Documente Academic
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2, MARCH/APRIL 2011
831
AbstractThis paper presents an alternative way for the current regulation of single-phase voltage-source dcac converters
in directquadrature (dq) synchronous reference frames. In a
dq reference frame, ac (time varying) quantities appear as dc
(time invariant) ones, allowing the controller to be designed the
same as dcdc converters, presenting infinite control gain at the
steady-state operating point to achieve zero steady-state error.
The common approach is to create a set of imaginary quantities
orthogonal to those of the real single-phase system so as to obtain
dc quantities by means of a stationary-frame to rotating-frame
transformation. The orthogonal imaginary quantities in common
approaches are obtained by phase shifting the real components
by a quarter of the fundamental period. The introduction of such
delay in the system deteriorates the dynamic response, which
becomes slower and oscillatory. In the proposed approach of this
paper, the orthogonal quantities are generated by an imaginary
system called fictive axis, which runs concurrently with the real
one. The proposed approach, which is referred to as fictive-axis
emulation, effectively improves the poor dynamics of the conventional approaches while not adding excessive complexity to the
controller structure.
Index TermsCurrent control, fictive-axis emulation (FAE),
single-phase voltage-source converters (VSCs), vector control.
I. I NTRODUCTION
832
TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE S YSTEM OF F IG . 1
diabc
+ ui,abc .
dt
(1)
di
+ ui, .
dt
(2)
dis
+ usi .
dt
(3)
Fig. 2.
833
(5)
in which ucd and ucq represent the control signals. By substituting uad and uaq from (5) into (4), the following decoupled
system is deduced:
ucd
did /dt
R 0
id
=L
.
(6)
+
ucq
0 R
iq
diq /dt
Therefore, the transfer function of the decoupled system is
derived as follows, in which the time constant Ts is equal to
L/R, and Ks = 1/R:
Gs (s) =
Ks
.
1 + sTs
(7)
Kcm
us .
1 + sTpE pE
(8)
s (s)
GpE
Transforming GspE (s) from a stationary to a rotating reference frame, the following is deduced:
GpE (s) =
Kcm
.
1 + (s + jn )TpE
(9)
Kcm
.
(1 + sTpE )
(10)
(11)
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Ks
Kcm
.
(1 + sTpE ) 1 + sTs
(12)
1 + sTn
.
sTi
(13)
K
sTi (1 + sTpE )
(14)
Fig. 6. Test system along with the conventional single-phase currentregulation scheme.
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Fig. 7. Test system along with the proposed current-control scheme based on
FAE.
Fig. 8.
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Fig. 11.
Fig. 9. Simulation results of the transient response of the conventional delaybased controller: (a) The grid voltage and its associated orthogonal component.
(b) The converter current and its emulated orthogonal component. (c) The
d- and q-axes corresponding to the converter current and its emulated
component.
Experimental setup.
Fig. 10. Simulation results of the transient response of the FAE-based controller: (a) The grid voltage and its associated orthogonal component. (b) The
converter current and its emulated orthogonal component. (c) The d- and q-axes
corresponding to the converter current and its emulated component.
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,
,
, and
.
with
Moreover, i stands for the complex conjugate of i .
Equation (17) verifies that if RFAE and LFAE are close to Rt
and Lt , the disturbance signal decreases, and the dynamics
of the system resembles the dynamics of a balanced two-phase
system, as described in (2).
The goal of the controller is to track the reference values of
the d and q components in the synchronous reference frame
such that in the stationary frame, the currents form a
positive-sequence current, i.e., i = Iej0 t . Moreover, the grid
voltage and its orthogonal component form a positive-sequence
set of voltages, i.e., ui = Ui ej0 t . Therefore, by replacing i
and ui, with Iej0 t and Ui ej0 t in (16), respectively, the
following is deduced:
(18)
in which
. By multiplying (18) by
ej0 t , the dynamics of the system in a synchronous positivesequence reference frame is derived
(19)
Equation (19) shows that, in the case of an unbalanced system,
in order to perfectly track the reference signals, the controller
must be able to provide a double-frequency component along
with its required dc one. However, since PI regulators are
adopted in the proposed control strategy, the inverter cannot
fully support the provision of double-frequency components,
Fig. 13. Simplified model of the test system along with the fictive axis.
ua, = Ri + L
ua,
(15)
.
i.e.,
As analytically shown, possible errors between the actual R
and L values and the ones in the fictive circuit would result
in second-order components. However, the resulting secondorder components could be attenuated by using a high crossover
frequency/bandwidth for the current control loop. In addition,
since these errors should be relatively small, it should not create
any significant problems for the proposed technique. Note that
even if the bandwidth of the controller is not high enough, the
system is still stable; however, the d and q components of the
current may contain significant amount of double-frequency
ripple. In the following section, to evaluate the sensitivity of
the proposed controller to axis-parameter mismatch, two simulation case studies are conducted in Simulink/MATLAB. In the
tests, the errors of the fictive-axis parameters, i.e., RFAE and
LFAE , are significant and assumed to be 100%, which is quite
unlikely to happen in reality. In one case study, the bandwidth
of the controller is set to 200 Hz, while in the second test, the
bandwidth is 1000 Hz.
It should be noted that as the derived mathematical model
of (19) contains time-varying constants, i.e., e2j0 t , then the
system cannot be referred to as linear time invariant. Therefore,
its exact sensitivity analysis is not straightforward and is beyond
the scope of this paper.
B. Sensitivity Tests
(17)
838
Fig. 14. Simulation results of the transient response of the unbalanced system
with controller bandwidth of 200 Hz: (a) The grid voltage and its associated
orthogonal component. (b) The converter current and its emulated orthogonal
component. (c) The d- and q-axes corresponding to the converter current and
its emulated component.
Fig. 15. Simulation results of the transient response of the unbalanced system
with controller bandwidth of 1000 Hz: (a) The grid voltage and its associated
orthogonal component. (b) The converter current and its emulated orthogonal
component. (c) The d- and q-axes corresponding to the converter current and
its emulated component.
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Stephan Kenzelmann (S09) received the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Swiss Federal
Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne,
Switzerland, in 2007, where he is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree in the Industrial Electronics
Laboratory (LEI).
His research interests include single-phase control
methods, multilevel converter control, and research
and development of new power electronic systems
for dc power transmission.