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Home : CDMATechnology: CDMATechnologyResources: WelcometotheWorldofCDMA : CommonAirInterface

WelcometotheWorldofCDMA
ReverseCDMAChannel
TheREVERSECDMACHANNEListhemobiletocelldirectionofcommunication.Itcarriestrafficandsignaling.Anyparticularreverse
channelisactiveonlyduringcallstotheassociatedmobilestation,orwhenaccesschannelsignalingistakingplacetotheassociatedbase
station.
FrequencyPlan
Themobilestationtransmitfrequencyis45MHzbelowthebasestationtransmitfrequencyinthecellularservice(IS95A),and80MHz
belowinthePCSservice(ANSIJSTD008).Permissiblefrequencyassignmentsareon30kHzincrementsincellularand50kHzinPCS.
SeeFrequencyPlansforfurtherdetails.
TransmissionParameters
TheIS95AReverseCDMAChannelcurrentlysupportsa9,600bpsratefamilyintheAccessChannelandTrafficChannels,asshowninthe
table.Thetransmissiondutycyclevarieswithdatarate.InallcasestheFECcoderateis1/3,thecodesymbolrateisalways28,800symbols
persecondafterthereare6codesymbolspermodulationsymbol,andthePNrateis1.2288MHz.Themodulationis64aryorthogonal,
usingthesameWalshfunctionsthatareusedintheforwardlinkforchannelization.EachperiodoftheWalshfunctionisrepeatedforfour
chipsofthePNcode.TheWalshsymbolrateisthus1.2288MHz/(4chipsperWalshchip)/(64WalshchipsperWalshsymbol)=4,800
modulationsymbolspersecond.Notethat1.2288MHz=128*9,600bps.
ReverseCDMAChannelParameters,RateSet1
Channel
Datarate
CodeRate
SymbolRatebeforeRepetition
SymbolRepetition
SymbolRateafterRepetition
TransmitDutyCycle
CodeSymbols/ModulationSymbol
PNChips/ModulationSymbol
PNchipstransmitted/bit

Access
Traffic
4,800 1,200 2,400 4,800 9,600
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
14,400 3,600 7,200 14,400 28,800
2
8
4
2
1
28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800
1
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
6
6
6
6
6
256
256
256
256
256
256
128
128
128
128

bps

sps

sps

JSTD008supports,inadditiontotheaboverates,asecondtrafficchannelratefamilywithamaximumrateof14,400bps.Thisistermed
RateSet2,theoriginal9600bpsfamilybeingRateSet1.RateSet2usesarate1/2codeinplaceoftherate1/3codeofRateSet1.
ReverseCDMATrafficChannelParameters,RateSet2
Channel
Datarate
CodeRate
SymbolRatebeforeRepetition
SymbolRepetition
SymbolRateafterRepetition
TransmitDutyCycle

Traffic
1,800 3,600 7,200 14,400
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
3,600 7,200 14,400 28,800
8
4
2
1
28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800
1/8
1/4
1/2
1

CodeSymbols/ModulationSymbol
6
6
6
6
PNChips/ModulationSymbol
256
256
256
256
PNchipstransmitted/bit
256/3 256/3 256/3 256/3

bps

sps

sps

SignalStructure
Channelization
TheReverseCDMAChannelconsistsof242 1logicalchannels.Oneoftheselogicalchannelispermanentlyanduniquelyassociatedwith
eachmobilestation.Thatlogicalchannelisusedbythemobilewheneveritpassestraffic.Thechanneldoesnotchangeuponhandoff(Cf.
ForwardChannelization).Otherlogicalchannelsareassociatedwithbasestationsforsystemaccess.Thisreverselinkaddressingis
accomplishedthroughmanipulationofperiod242 1LongCode,whichispartofthespreadingprocess.
CodingandInterleaving
Figure1showsthecoreprocessingthatgeneratesoneReverseCDMAChannel.

Figure1.ReverseCDMAChannelsignalgeneration.
SeparationofUsers
ThereverseCDMAChannel,incontrasttotheForwardCDMAChannel,doesnotusestrictorthogonalityinanysensetoseparatelogical
channels.Rather,itusesaverylongperiodspreadingcode,indistinctphases.Thecorrelationsbetweenstationsarenotzero,buttheyare
acceptablysmall.
OrthogonalModulation
Reverselinkdatamodulationis64aryorthogonal,andisappliedpriortothespreading.Groupsofsixcodesymbolsselectoneof64
orthogonalsequences.The64aryorthogonalsequencesarethesameWalshfunctionsthatareusedintheForwardCDMAChannel,here
areusedforatotallydifferentpurpose.EachperiodoftheWalshsequence(aWalshChip)isfourPNchipsinduration.Themodulation
symbolrateisthusalways4,800sps.
Spreading

EachReverseCDMAChannelisspreadbyboththechanneluniqueLongCodeandtheShortCode,whichhasIandQcomponents.The
spreadingisthusquadrature.Thatis,fromasinglebinaryvaluedsymbolstream,twobinarysequencesaregeneratedbymod2additionof
theshortcodePNsequences(Figures1and2).Theeffectofaddinglongandshortcodesistoproduceasupersequencethathasan
extraordinarilylongperiod,about257 ,or3700yearsatthe1.2288MHzspreadingrate(seeReverseSpreading).

Figure2.ReverseCDMAChannelmodulation.
RFModulation
Thetwocoded,covered,andspreadstreamsarevectormodulatedontheRFcarrier.TheQaxismodulationisdelayedby1/2chip.The
spreadingmodulationisthusoffsetQPSK.OffsetmodulationwaschoseninanefforttoreducetheenvelopmodulationoftheRFsignaland
reducingperformancerequirementsonthepoweramplifiersinthesubscriberstation.
ThespectrumshapingofthereverselinkiscarefullyprescribedintheIS95AairinterfaceandtheIS98performancespecification.Thelatter
isintermsofthesocalledRhometer,ameasurementofthecorrelationbetweentheactualtransmitteroutputwiththeidealtransmitter
output.Theairinterfacealsospecifiesaslightlynonlinearphasecharacteristicthepurposeofwhichispartialpreequalizationofthemobile
receiver.
Inbandrippleisspecifiedaslessthan1.5dB.Stopbandrejectionis40dBbeginning740kHzfrombandcenter.Anequiripple,48tapFIR
basebandfilterissuggested,althoughnotrequired.Accesschannel
ThereisonlyonetypeofoverheadchannelintheReverseCDMAChannel:theAccessChannel.
TheAccessChannelisthevehicleforcommunicatingwithmobilestationswhentheyarenotassignedtoatrafficchannel.Asthename
implies,itsprimarypurposeistoserviceoriginationsandpageresponsesbythemobilestations.Successfulaccessesarenormallyfollowed
byanassignmenttoatrafficchannel.Onceonatrafficchannel,signalingtrafficbetweenbaseandmobilecancontinuedinterspersedwith
theusertraffic.
Theaccesschannelalwaysrunsat4800bps.
EachbasestationmustserviceatleastoneAccessChannel,onatleastoneofthefrequenciesinuse.TheLongCodeMaskfortheAccess
Channelisderivedfromthestationidentity,thepagingchannelnumberwithwhichtheaccesschannelisassociated,andAccessChannel
numberwithinthatbasestation.
TrafficChannel
TrafficchannelsareintheReverseCDMAChannelaremobileunique.Thatis,eachstationhasauniqueLongCodeMask,basedonits
electronicserialnumber.Wheneverthemobileisassignedtotraffic,itusesitsspecificlongcodemask.
Thetrafficchannelalwayscarriesdatain20msframes.FramesatthehigherratesofRateSet1,andinallframesofRateSet2,include
CRCcodestohelpassesstheframequalityinthereceiver.
SoftHandoff
Duringsofthandoffsamobilestationtransmitsthesameinformationthatitwouldintheabsenceofthehandoff,thatis,thereisnochangein
thecontentofthemobiletransmissions.Thereisachangeinthewaythatreverselinkpowercontrolisappliedtothereverselink.Power
control"down"commandsfromallparticipantsinthehandoffarelogically"or'ed"togetherifanyofthehandoffparticipantbasestationssays
"down,"thenthemobilestationisrequiredtoreduceitsreverselinkpower.
Rate
Trafficchannelscarryvariableratetrafficframes,either1,1/2,1/4,or1/8ofthemaximumrate.InIS95Aonlya9600bpsratefamilyis
currentlyavailableinthestandard.InJSTD008asecondrateset,basedonamaximumrateof14,400bpsisavailable.TheRateSet2will
beaddedinafuturerevisionofIS95.
Thedataratevariationisaccomplishedbyvaryingthedutycycleoftransmissioninaccordancewitha1,1/2,1/4,1/8plan,accordingtothe
raterequestedbythedatasource.Transmissionalwaysoccursin1.25mssegments.Thesegmentsthatareactuallytransmittedarepseudo
randomlyselected,usingadecimatedlongcodesequence.
Timing
Mobilestationsarerequiredtoadjusttheirtransmissiontimeaccordingtothetimingthattheyareabletoderivefromthepilotandsync
channels,andadjustedfortheknowbasestationpilotoffset.Thatis,thepilotoffsetindexreadfromthesyncchannelmustbeusedtocorrect
transmittertimingsothattheReverseCDMAChannelsignalarrivesatthebasestationalignedintimewithsystemtime,towithinaroundtrip
oftheairinterfacepropagationdelay.

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Copyright19961999ArthurH.M.Ross,Ph.D.,Limited

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