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solid mass, and, therefore, the results cannot be applied to the flow of
saturated liquefied tailings.
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R-2^
(i)
+ 1* . . .
7
(2)
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chart, the critical Reynold's number, RcriHcai, for transition from turbulent
to laminar flow is expressed in terms of the Hedstrom number where
H = the Hedstrom number = - JL
8$
4 1 .
3 3 '
(3)
(4)
(5)
oundary
106
ESTIMATED RANGE FOR^
PHOSPHATE TAILINGS
105
TURBULENT
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10"
= 10 3
9
LAMINAR
ioi
10 2
10 3
1011
HEDSTROM NUMBER
10 5
10 6
'boundary
"
7^
(6)
"
average flow velocity. Hedstrom (5) proposed the follow-
in which U =
154
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Type of tailings
Parameter
(7)
(8)
Flow on Planar Surfaces.For purposes of analyzing the configuration of a flow slide released from a tailings deposit, the deposit may be
represented schematically as a body of fluid material with a vertical face
as shown in Fig. 5(a). The configuration at some time t after the initiation
of flow will have the general form shown in Fig. 5(b).
The one-dimensional momentum conservation equation for flow of
such a viscous fluid in a wide rectangular sloping channel is
155
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vA3 V l
10* -
V5
^ X \ \
\6
NEWTONIAN-'
FLUID
1
2
3
1
5
\7
0,1
1.0
He = 1 0 " 1
He = 10
He - 1 0 1
He = 1 0 2
He = 1 0 3
He = lO* 1
\ \
\
X\
10"'
He - 0 ,
10
REYNOLDS NUMBER
100
1000
du*
du*
dc*
+ u*- + 2c* + 5g(Sf-s
=0
0)
W
dt*
dx*
dx*
"'
and the mass conservation equation is
. du*
dc*
dc*
c* - + 2 + 2u* = 0
dx*
dt*
dx*
(9)
(10)
(b)
| TAILINGS DEPOSIT
H 0 (LIQUEFIED WITH
BINGHAM FLOW
CHARACTERISTICS)
Tfism
~w
H,
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and
/=^
(H6)
? =J
(12)
and for laminar flow of Newtonian fluids of viscosity i\, the friction factor is given by
,
/ =
I6
R
where
(13
u*hy
R=
>
(14)
ng
(15)
I=W
(16)
'
( 1 7
>
Using Eqs. 16 and 17, the friction slope in Eq. 15 can be written for
Bingham fluids as
<18>
* - & + $
K(19)
du*
dc*
dC*
and c*- + 2 + 2u* - = 0
dx*
dt*
dx*
v(20)
'
'
X*
x=~
(21a)
h*
h =~
(21b)
"a
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c*
VgHo
u*
u = 7=
(21d)
VgH0
(21e)
t = r\l&
'JL
R=2
^l
and s
{2l8)
=5:
du
dc
dc
c + 2 + 2w = 0
dx
dt
dx
(23)
These equations can be solved (Appendix I) to determine the following general solutions for the flow velocity u and the height of the fluid
material in terms of the horizontal distance x, the time t, and the dimensionless resistance parameters R and S as follows:
2 ,
2 sin p t
s
- y(1 + m) +
3
'
3
+
30Rt
22(2-m) 3
/lOsinpf
V 15
1
and c(x,t,R) = - ((2 - mm)
3
'
+
21Rt
22(2 - m)3
in which
(7 sin p t
\ 15
27St
7(2 -mf
3St
7
10RA/2
198/V3
216(1 + m) Rt
~
11(2 - m)4
m'
3J
3/2
(24(?)
+ ^ /n
4
~~30
lb" + 11(2 - m)4
3St
10
7RA/2 m\ 3/2
198j\3 ~ 3"/
m =-
(24&)
(24c)
158
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(25)
and the flow velocity at this section is given by Eq. 24A. These perturbed
solutions give approximate values of the flow velocity and depth at all
sections of the disturbed free mass as functions of time, provided the
parameter, R, is sufficiently small.
After the break of the dam, for later instance of time, tlt t2, etc., the
flow depth is increased by the presence of viscous boundary resistance;
consequently, the flow velocity is decreased, as shown in Fig. 6. In fact,
because of the presence of the frictional terms in the Eq. 24a, the velocity
indicates an apparent negative value near m = 2. This physically un-
-1
"11
s/Z-^ -
"T2
"T3
"TC
-1
in
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t|
t2
13
tc
1|
<!
'3
tc
I
VARIATION OF TIP DISPLACEMENT WITH TINE
acceptable result is due to the incompleteness of the perturbation procedure used in deriving the solutions for Eqs. 22 and 23. This could be
avoided by introducing another boundary layer in the coordinate direction m. This rather difficult procedure was not attempted; instead, it was
decided to adopt the procedure described later.
In the tip region, the viscous forces and the pressure forces are of the
same order of magnitude. Therefore, the velocity of flow does not
change appreciably in this region. Thus, the maximum value of the velocity function is a good representation of the tip velocity, as shown in
Fig. 7. These maximum velocities at different instants of time after the
break of the dam have been plotted against time, as shown in Fig. 8.
The corresponding tip displacement history can be evaluated using a
numerical integration procedure, as indicated in Fig. 8. The results of
this type of analysis are applicable to the early stages of flow. At some
time, tc, when the location of the section which has the maximum flow
velocity has moved backward to the dam axis, the results become
questionable.
The velocities and displacements of the tip were calculated using the
procedure outlined in the previous section, until the location of maximum velocity reached the dam axis. The time when this occurs is denoted as tc.
Determination of Surface Profile of Tailings Flow.The procedure
for determining the free surface profile at any time after the release of
a fluid tailings deposit is shown in Fig. 9. The disturbed portion of the
fluidized material is subdivided into two zones I and II. Zone II occupies
the region from the position of maximum flow velocity to the zone of
quiet, whereas zone I represents the tip region, in which the velocity
is assumed to be constant. The free surface profile in zone II is given
by
fc(x,0 = c2(x,t,R)-H0
(26)
in which c(x,t,R) was given in Eq. 24b. In zone I, the viscous resistance
160
ZONE II
' USING EXPRESSION (25)
ZONE I
USING EXPRESSION (28)
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Mi
r"
"""N
X*
* * |
u(m,t)
TSt-
tj
and the pressure gradient are approximately equal. The equation governing the depth of flow is
dff
dx*'
(27)
yh*2
and on integration
(28)
h*(x) = h*r
(29)
2,0
F
__
1\\
R = S = 0,001
R = S = 0,002
R = S = 0,005
xv
l\\\
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nit)
"o
R = S = 0,010
-\\\^GL
KS:
2 50
100
200
300
t- DIMENSIONLESS TIME
Using this velocity over a time interval At, a new tip displacement and
the resulting flow profile were calculated. The updated flow profile was
then used in calculating the tip velocity for the subsequent time interval.
This procedure was repeated until the calculated tip velocity was found
to be zero. At this stage, the flow was considered "frozen."
Using this procedure, a number of calculations were performed,
changing the values of R and S over the expected range of interest. Fig.
11 shows some variations of tip velocity and displacement with these
dimensionless resistance parameters and with dimensionless time t for
the case when R = S.
These results can also be plotted as isolines of inundation distance,
Xf, and freezing time, tf, for various combinations of R and S, as shown
in Figs. 12 and 13. By knowing the parameters, H0, -i\p, tyl and -y for a
given tailings impoundment, the dimensionless parameters R and S can
be calculated as shown by Eqs. 21. For these values of R and S, the
dimensionless inundation distance and the freezing time can be determined from the charts in Figs. 12 and 13. The values of inundation distance, freezing time, and mean velocity can then be readily obtained
using the relations
xf = xfxH0
(30)
(31)
162
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0.002
FIG.
0,004
0,006 ' 0,008
R - VISCOUS PARAMETER
0.010
0,010
0,008
0,006
0,0014
0,002
0,002
FIG.
0,001
0,006
R - VISCOUS PARAMETER
0,008
0,010
163
(32)
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*;
"-
and
S=
20
yH0
100 x 50
= 0.0064,
= 0.0040
(33)
Using R = 0.0064 and S = 0.0040, the dimensionless inundation distance, Xf, and freezing time, tf, can be obtained as shown in Figs. 12
and 13; these are xf = 27 and t, = 75. Dimensional results can be obtained by using Eqs. 30-32 as follows: xf = 27 x 50 = 1,350 ft (47.25 m);
tf = 75 x V50/32.2 = 93 sec; and u*m = 1,350/93 = 15 fps (4.575 m/s).
Similar dimensionless charts have also been prepared for flow of liquefied mine tailings on a sloping bed. A sloping bed gives rise to extra
driving force in the momentum equation. Charts for bed slopes (3 = 2,
4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are presented in Jeyapalan (9).
Flow Down Prismatic Valleys.The previous analyses considered
only the case of one-dimensional flows across the planes or wide valleys.
In many instances, liquefied tailings have flowed down narrow valleys
which would not be represented accurately as wide channels, and it is
desirable to be able to analyze flows of this type. In order to extend the
solutions to problems of this nature, the three types of prismatic crosssections shown in Fig. 14 were considered. Hydraulic depth, hH, and
hydraulic radius, hR, were used instead of actual depth, h, in order to
include the effects of the side boundaries. The geometrical parameters
for the various valley cross sections are listed in Table 2. The depth parameters hH and hR are related to the actual depth, h, by the relations
RECTANGLE
TRIANGLE
(D
Flow Area,
A
(2)
Top Width,
B
(3)
Wetted
perimeter, P
(4)
Hydraulic
depth, hH
(5)
Hydraulic
radius, hR
(6)
Wide rectangle
Deep rectangle
Triangle
Parabola
h
Bh
Snh1
2Bh/3
1
B
2sHh
B
1
B + 2h
2h(l + sj,)1'2
Pi
h
h
ft/2
2/i/3
h
Bh/(B + 2/i)
sHh/2(l + s2,)"2
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Section
,
and
hH .
- 2 = 9 + 9jC
hR
(34)
Section
(D
a
(2)
6o
(3)
6i
(4)
Wide rectangle
Deep rectangle
Triangle
Parabola
1.00
1.00
0.71
0.82
1.00
1.00
(1 + 1/s*,)1'2
1.00
0.00
HJB
0.00
K*
a
K = {l/2[p - In (<? + p)/q] - \}/a2m, in which pm = (1 + cf)m; q = 2 HJB;
and Bh = width of channel at half the height of dam.
165
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CONCLUSIONS
(35)
(36)
Using Eqs. 35 and 36 in Eqs. 22 and 23 gives by equating order R" terms
dU0
dUa
dCn
-? + u0-2 + 2c0-? = 0
St
and c
dx
dU0
(37)
dX
+2
dcn
+ 2M
dCn
^=0
<38>
166
The solutions of Eqs. 37 and 38 are the inviscid Ritter (18) solutions given
by
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U = 1+
l{ l)
Co= 2
i( -f)
(39)
(40)
Using Eqs. 35, 36, 39, and 40 in Eqs. 22 and 23 gives by equating order
R1 terms
a "i
J,
du
A 3Ci
3 .
3 + - ! + 2 1 + - - - c , + 2 2 - - - - - sin p
dt t
\
t) dx t
\
tj dx R
162^1 + -)
\
t
3S
, 2
/
x\ du,
dc,
and - C l + 2 - - + 6
t
\
t) dx
dt
2u,
(
x\ 3c,
-+4 1+- =0
t
\
t) dx
(42)
With a transformation
m=
*-
(43)
u^(x,t) = U(m,t)
(44)
cfat) = C(m,t)
(45)
2C
(2-m)8C
+2
t
t
m
3 .
sin p
R
3S_
"I
(2-m)J2 ++ ,
R(2-mf,2 = 0
()
2C (2 - m) SIT , aC
(2 - m) dC
and + - + 6 + 2f
t
dm
dt
t
dm
17 n
2- =0
t
(47)
(48)
C(m,t) = Q(m) -t
(49)
dP
dQ
3
162(1 + m)
) - + 2 ( 2 - O T ) ^ + 5P-2Q--smp +
^ - ^
167
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3S
+ ~
V2 = 0
R(2 - mf
(50)
and
(2 - m) + 2(2 - m) - ^ - 2P + 8Q = 0
dm
dm
with boundary conditions
(51)
P(-l) = 0
(52)
and
Q ( - l ) = - ^
.(53)
These ordinary differential equations can be solved for P(m) and Q(m)
with the specified boundary conditions; the solutions are
2 sin (3
~~3R
27S
216(1 + m)
2
7R(2 - m) ~ 11(2 - m)4
10 sin p 3S
10\/2
m\
1
+
15R
7R 198/\3 3 /
- s i n p _ 3S_ 27(1 + m)
3QR
WR + 11(2 - mf
30
22(2 - mf
(54fl)
21
22(2 - m)3
^_ji+_LV?_r
15R
10R
198/\3
(54 & )
3/
, x
(55)
(56)
'
(57)
_h*
H0'
_. c*
C
VgH^'
168
M*
2i\v
/to
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du
du
and
2c dc
dC
Ru
dU
dC
2 + a2c + 2w = 0
dt
dx
dx
v(60)
;
(61)
c(x,t,R) = c0 + Rci + R c2 +
(62)
(63)
c0 = flU - Pi^J
(64)
in which
P,
- ,
_2_
^
a =
(65)
/ 2 i
(66)
( a + 2)
'
(67)
(68)
in which
and
am)
.
, . ,
in which
P(m) = CA-)
- I
Pl
- fil^
....
a2-Pi _ a(a2 + 6) p 2
+ ^8 - T 16(a
r d2 r+ r2)
= D,
cX'
2a)
pi =
eg
sin p
s e0
s e1
eD u0
a e2
PiRi
R5^Pi
PiRfl 3 c 0
PiCofl9
P 2 fl 7 9<^
2 9M0
Pi^a7
2 9 0 e t a |
2
P a 5 fl 7 c^
Rq
%\u0
2
PiC fl5
9a
2
P %sC0fl
169
(7)
(71)
(69)
(73)
= -z 7
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D
1
1
(3a2 + 2)
I ?<?1
i + o^2 , >
4 + 8fl(fl2 + 2 ) '
:....(74)
2
a Lsin
a2
(fl
+t 6)
t*
J i i l (3
U
W
W
it*
V^I
= ^ ^2R
- - 7 ~' ??1 +^ T+7 16(
Z T 2r +^ '2)? 2
(75)
PjRaj
SB0
P a % 7
S9t
B^KaV
pjRflsfl
a9 2
2 4
p a fl79
2 90 8 t a
22 3
3
(76)
9 a
Q2
22 - -
\''i
Pi a fl3fl5
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14. Nye, J., "The Flow of Glaciers and Ice-Sheets as a Problem in Plasticity,"
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A 207, 1951, pp. 554-572.
15. Okuda, S., Suwa, H., and Yokoyama, K., "Observation System on Rocky
Mudflow," Disaster Prevention Research Institute Bulletin, Kyoto University,
Vol. 23, Part 3-4, No. 312, Kyoto, Japan, 1973.
16. Okuda, S., Suwa, H., and Yokoyama, K., "Synthetic Observation on Debris
Flow, Part 2," Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan, Apr., 1976.
17. Okuda, S., Suwa, H., and Yokoyama, K., "Synthetic Observation on Debris
Flow, Part 3," Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto,
Japan, May, 1977.
18. Ritter, A., Die Fortpflanzung der Wasserwellen," Zeitschrift des Vereines
Deutscher Ingenieure, Vol. 36, No. 33, 1892, pp. 947-954.
19. Scheidegger, A. E., "On the Prediction of the Reach and Velocity of Catastrophic Landslides," Rock Mechanics, Vol. 5, Mar., 1978, pp. 231-236.
APPENDIX IV.NOTATION
shape parameter;
Chezy coefficient;
celerity;
friction factor;
acceleration due to gravity;
Hedstrom number;
dam height;
flow depth;
hydraulic depth;
hydraulic radius;
viscous parameter;
Reynolds number;
strength parameter;
friction slope;
time;
average flow velocity;
flow velocity;
dimensional variables;
kinematic viscosity;
viscosity;
apparent viscosity;
plastic viscosity;
total unit weight;
shear strain rate;
shear stress;
yield shear strength;
residual shear strength; and
bed slope.
171