Telecommunication Network Design

Lecture notes
Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen
Telecommunication Network Design

Introduction to Cellular System
Design
Jorma Kekalainen
367
Introduction
The objective of a cellular system is to provide quality
communication to the maximum number of users in a defined area.
The number of users supported by the system can be increased by
using more frequencies.
Frequency resources are however always limited.
Hence RF Planning engineers are required to maximise spectrum
efficiency.
In order to accommodate a maximum number of subscribers per
network, the available frequencies need to be reused as often as
possible.
This creates interference towards other cells, which have
detrimental impact to the link quality.
Finding the optimum compromise between dense re-use and least
368
interference is the objective of frequency planning.
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Lecture notes
Introduction
The system design and planning of the system has to be done so as
to reuse the frequencies as often as possible while keeping the cochannel and adjacent channel interference within acceptable
limits.
Also a minimum received signal level has to be provided throughout
the coverage area of the network.
Frequency planning can be done
Manually by skilled expert RF Engineers.
With powerful planning tool (here used acronym CellCAD)
having the option of automated frequency planning.
369
Cellular network design

Cellular network design is a complicated multidiscipline process.
The fundamental properties of antenna operation is only the
first step in that process
Wave propagation is a much more complicated process than one
might expect by a simple statement like the farther away one
goes the weaker the signal becomes the rate at which such
weakening occurs is very important!
Signal strength is actually AVERAGE signal strength that one
is actually talking about.
Understanding the fluctuations (i.e., fading) around this average
is of paramount importance.
Fading is a catch-all term and one must realize that there are
several different types of fading characteristics of the channel.
Different fading characteristics require different mitigation
solutions.
370
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Lecture notes
Mechanisms causing signal variability
371
Propagation loss
372
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Lecture notes
Cellular network design

Cellular network planning and design is
accomplished in a systematical and structured
manner, analogous to that of building a house
You cannot start putting the roof together if you
have not built the foundation!
Similarly, you can not start building the foundation
if you have not made plans in accordance with local
rules, available resources etc.
In network planning these resources involve

both and spectrum (not to mention real
estate etc.)
373
Pre-design
During pre-design, project leaders study business
planning, a prediction of the number of subscribers,
subscriber usage, target customers, spectrum and
pricing.
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Lecture notes
Objectives
375
Main phases
Prephase: Preparation (D0)
Initial design: Phase 1 (D1)
Implementation: Phase 2 (D2)
Optimization: Phase 3 (D3)
Ongoing system improvement: Phase 4 (D4)
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Lecture notes
Design preparation (Prephase)

Setup HW, SW & DBs
Determine design standards and objectives
Perform model optimization
Link budget analysis and cell size estimation
377
Design preparation (Prephase)

The design starts with the preparation stage.
Set-up hardware, software, and databases including
measurement test equipment
Determine Design Standards and Objectives:
We select (with the clients approval) a specific technology for
our wireless system and establish fundamental parameters that
affect the quality of the system and define the yearly goals
Perform Model Optimization:

We add or subtract dBs to the signal strengths predicted by
simulations to match the signal strengths measured by the test
equipment.
Estimate Cell Count:

Given an area that requires coverage for a number of
subscribers using a specific mobile, we estimate the number of
cells required.
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Lecture notes
Initial design (D1)

Coverage design
Capacity analysis
Frequency planning
Preparing site maps
379
Initial design (D1)

In coverage design, we select site locations and
antenna configurations to provide sufficient signal
strength for mobile stations to communicate in
defined areas.
In capacity analysis, we identify each site that
requires more than the maximum number of channels
allowed and either off-load the excess channels to
surrounding sites or add sites.
In frequency planning, we carefully assign frequencies
to stations without creating co-channel and adjacent
channel interference.
We prepare search area maps to guide real estate
people to the area where we need a site.
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Lecture notes
Design objectives
Determining our design objectives and
standards is a major step of our design.
We need to know:
How much received power is strong enough?
Where?
How much spectrum or how many channels are
available? Where?
How small a signal to interference ratio is
tolerable? Where?
How much and what kind of demand and growth is
expected?
381
Objectives
382
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Lecture notes
Coverage, Capacity and Interference

(CCI) objectives
The levels of tolerance and desired quality are
location dependent.
383
CCI objectives
We define different levels of quality
tolerance in different areas.
Typically, we expect to provide better quality
in the downtown area and major highways than
in the outskirts of town.
Coverage objective is the minimum signal
strength that a mobile station requires to
communicate with the base station.
Capacity and interference objectives are sets
of thresholds.
384
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Lecture notes
CCI objectives
385
Databases
To perform simulation and design, we need information in databases about the physical
environment, people, and resources in the target area.
CellCAD or corresponding design tools display some of these databases, such
386 as
terrain, in the form of a color map and others, such as antennas, in a table form.
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Lecture notes
Example: Terrain database
387
Example: Terrain database

Terrain database is a matrix that shows the
elevation of different points in the target
area.
CellCAD software uses the terrain database
to predict signal loss from a base station to a
mobile station.
We use the terrain database to help decide
where to place a site.
We can view terrain databases in CellCAD as a
color map where each color represents a
range of terrain elevations.
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Lecture notes
Example: Morphology database

Morphology database is information about land usage
in the target area.
Different environments attenuate RF signal strength
by different amounts.
In CellCAD, we can assign a dB adjustment to each
type of land usage and CellCAD will automatically
adjust the signal strengths predicted in the area of
each type of land usage.
389
Example: Antenna database
Antenna database is a table of available antennas with their gains at different angles.
390
We can view the antenna gains, horizontal patterns or vertical patterns in CellCAD.
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Lecture notes
Example: Demographic database

Demographic database contains information
about the distribution of people, their income,
and their major commuting paths for a
market.
We assume that demographics data
correlates with subscriber density.
We estimate the correlation, called
demographic weighting factors.
Lacking real subscribers, we estimate
subscriber density and call traffic using
demographic analysis.
391
Example: Structure database
A structure database contains all the existing structures, i.e., towers and buildings, their
location, ground elevation, and radiation center.
392
We will use this database in the site selection stage of coverage design.
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Lecture notes
Loss model optimization
Model optimization is the process of adjusting our loss prediction model to conform with
measurement data collected through drive tests in the target area.
393
Using a correction factor we incorporate the best dB adjustment.
Morphological classification
We classify the target into only three categories
based on land usage:
urban,
suburban, and
rural.
To balance economics and statistical reliability of

measurement data (a representative sample), at least
two sites from each category for model optimization
are measured.
It is very important to select the right sites to test.
The site chosen should be representative of the
target and the environment type.
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Lecture notes
Urban areas have man-made structures and little
vegetation.
Local clutter (obstacles) interferes the line-of-sight (LOS)
from the base stations antenna to mobile stations antenna,
since the radiation center is only slightly higher than the
building heights.
Urban sites have relatively small coverage areas.
Suburban areas have a balance of man-made

structures and vegetation.
More LOS areas than in urban areas.
Suburban sites have larger coverage areas than urban areas.
Rural areas have open regions with few man-made

structures.
LOS almost everywhere in the coverage area.
Rural sites have the largest coverage areas.
395
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Lecture notes
Correction factors
Morphologically diverse area needs several
correction factors.
397
Regions with different morphological characteristics require unique correction factors.
Link budget analysis and cell size

estimation
We complete a link budget analysis
to choose an EIRP for a base station
to determine a coverage threshold
to estimate average cell radius
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Lecture notes
dB and dBm
399
Note: dBm is a unit for power but dB is a unit for power gain or loss.
Link budget analysis
400
EiRP = Effective isotropic Radiating Power, BS = Base Station, MS = Mobile Station
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Lecture notes
Link Budget Analysis (LBA)

The objective of the LBA is to determine the
transmit power required from the BS so that
the maximum allowable path loss in the
downlink is equal to the maximum allowable
path loss in the uplink.
By balancing the maximum allowable path
losses in the two directions, we ensure that
everywhere the BS provides acceptable
coverage for a MS, the MS will have enough
power to reach the BS receivers.
401
Link Budget Analysis (LBA)

In LBA, we subtract losses and add gains due to
various components of the BS & MS hardware to
compute the maximum allowable path loss from the
transmit antenna to the receive antenna, for both the
uplink and the downlink.
The maximum allowable path loss in the uplink is the
difference between the power out of the MS and the
minimum required power at the BSs antenna.
Similarly, the maximum allowable path loss in the
downlink is the difference between the power
transmitted out of the BS antenna and the minimum
required power at the MSs antenna.
We assume that the environment losses are the same
for the downlink and uplink.
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Lecture notes
Coverage classes
The mobile station requires at least a signal strength on the street or at the mobile
stations receiver. To evaluate coverage of a mobile station in a car, we added 10 dB to
the power required on the street. To evaluate coverage of the mobile station in the
403
building, we added 20 dB to the power required on the street.
Hand-off window
404
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Lecture notes
Hand-off window
Switching back and forth between two
stations due to signal level fluctuations
increases the mobiles chances of dropping a
call and overhead signaling to complete a
hand-off.
Therefore, multiple hand-offs (ping-pong
effect) are undesirable.
The hand-off window ensures that the signal
strength of a neighboring station is at least 3
dB stronger than the signal strength of the
serving station before the call is handed off
to the neighboring station.
405
Hand-off window
406
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Lecture notes
Comment: Hand-off window

The threshold that defines the dotted circles
is the threshold necessary for good coverage
(derived from the LBA).
The threshold that defines the solid circles is
the coverage threshold plus the hand-off
window.
By making the solid circles touch each other,
we provide sufficient overlap between the
dotted circles for hand-off purposes.
407
Theoretical cell size estimation
After LBA is done and the balanced path is achieved from path loss and the propagation
loss model (e.g. HATAs model) we can estimate the cell radius.
408
Note that this method is crude and does not account for the terrain.
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Lecture notes
Cell size estimation

Cells radius may vary
in different directions
We need to take the

average of radii in
different directions
After running propagation for a site with a typical antenna type, radiation center, and
EiRP in CellCAD, we can plot the signal predictions to use for estimating a cell size.
The coverage threshold plus the hand-off window is the threshold that determines the
cell radius.
Because the cell radius varies in different directions, we take the average of radii409
in
several directions.
Cell size estimation

After measuring the cell radius for several test sites,
we average the radii to estimate the typical cell
radius.
We estimate a cell size for each area based on a
morphology category and a receiving environment for
the typical mobile station.
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Lecture notes
Reduce R to meet capacity

requirements
Each station has an upper limit to the amount of call
traffic that the station can serve.
Fill up the coverage objective area with cells of

predicted size and count the number of sites
Estimated cell count
411
Multiple cell sizes

Different needs:
SeveraI LBAs
Several path losses
SeveraI cell size estimations
If the target area is not homogenous in terms of morphology, call traffic demands,
dominant type of phones, and phones environment, we estimate several cell sizes.
412
After classifying the areas, we estimate a unique cell size for each area.
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Lecture notes
Cell count estimation with

multiple cell sizes
After estimating one cell size for each region, we fill
up the coverage objective area with cells of
estimated sizes and count the total number of cells
413
Iteration is the essential of initial

design (D1) phase
414
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Lecture notes
Coverage Design
In coverage design, we select site locations and
antenna configurations, in a sequential manner, to
provide sufficient signal strength for mobile stations
to communicate in defined areas.
415
Topographical maps
Topographical maps show the ground elevation using
contour lines.
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Lecture notes
Coverage design getting started
We calculate our coverage threshold in the link budget analysis.

Coverage thresholds are different for different receiving environments and technology
417
standards. Note: par=nominal value.
Coverage design I
For regularity of design, we use a hexagonal grid pattern to guide our selection of sites.
This regularity helps us in the next stages of design, i.e., capacity analysis and 418
frequency planning.
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Lecture notes
Setting hexagonal grids

We build a hexagonal grid using the estimated cell size for each
region defined by the morphology category and receiving
environment.
419
Selection of the first site

Typically, we start selecting sites from the core of the target
and continue towards the boundaries.
We follow this approach because normally coverage in the core
area is most important and less flexible.
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Lecture notes
Site selection considerations

Candidate sites
Structure database
Trade off rules
Zoning issues
Target/market visit information
Average antenna height
421
Special considerations in
coverage design
Areas that are physically far apart may
become close from a propagation viewpoint
because of water enhancement.
The EM loss over water is less than over dry
ground and CellCAD accounts for this
difference.
In site selection, we need to watch for extra
propagation from sites close to water because
the propagation could cause interference.
422
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Lecture notes
coverage design: Tilt
During the D1 stage of coverage design, we design sites using one type of omni
antenna placed within a range of heights.
In the D1 stage, we rarely downtilt an antenna because we save time by waiting to
423
recommend antenna downtilts during the D2 stage when we have real site locations.
Some antenna rules

Select all radiation
centers within a
given range
Use only one type of
omni & directional
antenna
Always start with
omnis.
No antenna tilt is
recommended.
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Lecture notes
coverage design
425
Special considerations in coverage

design: Tunnels and bridges
To get coverage over a bridge, in a tunnel, or
trenched roadways, we select sites that are
in line of sight of the bridge, tunnel, or
trenched roadway.
CellCAD predicts signal strength over terrain
or around buildings, but not in tunnels or over
bridges.
We rely on field measurements to determine
if we have coverage over a bridge or in a
tunnel.
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Lecture notes
Propagation in tunnels
Propagation inside tunnels is inhibited because of
excessive loss at obstructions, bends, and corners.
For propagation studies, a tunnel is often modeled as
a smooth-walled, glossy, straight, and homogeneous
wave guide.
For such a model, attenuation varies as the inverse
square of frequency.
427
Tunnels
Propagation in tunnels is difficult and special modeling
and design methodology must be used.
In the mobile communications industry, this has
evolved into a specialized domain, with many
techniques including such design approaches as leaky
cables, closely located repeaters, etc.
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Lecture notes
Example: Lincoln Tunnel

From a study in Lincoln Tunnel, Manhattan in
New York, propagation loss decreases as
frequency increases with the following
equation
Above 2 GHz, attenuation is linearly proportional

to frequency with the approximate formula of
a1.2.
429
Example: Lincoln Tunnel

Right figure shows loss as a function of antenna separation
at 980 MHz.
Attenuation varies inversely as the fourth power with
distance resembling the plane earth model
430
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Lecture notes
Propagation over water
431
Foliage
432
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Lecture notes
Foliage losses
The effects of foliage are considerable at UHF and
higher frequencies.
Foliage effects vary with seasons, and thus present
special design problems.
Sometimes, significant design alterations are
necessary as the seasons change, thus the term
multi-season design.
433
coverage design: Delay spread
In selecting site locations, we need to look for reflecting
surfaces, i.e., (glass) buildings and (snowcap) mountains, that
create time dispersion.
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Lecture notes
Capacity analysis
Objective:
Estimate traffic/channel loading per station
Put additional sites wherever needed
that too heavy traffic load can distribute fairly
435
Demographic weighting factors

Demographic maps show bin by bin distribution of
information about people such as vehicular traffic,
income, business, and population.
The weighted average of these maps is our estimate
for subscriber density.
We choose weighting factors based on experience in
similar existing markets.
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Lecture notes
Subscriber density maps
The resulting subscriber density is a map or matrix with the number of subscribers
in
437
each bin.
Distribution of traffic for bins

on the cell boundaries
On the cell boundaries, we distribute demand in a bin to several
base stations that could possibly serve the area.
We measure the demand on the station either as number of
subscribers or erlangs.
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Lecture notes
Coverage area and server list

The stations coverage area is the sum of the bins that the
station potentially could serve.
439
Traffic parameters
440
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Lecture notes
Traffic parameters
The incoming traffic load is a random process,
therefore, we should employ a probabilistic
model with parameters such as:
Average number of users in the system.
Average amount of delay for each call.
Average total number of subscribers predicted or
planned.
Probability of blocking a call request
System queuing strategy
Call arrival rate
441
Blocked, connected and held calls

In general, the system cannot serve or connect some
of the arrived calls.
Either the system immediately clears the unserved
calls or holds the unserved calls in a finite queue
before clearing them.
If the system has a queue, the call can stay in the
queue for a limited period of time before the system
either serves or clears the held call.
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Lecture notes
Blocked, connected and held calls
443
Erlang and subscriber usage

Erlang: is a quantitative measure of telephone
traffic load
1 Erlang = One circuit occupied for one hour
An Erlang has no units

# Erlangs = average call arrival rate times average
call duration
1 Erlang = 1 call/min * 1 min/call or 2 calls/min *
0.5 min/call
Subscriber usage is measured in Erlangs per

Subscriber.
Traditionally, we estimate call traffic at the
busiest hours.
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Lecture notes
Subscriber usage
445
Erlangs/station
For each station or cell, CellCAD calculates the call traffic in Erlangs by multiplying
446 the
number of subscribers in the cell area by the subscriber usage.
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Lecture notes
Traffic models
447
Example
448
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Lecture notes
Limitations
Hardware limitations, spectrum availability, selected reuse
scheme, and zoning issues are inputs that we use to calculate the
maximum number of channels on each station.
449
Channel off-loading
Reduce the Coverage Area of Station by:
Reducing its Antenna Height (effective)
Using an Antenna with lower gain (not effective)
Reducing its power output (not effective and not
recommended)
Down tilting (effective, not to be used in D1)
To fill the gaps,increase the coverage area of

neighboring sites by increasing their antenna
height.
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Lecture notes
Channel off-loading
First, we try to off-load traffic from the overloaded
site to neighbor sites.
451
Cell splitting
Second, we try to add a site to off-load traffic from
the overloaded site.
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Lecture notes
Capacity analysis Frequency

planning
After capacity analysis we should have a list of the
channel loading for all the sites in the target area,
which along with the site configuration is used for
frequency planning.
In frequency planning, we carefully assign frequencies
to stations without creating co-channel and adjacent
channel interference.
453
RF planning
The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum
revenue potential whilst maintaining a high level of system
quality.
Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum
allocation limitations.
A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added
economically when traffic demand increases.
As every urban environment is different, so is every macrocell and
microcell network.
Hence accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the
system will provide both the increased capacity and the
improvement in network quality where required.
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Lecture notes
RF planning
RF planning plays a critical role in the cellular design
process.
By doing a proper RF planning we can reduce a lot of
problems that we may encounter in the future and also
reduce substantially the cost of optimization.
On the other hand a poorly planned network not only
leads to many network problems , it also increases the
optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired
quality.
455
Tools for RF planning

Tools used for RF planning
Network Planning Tool
Propagation Tool
Traffic Modeling Tool
Project Management Tool
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Lecture notes
Network Planning Tool

Planning tool is used to assist engineers in designing
and optimizing wireless networks by providing an
accurate and reliable prediction of coverage, doing
frequency planning automatically etc.
With a database that takes into account data such as
terrain, clutter, and antenna radiation patterns, as
well as a graphical interface, the Planning tool gives
RF engineers a state-of-the-art tool to:
Design wireless networks
Plan network expansions
Optimize network performance
Diagnose system problems
Some tools available in the market.

Also many vendors have developed Planning tools of
their own.
457
Frequency planning
How many channels are needed and where?
Station by station reuse penalty?
Exclusion zones?
Which RF channels should be used and where?
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Lecture notes
Big picture
Before assigning frequencies we create a

reuse matrix to decide which sites need to
be sectored.
We sectorize the sites identified through the
reuse matrix.
We try Automatic Frequency Planning in
CellCAD. If APP does not work, we assign
frequencies manually.
Interference
analysis
Interference
reduction
Automatic frequency
planning
Manual frequency
planning
459
Carrier to interference ratio

Carrier to interference ratio (C/I) is the
ratio of total power from the desired station
(C) and from all undesired stations
broadcasting on the same frequency or
adjacent frequencies.
The effect of input tuned filters in rejecting
adjacent channels is considered in term of
their adjacent channel rejection factor.
CellCAD calculates one C/I for co-channels
and another C/I for adjacent channels.
460
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Lecture notes
Carrier to interference ratio
461
Reuse distance
462
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Lecture notes
Reuse distance
We increase our system capacity when we decrease
the distance between sites that use the same RF
channel.
Close reuse means small D/R, not small D.
The trade-off to increased capacity is an increase in
interference because the co-channel sites have less
distance between them.
463
Reuse patterns
A reuse pattern means that we can use all our spectrum on every
cluster of K sites.
4, 7, 9, and 12 are typical cell reuse patterns.
464
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Lecture notes
C/I
This theoretical equation based on simplistic assumptions provides a rough estimate

465 of
an appropriate reuse factor for the selected C/I objective.
Sectorization
466
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Lecture notes
Smart or adaptive antennas

Feedback and control
Adaptability
Adaptable beam forming and steering
Interference suppression
467
Dump vs. smart antenna
Dump sectorized antenna
Smart multi-beam antenna

468
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Lecture notes
Smart antenna
Profits
Loss
Gain
Beamwidth
Interference
reduction
Adaptive coverage
Cost
Complexity
469
Likely server
470
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Lecture notes
Likely server
For interference calculations, CellCAD determines the serving
area based on likely server or secondary threshold.
We use interference based on likely server most often.
In a bin for interference based on likely server, CellCAD
1) filters out all stations that do not have a signal strength above
the system threshold before identifying possible servers (>Tsys)
2) identifies station A as a potential server if its signal strengths is
greater than its primary threshold.
3) identifies the best server, the station with the strongest signal
strength, and classifies this station as a potential server.
4) identifies station A as a potential server if its signal strength is
greater than the signal strength from the best server minus station
As hand-off window.
Note, to define the same serving area as likely servers, set the
secondary threshold equal to the secondary threshold for
demographics based on cell hand-off.
471
Interference weighting factors

In different parts of the target area, we can vary our
tolerance and express it as a percentage of all
covered bins that can have interference (
C/I<Threshold)
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Lecture notes
Example
We quantify tolerable interference as a percentage
of all covered bins that can have interference.
Percentage interference
=10/32*100=31%
473
Example: Average C/I
Average C/I over interference bins:

474
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Lecture notes
Two tier buffer of cells
475
Two tier buffer of cells

We are interested to know how many times a
frequency group is used among potentially interfering
stations.
Theoretically for a 7 cell reuse every frequency group
is used three times within the first two tiers of cells.
Therefore if we assume that interference is limited
to the cells within the first two tiers around each cell
then R=3.
Theoretically for 4 cell reuse it can be shown that
R=2.
In a real scenario based on practice we choose R=2.
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Lecture notes
Automatic Frequency Planning

(AFP)
477
Adjacent channel assignment
478
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Lecture notes
Redesign and optimization
479
Redesign and optimization

If interference problems can not be solved after
sectorization procedure we may have to change
radiation center or other optimization based
adjustments.
Eventually if adjustments do not solve the problem we
need to reselect the problem site.
480
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Lecture notes
Frequency group table

How do we group available RF channels to assign one
group to each station?
481
Example: Frequency group table
482
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Lecture notes
Example: Incorrect frequency

grouping
483
Adjacent frequency assignments

Assigning adjacent channels to neighboring stations
causes problems especially during hand-offs.
484
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Lecture notes
Frequency assignment I:
Automatic Frequency Planning
works
485
Frequency assignment I: Manual

operation
486
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Lecture notes
Frequency assignment II
487
Model optimization
Model optimization is the process of adjusting
our loss prediction model to conform with
measurement data that are collected through
drive tests in the target area.
As a result of this measurement integration
process, we find a correction factor, the
standard deviation of prediction errors, and a
color plot that shows the value of error at
each point on the drive-test route.
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Lecture notes
Measurement integration
Measurement integration for model optimization
489
Drive-test plan
After selecting the sites to be drive-tested,
the next step is to formulate a drive test plan
for each site.
The following rules should be observed.
The drive test plan should include both radial and
circumferential routes.
It should also include wide & narrow roads.
It is important that radial roads be drive-tested
till the edge of the cell boundary.
It is beneficial to measure beyond the coverage
contour up to the interference contour of the site.
These contours are based on set threshold values.
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Lecture notes
Drive-test plan
491
Correction Factor
Every measured point is compared to its
corresponding predicted signal strength and
the error as well as co-ordinates are
recorded in a file in CellCAD.
The model is adjusted by adding a correction
factor to the predicted signal strength
values.
The correction factor to be added is the
average value of the differences between
measured and predicted signal strength
values.
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Lecture notes
Correction Factor
493
Predicted power loss (Lp)
494
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Lecture notes
Correction Factor and

distribution of errors
495
Desired test data

We would like to have zero mean prediction error.
Adding a correction factor shifts the mean of error distribution
to zero but does not change the variance of error.
Decreased variance of prediction error means an increase in the
models accuracy.
If after measurement integration the result of a drive tests
show a large standard deviation, it means there is an error in
drive test or we may need to put breakpoints and consider
separate correction factors for areas between each two break
points.
For DO we do not use break points.
Any drive test data with standard deviation more than 10 dB is
not acceptable.
496
Page 65
Lecture notes
Recap: Main design phases

D0: Preparation
D1: Initial design
D2: Implementation
D3: Optimization
D4: Ongoing system improvement
497
Recap: Design preparation (D0)

Setup HW, SW & DBs
Determine design standards and objectives
Perform model optimization
Link budget analysis and cell size estimation
498
Page 66
Lecture notes
Recap: Results from initial design

(D1)
Coverage objective maps
Traffic parameters
Reuse factor
Spectrum
C/I thresholds
Interference weighting factor
Antenna parameters
Demographic weighting factors
499
Recap: Initial design (D1)

Coverage Design
Capacity Analysis
Frequency Planning
500
Page 67

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Lecture notes

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Cellular network design

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Mechanisms causing signal variability

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Cellular network design

In network planning these resources involve

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Design preparation (Prephase)

Design preparation (Prephase)

Perform Model Optimization:

Estimate Cell Count:

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Initial design (D1)

Initial design (D1)

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Coverage, Capacity and Interference

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Terrain database

Example: Terrain database

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Morphology database

Example: Antenna database

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Example: Demographic database

Example: Structure database

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Loss model optimization

To balance economics and statistical reliability of

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Suburban areas have a balance of man-made

Rural areas have open regions with few man-made

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Link budget analysis and cell size

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Link budget analysis

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Link Budget Analysis (LBA)

Link Budget Analysis (LBA)

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Comment: Hand-off window

Theoretical cell size estimation

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Cell size estimation

We need to take the

Cell size estimation

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Reduce R to meet capacity

Fill up the coverage objective area with cells of

Multiple cell sizes

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Cell count estimation with

Iteration is the essential of initial

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen

Telecommunication Network Design by Jorma Kekalainen