Module: Logic Design

Name:
University no:
Group no:
Lab Partner Name: Mr. Mohamed El-Saied

Experiment 2: Basic Logic gates

Objective:
1. To be familiar with hardware equipments in the lab in addition to CEDAR logic simulator program.
2. To study and verify the truth table of the basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT).
Components Required:
Mini Digital Training and Digital Electronic Sets.
IC Type 7408 Quadruple 2-input AND gates.
IC Type 7432 Quadruple 2-input OR gates.
IC Type 7404 Hex Inverters.
IC Type 7486 Quadruple 2-input XOR gates.
IC Type 7400 Quadruple 2-input NAND gates.
IC Type 7402 Quadruple 2-input NOR gates.
IC Type 74266 Quadruple 2-input XNOR gates.
Logic Gates (chips):
1. Logic gates were created using mechanical relays. Mechanical devices have problems such that it cannot
be switched from one state to another quickly enough for modern computer applications.
2. After advent of transistor, logic gates were constructed from transistors and resistors. Using transistors
to build logic gates can be time consuming and cause problems as increasing the number of connections
also increases the possible points of failure.
3. The introduction of the integrated circuits in the late 1950s aimed at placing many circuit components in
a single package that had all of the connections self-contained in silicon. This led to CPUs today that
contain millions of components in a single chip. Integrated circuit abbreviated as IC and contains the
electronic components for constructing the logic gates. External pins of the ICs may range from 14 on a
small IC to several thousand on a large package.
4. Since the 1960s, 7400 series logic chips, (ICs) have been manufactured. These chips were used to design
and build computers during that time, easy to obtain and are fairly inexpensive. To determine the
polarity of the chip, a notch is put on the left side of the chip. From a top view, pin one is on the left of
the notch with other pins numbered sequentially in a counter clockwise manner.

Figure 1

Example: IC 7400 -2 Input NAND gate and its datasheet as in figure 1.

CEDAR Logic Simulator:

CEDAR logic simulator is an interactive digital

logic simulator to be used for learning of logic
design or testing simple digital designs. It features
both low-level logic gates as well as high-level
components.
Figure 2: CEDAR Logic
Simulator interface.

Theory:
Computers work on an electrical flow where a high voltage is considered a 1 and a low voltage is
considered a 0. The data are represented using these high and low voltages called logic levels. Logic gates
are the basic building blocks of any logic circuit. They have one or more inputs and one output.
Combinations of logic gates form circuits designed for specific tasks. For example, logic gates are combined to
form circuits to add binary numbers (adders), set and reset bits of memory (flip flops), multiplex multiple
inputs, etc. The basic logic gates are: AND, OR and NOT. In addition to other gates, NAND, NOR, XOR
and XNOR which all work according to certain logic.
1. The AND gate requires at least two inputs and one output. The output of AND gate is high1 when both
the inputs A and B are high, otherwise the output is low 0. Figure 3 represent the symbol of the AND
gate, the inputs on the left side and the output on the right side. The logic equation of AND gate, Y =
A.B

Figure 3
2. The OR gate requires at least two inputs and one output. If either or all of the inputs are a 1, the
resulting output value is a 1. The output is low 0 when all inputs are low 0. Figure 4 represent the
symbol of the OR gate, the inputs on the left and the output on the right. The logic equation of OR gate,
Y = A+B

Figure 4
3. The NOT gate is also known as an inverter; simply it inverts the input (change the input into opposite).
The NOT gate accepts only one input and the output is the opposite of the input. Figure 5 represents the
symbol of the NOT gate, the input on the left and the output on the right. The logic equation of NOT
gate, Y = A

Figure 5

4. The letter X in the XOR gate stands for "exclusive". The XOR gate that accepts two inputs will produce
output high 1 if one of the inputs is 1 and the other is 0. Otherwise the output is 0. Figure 6
represents the symbol of the XOR gate. The logic equation of XOR gate, Y= ( A B) .

Figure 6
5. NAND: NAND gate is AND gate followed by NOT. Figure 7 represents the symbol of the NAND gate.
The logic equation, Y = ( A.B)

Figure 7
6. NOR: NOR gate is OR gate followed by NOT. Figure 8 represents the symbol of the NOR gate.
The logic equation, Y = ( A B) .

Figure 8
7. X-NOR: XNOR gate is XOR gate followed by NOT. Figure 9 represents the symbol of the XNOR gate.
The logic equation, Y= ( A B) .

Figure 9
Procedure:
For each logic gate do the following steps:
1. Place the IC of AND gate in the proper location in a breadboard.
2. Give biasing to the IC (i.e. wire the IC to ground (0V) and power supply (+5 V).
3. With the help of ICs datasheet of AND gate, connect the input pins of the gate to data switches and the
output pin to LED indicator.
4. Make the truth table for that logic gate.
5. Write down in the truth table the output logic levels for every possible combination of input levels, with
help of LED indicator.
6. Repeat for all other gates.

Truth Table of AND gate

A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

Truth Table of OR gate

A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

Truth Table of NOT gate

A
Y
Truth Table of XOR gate
A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

Truth Table of NAND gate

A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

Truth Table of NOR gate

A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

Truth Table of XNOR gate

A
B
Y

(Justify the output Y):

(Justify the output Y):