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EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
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PROBLEM 1.1
Calculate the velocity of an artificial satellite orbiting the earth in a circular orbit
at an altitude of 150 miles above the earth's surface.
SOLUTION,
Given:
Equation (1.6),
v = SQRT[ GM / r ]
v = SQRT[ 1.408x1016 / 21,700,800 ]
v = 25,470 ft/s
PROBLEM 1.2
SOLUTION,
Given:
r = 21,700,800 ft
Equation (1.9),
P2 = 4 x
P = SQRT[ 4 x
P = SQRT[ 4 x
P = 5,350 s
x r3 / GM
2
2
x r3 / GM ]
x 21,700,8003 / 1.408x1016 ]
PROBLEM 1.3
Calculate the radius of orbit (in SI units) for a earth satellite in a geosynchronous orbit,
where the earth's rotational period is 86,164 seconds.
SOLUTION,
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Example Problems
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Given:
P = 86,164 s
Equation (1.9),
P2 = 4 x
x r3 / GM
r = [ P2 x GM / (4 x
2)
]1/3
r = [ 86,1642 x 3.986x1014 / (4 x
r = 42,164,000 m
2)
]1/3
PROBLEM 1.4
SOLUTION,
Given:
PROBLEM 1.5
A satellite in earth orbit passes through its perigee point at an altitude of 200 km
above the earth's surface and at a velocity of 7,850 m/s. Calculate the apogee altitude
of the satellite.
SOLUTION,
Given:
Equation (1.18),
Ra = Rp / [2 x GM / (Vp2 x Rp) - 1]
Ra = 6,575,000 / [2 x 3.986x1014 / (7,8502 x 6,575,000) - 1]
Ra = 6,795,000 m
Altitude @ apogee = 6,795,000 / 1,000 - 6,375 = 420 km
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Example Problems
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PROBLEM 1.6
Calculate the eccentricity of the orbit for the satellite in problem 1.5.
SOLUTION,
Given:
Rp = 6,575,000 m
Vp = 7,850 m/s
Equation (1.20),
e = Rp x Vp2 / GM - 1
e = 6,575,000 x 7,8502 / 3.986x1014 - 1
e = 0.0165
PROBLEM 1.7
A satellite in earth orbit has a semi-major axis of 6,700 km and an eccentricity of 0.01.
Calculate the satellite's altitude at both perigee and apogee.
SOLUTION,
Given:
r = 6,700 km
e = 0.01
PROBLEM 1.8
A satellite is launched into earth orbit where its launch vehicle burns out at an
altitude of 150 miles. At burnout the satellite's velocity is 26,000 ft/s with
equal to 89 degrees. Calculate the satellite's altitude at perigee and apogee.
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Example Problems
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SOLUTION,
Given:
Equation (1.26),
(Rp / r1)1,2 = ( -C +/- SQRT[ C2 - 4 x (1 - C) x -sin2
where
]) / (2 x (1 - C))
C = 2 x GM / (r1 x v12)
C = 2 x 1.408x1016 / (21,700,800 x 26,0002)
C = 1.920
PROBLEM 1.9
Calculate the eccentricity of the orbit for the satellite in problem 1.8.
SOLUTION,
Given:
r1 = 21,700,800 ft
v1 = 26,000 ft/s
= 89o
Equation (1.27),
e = SQRT[ (r1 x v12 / GM - 1)2 x sin2
+ cos2
]
2
16
2
e = SQRT[ (21,700,800 x 26,000 / 1.408x10
- 1) x sin2(89) + cos2(89) ]
e = 0.0454
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Example Problems
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PROBLEM 1.10
Calculate the angle
problem 1.8.
SOLUTION,
Given:
r1 = 21,700,800 ft
v1 = 26,000 ft/s
= 89o
Equation (1.28),
tan
tan
= 0.437
tan
x cos
- 1]
= arctan(0.437)
= 23.6o
PROBLEM 1.11
Calculate the escape velocity of a spacecraft launched from the surface of the earth.
Likewise, calculate the escape velocity from the surface of the moon where the mass of
the moon is 0.0123 times the mass of the earth and the moon's radius is 2,160 miles.
SOLUTION,
Part 1,
Given:
Equation (1.29),
VESC = SQRT[ 2 x GM / R ]
VESC = SQRT[ 2 x 1.408x1016 / 20,908,800 ]
VESC = 36,700 ft/s
Part 2,
Given:
Eq. (1.29),
VESC = SQRT[ 2 x 1.732x1014 / 11,404,800 ]
VESC = 5,510 ft/s
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Example Problems
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PROBLEM 1.12
A spacecraft is in a circular earth orbit with an altitude of 150 miles. Calculate the
delta v's required to change to a circular orbit with an altitude of 250 miles.
SOLUTION,
Initial orbit,
Given:
Equation (1.6),
v1 = SQRT[ GM / r1 ]
v1 = SQRT[ 1.408x1016 / 21,700,800 ]
v1 = 25,470 ft/s
Final orbit,
Given:
Eq. (1.6),
v2 = SQRT[ GM / r2 ]
v2 = SQRT[ 1.408x1016 / 22,228,800 ]
v2 = 25,170 ft/s
Transfer orbit,
Given:
Rp = r1 = 21,700,800 ft
Ra = r2 = 22,228,800 ft
v, 2nd burn = v2 - Va
v = 25,170 - 25,020
v = 150 ft/s
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Example Problems
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PROBLEM 1.13
A Saturn V launch vehicle's first stage cuts off at an altitude of 38 miles and a
velocity of 6,100 mph. Calculate the air drag on the vehicle at burnout. Assume
the vehicle's maximum diameter is 33 feet and the angle of attack is zero.
SOLUTION,
Given:
= 5.270x10-7 slug/ft3
Equation (1.30),
FD = CD x
x (v2 / 2) x A
FD = 0.25 x 5.270x10-7 x (8,9502 / 2) x 855
FD = 4,510 lb
PROBLEM 2.1
SOLUTION,
Given:
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Example Problems
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Equation (2.5),
M x (dv/dt) = Vrel x (dM/dt)
where
F = Vrel x dM/dt
M = M_initial + (dM/dt x t)
a = dv/dt = (Vrel x dM/dt) / M
Thrust,
F = -10,000 x -2.17
F = 21,700 lb
Acceleration @ t = 0,
a = 21,700 / (1,553 + (-2.17 x 0))
a = 14.0 ft/s2
Acceleration @ t = 180,
a = 21,700 / (1,553 + (-2.17 x 180))
a = 18.7 ft/s2
PROBLEM 2.2
SOLUTION,
Given:
M = 30,000 kg
q = 170 kg/s
Ve = 2,300 m/s
t = 150 s
Equation (2.13),
v = Ve x LOG[ M / (M - qt) ] - g x t
v = 2,300 x LOG[ 30,000 / (30,000 - (170 x 150)) ] - (9.81 x 150)
v = 2,890 m/s
PROBLEM 2.3
Calculate the altitude of the rocket in problem 2.2 at the time of engine burnout.
SOLUTION,
Given:
M = 30,000 kg
q = 170 kg/s
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Example Problems
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Ve = 2,300 m/s
t = 150 s
Equation (2.14),
d = Ve x { t + t x LOG[ M / (M - qt) ] + M x LOG[ (M - qt) / M ] / q } - g x t2 / 2
d = 2,300 x { 150 + 150 x LOG[ 30,000 / (30,000 - (170 x 150)) ]
+ 30,000 x LOG[ (30,000 - (170 x 150)) / 30,000 ] / 170 } - (9.81 x 1502 / 2)
d = 119,100 m
PROBLEM 2.4
SOLUTION,
Given:
M = 15,000 kg
q = 25 kg/s
Ve = 3,000 m/s
Equation (2.16),
t = M x [ 1 - ( 1 / EXP[
V / Ve ] ) ] / q
t = 15,000 x [ 1 - ( 1 / EXP[ 3,230 / 3,000 ] ) ] / 25
t = 395 s
PROBLEM 2.5
The F-1 engines of the Saturn V first stage operate at a combustion chamber pressure
of 965 psi and a temperature of 5,970 degrees F. The propellant is kerosene and liquid
oxygen at a 2.26 mixture ratio and the nozzle is adapted to operate at sea level.
Calculate the ideal exhaust velocity relative to the rocket. Assume k = 1.20.
SOLUTION,
Given:
O/F = 2.26
Tc = 5,970 + 460 = 6,430o R
Pc = 965 psi
Pe = Pa = 14.7 psi
k = 1.20
Combustion equation,
C12H26 + n x O2
O/F = (n x 32) / (1 x 170) = 2.26
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Example Problems
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n = (2.26 x 170) / 32
n = 12
C12H26 + 12 O2 --> 12 CO + 12 H2O + H2
PROBLEM 2.6
The first stage of the Saturn V produces a thrust of 7,650,000 lb at sea level with
a propellant flow rate of 29,400 lb/s. Calculate the specific impulse and, using the
results from problem 2.5, the engine's efficiency.
SOLUTION,
Part 1,
Given:
F = 7,650,000 lb
q x g = 29,400 lb/s
Equation (2.18),
Isp_Actual = F / (q x g)
Isp_Actual = 7,650,000 / 29,400
Isp_Actual = 260 s (sea level)
Part 2,
Given:
Ve = 9,315 ft/s
PROBLEM 2.7
A rocket engine uses kerosene and liquid oxygen propellant. It operates at a mixture
ratio of 2.54, a combustion chamber pressure of 5 MPa, and temperature of 3,300 degrees C.
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Example Problems
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SOLUTION,
Given:
O/F = 2.54
Tc = 3,300 + 273 = 3,573o K
Pc = 5 MPa = 5x106 N/m2
k = 1.20
q = 350 kg/s
Combustion equation,
C12H26 + n x O2
O/F = (n x 32) / (1 x 170) = 2.54
n = (2.54 x 170) / 32
n = 13.5
C12H26 + 13.5 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 10 CO + 13H2O
Average molecular weight of exhaust gases,
M = (2 x 44 + 10 x 28 + 13 x 18) / (2 + 10 + 13) = 24.1
Equation (2.20),
Pt = Pc x [1 + (k - 1) / 2]-k/(k-1)
Pt = 5x106 x [1 + (1.20 - 1) / 2]-1.20/(1.20-1)
Pt = 2.82x106 N/m2
Equation (2.21),
Tt = Tc x [1 / (1 + (k - 1) / 2)]
Tt = 3,573 x [1 / (1 + (1.20 - 1) / 2)]
Tt = 3,248o K
Equation (2.19),
At = (q / Pt) x SQRT[ (R' x Tt) / (M x k) ]
At = (350 / 2.82x106) x SQRT[ (8,314 x 3,248) / (24.1 x 1.20) ]
At = 0.120 m2
PROBLEM 2.8
Calculate the
SOLUTION,
Given:
Pc = 5 MPa
Pa = 0.1 MPa
At = 0.120 m2
k = 1.20
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Example Problems
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Equation (2.22),
Nm2 = (2 / (k - 1)) x [(Pc / Pa)(k-1)/k - 1]
Nm2 = (2 / (1.20 - 1)) x [(5 / 0.1)(1.20-1)/1.20 - 1]
Nm2 = 9.19
Nm = (9.19)1/2 = 3.03
Equation (2.23),
Ae = (At / Nm) x [(1 + (k - 1) / 2 x Nm2)/((k + 1) / 2)](k+1)/(2(k-1))
Ae = (0.120 / 3.03) x [(1 + (1.20 - 1) / 2 x 9.19)/((1.20 + 1) / 2)](1.20+1)/(2(1.20-1))
Ae = 0.845 m2
Section Ratio,
Ae / At = 0.845 / 0.120 = 7.0
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