6. O. Ahmed and A.

Sebak, A printed monopole antenna with two

steps and a circular slot for UWB applications, IEEE Antennas
Wireless Propag Lett 7 (2008).
7. Ansoft Corporation, HFSS, v10, Ansoft Corp., 2007.
8. CST Microwave Studio, ver. 2008, Computer Simulation Technology, Framingham, MA, 2008.
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V

HEURISTIC UNIFORM 2D DOUBLE

WEDGE DIFFRACTION BASED ON
GENERALIZED FRESNEL INTEGRAL
J. F. Legendre,1 T. Marsault,1 T. Vele,1 and D. Cueff2
1
DGA Information Superiority, TEC/SPC, route de Laille, 35170
Bruz, France; Corresponding author: jeff.legendre@free.fr
2
DGA Information Superiority, CGN1/EMR, route de Laille, 35170
Bruz, France

Figure 11 Antenna gain of the band-notched antenna (reference

antenna is shown for comparison). [Color gure can be viewed in the
online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

It can be noticed that the only difference in Figure 9 is the

band-notch characteristic, which has been achieved in the frequency band 5.06.0GHz. The comparison between the two different CAD tools, that is, HFSS and CST MWS show a good
agreement between them.
The gain of the proposed band-notched antenna in the boresight direction against frequency is shown in Figure 11. The
curve for the reference antenna without U-slot is also shown for
comparison. It can be noticed that there is a notched-band in the
5.06.0 GHz frequency band suppressed by the loaded slot,
which meets the need for avoiding interference with other existing wireless systems such as HIPERLAN and WLAN.

Received 25 October 2010

ABSTRACT: This article describes an uniform 2D double wedge
diffraction coefcient. The transition function is based on generalized
Fresnel integral. First, a closed form of the dielectric single wedge
diffraction based on classical heuristic TUD introduction by Luebbers is
recalled. Its drawback when applied twice on double single edge
diffraction is evaluated. Next, an uniform double edge diffraction based
on Marhefkas spectral theory work is proposed. It is compared with
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol
other methods. V
Lett 53:18411846, 2011; View this article online at
wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26154
Key words: uniform theory of diffraction (UTD); double wedge
diffraction; generalized Fresnel integral (GFI)

4. CONCLUSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

In this letter, a novel microstrip-line-feed trapezoidal printed

monopole antenna with a band-notched characteristic has been
proposed and investigated. A prototype has been designed, fabricated, and then tested. The proposed antenna has a satisfactory
overall performance with such a simple structure, low prole,
omnidirectional radiation pattern, gain atness, and constant
group delay through the entire UWB frequency. By embedding
a U-shaped slot in the radiating patch, band-notched characteristic is obtained. The achieved band-notch frequency and bandwidth can be controlled by adjusting the loaded U-shaped slot.
This feature is required to avoid interference with other existing
WLAN systems, which make it a good candidate for UWB
short-range wireless communication applications.

Multiple diffraction on double wedge conguration has been the

subject of several publications. It is well known that the application of classical uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD)
[1, 2], that merely involves the product of two wedge diffraction
coefcients, fails to compensate for the discontinuities of the edge
diffraction rays at the incident shadow boundary (ISB) and/or at
reection shadow boundary (RSB). Tiberio et al. [3] used an
extended spectral theory of diffraction approach to investigate the
diffraction by wedges within the transition region of one wedge.
Ivrissimtzis and Marhefka [4] and James [5] proposed uniform
double diffraction coefcients, both based on generalized Fresnel
integral (GFI). Their solution, however, are restricted to the case,
where wedges are perfectly conducting. This communication discusses the problem of dielectric double wedge diffraction, and our
solution reduces to Kellers form [1] outside transition regions and
exhibits the correct behaviour within these regions. A comparison
between different solutions is presented at the end of this note.

REFERENCES
1. FCC, First Report and Order, Revision of Part 15 of the Commissions Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems,
FCC02, (2002).
2. T.G. Ma and C.H. Tseng, An ultra wide-band coplanar waveguidefed tapered ring slot antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 54
(2006), 1051110.
3. I. Linardou, C. Migliaccio, J.M. Laheurte, and A. Papiernik, Twin
Vivaldi antenna fed by coplanar waveguide, IEE Electron Lett 33 (1997).
4. W.L. Stutzman and G.A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design,
Wiley, Inc., New York, NY, 1998.
5. S. Licul, J.A.N. Noronha, W.A. Davis, D.G. Sweeney, C.R. Anderson, and T.M. Bielawa, A parametric study of time-domain characteristics of possible UWB antenna architectures, IEEE 58th
Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC 2003-Fall, Vol. 5, 2003.

DOI 10.1002/mop

2. ANALYTIC FORMULATION OF DOUBLE DIFFRACTED

FIELD

The double wedge diffraction geometry is illustrated in Figure

1. Let dene K the double diffraction coefcient. Assuming the
transmitter (spherical incident wave) and receiver are far away
of a distance d, the normalized double diffracted eld can be
easily expressed as:
d
E p Ke
jks0 s1 s2
d
s0 s1 s2 s0 s1 s2

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

(1)

1841

Figure 2 Single wedge diffraction geometry

Double diffraction factor K involves the product of two single wedge diffraction coefcients, that is D(1) for the rst wedge
and D(2) for the second wedge.
This implies the following equation:

Figure 1 2D diffraction on double wedges

3. CLASSICAL UTD FORMULATION OF DOUBLE WEDGE

A closed UTD form of single diffraction coefcient (whom geometry is illustrated on Fig. 2) is the sum of four factors:
D==;?

2 X
2 

X
C==;?
pq Dpq Fpq

(2)

p1 q1

with Kellers form diffraction coefficient

Dpq



p /pq

1
p cot
2n
2n j2kp

K D1 D2

p1 q1 r1 s1

But, this form leads to well-known discontinuity when a

shadow boundary of the rst wedge illuminates the second
wedge. By estimating single diffracted eld by wedge (1) and
double diffracted eld on ISB boundaries (p 1 and q 2), it
can be shown [6] that the discontinuity is given by :


DdB  20 log 2AB
1

(3)

s0 s1 s2
1
sin2 a12
s0 s1 s2
s0 s1
1
sin2 a12 11
B F2k
s1 s2

A F2k

and Fpq, the Kouyoumjians transition function which tends to

unity outside shadow boundaries:
Fpq

2 X
2 X
2 X
2 

X
2 1 2 1 2
C1
(8)
pq Crs Dpq Drs Fpq Frs


a 
pq
F 2kL sin2
2

(9a)
(9b)
(9c)

(4)

The distance factor when incident wave is spherical is like

this:
si sd
L i
s sd

The maximum discontinuity value (independent of the frequency) is obtained when transmitter and receiver line tangents
both wedges (their ISB are common):


s0 s1 s1 s2
DdB 20 log 2

1
s1 s0 s1 s2

(5)

Let dene these angles:



/pq
1q1 ud
1p ui


apq
1q1 p /pq
2npNpq

(6)

(10)

Taking an example of a radio link with s0 7.5 km, s1

1.8 km, and s2 9.0 km, this leads to a discontinuity of 14.2
dB, which is not acceptable for a propagation model. This
behavior is shown by simulations illustrated at the end of this
communication.

(7)

where Npq is the nearest integer that leads to minimize the angle
apq. This one tends to zero when the receiver is close to a
shadow boundary.
Introducing his heuristic diffraction coefcient, Luebbers [3]
has dened special factors Gk;?
o;n (most of the case the reection
coefcient on incident or shadow face of the wedge). The possik?
ble values of Cpq are:

4. UNIFORM UTD FORMULATION OF DOUBLE WEDGE

DIFFRACTION

The basic idea is the change the two transition functions

(Fpq and Frs) by a generalized uniform function Gpqrs based on
GFI:
K

2 X
2 X
2 X
2 

X
2 1 2 1;2
C1
pq Crs Dpq Drs Gpqrs

(11)

p1 q1 r1 s1

Perfectly
conducting
Values of couple (p,q)
(1,2)
(1,1)
(2,2)
(2,1)

1842

ISB on incident face

ISB on shadow face
RSB on incident face
RSB on shadow sface

Dielectric case

C?
pq

k
Cpq

C?
pq

k
Cpq

1
1

1

1

1
1
1
1

1
1
G?
o
G?
n

1
1
Gko
Gkn

The new transition function is:

G1;2
pqrs 1 j8pxa Wzb ; wb
Wzc ; wc
with
Wz; w Gz; w
G1 z; w

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

DOI 10.1002/mop

(12)

Gz; w

w jz2
e
2p

Z1
z

with,

ejt
dt
2
t w2

G1 z; w lim Gz; w 
z;w!1


1
W 2p
a tan

2w=z
z2 w2

14signhpqr hpqr
brs

When second wedge and receiver is outside any shadow

boundary, this transition function tends to unity. Thus, our solution reduces to Kellers form outside transition regions. Following the work of Marhefka [4], the parameters are:
p hpqr
b
sin rs
xa k j1 j2 sin
2
2


1
s2 s0
signbrs hpqr
crs
s1 s2 s1 s0

When radio link tangents both wedges (their ISB are identical), the eld attenuation is expressed by formula (27). When
both wedges are closed together, the attenuation tends to the
well-known limit of 6 dB (as for a single wedge). The inverse
case tends to the limit of 12 dB.


(13)

r
j1 j2
b
sin rs
zb 2k
j1 j2
2
p hpqr
zc 2kj1 sin
2
p hpqr
crs
wb 2kj1 j2 sin
2
p hpqr
brs
wc 2kj2 sin
2

1
A 14 2p
a tan

(16)
(17)

5.1. Fresnel Integral

Let dene Fresnel integral I(x):
Z1

(18)

s2 s0 s1
s0 s1 s2

(19)

11
X

cn

hxi2n1 q
4jp
2
cn

(20)

(22)

Ix  e
j x

 2n1
2
cn
x
n0

11
X

cn

(29)

with

jn 23n1
1 3 5 ::: 2n 1

if x < 2 30

with

jn 1 3 5 ::: 2n 1
23n1

if x > 2 31

(23)

When receiver is on a shadow boundary of wedge (2) (then

tends to innity), the asymptotic form is:

2
Drs

(24)

When wedge (2) is on a shadow boundary of wedge (1)

1
(then Dpq tends to innity), the asymptotic form is:
r
s2 s1
r1
q1
1;2
1
Fw2b (25)
G




1

1
signa

D1
pqr
pq pqrs
2
s2 s1

5.2. Kouyoumjians Transition Function

Function F(x), introduced by Kouyoumjian [2], is used in classical form of UTD. It is proportional to integral I(x):
p
p
Fx 2j x ejx I x

When wedge (2) is on a shadow boundary of wedge (1) and receiver is on a shadow boundary of wedge (2), the asymptotic form is:
r
s2 s1 s0
W
s2 s1 s0
(26)

(32)

This transition function goes quickly to unity when its argument is > 1, making appearing the Kellers diffraction coefcient [1]. When diffracted eld is evaluated on a shadow transition, argument equals to 0 (that enables to compensate the
innite discontinuity), and F(x) can be evaluated by this asymptotic relation:
Fx ejx

s1
2 1;2
1
D1

1r1
1q1
pq Drs Gpqrs 
2
1

whose evaluation by asymptotic series is well known [6]

n0

(21)

e
j t dt

Ix  e
j x

We must also dene four angles :

r
s0 s1
s1
1;2
1
Fw2c
D2
G


1
signb

rs
rs
pqrs
2
s0 s1

(28)

Diffraction problems by single or double wedge make use of

special functions, called also uniform transition functions: K(x)
or F(x) for single diffraction and G(z,w) for double diffraction.

Ix





1
apqr
1r1
1q1 p /1

2n1 pNpq
pq




2
brs

1s1 p /rs

2n2 pN2
rs


s0
apqr
sin
hpqr 2a sin
s0 s1
2


j2 sin brs
crs a tan
j1 j2 cos brs

0:5

5. UTD TRANSITION FUNCTION COMPUTATION

(15)

s1 s0 s1
j1
s0

DOI 10.1002/mop

1
s2 s0
s1 s2 s1 s0

(14)

The new distance factors are:

j2

27

hp
i
jpx
2jx
23x2

(33)

5.3. Jamess Transition Function

Function K(x) is another form of diffraction uniform transition
introduced by James [7] in its UTD diffraction coefcient. It
presents a quick convergence to 0.5 when argument tends to 0

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

1843

that means that diffracted eld equals a half incident or reected

eld on shadow boundary.
Kx

j jx2
e
p

Ix

(34)

When its argument is >> 1, this function decreases with the

asymptotic relation :
Kx 

1
p
2x jp

(35)

5.4. Generalized Fresnel Integral

In the double diffraction case, the product of two functions K(x)
or F(x) is replaced by a GFI as it can be found in [3, 8]. Here is
the expression of this integral:
w 2
Gz; w ejz
2p

Z1
z

ejt
dt
t 2 w2

(36)

When both arguments z and w are >> 1, this integral takes

the asymptotic form:

Figure 3 Comparison of double diffraction coefcients results

Another way to express GFI is

2w=z
G1 z; w lim Gz; w  2
z;w!1
z w2

Gz; w 12 ejz @Kw2 e
jw
wp

2

Let dene cylindrical parameters:

q

p
z2 w2

(37)

h a tanwz

(38)

GFI integral can be evaluated by asymptotic approximations

when q is >1 or near to 0, by Filons numerical integration
method for intermediate value of q. Due to symetrical properties
of GFI, this integral need to be computed only in half positive
sector of (z,w) space, that is for 0 < y < p/4.
G
z; w
Gz; w

(39)

Gz;
w
Gz; w

Zb
Filon

G0; w 12Kw
Gw; w 12Kw2
The asymptotic forms of GFI are :when q < 10
5


2

Gz; w  12ejz Kw p1 jzw
1 jw2 h

Taking the variable change x t2, its leads to the integrated

function X(x) which presents singularity when x equals to 0,
which is not a problem since factor a equals to 10
5. Thus
GFI can be evaluated numerically using Filons method presented in [5].
(46)

The GFI has been computed and plotted in Figures 3 and 4

(w and z are expressed in logarithmic scale), via numerical or
asymptotic evaluations presented in this note. For computation
time purpose, it can be shown that GFI is linear to y in the rst
order, so GFI can be tabulated using cylindrical parameters leading to a gain factor of 30 concerning speed computation. In fact,
it can be easily demonstrated that asymptotic form de GFI in cylindrical system is linear to y :
h
Gq; h  14
2p
higher

orders

(47)

(42)
6. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND METHODS COMPARISON

In the vicinity of z axis, that is w 0.1z, GFI can be

approximated by:

q
1
Gz; w  wz 2p

zkz pj

(45)

(41)

when q > 3
1
w
Gz; w  p 2
Kz
j4p w z2

Xxe
jux dx


p
Xx
1 2 x x w2
(40)

(44)

Particular forms of GFI are obtained when :

Gz; 0 0

1
2
ejt
dtA
t2 w2

making appear a Filons integral of the form in the second part :

Gz; w Gw; z KzKw

1844

Z1

(43)

In our rst simulations, illustrated by Figure 3, we choose the

geometric conguration of double diffraction proposed by Luebbers [7]. Four solutions are compared for three different frequencies (2 MHz, 100 MHz, and 5 GHz): classical UTD coefcient
(as explained in part II), Jamess coefcient [5], Tiberios coefcient [3] and our solution.

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 6
Figure 4
results

Imaginary part of GFI

Comparison of double plateau diffraction coefcients

The application of classical UTD [1], that merely involves

the product of two wedge diffraction coefcients, fails to compensate for the discontinuities of the edge diffraction rays at the
ISB. The discontinuity disappears on high frequency. Our solution exhibits a good behavior for all frequencies, even on ISB
transition region of wedge (2). For low frequency, Jamess solution gives the same result as our solution, but when frequency
becomes very high, a bad behavior is observed in the shadow
ISB zone (oscillations). Tiberios coefcient fails on shadow
boundary especially when frequency is very low.
In our second simulations, illustrated on Figure 4, we take
the geometric conguration of double plateau diffraction proposed by Luebbers [8]. Four solutions are compared at 300
MHz: classical UTD, UTD slope diffraction coefcient of Luebbers [8], Jamess coefcient [5], Tiberios coefcient [3], and
our solution. Simulations are done for both polarisation state

(soft and hard), and perfectly conducting (line) and dielectric

(dashed line) plateau (Figs. 5 and 6).
The application of classical UTD [1] gives a null eld inside
shadow region (soft polarisation) of the obstacle due to grazing
wave on it and shows a slight discontinuity in dielectric case.
The solution of Luebbers by adding the derivative of diffracted
eld is correct. Tiberios coefcient gives the same results only
for perfectly conducting case. Compared with these three coefcients, our solution shows a good behavior.
7. CONCLUSION

An alternative representation of the double wedge diffraction

coefcient based on GFI has been presented and a good behavior, even for double plateau diffraction, has been shown by
simulations and comparisons with others published solutions.
Additionally, our heuristic solution reduces to a Dielectric Kellers form diffraction outside transition regions. This coefcient
has been widely used in its propagation model [6] by DGA M.I.
Propagation Laboratory. This library has been integrated also in
a software for Tempest simulation [9] or in UWB model of Rennes University [10].
REFERENCES

Figure 5 Real part of GFI

DOI 10.1002/mop

1. J. Keller, Geometrical theory of diffraction, J Opt Soc Am 55

(1962), 116130.
2. R. Kouyoumjian and P.H. Pathak, An uniform geometrical theory
of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface, Proc
IEEE 62 (1974), 14481461.
3. R. Tiberio, R. Kouyoumjian, and P.H. Pathak, Double diffraction
by wedge in non perfectly conducting surfaces, Electron Lett 23
(1987), 671672.
4. L.P. Ivrissimtzis and R.J. Marhefka, A note on double diffraction
for parallel wedges, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 39 (1991),
15321537.
5. G.L. James, GTD for electromagnetic wave, IEE EM waves series, 3rd ed., 1986.
6. J.F. Legendre, PhD Thesis, Study of propagation prediction models
based on UTD, INSA of Rennes, no. D9501, January 1995.
7. R. Luebbers, Comparison of a lossy wedge diffraction coefcients
with application to a mixed path propagation loss prediction, IEEE
Trans Antennas Propag 36 (1988), 10311034.

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

1845

8. R. Luebbers, A heuristic UTD slope diffraction coefcient for a

rough lossy wedge, IEEE Trans Antennas Propag 37 (1989),
206211.
9. J.F. Legendre, Laurent ROGER, New propagation model based on
fast 3D raytracingapplication to WIFI, SILICOM, DGA MI,
ECPS2005, Brest, 2005.
10. F. Tchoffo Talom, Modelisation deterministe du canal de propagation Indoor dans un contexte Ultra Wide Band, INSA-IETR, 19
October 2005.
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V

COMMENTS ON THE FORBIDDEN

BANDGAP CHARACTERISTIC OF EBG
STRUCTURES
Xiao-Jie Dang, Haobo Yuan, Nan Wang,
and Chang-Hong Liang
School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xian 710071,
Shaanxi, China; Corresponding author: xjdang@mail.xidian.edu.cn

Figure 2 Dispersion diagram of the UC-EBG structure in this study

Received 26 October 2010

ABSTRACT: In a letter by Yang (Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50
(2008), 29652967), the bandgap characteristic of a new uniplanar
compact electromagnetic bandgap is considered. The authors use the
dispersion diagram related to the irreducible Brillouin zone (IBZ) to
determine the bandgap. We have already noticed the IBZ used by the
letter is not correct, according to the symmetry of the structure. So, the
C 2011 Wiley Periodicals,
resulted bandgap characteristic is not true. V
Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1846, 2011; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26153
Key words: electromagnetic bandgap; Brillouin zone

IBZ

4p2
SjPj

(1)

where S is the area of the cell of Bravais lattice, and |P| is the
order of the holosymmetric point group P [2]. So, when the basis of the lattice satisfies C4v symmetry, and the order of P is
eight, the Brillouin zone can be reduced to the IBZ CXM. But,
the UC-EBG structure in Ref. 1 is C2v symmetry and the order
of P is four. So, the IBZ of the UC-EBG should be CXMY, as
shown in Figure 2.
According to the IBZ CXMY, we use Ansoft HFSS to
recompute the dispersion diagram. As shown in Figure 2, the
bandgap characteristic from the IBZ CXMY is different from
the one from the IBZ CXM.

1. THE CORRECT IRREDUCIBLE BRILLOUIN ZONE

2. CONCLUSIONS

In Ref. 1, Yang presented a wideband uniplanar compact electromagnetic bandgap (UC-EBG) structure. Dispersion diagram is
used to determine the surface wave forbidden of the UC-EBG,
as shown in Figure 1, and the irreducible Brillouin zone (IBZ)
used in the letter is CXM. According to group theory, for the
two-dimension Bravais lattice, one can get

The IBZ used in Ref. 1 is not correct, according to the symmetry of the structure. So, we believe we cannot use the IBZ
CXM to compute the dispersion diagram of the UC-EBG presented in Ref. 1. The resulted bandgap characteristic in Ref. 1
is not true.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work is supported partly by the Program for New Century

Excellent Talents in University of China, and partially supported
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 61072017, No. 60801040, No. 609101030, No.
61072018, Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (No. 2010JQ8013), National Key Laboratory Foundation and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central
Universities.

REFERENCES
1. S.S. Yang, A.A. Kishk, and K.F. Lee, The forbidden bandgap characteristic of EBG structures, Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50
(2008), 29652967.
2. C.J. Bradley and A.P. Cracknell, The mathematical theory of symmetry in solids, Oxford University Press, London, 1972.
Figure 1

1846

Dispersion diagram of the UC-EBG structure in Ref. 1

C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

V

MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2011

DOI 10.1002/mop