INTERVIEW WITH SANSKRITISTS IN SRI LANKA

5.1.

Interview with Sanskrit Students (Monk School) :

Herein I have employed a practical research methodology in order

to acquire the assistance of students of Sanskrit language and literature and

obtain their own views and perceptions on the two subjects of my research
study. Accordingly, teachers of Sanskrit language and literature in the leading
Pirivenas (monastic educational institutions) and a few students of Oriental
languages and the academics of Sri Lankan universities 1 were interviewed and
obtained their views.
The following are chosen for the present study :
a) Academics of universities
b) A few teachers of Pirivenas too
c) A few students of Oriental languages2 and
d) A few junior students of the primary Pirivenas.3
A questionnaire with seven questions4 was circulated them. I expected
their honest personal feedback and also advised them to discuss the questions
with their associates and teachers and provide me their feedback, associating
them with the responses of those mentioned above.
In my selection of the main institutes of teaching and study of the two
subjects viz. Sanskrit Language & Literature of the main educational
institutions of Sri Lankas Kandy District, but island-wide. These institutions
are Asgiriya Maha Pirivena and also Peredeniya,5 Sri Gnanalankara

International Bhikkhu Training Institute,6 which is the main institutional

monastic Pirivena.7 In these Pirivenas, I contacted the teachers and students
who are engaged in teaching and studying of Sanskrit respectively, connected
with the preparations for the primary and Oriental Pandit examinations and had
their feedback on the teaching and study of Sanskrit language and literature.
Among the main universities in Sri Lanka, the University of Peradeniya
occupies a preeminent position. As it was discussed already it was not taken
up here. In modern times this university renders a significant role in the field of
study of Sanskrit language and literature and in order to collect information, I
had recourse to the remarkable head of the Oriental Languages Faculty and
some academics and students of this university. I highly appreciate the services
extended to me readily by them.
The questionnaire I had circulated is filed as an appendix (p.no.

) at

the end of the Thesis. It is comprised of seven brief questions Q-A. They
have provided me with their views briefly and they have used our mother
tongue i.e. Sinhala, in answering the questions. Therefore, I humbly tried to
submit an English translation and provide a detailed analysis of the answers.
The questionnaire I circulated is reproduced first and after that the
answers that were received in the same manner are included with no variations
to them.

Herein there is an examination of the responses received.

The

questions posed by me are indicated in their proper order and explanations are
also rendered. First, the views of the students are indicated. Second, the views
of the teachers and university academics are included.10

1. Boleepe Kassapa Thero. (vide Appendix Questionnaire)

Boleepe Kassapa Thero11 has been a student of Sanskrit language
and literature for about nine years at the Asgiriya Maha Pirivena, Kandy.
Presently, he is reading for the Oriental Pandit examination.

He adduces

the following reasons as beneficial to him studying Sanskrit language and

literature.
1. One who studies Sanskrit language and literature gains a perfect ability
in pronunciation. In pronouncing Sanskrit words perfectly, one gathers
an ability to pronounce words of any language. This is a very valuable
view. This is also a fact endorsed by scholars of the world. Having
studied Sanskrit Indians and Sri Lankans are in a position to pronounce
and converse in any worldly language,. On the contrary, people of certain
countries are not in a position to pronounce a foreign language fluently.
2. The other advantages he adduces are numerous.

Namely, Sanskrit is

one of the most remarkable language with a perfect grammatical order.

Consequently,

studying

Sanskrit

grammar

facilitates

grammatical

comprehension of other Asian languages such as Pali (Prakrit, Ardha

Magadhi), Hindi and Sinhala, which are derivatives of the supreme,
millennia-old Sanskrit language of India. Sanskrit language and literature
are of universally highly developed composition and hence the study of
these creates in one a broad perspective of language and literature. It also
helps to gain a broad knowledge of other such traditions of the world.

Further, the student recounts the facilities and difficulties in studying

Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka during modern times.12
These conditions are enumerated by him as follows. As regards the
study of Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka at the present time, the
facility according to him is that Sanskrit is a compulsory subject in the
curricula of primary studies in Pirivenas and other educational institutions.
Which providing education for bhikkus and a few laymen. Further texts
required for studies are also available. With regards to the difficulties in the
study of Sanskrit language and literature, he states that there is acute shortage
of teachers at Pirivenas and other institutions. Further, another reason he
adduces is the broad-based curricula of these institutions dealing with other
subjects of studies.13
The suggestions and proposals made by him in response to the last
question, in order to upgrade the present and future standard of the study of
Sanskrit language and literature, he suggests the following strategies.
1. Presently, the study of Sanskrit is exclusively in the Pirivenas curricula.
Sanskrit should be included in the curricula of all schools as was done
during the British period. It was expunged from school curricula in the
1960s by a Muslim Minister of Education.
2. In present times, annual competitions are conducted annually in respect
to the study of languages in the Pirivenas and educational institutions.
The successful students should be awarded scholarships to pursue the
study of language. This encouragement would result in the upgrading of

the study of Sanskrit language and literature too.14

3. In respect of those students among the bhikkus and the lay students,
scholarship should be granted for their further studies in Sanskrit
language and literature abroad, especially in Indian universities, where
the standard of study of these two subjects is very high.
4. Sanskrit language and literature symposiums should be held annually
or biannually and extracts of these highly literary addresses should be
propagated among the general public.
2. Manju Sri of Bangladesh: (vide Appendix Questionnaire)
Bhikku Manju Shri of Bangladesh is a student reading for his final year
in Oriental languages.15 He is a student of Sanskrit language and literature for
the last ten years and being a national of Bangladesh, he is highly competent in
Sanskrit language and literature and also keenly devoted to study the Sanskrit.
Responding to the questionnaire, he adduces the following reasons as regards
to the utility of the study of Sanskrit language and literature in the following
manner.
3. The Sanskrit language being millennia-old and regarded of Daivi Vag
(Language of the Gods) and gaining a fluency in Sanskrit enables the study
of any language of any country.
4. Sanskrit being an Oriental language. In the study of this language it is
possible for one to gain an insight into phonetics, astrology, Ayurveda,
Kamasastra and architecture, and ancient renditions of Yogi Rishis of
India. This is one of the most significant views. It is generally believed

and accepted by many that Sanskrit language and literature are archaic.
Thus, among many, there is no clear perception as regards to its propagation
and the extensive field of Sanskrit. The Brahamanic Chaturvedas (Rig,
Atharva, Sama and Yajur as well as Puranas, Upanishads, Itihasa, etc.)
and the study of them as well as other connected scriptures, even in
modern times, helps the compilation of high scholarly prose and verse,
as guidelines. In the stories narrated and the similes provide examples,
along with the literary works, to gain an insight into the day-to-day lives of
the poets. Further, works like Kavyadarsha Kavyaprakara assists one to
produce literary works of high quality.
With regard to the modern day facilities and disadvantages in the
study of Sanskrit language and literature he adduces the following grounds.
Regarding to facilities, he states that in Sri Lanka, more than in any other
country, facilities provided for the study of Sanskrit language and literature are
most commendable. This is a very significant view. In most countries of the
world the study of Sanskrit is confined only to the higher studies.

The

motherland Sanskrit is India and as such the study of Sanskrit is compulsory

for every student, from primary education to higher studies. In Sri Lankan
monastic education too, from the primary stage to higher education, the study
of Sanskrit is compulsory. In the early stages of education in Sri Lanka,
Sanskrit was compulsory for bhikkus as well as lay students. However, this
methodology is now absent in Sri Lanka. The presence of teachers highly
competent to teach Sanskrit language and literature and their commitment to

further education in these two subjects are facilities available with us. The
study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka is of a high standard and the availability of
adequate reading resources are advantages enjoyed by us.
advantages in India as well.

These are the

Additionally, in the approved syllabi of all

educational institutions, study of Sanskrit is compulsory.

Disadvantages :
He enumerates Disadvantages as follows :
i. A language should be constantly used. However, Sanskrit language is
being strictly restricted to texts only and this is an impediment for its
growth and sustenance.
ii.Still another problem is that in the absence of a desire or preference
to study other subjects is a problem that confronts this country. Even
among those students engaged in the study of Sanskrit there is a
certain degree of leniency. Further, the total absence of an acceptance
and encouragement accorded to those who are skilled in the study
of Sanskrit and a commitment to the study and the nonexistence of a
system for their development are constraints faced by students at present
times. Further, these students state that in the study of Sanskrit the
greatest constraint is that some of the teachers exercise the closed-fist
ideology in teaching, probably to avert the students from becoming a
challenge to them in their particular field.18 They utilize the traditional
framework and make an effort to maintain the teacher hierarchy
(Guruekadhikari).

Having propounded the facilities and disadvantages existing in this

country in the study of Sanskrit, he proposed the following for the upgrading
and stabilization of Sanskrit studies in this country. Sanskrit is deemed as a
dead language and in order to make it a living language various development
programs have to be organized. This language is now confined only to texts
and examinations. An opportunity should be created for it as a language of
public utility. Those who are ignorant of the importance and its utilitarian
value should be enlightened. The study of Sanskrit should not be strictly
confined to the study of ancient texts and there need is to create new literary
works. Further, these students, both lay and monastic, desirous of the study
and those already studying Sanskrit as far as possible should be encouraged
and supported.
3. Kosgolle Nanda Thero: vide Appendix Questionnaire)
Personal Details :
Next, Kosgolle Nanda Thero19 offered his views. He studied Sanskrit
language for eleven years and is also reading for his General Certificate
of Education (Advanced Level) examination, conducted by the Sri Lanka
Department of Examinations.20

He submits the following reasons for the

advantage of studying Sanskrit language and literature. He says that the study
of Sanskrit enables one to study Ayurveda, Astrology, Medical Sciences,
etc. This is a very significant view. Texts in Astrology are in Sanskrit and
in Devanagari script. By studying of this language one is able to gain an
insight into the original texts. Similarly, in present times, those studying this

language are negligible, and if a person gains even a superficial knowledge of

this language he is enabled to conduct his activities actively. Regarding the
advantages, in the study of Sanskrit language and literature, he explains that
one is able to accommodate to his lifestyle Artha, Dharma, Kama, the fourfold resultants (Chathurvarga Phala). Further, one could emerge as one with a
wide scope of literary knowledge and an unequal status of a grammarian.
Besides, he gives a most significant reason for the study of Sanskrit.
There is a possibility to gain a knowledge of Hinduism and Mahayana
Buddhism. For Sanskrit is the Mahayanas Buddhist scriptural language. This
is a very remarkable reason. The original Buddhism is in Pali (meaning line,
originally called Ardha-Maghdhi)21 and many of the stanzas therein are related
to Sanskrit. In the meantime, the texts of Mahayana22 and Vajrayana Buddhist
philosophies are scripted in Sanskrit.23 Consequently, by gaining a proficiency
in Sanskrit, one could gain a perfect insight into these philosophies. In modern
times the Buddhists of these China, Japan and other countries extend a social
consideration to those engaged in Sanskrit literary works and they have
obtained their services too. They are in the process of translating the original
Sanskrit scripted Mahayana philosophies to their respective languages.

It

needs to be asserted that in broadening ones knowledge and proficiency in

Sanskrit language and literature, one is able to engage oneself in literary works
on an international basis.
In case there is any religion that corresponds in its society and
philosophical facts, the most relative and most important is Hinduism, for both

were born in India, Hinduism being older than Buddhism by nearly 2000 years
or more. The language of Hinduism is Sanskrit and in order to gain an interreligious knowledge a proficiency in this language is most a prerequisite.
Facilities and Difficulties :
Kosgolle Nanda Thero recounts the facilities and difficulties in presentday Sri Lanka in the following manner. The absence of analytical primary
grammar texts, the texts prescribed for Pirivenas being highly variable and nonsystematic are causes of a disadvantage.

In fact, all the ancient Sanskrit

literature and analytical texts are in the English medium. Enormous difficulties
are encountered by those who study in the Sinhala medium. Still, another
difficulty he traces is that the texts prescribed for examinations too are in a way
constraints. Even if these texts exists, the absence of correct rendition of terms
or commentaries are also constraints.
Variant reading of the texts i.e. pathantara is also a big hurdle. This is
the general opinion of those who study Sanskrit language and literature.
Facilities :
While explaining the present difficulties, he also deals with the
facilities presently existing for the study of Sanskrit. In the study of these
texts, it is easily possible to gain admission to universities. This opportunity is
helpful to those studying Pali and other languages in terms of assistance
rendered by universities and government. If a student studying other subjects
fail to reach the cut-off points of marks gained even by one mark, he or she
fails to gain admission to universities. On the other hand, a student studying

Sanskrit who has met the other requirements will gain the opportunity to enter
the universities even if they earn ten marks below the cut-off. The reason for
this is Sri Lankan universities are trying to keep departments connected with
Sanskrit going without being closed down. This strategy has been in existence
for many years and the number of graduates qualifying in Sanskrit are very
large. The language being compulsory, the development of Sanskrit language
thereby is given a great opportunity.

Similarly, the government and

universities conducting annual student recruiting is promoted to a very pleasant

situation.
Still another reason, he adduces, is those who qualify in Sanskrit could
gain employment as a government service teacher. To gain this status it is not
necessarily required to enter the university or acquire a BA or MA degree.26 In
the case of a student who passes the Sri Lanka Oriental Languages Society
examination, the Prachina middle of final examination could secure
employment as a teacher in a government recognized institution or college.
Suggestions :
The suggestions for promoting Sanskrit Language he makes in order to
promote the study of Sanskrit language in Sri Lanka are as follows. Sanskrit,
which is now confined only to Pirivena (monastic colleges), should be
incorporated with the general schools education curricula. Although in the
past since British times this subject was in the curricula of all schools, presently
it is confined only to Pirivenas. From early times, those qualifying in various
subjects in Sri Lanka as well as in other foreign countries survived as they

learned these subjects. Through this, with their high standard of proficiency,
they embellished the entire world. Presently, Sanskrit scholars are only from
among the Buddhist monks and the lay scholars are very few in number that
could be counted on fingers.
Promote :
Suggestions for promote to suggestions for the study of Sanskrit among
those studying the subject, programs need to be initiated so that the traditional
classroom restricted study spectrum be broad based in order that the study of
Sanskrit be beneficial to society at large and afford the very same status
granted to the study of mathematics, English languages and such subjects also
be provided to the study of Sanskrit. These are his views for the promotion
and stabilization of Sanskrit studies in Sri Lanka.
4. Pusellawe Seelavisuddhi Thero :
Pusellawe Seelavisuddhi Thero27 studied Sanskrit for twelve years and
is presently an undergraduate of the third year at Peradeniya University
pursuing a Special Degree in Sanskrit.28 He puts forward the following as the
reasons for the utility of studying Sanskrit language and literature. It is
important here to note that this monk responded to questionnaire in
consultation with his fellow undergraduate Sanskrit students. As such, his
responses are not of one person, but of a group studying the subject at the
university level. In explaining the advantages of studying Sanskrit, he first
deals with the Sanskrit literature that is built around Chatur Varga (Artha,
Dharma, Kama and Moksha). He very cogently states that Sanskrit literature is

so enriched that it enables a person to comprehend the nature of a self

biography. This study that promotes a virtuous life, incorporating an enormous
contributions, through the Sanskrit instructive stories, that embellishes not only
ones worldly life, but his future life too.29 Similarly, in the examination of
Buddhist Sanskrit literature, it is comprised of a large number of significant
texts. Thus it leads one to a religious life as well as a promotion of lifestyles.
Still another asset is that through Sanskrit language and literature one is
equipped with an insight into political, economic, and historical facts. Sanskrit
inscriptions have been discovered not only in India and Sri Lanka, but in other
countries as well.

These are of immense benefit to those dealing with

epigraphy. These epigraphical records form, a literature by itself. National,

religious, and political, recorded in versified forms as well as in literary style,
these epigraphical records enable those engaged in such research of ancient
times.
In respect to those who study phonetics, there is no other language other
than Sanskrit as a linguistic source of study. Sanskrit language is datable to the
original Indo-European language and Sanskrit is reckoned as the mother
tongue of the Sinhala language of Sri Lanka as well.

Pali and Sinhala

languages are regarded in Sri Lanka as their parents. These two languages
represent the national and religious sectors. In order to gain a certain degree of
these two languages, one should be proficient in Sanskrit to some extent.
Finally, he states, in the study of Sanskrit language and literature one gains not
only knowledge, but also enriched perceptions and erudition. A person is
created and that person could harness these with any instance.

The facilities and constraints :

As for the facilities and constraints existing in Sri Lanka for the study of
Sanskrit language and literature he submitted the following. It is indeed a
fortune that for the study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka, this language being the main
language of study at Pirivenas and providing facilities through the Oriental
Language Society. This society and its management staff renders a service for
the promotion of the study of languages.

With regard to constraints, he

recounts the non-availability of Sanskrit works of India and other countries, in

Sri Lanka and also the absence of opportunities to meet with these scholars.
Most of the ancient texts are not available in Sri Lanka. Even where there are
such texts, they are few in number and are confined to educational institutions
and libraries.

He proposes that Sanskrit works should be continuously

reprinted. Not all national universities of Sri Lanka have facilities for the study
of Sanskrit. Even in the universities where Sanskrit is a subject of study, it is
not given a proper place.
They submit a large number of suggestions and proposals to promote
and stabilize the study of Sanskrit language and literature in Sri Lanka.
i. In providing financial allocations, the government should encourage these
scholars of Sanskrit to produce new works in Sanskrit.
ii.In every Pirivena and educational institution where Sanskrit is taught and
studied, a Sanskrit Society should be established.
iii. Further, he suggests that various workshops and conferences should be held
in every national university and in other education institutions as well.
iv. At every university a department of Sanskrit should be established.

v. Similarly, the study of Sanskrit now confined only to Pirivenas and other
educational institutions should be re-introduced as an optional subject in
school syllabi.
vi. Under government patronage, in order to deal with the shortage of texts
faced by the students, the required texts should be re-edited and published
continuously.

5.2. Interview with Sanskrit Teachers :

1. Dinunnawe Upali Thero :
The foregoing views were expressed by a few students studying
Sanskrit. The questionnaire was distributed to some Sanskrit teachers also and
received also and received their valuable opinions. Among them, Dinannew
Upali Thero is teaching Sanskrit at a large Pirivena and Dedigama Nalaka
Thero, who is on the tutorial staff of an educational institution as a teacher-incharge of Sanskrit teaching and studying.
Dinunnawe Upali Thero is a Pracheena Pandita (Oriental Languages)
degree holder and Honors Graduate in Sanskrit from Kelaniya University.30
His observations are relevant for, he one who has studied Sanskrit language
for several years and now is a teacher of Sanskrit language.
Benefits of studying Sanskrit :
The reasons he adduces as regard to the benefits of studying Sanskrit
language are as follows. It is possible to comprehend numerous conditions

connected with humanity through the study of ancient Sanskrit language. Even
for the study of Ayurveda, Astrology, History, Archaeology, and philosophy,
the study of Sanskrit language is a prerequisite for all these treatises were in
Sanskrit only. Among the people of Sri Lanka, the Buddhist Tripitaka31
possesses a highly admirable faith and confidence.

Even those of other

religious cults honor it due to its sanctity and truthfulness.

Presently, a

Tripitaka scripted in Sanskrit similar to the pali Tripitaka was discovered.

Therefore, a person proficient in Sanskrit language alone could properly
comprehend this Sanskrit version32 of Pali Tripitaka.
Still another popular text among Buddhists as well as followers of other
religious cults is the collection of Jataka stories. There is a Sinhala and a Pali
version of the Jataka stories.

In Sanskrit it is called as the Jataka Mala

(Garland of Jatakas). This enables one gain proficiency to read the Sanskrit
words and thus becomes useful to gain perfect knowledge of the Buddha
Dharma.
Sanskrit literature, is a storehouse of knowledge. Obliviously,

the

physical and mental well being o human beings is possible only through the
knowledge of such a language. The Indian philosophy is not second to any
philosophy in the world. In this country, through numerous works, we study
Yoga, its philosophy and Hinduism. It is the same with reg to also. In case one
is highly proficient in Sanskrit language, it becomes possible to comprehend
these qualities by accessing the original works. It is possible to read and
understand the Sanskrit text of (Varahamihira) if one is highly proficient in

Sanskrit language.
By the studying Sanskrit language, one is able to gain a wide knowledge
of logic and ethics which can be harnessed to attain a truthful knowledge. The
Veda scriptures are in Sanskrit, this knowledge is accessible only through the
Sanskrit language. Though not agreed to by some, this knowledge endows a
person with the capability to provide protection and safeguard the life of the
community.

In a discussion of world religions, the god-centered religions occupy a

very high position. The divinity-based religions are wide spread in the world.
In the matter of their origin, it commences from the Rig Veda and pre-Vedic
religions of India, too could be garnet, which are most beneficial. We are able
to do through the spectrum of this language. There are no other texts other
than Sanskrit texts to develop human existence, in that the acquiring of
knowledge, intelligence, other than through Sataka and Upadesha texts of
Sanskrit.
sufficient.

Therefore, Sanskrit language and literature is extensive selfA knowledge of this language and literature surely

enables one to understand all the literature and languages of the world at large.
The facilities and constraints existing in this country for the study of it
are enumerated as follows. The teacher states that facilities are available in the
following manner. The annual examinations are conducted by the Oriental
Languages Society and the students are encouraged to study for the
examinations conducted by this society and those who qualify at these

examinations were given due recognition to us. The existence of Sanskrit

departments in a few national universities and the examinations conducted by
them annually and seminars conducted for their benefit are of a very high
standard.
Difficulties :
He also comments on the difficulties in this sphere of study. In Sri
Lanka, unlike India, there are no publishers for Sanskrit texts. The paucity
of Sanskrit scholars in this country is another constraint.

In the existing

institutions, Sanskrit publishers are very few in number compared to other

subjects. Although Sanskrit texts are housed in information centers, libraries,
publishing houses, newspapers, and magazines in other countries, along with
subject- wise dailies, weeklies, and monthlies in circulation, we have no
opportunity to reach them. Sri Lankan national universities and Pirivenas that
do collect these texts in their libraries are not island-wide. This most valuable
subject, being confined only to books dealing with this subject and their
contents not being available through information technology too is a constraint
faced by students in Srilanka when compared to their counter parts in other
countries.
Proposals and views for the Development of Sanskrit Language:
Having traced the present structure of Sanskrit studies in Sri
Lanka, the teacher Upali Thero submits certain proposals and views for the
development of Sanskrit language studies in Sri Lanka.

These include

establishment of publication of Sanskrit Tests and establishing libraries

affiliated with them. This is a very valuable idea. Presently, there are no
special publishing houses and libraries connected with Sanskrit language.
Though there are no such publishing houses, in ancient temples there are
collections of ancient Sanskrit works. However, there are no persons to make
use of them. Although inquiries are made of these temples, their custodians are
reluctant to move them from storage. Therefore, it is high time to collect such
Sanskrit works and publishers should take initiative for their publication.
Undoubtedly, such course of action would contribute to the development of
Sanskrit language in Sri Lanka. It is indeed necessary to remove the concept in
mind that Sanskrit is a dead language35 and it should be taken beyond the
structure of Pirivenas. These could be circulated among schools, educational
institutions, and Dhamma schools functioning in Buddhist Viharas. Further
competitive examinations on this subject should be commenced as
development strategies. In this country, there are teachers competent to teach
this subject. If such teachers and information technologies are combined, this
subject will become more popular among people of the country.
2. Dadigama Nalaka Thero:
Personal Details :
Presently, any subject is transmitted among the people mainly through
the medium of information technology, both audio and visual. Therefore,
action should be taken to initiate inventive programs through technological
media and attract people towards Sanskrit. It is a necessity of the times, the
rare texts must be identified and republish them as per the requirements. This

republication should be continuous.

The benefits of studying Sanskrit Language :
Dedigama Nalaka Thero is a Piriven teacher and a university
undergraduate who has been studying Sanskrit for the last ten years.
According to his responses, the benefits of studying Sanskrit language are as
follows.

Sanskrit language, being a language of mediaeval times, has

contributed immensely to the development of languages of the world and as a

linguistic language it is of great benefit. Sanskrit language being the original
language of Ayurveda, astrology, and various other spheres, for a person
engaged in these spheres of study, Sanskrit language can be utilized as the
medium. In the study of Sanskrit language, which is enriched with religious
beliefs, philosophy, and social thought, through this language one could
understand life and gain a perfect knowledge. Therefore, it is not possible to
exult its values verbally.

In the mastery of this language complete with

benefits and in its studies one has to incur advantages as well as disadvantages.
There are institutions in Kandy36 and Colombo37 providing a broad-based
spectrum of study facilities. As such, it provides an allure for students of
Sanskrit. It is an advantage. This subject is within one frame. In respect to
other subjects, new additions are made annually. However, such additions do
not come within the scope of Sanskrit studies and even if they do, they are very
minute. Therefore, with the passage of time, this subject and its teaching
methods should change. As the number of texts prescribed for the study of
Sanskrit is limited, students may find the subject unattractive. In this situation,

the student is confronted with numerous constraints and become reluctant.

Therefore, in this situation,
i.

The subject wise competitive examinations should be better organized.

ii.

The duration in which the examinations are held and the announcing of
results should be made more effective.

iii.

The texts connected with Sanskrit need to be freshly re-edited or

produced. As per the modern educational system, these texts should be
supplied to the students.
This steps would make the subject more attractive. In order to introduce

this language and literature and direct public attention towards it a system
needs to be developed and information should be made available. Sanskrit
language development programs and training camps should be held annually.

5.3. Interview with University Lecturers :

The two lecturers at the University of Peradeniya, Oriental Languages
section.
1. Rohana Seniviratna : Lecturing on Sanskrit
2. Janit Rajapakse : Lecturing on Sanskrit
3. Madadeniye Punnaratana Thero : The teacher-in-charge of Sanskrit
Studies Peradeniya Gnanalankara Pirivena
4. Parusselle Nanda Thero, Kandy Asgiriya Maha Pirivena teacher-in-charge
of Sanskrit Studies.
The latter two being the leading monastic educational institutes in Sri
Lanka, gave their views on the subject. The responses given by them. One
received with great honor and respect to these teachers.
According to their opinions, benefits derived from the study of Sanskrit
language and literature are manifold. Although there appears to be similarities
in the view of both sections, there are differences between them. Only such

views are mentioned here :

Sanskrit language and literature cover an extensive area and as such this
language and literature could be gained by any person of any standing, thereby
acquiring access to a vast spectrum of knowledge. The wide spectrum of
Sanskrit literature cannot be expressed in words. In this subject and it contains
the techniques of teaching all the other subject in this country. For the study of
a religion like Buddhism and subjects such as astrology, Ayurveda, sociology,
archeology, and history, knowledge of Sanskrit could be effectively utilized.
Many opine that this is a very ancient language and it is confined only to
Oriental studies. As a restricted subject, they mention economics. However,
we have evidence that in the teaching of medical sciences of the West, this
system of Ayurveda has been utilized.
A necessity arose between the 19th and 20th centuries to compile a
Sinhala dictionary for the use of medical students of Sri Lanka. As Sinhala
language had become the national state language, all subjects had to be
translated into Sinhala. The medical sciences were taught in this country
exclusively in the English medium and an English teaching system was in
force. Later, when Sinhala students desired to study in the Sinhala language
medium, action was taken to compile a dictionary with new words to suit the
subject of their studies. The late Education Minister Dr. E.W. Adhikaram
gave, an outstanding scholar, historian, educator, and above all a supreme
humanist, lead the dictionary compilation project.38

Accordingly, under a

committee of linguists and literati, a dictionary was composed for the benefit of

students studying medical sciences at the university in the Sinhala medium. It

is worthy to mention that almost all the words in this Sinhala dictionary are
derivatives of Sanskrit words and phrases only. The name even the title of the
dictionary in Sinhala is in Sanskrit language. A combination of two words,
Sabda Kosha, which are totally of Sanskrit origin. In English, the two terms
could be translated as sound and receptacle of Compendium. In Sanskrit,
Sabda means collection of words.

In the light of this irrefutable evidence, the modern medical sciences and
the ancient medical science of Ayurveda are totally covered by Sanskrit.
Therefore, it could be shown that this subject is very extensive both and meets
the ancient and modern times and it is Sarvakalika (i.e relevant all time.)
The study of Sanskrit creates a person rich in both wisdom and morality.
In modern times, many enter the field of study in a competitive manner and
this is solely a competitive spirit confining them only to study the subject. This
competitive spirit of learning does not endow a person with human values and
such values are not identified and promoted in ones life.

Therefore, in

promoting the virtues of compassion, love kindness, and equanimity and in

case these are promoted we are able to overcome all the constraints we have to
face in life. Numerous folk tales, literature, and numerous ancient stories are
composed in Sanskrit and the knowledge we could gather from them are quite
large and extensive.
The benefits of cultivating these virtues are not for any single individual

alone. But It could create a nation with a patriotic feelings. Perfect individual
will thus emerge. Consequently, the person ceases to love the world and
becomes environmental friendly. Finally, a conservationist emerges. Vedic
scriptures and guide the humanity in reading this goal. These provide a great
assistance.
Similarly, in the study of this language and literature we are becoming
competent to study the literature of the world and such a mindset is created in
us. A person who desires to trace the origin of languages should necessarily
possess a minimum knowledge of Sanskrit. In such a process, and languages
of ancient times contemporaneous with Sanskrit and derived from it like Pali,
Hindi, and present day languages of India too come to be desired. In Sanskrit
prose and verse, terms and phrases, there is always mention of the importance
of pursuing education. In this context, all the schools, universities, science
institutions, Pirivenas, and Dhamma schools of Sri Lanka are connected with
Buddhist Viharas and functioning in the Vihara halls and even in the private
tuition classes as notes Sanskrit sayings are utilized.

Vidya Dadati

vinayam.39 Vidya vindate amrutham.40 In the use of such morals , it is

abundantly clear a special honor is bestowed by these educational institutions.
In the study of this language and literature, many scholars or literati
could participate in such a gathering of intellectuals, this language and
literature endow on him. In the case a person quotes a Sanskrit phrase or stanza
in a conference or meeting, that person gains a position of honor even today.
With this knowledge, he is able to function in any society with a creative

knowledge and he thus functions with perspective and erudition and gains the
honor and acceptance of every person.
Observations :
The observations made in the foregoing sections reflect the advantages
in the study of Sanskrit. The views they have expressed in regard to the present
facilities and difficulties in the study of Sanskrit in Sri Lanka will be examined
in the following sections. According to their views, it is most welcome to
create an environment that is conducive to the encouragement of the study of
Sanskrit. In this situation, the degrees awarded by the Oriental Languages
Society is a significant contribution. These degrees are now accepted in line
with the first B.A. degree of national universities. Those qualifying are more
acceptable and honored than the B.A. degree holders of national universities.
This Oriental Languages Society syllabus for the examinations include Sanskrit
language, grammar, Prosody, Appreciation, Literature, Prose, and Verse
Creations. As the syllabus is highly enriched, the candidates face various
difficulties. Those who qualify with Sanskrit as the main Oriental language
possess an extensive knowledge.
In order to promote and develop various societies and organizations in
Sri Lankan national universities, there needs to be an appreciation for the
effective continuation of them.

For instance, the high quality Oriental

language education sections in Peradeniya is the Bharatha Vidya Society.41 In

addition to the curricula, an annual series of Sanskrit conferences and
workshops are held, which is a very laudable activity. The annual Surabharathi

Magazine
of the Gampaha Ayurvedic Vidalaya is another useful resource.42

This

magazine enables the students to gain information about the activities of the
institute. Still another endowment is the issue of commentaries to all the
primary Sanskrit texts in simple language. These are produced in Sinhala
to meet the needs of the modern student. From time to time, educational
institutes, schools, and pirivenas as well as national universities host Sanskrit
scholars. Both Sri Lankans and foreigners are invited and workshops are held.

Presently, Sanskrit scholars are few in number in Sri Lanka. Those that
exist are confined to the urban mix of institutions and universities. Since there
is an increasing demand for the study of this subject, there are employment
opportunities in this field of study. Even if one does not possess a university
degree in Sanskrit, one who is qualified in the middle examination gains the
opportunity to join the tutorial staff of a government educational institute as a
Sanskrit teacher. How valuable is it for them to gain all the benefits and
privileges of a government service employee! It is observed that under these
conditions it is becoming possible to gain employment in government services
easily. Those who qualify in this subject gain a special position of honor in
society at large, day by day.
In respect to this subject, there are presently numerous advantages and
disadvantages in Sri Lanka. Those who use Sanskrit are provided several
services in India and other countries. However, in Sri Lanka the subject is

confined only for study of books. At present it is a subject for examinations

only. Therefore, the non-use of this glorious and significant language as a
practical tool is a great disadvantage to those who love the language.
Those who do not possess any knowledge or understanding of Sanskrit
proliferate a wrong notion in this society that Sanskrit is a dead language. This
results in the disenchantment of newcomers to the study.

We cannot be

pleased with the patronage extended by the government in regard to this

language. In terms of marks reckoned at the General Certificate of Education
(Advanced Level) for entry to the universities, there is a certain value attached
to every subject.

Among these subjects, the value attached to Oriental

languages is low. Consequently, because of low evaluation marks in Sanskrit,

students keep themselves away from the subject. Even today, the age old
commentaries and resource texts are used. There is no re-edition of these
source materials in keeping with modern day needs. There is no financial
allocations for such re-editions.

As such, there is a great degree of

disenchantment among students.

Still another serious setback facing this country is the existing
supremacy of the teacher.

At the most ancient educational institutions,

pirivenas, and universities, the tutorial staff of Sanskrit language continue to

exercise a teacher overlord ship and through this they do not afford an
opportunity to the novices. This debars the novices to gain entry into higher
education as well as teaching appointments. This overlord ship i.e dominating
attitude of teacher is being continued under the gurukula system for other
reasons.

Although there are texts to enter for education in Sri Lanka, these texts
have no standard whatsoever. Although the government prescribes subjectwise syllabi, they are not prepared in view of students, demands. The
composed texts are not to the tastes of the students. Those who make these
recommendations have know subject-wide knowledge.
In view of the observations recorded in the foregoing sections, we need
to initiate some course of action to promote and develop Sanskrit studies in Sri
Lanka. In my opinion, the following proposals would be of some advantage.
For the development of Sanskrit studies in Srilanka, some proposals are
suggested in the succeeding Ch. i.e. Conclusion.

REFERENCES
1.

In ancient times, the pirivena was the center of education in Sri Lanka.
It was an educational intuition that produced scholars both of clergy and
laity. Presently it is confined to Buddhist bhikkus.

2.

Presently, the most prominent pirivenas in Sri Lanka have institutions

exclusively for bhikkus to study Sinhala, Pali, and Sanskrit subjects.
This educational system has three main examinations; the main
objective is the methodology of directing studies.

3.

Today, Sri Lankas pirivenas provide education from the first class up to
the final examination. As such, they are called Primary Pirivenas. Thus
the trhee sections are Primary Pirivenas, Maha Pirivenas, and

educational institutions.
4.

This is a questionnaire I prepared to be forwarded to Sanskrit students

and teachers. It is annexed at the beginning of the thesis.

5.

There are two chief primary pirivenas in Sri Lanka. Among the two, the
Maha Pirivena conducted by the Asgiriya Chapter of the Sianese Sect of
Sri Lanka is the Asgiri Maha Pirivena. This is functioning under the
Mula Maha Vihara. This is the center of Oriental language studies in
Sri Lanka.

6.

The next Mula Maha Viharaya is the Malwatte Chapter of the Siamese
Sect of Sri Lanka. It operates the Sangharja Maha Pirivena.

7.

This is an Oriental Languages Education Institution, confined only to

this subject following a traditional education system for bhikkus.

8.

Presently, there are three examinations conducted by the Oriental

Languages Society, namely Privary, Middle Level, and Final. Those
qualifying at the Final Examination are awarded the Degree Prachina
Pandit or Rajakeeya Pandit.

9.

Peradeniya University was formerly named Sri Lanka University. This

is the main university among Sri Lankas national universities.

10.

In the Arts Faculty of Peradeniya University, languages including

Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin are included in the Classical Languages
Education Section.

11.

The person who provided me with the information is a Sanskrit student

at the Kandy Asgiriya Maha Pirivena.

12.

This is an educational institution that provides studies for both monastic

and lay students, with more emphasis on normal school curricula rather
than Oriental languages.

13.

In Sri Lanka, there is a special syllabus for pirivenas. The main subjects
are Pali, Sanskrit, Sinhala, and Theravada Tripitaka Dhamma.
Additional subjects include history, science, mathematics, and English.

14.

There are several examinations conducted for students of pirivenas and

other educational institutes, on provincial and district levels.

The

objective is to promote the student activities and their ability in lecturing.

15.

This is a group of students of the Asgiriya Maha Pirivena who answered

my questionnaire. He is a bhikku of Bangladesh who came to Sri Lanka
and now studies at this Pirivena.

16.

Rig, Yajur, Saman, and Atharvan Hindu Vedic Vedas.

17.

Forty years ago, Pali and Sanskrit studies were in the leading schools
curricula and the teachers had qualified for Sanskrit at these schools
themselves.

This included Colombo, Ananda College, Nalanda

Vidyalaya, Kandy Dharmaraja, Galle Mahinda College, and almost all

of the

18.

The Pirivena education depends on the centuries-old system of learning

and memorizing the meaning of words. The time has arrived to deviate
from this system.

19.

A bhikku student of Kandy Sangharaja Pirivena studying the subject

provided me with his views.

20.

The General Certificate of Education is an examination for entry to

universities. This is a highly competitive examination.

22.

The medium language of Theravada Buddhism. This is a compulsory

students for bhikku students of this country.

There are world

recognized institutions in Sri Lanka to pursue Pali studies.

23.

One of the numerous sub-divisions of Buddhism.

24.

Although grammar, literature, appreciations, prosody, etc. are included

in the syllabus of Piriven examinations, it is difficult to find the
prescribed sexts of the subjects.

25.

Those students who study in Pali or Sanskrit who score a few marks less
than the cut off marks to enter the university lose the chance to study
Pali and Sanskrit as compulsory subjects.

26.

An authority connected with the Sri Lanka Government Examination

Department conducting annual examination for the development of
Oriental languages.

27.

Peradeniya University undergraduate.

28.

There are two degrees in the universities, namely General and Honors.
The General degree is tenable for three years and Honors degree for
four years.

29.

Sanskrit literature is one of the ancient and significant and its history
has propagated through Mahayana Buddhism.

30.

Presently in Sri Lanka, including Sanskrit, the main languages as

subjects and the majority of students who follow these subjects, the
national universities.

31.

Buddhism is sub-divided into three main divisions: Sutra, Vinaya, and

Abhidharma.

32.

The Tripitaka of the Theravada tradition is written in Pali, while

Mahayana is recorded in Sanskrit. A few years ago, a few sections of a
Sanskrit Tripitaka was discovered, but they are not complete.

33.

This is a work that educated and uneducated sit together and appreciated
one. Both Buddhists and non-Buddhists adore this work. The previous
lives of both are narrated in story form

34.

This is a very popular text on Sanskrit Buddhism, authored by one

Aryasura. The stories here are similar to some of the Pali Jataka stories.

35.

This is an institutions for students who fail to gain admission to national

universities. Here they are trained and appointed to schools as teachers.

36.

This is the city of the last ancient kingdom. It has archeological and
religious values with a very pleasant environment.

37.

The capital of Sri Lanka.

38.

A remarkable scholar who rendered services to develop Oriental

languages in Sri Lankia. He also formulated the Pirivena Act. In the
case that there is any development in Pirivena education, his services
are in the lead.

39.

Education endows discipline. This is the eight heading of the stories,

title, in the Hitopsdesa (Book of Good Counsels), of Indian origin.

40.

Means Through education nectar could be enjoyed. Hitopades Story

12th saying.

41.

This is the society of Peradeniya University connected with the classical

studies students society. This society conducts annual seminars for
students of the final year, General Certificate of Education (Ordinary
Level), General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level), and
Oriental language students.

42.

Here, affiliated with Kelaniya University, courses are provided for

students reading for the degree in Ayurveda. This institution issues a
Sanskrit journal.

43.

A channel that broadcasts news in Sanskrit.

44.

The Oriental Language Society annually publishes a journal titled

Sastriya Sangrahaya. Here there are many features connected with
Sanskrit.

45.

The Education Department of the government publishes some journals

titled Nuvana, Sahitya, etc.

46.

The historical sources report that the author of Janakiharana was

Kumaradasa, a Sri Lankan king.

47.

It is recorded that King Kumaradasa sought refuge in India in fear of his

brother. While there he studied Sanskrit and several other subjects.
According to Sri Lankan oral tradition, he befriended the most well-

known poet of India, Kalidasa, and on his return to Sri Lanka he brought
Kalidasa. On his journal, Kalidasa developed an association with a
prostitute and through a strategy of her he died. This episode is found in
Parakumba Sirita text as well as other texts.
48.

He is one who came from India to Sri Lanka through his association
with Totagamuwe Rahula Thero.

He is the author fo the most

significant text of Buddha Staka, the Buddha Sutra, during the Kotte
Period.
49.

The university of the Jaffna peninsula. It is recorded that in earlier

times this university had a Department of Sanskrit staffed by excellent
teachers. Presently, there is a certain degree of setback, but they are
now taking action to resuscitate it.

50.

The commencement period of Sri Lanka Rajyavaliya.

51.

An honorary title awarded to those who rendered remarkable services to

Sanskrit studies.

52.

This scholar has authored several texts on Sanskrit. He has complete

knowledge of Sanskrit and is the most significant living Sanskrit scholar
in Sri Lanka.

53.

He is the most remarkable Sanskrit scholar of Sri Lanka who authored

Padya Chintamani, the great Sanskrit poetical work.