Rsa - August 2013 LCK

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU
Regency Steel Asia Symposium on

Impact of Structural Eurocodes on Steel and
Composite Structures
Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in

Eurocode 3
Associate Professor Lee Chi King
Division of Structures and Mechanics
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
N
Nanyang
T h l i l University
Technological
U i
i
5 August 2013
1
Topics of presentation
Introduction
Classification of steel sections under EC3 Part 1-1
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 Mechanics of Materials
Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5
Why
y Class 4 sections are troublesome? Plate-like
buckling and effective width
Calculation of Class 4 sections properties according to
EC3 Part 1-5
15
Comparison with BS 5950
Examples of section properties calculations
A plate girder with Class 4 web
A Class 4 box section
Implications on buckling strength calculations
Summary and Conclusions
2
2
Introduction
Classification of steel sections under
EC3 Part 1-1

Recall what y
you learnt in Year 1
Mechanics of Materials
3
3
Introduction
Classification of steel sections

Cl
Class
1 tto Cl
Class 4 St
Steell S
Sections
ti
Classification is important as it determines
how resistances are calculated in many
design procedures.
Class 1: can develop plastic hinge with the
rotation capacity required for plastic analysis
without any reduction of resistance.
Class 2: can develop plastic moment
resistance
i t
b
butt limited
li it d rotation
t ti capacity.
it
Class 3: can only develop elastic distribution
where extreme fiber stresses can reach yield
but local buckling prevents development of
the full plastic moment resistance.
Class 4: develops local buckling

before attainment of yield.
4
4
Introduction
Classification of steel sections

Classes 1 - 4 Steel Sections properties
Classes 1 and 2: Plastic deformation, load independent
Effective area under compression Aeff Gross area
area, AG.
Bending resistance related to the section Plastic Modulus,
Wpl (from handbook or simple calculations).
Class 3: Elastic deformation

deformation, load independent
Effective area under compression Aeff Gross area AG.
Bending resistance related to the section Elastic Modulus,
Wel (from handbook or simple calculations)
calculations).
Class 4: Elastic deformation, load dependent!

Effective area under compression Aeff < Gross area AG.
Bending resistance related to the section Effective
Section Modulus, Weff which in general requires iterative
calculations to establish.
Additional moments could be generated due to shift in
section centroid.
5
5
References
References
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 1-1 General rules
for buildings (BS EN1993-1-1:2005) [EC3 Part 1-1]
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 1-5 Plated
Structural Elements (BS EN1993-1-5:2005) [EC3 Part 1-5]
Darko Beg et. al. Design of plated Structures Eurocode 3:
Design of steel structures: Part 1-5- Design of plated structures,
ECCS and
dE
Ernstt & Sohn,
S h 2010 [TA684.DA457sf]
[TA684 DA457 f] [Beg]
[B ]
Lee C. K. and Chiew S. P., 2013, An efficient modified flanges
only method for plate girder bending resistance calculation
calculation ,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 89, pp. 98-106
[[Lee and Chiew, 2013]]
6
6
Introduction
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM

Centroid, 1st and 2nd moments of area
For a given section, the first and second moments of area above the
z
y-y and
d th
the z-z axes are defined
d fi d as
da
G y z
Sy = zda Sz = yda
A
Iy = z da Iz = y da
A
Sy and Sz are both zero if the y-y and the z-z axes pass through the
centroid G.
b
For a rectangular section,
section Iy is given by
d
3
bd
Iy =
12
and
d th
the parallel
ll l axis
i th
theorem h
hold
ld so th
thatt
h
yy
yy
Iy = Iy + Ah2 , A = bd
7
7
Introduction
Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM

Elastic Modulus and bending stresses
Bending stresses (tension ve) and moment:
Top
I
I
M y = max,Top y and M y = max,bottom y
zB
zT
max,,Topp fy and max,,bottom fy
Bottom
ZT and ZB are the distances between the top and

bottom fibres and the natural axis (NA).
Rewrite
Re rite M y = max,TopWel,T and M y = max,bottomWel,B .
Wel,T = Iy zT and Wel,B = I y zB are the elastic moduli at the top and
bottom fibres of the section.
For unsymmetrical section that ZT > ZB then Wel,T < Wel,B .
The top fibre will reach fy first while the bottom fibre stress is still < fy
The stress ratio is defined as
max,bottom Wel,T ZB
=
=
max,Top
Wel,B
ZT
8
8
Class 4 sections under EC3

Part 1-5
Why Class 4 sections are
ttroublesome?
bl
? Plate-like
Pl t lik buckling
b kli and
d
effective width
Calculation
C l l i off Class
Cl
4 sections
i
properties according to EC3 Part 1-5
Comparisons with BS 5950
9
9
Plate-like buckling and Column-like buckling

Plate-like buckling under direct stress
Thin plate with side supports tends to buckle before fy is reached for the whole plate.
Under direct stress, a thin plate with aspect ratio =a/b 1 will have sufficient postbuckling strength => Plate-like buckling.
Geometrically prefect plate => Pre and post critical behaviors are obvious but more
gradual for imperfect plate.
For shorter plate with lower a/b value, the post-buckling resistance gradually
diminishes => 2D behavior changes
g to 1D ((column)) like behavior.
[EC3 Part 1-5: 4.4 Fig. 4.3]
[Beg: 2.4.1, Fig. 2.12]
Note: In EC3 Part 1-5, b is always the dimension of the

edge where the direct stress is applied10
10
Plate-like buckling and effective width

Effective widthp for thin plate
After cr (elastic critical stress) is reached, resistance of the plate is not exhausted.
Stress re-distribution
re distribution occurs and ultimate resistance reached after fy is reached at
the two sides near the supports.
The non-uniform stress distribution (act) is not convenient for design and the
Eff ti Width Method
Effective
M th d are used
d extensively
t
i l iin EC3 P
Partt 1
1-1
1 and
dP
Partt 1
1-5.
5
Reduce the gross width to an appropriate Effective Widthp beff adjacent to the
edges and assume that fy is reached there.
act
lim
fy
reduced cross
section method
fy
beff /2
reduced stress
method
beff /2
lim
fy
a
b
[Beg: 2
2.4.1,
4 1 Fig
Fig. 2
2.13]
13]
11
11

The effective width of a thin plate depends on
Boundary
B
d
supportt conditions
diti
att th
the ttwo sides,
id
Geometry of the plate (a, b, and thickness),
The loading conditions => Direct stress distribution along the edges
edges.
Obviously, no buckling for any part of the plate which is under tensile
stress.
Stephen P. Timoshenko
(1878-1972)
12
12

Classification of Sections: [EC3 Part 1-1, Table 5.2].
Calculations of beff: [EC3 Part 1-5,
1 5, Tables 4.1] (Internal compression part)
and 4.2 (Outstand flanges) with key parameter defining the stress ratio.
13
13

The parameter defines the effective widthp, beff
The reduction factor for the web is defined as [EC3 1-5:
1 5: 4.4(2)]
4 4(2)]
1.0
0 055(3 + ))
= p 0.055(3
p2
b/t
p =
28.4 k
for p 0.5 + 0.085 0.055

for p > 0.5 + 0.085 0.055
T obtain
To
bt i effective
ff ti width
idthp beff we
need b, t, (stress ratio) only.
The buckling factor k() for web (internal compression element) is

defined in the last row of [EC3 1-5: 4.4, Table 4.1]
Note: Compressive stress +ve

+ve, Tensile stress -ve
14
14
Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

Principle of section properties calculation by EC3
The section is first broken down to individual plates with lateral supports.
Each of these plates is classified based on its geometry and stress
distribution.
The effective widthp, beff of the plates are calculated.
Combine
C
all the plates back, calculate the location off the new centroid G,
G
Aeff and Weff and any other section properties needed.
MEd
NEd
[Beg: 2.4.2.2, Fig. 2.14]

15
15

Principle of section properties calculation by EC3
The reduced, effective section (with all non-effective areas removed) is
then treated as a Class 3 section with linear strain distribution.
The ultimate resistance of the section is reached when the centre of the
compressive plate located furthest from the new centrod G is yield.
So why Class 4 sections are zebras?

If both axial force and bending moment act simultaneously, the calculation
of beff should based on the combined stress distribution
distribution.
For a non-symmetrical section under NEd, the shift in centroid GG for a
distance eN will generate an additional moment M=NEd eN and it should
be considered for the updated stress distribution calculation, which in
turns further change beff and eN and so on ..
G
eN
G
G
16
16

S why
So
h Class
Cl
4 sections
ti
are zebras?
b ?
For a symmetrical section under MEd, the reduction of effective area in the
compression part also shift the centroid GG
GG..
While there is no change in MEd, to balance the moment, there must be a
change in the stress distribution and the stress ratio which changes beff
and
d iin turns affecting
ff i G and
d so on
fy
fy
fy
Class 4 web
G
NA: Gross
G
G
NAs: Effective
Effective area
Non effective
area
fy
2< 1
1<fy
Flange: Class 1,2 or 3, Web: Class 4
Compression
Tension
17
17

So why Class 4 sections are zebras?
In general, when both NEd and MEd are present, an iterative procedure is
needed to calculate the section properties of Class 4 sections, as stated
in [EC3 Part 1-5, 4.3].
No
Start with
the gross
section
properties
*For each
plate of the
section,
compute
stress ratio
Compute beffff
and ineffective
areas for each
plate
Update
position
pos
t o of
o
centroid, G
and then
new section
properties
p
p
Convergence of
position of G?
Yes
* Only the ratio is needed: Using the linear strain

assumption, usually it can be deduced from the geometrical
properties of the section and loading type only (i.e. whether
NEd and/or MEd is applied or not), NOT their magnitudes.
Stop with the

latest section
properties
calculated
18
18

While Class 4 sections are zebras, in some
cases they are easier to handle
EC3 1-5
1 5 allows
ll
the
h following
f ll i
simplifications
i lifi i
when
h
calculating the section properties of Class 4 sections
[EC3 1-5: 4.3].
In general, if both NEd and MEd are present, then
9 Aeff could be calculated from the stresses due to compression only,
9 Weff could
ld b
be calculated
l l t d ffrom th
the stresses
t
d
due tto b
bending
di only.
l
9 However, iterations may still be needed until the position G (or
values of Aeff and Weff) converged.
For I-sections (e.g. plate girder) and box sections in bending only, only
one iteration step is required (e.g. stop after the first G is computed).
These two simplifications allow hand calculations affordable
affordable for many
Class 4 sections.
19
19
Comparison with BS 5950

How Class 4 sections are handed in BS5950?
Class 1 to Class 4 sections defined accordingly as in EC3.
Similar concept in BS 5950: Aeff,Zeff and addition moments generated.
However, for doubly symmetric slender sections, the Aeff are given
explicitly: No iteration is needed!
In many cases, most of the centre
parts of the plates are removed.
Effective parts have lengths
limited to at most 20t form ends
with lateral support =>
> Perhaps
may be more conservative when
comparing with EC3.
A
An explicit
li i fformula
l ffor beff are given
i
when the web is Class 4.
20
20
E
Examples
l off section
ti properties
ti
calculations
A plate girder with Class 4 web
A Class 4 box section
Implications in buckling strength
calculations
l l ti
21
21
A plate g
girder with Class 4 web
A plate girder (I section) under pure sagging
moment with Class 4 web about Class 1 flanges
Calculation
C l l i
steps for
f section
i
properties
i
According to EC3 1-5, only one iteration is needed
to calculate its section properties.
10mm
hw=1920
G
fy=355MPa
=0.814
Agross=51200mm2
Igross=3663530.67cm4
IIn the
th 1st iteration,
it ti
assume th
the whole
h l web
b is
i
effective => G at centre of web => compressive
stress = tensile stress => =-1.
40 mm
40mm
400mm
Thus, from EC3 Part 1-5, Tables 4.1, k=23.9.

hw / t w
1920 / 10
p =
=
= 1.699 > 1.08
28.4 k 28.4 0.814 23.9
p 0.055(3 + )
p2
1.699 0.055(3 1)
= 0.550
1.6992
22
22
A plate g
Calculation steps for section properties
fy
In the first iteration bc=1920/2=960mm

Again from, from EC3 Part 1-5, Tables 4.1 d
beff=0.55960=528mm
be1=0.4528=211.2mm
0.4 528 211.2mm
be2=0.6528=316.8mm
x= 960-211.2-316.8=432mm
A=10432=4320mm2
Aeff=51200-4320=46880mm2
r=1920/2-211.2-432/2=532.8mm
be1
c
x
r
G
be2
Compressive
stress
bc (=hw/2in
thetwostep
method)
y
G
y
bt
dt
tensilestress
=fy<fy
G=Centroid ofeffectivesection
G=Centroid ofgrosssection
Since the 1st moment of area of the gross section above G should be zero
rA+AeffG=0 or G=-532.84320/46880=-49.10mm
23
23
A plate g
Ieff
fy
x 3t
= Igross + A(G ) ( w + A(r + G )2 )
12
= 3663530.67 10000 + 51200 49.10 2
2
3
( 432 10 + 4320 (532.8
532 8 + 49.10
49 10 )2 )
12
= 3522877.067cm4
be1
dc
x
r
G
be2
bc (=hw/2in
thetwostep
method)
y
Compressive
stress
G
y
G
dt
Di
Distance b
between G and
d the
h centroid
id off
compression flange:
dc=1000-20+49.10=1029.1mm G=Centroid ofgrosssection
Distance
Di t
b
between
t
G and
d th
the centroid
t id off tension
t
i
flange:
dt=1000-20-49.10=930.9mm
bt
y
tensilestress
=fy<fy
Section becomes non-symmetrical and the updated stress ratio,

= -930.9/1029.1=-0.905 (We do not need the actual value of MEd!)
24
24
A plate g
fy
Calculation steps for section

properties
be1
Compressive
b ((=h //2in
c
w
c
x
stress
If wished,
i h d we could
ld continue
ti
to
t iterate
it t
thetwostep
r
method)
k=21.51 => p = 1.79 => =0.522
be2
G
y
y
bc=1920/2+49.10=1009.1mm
G
y
G
y
G
y
y
beff=0.5221009.1=526.8mm
bt
(c.f. in first iteration: beff=528mm)
dt
tensilestress
But EC3 does not require us to do so!
Proceed to calculate the Minimum
=fy<fy
G=Centroid ofgrosssection
effective modulus: Weff=Ieff/dc
Weff=3522877.067/102.91=34232.60cm
3522877.067/102.91 34232.60cm3
Bending resistance (EC3, no iteration)
My,Rd=34232.601000355/(10001000)=12152.57kNm
If the Flanges
Flanges only
only method (BS 5950) is used:
Mfl,Rd=40040(2000-40)355/(10001000)=11132.8kNm (91.6%)
If the modified Flanges only method is used [Lee and Chiew, 2013]
1 07x11132 8kNm=11921
11921.1kNm
1kNm (98.1%)
(98 1%)
Mfl,Rd = 1.07x11132.8kNm
25
25
A Class 4 box section under axial loading

g
A box section with fy=275N/mm2 subjected to
bf=600mm
NEd=5500kN acting at G. Is it adequate?

Example taken from [Beg: 2.4.8].
tf1=10mm

Classification
Cl
ifi ti off webs
b and
d fl
flange
hw=600mm
Overall section is Class 4

9 Top flange: bf1/tf1=580/10=58>42=Class 4
tw=10mm
G
tf2=20mm
rT=233.8mm
9 Bottom flange: bf2/tf1=29< 33 = Class 1

9 Webs ((compression):
p
) hw/tw=570/10=57>42=Class 4
bf2=600mm
z
9 Webs (pure bending, =-1): hw/tw=570/10=57<124=Class 1

Part of the top flange and the webs will be ineffective.
G will shift down to G, as NEd is applied at G, a sagging moment M will
be generated=>Iterations needed to get section properties!
26
26

g
z

Stress distributions of section components
9 Top flange: uniform compressive stress
9 Bottom flange: uniform compressive stress
9 Webs:
W b compression
i +b
bending
di =>
eN
rT,eff
Linear compressive stress with stress ratio

depends on the location of G
G
y
rT
G
z
NEd at G
M = NEdeN (sagging)
However, remember that EC3 allows the following simplifications:

If both NEd and MEd are present
present, then
9 Aeff could be calculated from the stresses due to compression only,
9 Weff could be calculated from the stresses due to bending only.
These simplifications eventually allow us to compute Aeff and Weff without
any iteration!
27
27

g
Calculation steps for Aeff
Only NEd is considered, rT=233.8mm.

All plates (top and bottom flanges and two webs)
=> Uniform compression => =1
y
k=4.0 for both flanges and webs
ftop=0.725, beff,ftop=420.5mm
web=0.734, beff,web=418.7mm
G
eN
rT,eff
y
rT
z
NEd at G
M = NEdeN (sagging)
Eventually, eN=30.1mm and rT,eff=203.7mm, Aeff=24778.1mm2

Since only NEd is considered the shift of G to G does not
g , no more iteration is needed!
further change
28
28

g
Calculation steps for Weff
Only M is considered, rT=233.8mm.

The section is under pure bending
bending.
G
Only top flange is Class 4
y
y
eM
=1 and k=4.0 again for top flange
r
G
T
rT,M
TM
ftop=0.725, beff,ftop=420.5mm
z
Aeff,M=27804.9mm2 (effective area under bending) N at G M = N e (sagging)
Ed
Ed N
eM=20.1mm,
=20 1mm rT,eff=213.6mm
=213 6mm
Effective modulus at top
Weff,ftop=4200cm3, Weff,fbottom=7558cm3
edge of bottom flange
Note that we need to recheck to ensure the webs are not Class 4 under
the bending action of M as the section is now non-symmetrical.
Stress ratio 1= Weff,ftop/Weff,fbottom=-0.56, from EC3 1-1, Table 5.2, Class 3
limit 42 /(0 67+0 331)=79.8>57
limit=42/(0.67+0.33
) 79 8>57 =>Web
>Web is at least Class 3 and elastic.
elastic
Since only M is considered, no more iteration is needed!
29
29

g
Checking the adequacy of the section under
NEd = 5500kN
Weffff for bending resistance is defined as the

effective section modulus at the centroid of the
bottom flange, which is slightly less than
Weff,fbottom and is calculated as
Weff
Ieff
=
= 4144cm3
tf1 + tf2
hw +
rT,M
2
eM
rT,M
y
rT
z
NEd at G
M = NEdeN (sagging)
Cross section resistance check according to [EC3, 1-1: 6.2.9.3 Eqn. 6.44]
NEd
NEd eN
5500kN
30 1
+
=
+ 5500kN 30.1mm
Aeff fy /M0 Weff fy /M0 24778.1mm2 275MPa/1.0 4144cm3 275MPa/1.0
= 0.95 < 1.0 =>OK
In all the above calculations, we do not need to use NEd=5500kN to

obtain the section properties!
30
30
Implications in buckling strength calculations

The previous examples considered the cross section resistance only.
In general, even when only axial force NEd is applied to a Class 4
section addition moments are almost always generated due to the shift
section,
of the section centroid.
Such moments should be considered in both section resistance and
buckling resistance checks [EC3 1-1: 6.3.3 Eqns. 6.11 and 6.12].
31
31
Summary and conclusions
Summary and conclusions

Remember that Class 1 and 2 sections are horses, Class 3
sections are mustangs and Class 4 sections are zebras!

While zebras are rare (at least in Singapore)
Singapore), Class 4 sections
are more common! (e.g. plate and box girders).

In EC3, the section properties of a Class 4 section depends on
b th its
both
it geometry
t and
d the
th loads
l d applied.
li d
To calculate the section properties of a Class 4 section, an
g
needs knowledge
g related to p
plate-like buckling,
g, elastic
engineer
bending theory, centriod, first and second moments of area and
elastic modulus calculations.
In general
general, iterations are needed to calculate the section properties
of Class 4 sections and hand calculations could be tedious.

Some simple
p calculation tools ((e.g.
g spreadsheet
p
programmes)
p
g
) mayy
be helpful.
32
32
End of presentation
Thanks for
f your attentions!
All questions are welcome!
33
33

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RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Regency Steel Asia Symposium on

Surviving Class 4 Slender Section in

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

EC3 Part 1-1

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Classification of steel sections

Class 4: develops local buckling

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Classification of steel sections

Class 3: Elastic deformation

Class 4: Elastic deformation, load dependent!

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Recall what you learnt in Year 1 MoM

Bending stresses (tension ve) and moment:

ZT and ZB are the distances between the top and

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Plate-like buckling and Column-like buckling

[EC3 Part 1-5: 4.4 Fig. 4.3]

[Beg: 2.4.1, Fig. 2.12]

Note: In EC3 Part 1-5, b is always the dimension of the

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Plate-like buckling and effective width

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Plate-like buckling and effective width

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Plate-like buckling and effective width

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Plate-like buckling and effective width

for p 0.5 + 0.085 0.055

The buckling factor k() for web (internal compression element) is

Note: Compressive stress +ve

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

[Beg: 2.4.2.2, Fig. 2.14]

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

So why Class 4 sections are zebras?

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

* Only the ratio is needed: Using the linear strain

Stop with the

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5

Calculations of Class 4 slender section properties

RSA Symposium, 5 August 2013, NTU

Class 4 sections under EC3 Part 1-5