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Research paper
Center of Excellence on Modeling and Control Systems (CEMCS), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad
91775-1111, Iran
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran
h i g h l i g h t s
g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 22 November 2014
Accepted 2 April 2015
Available online 18 April 2015
Keywords:
Convection drying
Heat and mass transfer
Analytical solution
Green's function method
Coupled heat and mass transfer
1. Introduction
Nomenclature
A, B, C
D
G
g1, g2, g3
H
h
hm
k
L1, L2, L3
L'
L*
Le
M
n
q
T
t
U
X
x
Y
y
Z
z
265
Greeks
a
d
q
4
x
h
z
t
l
like x
like y
like z
like t
Subscripts
e
at equilibrium
i
at interphase
n1, m1
counter in x-direction
n 2 , m2
counter in y-direction
n 3 , m3
counter in z-direction
b
solid phase
g
air phase
0
initial condition
1, 2
for coefcient h in x-direction
3
for coefcient h in y-direction
4
for coefcient h in z-direction
free stream
parameters, the substance's behavior may be estimated. RuizLopez and Garcia [6] presented a one dimensional model to
predict the variation of moist object's moisture. They assumed
body's temperature to be constant during drying. However, in
mass transfer equation, the moisture diffusivity is taken into
account as a variable parameter and the effect of shrinkage is also
taken into account during drying. Simal et al. [7] and also Ben
Yoseph et al. [8] assumed the body's temperature to be constant
during the convective drying process, since Wu and Irudayaraj
[9] proved that convective drying process may be considered as
an isothermal process. Of course, this assumption is valid only
when the value of Biot number is small enough.
Barati and Esfahani [10e13] solved heat and mass transfer
equations one-dimensionally for various materials. They solved
these equations using Duhamel's integral, which contains
dependent boundary conditions. Other simplifying assumptions
are also pursued such as regular geometrics, symmetry, object to
be isotropic and inert, uniform moisture and temperature at the
rst.
In another paper, Esfahani et al. [14] executed a twodimensional analysis on the effect of the front face and back face
in drying process. At mentioned paper, thermal diffusivity parameter is assumed to be constant. Thus, heat and mass transfer
equations were separated into two equations and each solved by
method of separation of variables.
Green's functions are named after the British mathematician
George Green. He rst developed the method in 1830s. Many
believe that this method is too arduous. Therefore, students do not
refer to it mostly. In the present study it is tried to show the
contrast to the concept. Green's function method has not been
used so often in drying eld. Duffy [15] studied Green's function
with applications and offered a general mode of the Green's
function for various equations such as diffusion equation. About
solving transfer equations, the base of physical interpretation of
Green's function has a long association with heat transfer.
266
2. Mathematical model
Tx; y; z; tjt0 T0
(3)
Mx; y; z; tjt0 M0
(4)
1 vT v2 T v2 T v2 T
2 2 2
a vt
vx
vy
vz
(1)
1 vM v2 M v2 M v2 M
2 2
D vt
vx2
vy
vz
(2)
vTx; y; z; t
h1 Tjx0 Tg
vx
x0
(5)
vMbi x; y; z; t
hm1 Mgi x0 Mg
D
vx
x0
(6)
Table 1
Physical properties of moist object. (Mohan and Talukdar [16]).
Properties
Values
Thermal conductivity, k
Thermal diffusivity, a
Initial moisture content, M0
Initial temperature,T0
Moisture content in supplied air, M
Temperature of drying air, T
0.589 W/(m K)
3.488 107 m2/s
7.196 kg/kg (db)
295 K
0.0196 kg/kg of dry air
333 K
k
vTx; y; z; t
h2 TjxL1 Tg
vx
xL1
(7)
vMbi x; y; z; t
vx
(8)
D
xL1
hm2 Mgi xL Mg
1
vTx; y; z; t
h3 Tjy0 Tg
vy
y0
vMbi x; y; z; t
hm3 Mgi y0 Mg
vy
y0
k
(10)
vTx; y; z; t
h3 TjyL2 Tg
vy
yL2
(11)
vMbi x; y; z; t
hm3 Mgi yL Mg
2
vy
yL2
(12)
D
(9)
vTx; y; z; t
h4 Tjz0 Tg
vz
z0
(13)
vMbi x; y; z; t
hm4 Mgi z0 Mg
vz
z0
(14)
vTx; y; z; t
h4 TjzL3 Tg
k
vz
zL3
D
vMbi x; y; z; t
hm4 Mgi zL Mg
3
vz
zL3
qx; y; z; t
Tx; y; z; t T0
T T0
(19)
4x; y; z; t
Mx; y; z; t Me
M0 Me
(20)
Indeed, in this diverse forms in Eq. (19) and Eq. (20) for
dimensionless quantities, variable q represents ascendant function and 4 represents a descendant function demonstrating the
same increasing temperature and moisture reduction, respectively. Eq. (1) can be rewritten along these lines after denition of
q:
(15)
where a is the thermal diffusivity and D is the moisture diffusivity. The correct dependent variable in mass transfer equation
is the volumetric concentration of water and Eq. (2) is obtained
based on the assumption of constant moist object's density. In
most papers [16e18], Arrhenius equation is used to calculate
parameter D:
1119
m2
; D0 2:41 107
D D0 exp
T
s
Note that D and a are moisture diffusivity and thermal diffusivity, respectively. Lewis number (Le) indicates the ratio between
thermal and concentration boundary layer thicknesses. For most
applications, n is considered 1/3 [20]. Then average convective heat
and mass transfer coefcient rates for each surfaces of moist object
are evaluated by taking a weighted average of the local heat and
mass transfer coefcients.
Table 2 renders average convective heat and mass transfer
coefcients for all surfaces and inlet velocities. The rates ranges
from 2.73 W/m2K to 23.07 W/m2K for heat transfer coefcients
and from 5.3 107 m/s to 4.51 106 m/s for mass transfer
coefcients.
It is decided using Green's function method (GFM) [15,21,22] to
solve heat transfer equation (Eq. (1)) and mass transfer equation
(Eq. (2)). Dimensionless temperature and moisture content for
those equations are dened along these lines:
L0 q 0; L0
(16)
(17)
267
v
aV2
vt
(21)
XL0 q ds
ZL1
Xqj
0
Zt
t
L1
dx
dt
aXqx Xx qj
0
0
0
(22)
v
v2
qL X ds; L a 2
vt
vx
*
3. Solution procedure
L* X dx x; t t
(23)
DLen
hm h
k
qx; t
ZL1
(18)
Xqj
0
Zt
L
t
dx
a Xqx Xx q 1 dt
0
0
0
(24)
268
X Ht t
An1
P
n1 1
tanln2 L2
2h3 kln2
(27)
k2 l2n2 h23
h
i
An1 exp al2n1 t t qn1 xqn1 x ;
!
a1n1
h1 h2 2
h1 h2
h h 2
4
2
Table 2
Average convective heat and mass transfer coefcients.
h(w/m2K)
Surface
Facing inlet
Facing outlet
Top
Bottom
South
North
hm(m/s) 106
U 0.1 m/s
U 0.2 m/s
U 0.3 m/s
U 0.1 m/s
U 0.2 m/s
U 0.3 m/s
14.07
2.73
5.31
5.31
5.85
5.85
19.24
4.15
6.37
6.37
7.13
7.13
23.07
4.88
7.05
7.05
8.03
8.03
2.75
0.53
1.04
1.04
1.14
1.14
3.76
0.81
1.25
1.25
1.39
1.39
4.51
0.95
1.38
1.38
1.57
1.57
tanln1 L1
h1 h2 kln1
(26)
k2 l2n1 h1 h2
The Eq. (26) is an implicit equation which has no analytical solution. There is a tangent expression at the left side of the equation
with p/L1 period. The left hand side expression is intersected by the
right hand side expression once at each p/L1. Hence, ln1 is in the nth
positive p/L1. The rst twenty ln1 are attained using numerical
method and Maple 17.02 software.
Similar to Eq. (25) can be obtained for Green's function in ydirection
and
z-direction
where
X; n1 ; An1 ; a1n1 ; a2n1 ; a3n1 ; ln1 ; x; x; h1 ; h2 and L1 are replaced with
Y; n2 ; An2 ; a1n2 ; a2n2 ; a3n2 ; ln2 ; y; h; h3 ; h3 and L2 for y-direction and
Z; n3 ; An3 ; a1n3 ; a2n3 ; a3n3 ; ln3 ; z; z; h4 ; h4 and L3 for z-direction,
respectively. ln2 ; ln3 are also calculated based on these expressions:
tanln3 L3
2h4 kln3
(28)
k2 l2n3 h24
G X$Y$Z
(29)
Table 3
Four eigenvalues related to counters 1 to 4 for several inlet velocities.
Counter
1
2
3
4
ln1
ln2
ln3
U (m/s)
U (m/s)
U (m/s)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
15.86
46.45
82.75
120.73
18.00
48.48
84.21
121.81
19.08
49.67
85.14
122.52
29.58
162.62
317.00
473.14
32.30
163.68
317.56
473.52
33.91
164.35
317.92
473.76
31.00
163.16
317.29
473.34
34.11
164.43
317.96
473.79
36.09
165.30
318.44
474.11
(
qx; y; z; t 1
P
n1 1
Bn1
(
P
n3 1
269
9 8
9
= < X
h
h
exp al2n1 t ln1 cosln1 x 1 sinln1 x
Bn2 exp al2n2 t ln2 cosln2 y 3 sinln2 y
; :
;
k
k
n 1
Bn3
=
h
exp al2n3 t ln3 cosln3 z 4 sinln3 z ;
;
k
h
Bn1 An1 sinln1 L1 1 cosln1 L1 1 ;
kln1
h
Bn2 An2 sinln2 L2 3 cosln2 L2 1 ;
kln2
h
Bn3 An3 sinln3 L3 4 cosln3 L3 1
kln3
(30)
(
4x; y; z; t
P
m1 1
(
(
Bm1
=
hm1
2
sinlm1 x
exp Dlm1 t lm1 coslm1 x
;
D
P
m2 1
P
m3 1
Bm2
Bm3
=
hm3
2
sinlm2 y
exp Dlm2 t lm2 coslm2 y
;
D
9
=
hm4
2
sinlm3 z ;
exp Dlm3 t lm3 coslm3 z
;
D
h
Bm1 Am1 sinlm1 L1 m1 coslm1 L1 1 ;
Dlm1
h
Bm2 Am2 sinlm2 L2 m3 coslm2 L2 1 ;
Dlm2
h
Bm3 Am3 sinlm3 L3 m4 coslm3 L3 1
Dlm3
(31)
270
Fig. 2. Steps of the process of the GFM and weighted functions method in brief.
Fig. 3. The impact of changes in the nal counter and summation of dimensionless
temperature convergence test for the central point of the moist object (U 0.3 m/s).
Fig. 4. The impact of changes in the nal counter and summation of dimensionless
moisture content convergence test for the central point of the moist object (U 0.3 m/s).
Fig. 5. Change of (a) temperature and (b) non dimensional moisture content during
the drying and compare it with data from Mohan and Talukdar research [16].
271
Fig. 6. Slices of (aed) temperature and (eeh) moisture content within the moist object.
4 At Bt C;
(32)
4jt0 g1
(33)
4jt15000 g2
(34)
4jt30000 g3
(35)
t2
4:5 108
t
g1
4g2 g3 3g1
30000
4x; y; z; t g1 g3 2g2
(36)
In Eqs. (30) and (31), ln1 and lm1 are eigenvalues in x-direction,
ln2 and lm2 are eigenvalues in y-direction and ln3 and lm3 are eigenvalues in z-direction. An1 ; An2 ; An3 ; Am1 ; Am2 and Am3 are calculated by normalization of their corresponding eigenfunctions.
In Fig. 2, the sequences of steps that summarize the process of
the application of this method are presented as a ow chart. The
green area (in the web version) in Fig. 2 is related to Green's
function method that is common for solving heat transfer and mass
272
Fig. 7. Temperature contours within the moist object at (a) t* 0.00218, (b) t* 0.0218, (c) t* 0.218.
273
Fig. 8. Moisture content contours within the moist object at (a) t* 0.01635, (b) t* 0.1635, (c) t* 1.635.
274
Fig. 9. Variation of (a) non-dimensional temperature and (b) non-dimensional moisture content along the central line of object with constant x and z.
Fig. 4 also contains two parts but the borderline rate for these
two parts is t* 0.2 dividing them into t* < 0.2 and t* > 0.2. Like
Fig. 3, in the part where t* > 0.2 is the same for all amounts of m1,
m2 and m3 but in t* < 0.2 when nal counter of m1, m2 and m3
increases, non-dimensional moisture content converges to its real
rate.
Fig. 5 illustrates validation of the present study based on data
from Mohan and Talukdar research [16]. The gures represent
time-depended (a) temperature and (b) non-dimensional moisture
content. Inlet ow conditions are U 0.3 m/s and T 333 K.
Maximum relative error based on experimental data for temperature and non-dimensional moisture content are 7.7% and 9.7%
respectively. These error rates are reliable for engineering applications owing to analytical solution, using less time and lower cost
than numerical methods and there is a good suitability among the
results.
By comparing temperature and moisture curves, it is clear that
the effect of heat transfer spread in the moist object more quickly
than moisture transfer. Thus, temperature curves change earlier
than non-dimensional moisture content curves. The same is
obvious for temperature convergence to hot air temperature such
that temperature converges to its nal rate quicker than moisture
content. Indeed, this quick convergence of temperature is owing to
higher heat transfer rate than mass transfer rate or the well-known
Lewis number being higher than 1 (Le a/D > 1). Fig. 5 also illustrates that at rst, temperature and moisture content changes
are higher and gradually the change is lower owing to approaching
temperature and moisture content of the moist object to the hot air
temperature and moisture content. Consequently, the gradient of
temperature and moisture gradually decreases and thus transfer of
heat and mass reduces.
As stated before, the advantage of solving Eq. (2) using weight
function approximation is that it has exact solution at the selected
points. According to Fig. 5(b), it can be seen that the results of
present study at t 0 s and t 30,000 s are more consistent with
the experimental results. As explained in section 3, these points are
included in selected points. Of course, t 15,000 s is one of the
selected points, but as it can be seen, in this point results are
deviated from experimental data. Noticing experimental results, it
can be seen that after t 10,000 s measured values for non
dimensional moisture content are decreased slightly and this might
be the reason of difference between obtained results and experimental data.
Fig. 6 is drawn to present better understanding of temperature
and moisture distributions during drying process. This gure shows
temperature distribution (aed) and moisture distribution (eeh) in
different slices and times. Part (b) and (f) are drawn for nondimensional times 0.218 and 1,635, respectively. As can be seen,
in these two parts, range of temperature and moisture are (332.1,
332.7) and (0.22, 0.29), respectively, such that high temperature
and low moisture is related to the front face (as a result of direct
collision between drying ow and front face). In similar slices, but
in a time equal to 10% of the time considered for parts (b) and (f)
(parts (a) and (e)), range of temperature and moisture are (305, 317)
and (2.4, 5.1), respectively, which are far greater than range of parts
(b) and (f). In fact, in parts (b) and (f), temperature and moisture
have reached their limit and therefore, range of variation is low.
However, in parts (a) and (e), the process has not reached to its nal
condition yet. So the ranges of variation in different slices are high.
Parts (c) and (g) are drawn for slice which contains two lines
y* z* 0 and y* z* 0.25. As it can be seen, in these two parts,
temperature and moisture contours are symmetrical with respect
to line y* z* 0.125. The reason is that the body is geometrically
symmetrical with respect to this line. This symmetry is also seen in
parts (d) and (h). These two parts are drawn for slice which
275
Fig. 11. Effect of inlet ow velocity on (a) dimensionless temperature and (b)
dimensionless moisture content within the moist object and the central point of
object.
276
because heat and mass transfer effects are not received at the
center of the object. By comparing Figs. 7(a) and 8(a), it is evident
that the temperature change inside object is higher than moisture
content change in a certain time. In fact, the effect of temperature
change is transferred more quickly inside the object than mass
transfer effects because the Lewis number is higher than one. In
Fig. 7(c) temperature range is 332.15 Ke332.6 K. Whole object has
almost reached to T but at the same time still moisture content
inside the object differs greatly with hot air moisture content. Also
x* 0.7 in Fig. 7(c) at t* 0.218 is for geometrical center of temperature contours but x* 0.7 in Fig. 8(c) at t* 1.635 is for
moisture content contours. It is because of higher rate of heat
transfer compared to moisture transfer rate and the Lewis number
is higher than one.
In Fig. 9(a, b), it can be seen non-dimensional temperature and
non-dimensional moisture content vary on the central line of object with constant x and z while ow impacts with inlet velocity
U 0.3 m/s. The non-dimensional temperature and moisture
content change takes place in ve points of this line. Here are the
values of y-axis coordinates of the points: 0 m, 0.005 m, 0.01 ,
0.015 m and 0.02 m. Seemingly three curves have been plotted for
non-dimensional temperature and moisture content in Fig. 9(a, b).
In fact, no discrimination is possible between curve for y 0 m and
y 0.02 m or between curve for y 0.005 m and curve for
y 0.015 m due to equality between convection heat transfer coefcient on the upper and lower surfaces. The curves are coincident
because average heat and mass transfer coefcients are equal in top
and bottom surfaces as it is evident in Table 2. These illustrations
are symmetrical to the plane y* 0.125.
When the points on the object at y 0.02 m and y 0 m are
compared to the point y 0.01 m at the center of the object, it is
seen that curves related to the points on the object converge more
rapidly to nal condition and they come up against a severe alteration at beginning of drying process because they are subjected to
air ow. But the curve related to the point at the center of the object
is perpendicular to the vertical axis at rst, and then it is inuenced
by heat and mass transfer just receiving and there occurs greater
change in the related curve. However, since heat transfer rate is
higher than mass transfer rate, alteration in curve for nondimensional temperature at central point occurs more rapidly
than alteration in curve for non-dimensional moisture content.
Fig. 10(a, b) illustrates curves for non-dimensional temperature
and moisture content at central line inside the object while y and z
are constant. These curves are plotted for inlet velocity U 0.3 m/
s. There is a prominent difference between the curve for x 0 m
and the curves for other points since the curve for this point
converges more rapidly at the nal rate and at the beginning there
is a capricious change in dimensionless temperature and moisture
content for this point because of direct effect of drying air ow on
this point and heat and mass transfer start from this point from
the rst stage. Curves of non-dimensional temperature with
x 0.02 m and x 0.08 m among the others are the same. Also
curves for the point with x 0.04 m and x 0.06 m are similar to
each other. At the start of the process, the points close to the
surface in mentioned curves with x 0.08 m and x 0.06 m have
higher temperature but the temperature in the points with
x 0.02 m and x 0.04 m are higher compared to other points
with similar curve while they receive the effect of heat transfer
into the object progressively. The moisture content curve for point
with x 0.04 m and the moisture content curve for point with
x 0.06 m are the same as well but the resemblance is less than
temperature curves. The curves for points with x 0.02 m and
x 0.08 m have no sameness. At the beginning, the points close to
the surface of the object such as x 0.06 m and x 0.08 m lose
higher moisture similar to temperature curves. Although the
internal points receive the effect of mass transfer, this time the
curves for the points near to the surface of object have lower
moisture. Only the curve for point with x 0.02 m can intersect
the curve of point with x 0.08 m, though two other curves get
closer to the curves of mentioned points. Because of change of
heat and mass transfer rates, the curves for temperature and
moisture content differ. In fact, despite thermal diffusivity effect,
the water diffusivity is not able to compensate the impact of initial
mass transfer in points near to the surface for internal points and
all in all, convective mass transfer has more impact than mass
transfer by conduction.
Fig. 11(a, b) shows the effect of inlet ow velocity on (a)
dimensionless temperature and (b) dimensionless moisture content within the moist object and the central point of object. As inlet
velocity raises, convective heat and mass transfer coefcients in
surface increase. As a result, temperature and moisture content
inside the object converge at nal rates more rapidly. Therefore,
inlet ow velocity increase results in drying period decrease, and
causes a relation which is semi-linear. For example, in the case of
curves for dimensionless moisture content, when inlet ow velocity increases 100% (from 0.1 m/s to 0.2 m/s), dimensionless
moisture content at t* 0.53 decreases 18.4% (from 0.38 to 0.31).
However, when inlet ow velocity increases 50% (from 0.2 m/s to
0.3 m/s), dimensionless moisture content decreases only 9.7% (from
0.31 to 0.28). This semi-linear relation between increase of velocity
and decrease of dimensionless moisture content is due to laminar
ow at these velocities.
5. Conclusions
Using Green's function method, a three-dimensional analytical
solution is performed to measure distribution of temperature and
moisture content inside moist object. In order to solve heat and
mass transfer equations simultaneously, weighted functions
approximation was used. This method has exact solution at
selected point, unlike the averaging method. The results of Mohan
and Talukdar's research [16] are used for convective heat and mass
transfer coefcients for different surfaces of moist object. These
solutions are obtained for three inlet ow velocities 0.1 m/s, 0.2 m/s
and 0.3 m/s. The results in brief are:
This solution illustrated the simplicity of the Green's function to
solve heat and mass transfer problems using laboratory equipment for data entry without any necessity to complicated numerical methods. Gained results are well consistent with
experimental and numerical data, and they are acceptable for
engineering application. In addition, it is cheaper and less time
consuming.
In coupled equations, weighted functions approximation and
solution of equations (assuming constant variables), can be used
to interfere the effect of variables into solution with a reasonable
approximation.
Due to thermal diffusivity and moisture diffusivity difference
(Le > 1), geometrical center of temperature and moisture have
different shift rates. Geometrical center of temperature contours
shift more than those for moisture content such that geometrical center of temperature contours reaches at x* 0.7 when
dimensionless time is t* 0.218 but the latter reaches at x* 0.7
when dimensionless time is t* 1.635.
Heat and mass transfer rates for surface facing inlet is higher
than for points on other surfaces. For instance, when we
compare the points on the central line with y and z as a constant,
the closest point to the front face inside the object at x 0.02 m
at the beginning of the process, converge more rapidly to the
277