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Drug Database
Brand Names: Antaxid, Pantoprix, Pantoloc
Dosage Forms: Oral, intravenous
Drug Appearance:
Indications: Indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD), heartburn and other symptoms associated with GERD, erosive esophagitis, and long-term treatment of
pathological hypersecretory conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas, and systemic
mastocytosis.
Dosing:
ORAL
GERD: 20-40 mg for 4 weeks, up to 8 weeks if needed; Maintenance: 20-40 mg/day
Erosive esophagitis: 20-40 mg for up to 16 weeks if needed
Peptic ulcer: 40 mg for 2-4 weeks (duodenal ulcer) or 4-8 weeks for (benign gastric ulceration)
Prophylaxis of NSAID-induced ulcers: 20 mg
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Initial: 80 mg; Max: 240 mg/day; Daily doses > 80 mg should be given in 2 divided
doses
H. pylori infection: 40 mg BID with clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or metronidazole.
INTRAVENOUS
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: 80 mg once or twice daily until PO can be resumed; Max: 240 mg/day in divided
doses
GERD, peptic ulcer: 40 mg/day until PO can be resumed
Adverse Effects: PPIs are safe. Diarrhea, headache, and abdominal pain are reported in 1-5% of patients.
Increasing cases of acute interstitial nephritis have been reported. Moreover, since acid is important in releasing
vitamin B12, there is a minor reduction in its absorption.
Drug Interactions: Increased risk of digoxin-induced cardiotoxic effects. Increased risk of hypomagnesaemia w/
diuretics. May increase INR and prothrombin time of warfarin. May increase serum concentration of methotrexate
and saquinavir. Delayed absorption and decreased bioavailability w/ sucralfate. Decreased absorption of
ketoconazole, itraconazole. Potentially fatal for the following: may decrease serum levels and pharmacological
effects of rilpivirine, atazanavir and nelfinavir.
Mechanism of Action: Suppresses gastric acid secretion, both fasting and Half Life: 1.0-1.9 hours
meal-stimulated, by irreversible inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase in the gastric
parietal cell by blocking the final common pathway of acid secretion, the
proton pump.
Metabolism/Excretion: Proton pump inhibitors undergo rapid first-pass and Onset of Action: Occurs within
systemic hepatic metabolism. Clearance is through the kidney but is one hour and maximum effect
negligible. Dose reduction is not needed for patients with renal insufficiency occurring within two hours
or mild to moderate liver disease.
Bioavailability: 77%
Metabolites: Two were identified
as hydroxyomeprazole and the
corresponding carboxylic acid.
Patient Correlation
Pantoprazole is used for gastric protection to prevent stress-induced gastritis.
Drug Database
Brand Names: Calpol, Panadol, Tipol, Tylenol
Dosage Forms:
Tablet: 250 mg, 500 mg
Oral Powder: 500 mg, 600 mg, 1000 mg
Oral Liquid: 24 mg/mL, 48 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL
Drug Appearance:
Indications: headaches, dental pain, postoperative pain, pain in connection with colds, post-traumatic muscle pain
Dosing:
Adult: PO 0.5-1 g 4-6 hrly. Max: 4 g/day. Rectal As supp: 0.5-1 g 4-6 hrly. Max: 4 g/day. IV 33-50 kg: 15 mg/kg as a
single dose, at least 4 hrly. Max: 60 mg/kg/day up to 3 g/day; >50 kg: 1 g as a single dose, at least 4 hrly. Max: 4
g/day. Admin by infusion over 15 min.
Adverse Effects: rashes, itching, swelling, severe dizziness, trouble breathing
Drug Interactions: Potentiate effects of L-dopa andmeclofenoxate (clophenoxate)
Mechanism of Action: Paracetamol exhibits analgesic Half Life: 1-3 hours
action by peripheral blockage of pain impulse generation.
It produces antipyresis by inhibiting the hypothalamic
heat-regulating centre. Its weak anti-inflammatory
activity is related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis
in the CNS.
Metabolism/ Excretion: Hepatic via glucuronic and Onset of Action: Oral: <1 hr. IV: 5-10 min (analgesia);
sulfuric acid conjugation; mainly via urine
w/in 30 min (antipyretic)
Bioavailability: 70 90 %
Metabolites: N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine
Patient Correlation
Given to the patient as needed for fever
Drug Structure:
Drug Database
Brand Names: Reglan, Maxolon, Metozolv
Dosage Forms:
Injectable solution: 5 mg/mL
Syrup: 5 mg/5 mL, 10 mg/10mL
Tablet: 5 mg, 10 mg
Drug Appearance:
Drug Database
Brand Names: Iovstatin, Simvastatin, Fluvastatin,
Pravastatin, Rosuvastatin
Dosage Forms: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg tablets
Drug Appearance:
Drug Structure:
Drug Database
Brand Names: Prilosec, Omesec, Omepron
Dosage Forms:
Packet: 2.5 mg, 10 mg
Suspension: 2 mg/mL
Tablet: 20 mg
Capsule: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg
Drug Appearance:
Indications: Indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcers, benign gastric ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease
Drug Structure:
Drug Database
Brand Names: Cephulac, Chronulac, Movelax, Lilac
Dosage Forms:
Oral/Rectal Solution: 10 g/15 mL
Packet: 10 g, 20 g
Drug Appearance:
Indications: Indicated for the treatment of constipation and prevention and treatment of portal systemic
encephalopathy
Dosing:
Adult: PO Portal Systemic Encephalopathy 30-45 mL 3-4x/day adjusted to produce 2-3 soft stools/day. Chronic
Constipation 30-60 mL once/day as needed.
Drug Structure:
Drug Database
Brand Names: Lasix, Diaqua-2, Lo-Aqua
Dosage Forms: oral tablet, injectable solution, oral
liquid, oral solution, compounding powder, intravenous
solution
Drug Appearance:
Indications: For the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal
disease, including the nephrotic syndrome. Also for the treatment of hypertension alone or in combination with other
antihypertensive agents.
Dosing:
Adverse Effects: Hyponatraemia, hypochloraemic alkalosis, hypokalaemia, headache, drowsiness, muscle cramps,
hypotension, dry mouth, thirst, weakness, lethargy, restlessness, oliguria, GI disturbances, hypovolaemia,
dehydration, hyperuricaemia, acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis, drug rash w/ eosinophilia and systemic
symptoms, reversible or irreversible hearing impairment, deafness, tinnitus, severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid
reactions (e.g. w/ shock), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis; increased liver enzyme, cholesterol
and triglyceride serum levels.
Drug Interactions: May increase nephrotoxicity of cephalosporins (e.g. cefalotin), NSAIDs. May increase ototoxicity
of aminoglycoside, ethacrynic acid, other ototoxic drugs. Reduced serum level w/ aliskiren. May increase hypotensive
effect of ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Increased risk of hyperkalaemia w/ K-sparing diuretics.
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity w/ cardiac glycosides, antihistamines. May reduce serum level of lithium. May
antagonise hypoglycaemic effect of antidiabetics. Increased hypotensive effect w/ MAOIs. Increased hyponatraemia w/
carbamazepine. Reduced natriuretic and hypotensive effect w/ indometacin. Diminished diuretic effect w/ salicylates.
Mechanism of Action: inhibits water reabsorption in the nephron by blocking the Half Life: 2 hours
sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the
Patient Correlation
Blood transfusions are often complicated by water retention, which may worsen lung function, heart function and/or
kidney function. Loop diuretics, like furosemide, that reduce body water by making the kidneys excrete more urine, are
thought to prevent water retention.
Drug Database
Generic Name: Deferiprone
Drug Class: iron chelator
Drug Structure:
Indications: Indicated in thalassemia syndromes when first line chelation agents are not adequate to treat
transfusional iron overload.
Dosing:
Initial dose: 25 mg/kg, orally, 3 times a day (total daily dose: 75 mg/kg)
Maximum dose: 33 mg/kg, orally, 3 times a day (total daily dose: 99 mg/kg)
Adverse Effects: Black, tarry stools, chills, cough, fever, lower back or side pain, painful or difficult urination, pale
skin, shortness of breath, sore throat, ulcers, sores, or white spots in the mouth, unusual bleeding or bruising, unusual
tiredness or weakness
Drug Interactions: Avoid using deferiprone with aluminium-containing antacids as it can chelates trivalent metal
ions.
Mechanism of Action: Binds to ferric ions (iron III) and
Half Life: 1.9 hours
forms a 3:1 (deferiprone:iron) stable complex and is then
eliminated in the urine. Deferiprone is more selective for
iron in which other metals such as zinc, copper, and
aluminum have a lower affinity for deferiprone.
Metabolism/ Excretion: Rapidly absorbed from the GI
Onset of Action: Unknown
tract after oral admin. Excreted mainly in the urine
Bioavailability:
Metabolites: Deferiprone is mainly metabolized by
UGT1A6 to the 3-O-glucuronide metabolite.
Patient Correlation
Since the patient is a diagnosed case of thalassemia, deferiprone is used to prevent transfusional iron overload.
1
Lactulose
Pen g
1
Citicoline
Aspirin
Lactulose
1
Meropenem
Acetylcysteine
Doxofylline
Aspirin
Enalapril
Isosothide mononitrate
Phenytoin
Hydrocortisone
Human albumin
lactulose
2
omep
lactulose