Example Sentences

possibly

The rain may possibly cause flooding.

certainly

The rain will certainly cause flooding.

perhaps

Perhaps the rain will cause flooding.

definitely

The rain will definitely cause flooding.

probably

The rain will probably cause flooding.

undoubtedly

The rain will undoubtedly cause flooding.

Grammar Note: use 'will' with adverbs that show a high
probability, such as 'undoubtedly', 'definitely' and 'probably'. For
other adverbs, which show a smaller possibility, use 'may', 'could'
or 'might'; e.g. The rain could, perhaps, cause flooding.' or 'The
rain may possibly cause flooding'.
Also, the position of the adverb is usually just in front of the verb
for adverbs of possibility and probability. This is because the
adverb gives more information about the verb. This is different
from adverbs like 'Unfortunately', which give information about
the whole sentence; e.g. 'Unfortunately, the heavy rain caused
flooding.'
Other Cause and Effect Phrases:
Causes

There are several reasons for this. Firstly, ...

Other causes played a part. Firstly,

A key factor was... ('key' means 'important')

This is due to ...

This is a reflection of...

Effects

As a result, ...

Consequently, ...

This meant that...

One consequence of this is that ...

Grammar Note:
Don't write 'are lacking of ...' as a cause or effect. Use 'there is a
lack of ...' OR 'they are lacking in ...'
For more information on how to use 'lack (of)' correctly, see 'Lack'
or 'Lack of'? - an explanation and an exercise.

Cause & Effect Review

Expressing a Cause and Effect Relationship

Summary of CauseEffect Connectors (Connectives)

SO/SUCHTHAT +
BECAUSE +
SO + CLAUSE
CLAUSE
CLAUSE

CONSEQUENTLY
+ CLAUSE

So (result/ effect) is a, So or Such is paired with a

which joins a clause that-clause to express a
expressing
cause-effect relationship.
result/effect. The
So (adv) modifies or
connector with its
intensifies an adjective or
clause is placed after adverb in the cause-clause.
the main clause (in
Such (adv) modifies the
mid-sentence
adjective+noun phrase in
position) A comma the cause-clause. And that
usually separates the follows with the effectclause.
clause.

Consequently, As a
result, or etc.,
Because, as, since,
expresses a
etc., joins a clause
relationship between
expressing
two clauses. The
reason/cause. The
word transitions the
cause-clause may be
reader or listener from
placed before or after
the main idea in one
the effect-clause.
clause to the idea in
the next clause.

This is called a
coordinator, linking
adverb, coordinating
conjunction. In
UUEG, it is placed
before a dependent
clause, which is
attached to an
independent clause.

This is called a
preposition, an
adverbial or a
subordinating
conjunction, or an
adverb clause.

This is often called an

adverbial clause, a degree
adverb/ intensifier with a
that-clause or an adverbial
expression..

This is also called

a connective adjunct,
linking adverb,
conjunctive adverb or
transition.

People helped.
The children survived
He raised so much money
Consequently, the
because they received
that he could open a "food
children survived.
He saw starving
help.
bank".
children, so he helped
People helped. For
Because they received
them. [effect/result]
He raised such a large
this reason, the
help, the children
amount of money that he
children survived.
He helped, for he
survived.
could open a "food bank".
knew they could
People helped; as a
The children survived
survive.
He raised enough money
consequence, the
because of the help.
[cause/reason]
that he could open a "food
children survived.
(noun phrase)
bank".

CAUSE

*for (reason or cause) so (emphasis on cause) because, since, now For this reason, For all
such (emphasis on cause) that, as, as long as,
these reasons
enoughthat
inasmuch as, because
sufficientlythat
of, due to, owing to,

on account of,
despite , if only
because

*rarely used, very

formal

EFFECT

so (result)

that (effect)
that (effect)

so that (purposeresult)
in order (purposeresult)

Therefore,
Consequently, As a
consequence, As a
result, Thus

starving (adj.) suffering without food; not having food to eat

food bank (n.) a place that gives bags of food to the poor
survive (v.) to continue to live in difficult conditions (accident, war, illness)
Grammar Notes
Terms in various grammar systems

Advanced

TRADITIONAL GRAMMAR

LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION

SO-CLAUSE

Conjunctions: (and, but, or) "connects words

or phrases that have the same grammatical
function in a sentence. This use of
conjunctions is called 'parallel structure'. "
UUEG (16-1, 19-2)

So "falls at the boundary between coordinators

and prepositions" It is marginally a member of
the coordinator category, but differs in that it does
not always coordinate like structures, it may be
combined with another coordinator (and so, and
but) CaGEL (15 2.11)
Subordinator clause of result CoGEL (15.49)

SOTHAT / SUCHTHAT

(no term given) "another way of expressing

cause and effect UUEG (19-4)

So is an adverb of degree/extent or manner, such

is an adjective, and the content clause (that) has a

(Most grammarians describe so as an adverb

of degree or extent used for emphasis in a
clause, which may or may not be followed by
a that clause of result. Few discuss the the
particular context for using this structure. See
So/Such that)

resultative meaning" CaGEL (11 4.6)

Subordinator clause of result CoGEL (15.49)
So is an extent/degree, circumstance adverbial
LGSWE (10.2.8.7)

BECAUSE-CLAUSE

Adverb clause UUEG (171-2)

Preposition with an adjunct (required) reason

clause CaGEL (8 12.3-4)
Subordinators reason clause because, since, for
CoGEL (15.49)
Circumstance adverbials reason, subordinators
LGSWE (10.2.1)

CONSEQUENTLY

Transition, conjunctive adverbs UUEG

(192-3)

Connective adjuncts CaGEL (8 19)

Conjuncts CoGEL
Linking adverbs LGSWE (10.4.1.4)
Connecting adverbs PEU (22.1)