Dr.

Meaad Yahia
Dr.Nahla Mohammed

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( )22

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

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Core of Endocrine Anatomy

Endocrine system
Consist many glands which secret their secretion hormones direct in
the blood without duct ductless.
Endocrine glands
A- Pure endocrine glands:
-pituitary gland .
-thyroid gland.
-parathyroid gland.
-adrenal supra-renal gland .
-pineal gland.
-thymus (just in children until 15 years old).
B- Mixed glands endocrine + exocrine
-pancreas.
-ovary.
-testis.
N.B : Exocrine gland secrete their secretion not hormone May be
enzyme by duct.

Pituitary gland
Hypophysis cerebri

-lies in sella turcia.

-covered by diaphragmatic sella of dura mater .
-above it present optic chiasma .

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

-pituitary gland has :

1-Anterior lobe Adeno-hypophysis
-Control by hypothalamus through hormone.
-Develop from ectoderm of root of mouth Rathkes pouch .
-Consist of :
1-pars anterior .
2-pars tubercalis.
3-pars itermedia.
-Cells : basophil - esinophil neutrophil
2-Posterior lobe neuro-hypophysis
-Control by hypothalamus the through nerves.
-develop from neuro-ectoderm at floor of 3th ventricle .
-consist of :
1-Pars posterior.
2-Median eminence.
3-Infundibulum
-cells : Pituicyte

Blood supply :
- Hypophyseal portal system:
-superior haypophyseal artery.
-inferior hypophyseal artery
-branch of internal carotid artery
Core of Endocrine Anatomy

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

-Vein:
-Vein end in cavernous sinus
-venous from hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal venous system
which connect hypothalamus and neuro-hypophysis with
adeno-hypophysis.
***

Thyroid Gland
-Lies in front of neck.
-Consist of : 2lobes unite by isthmus.
-Isthmus 2-3-4 tracheal rings(posterior relation).
-Anterior relation sternohyoid & sternothyroid muscle.
-Lobes inside of larynx and trachea extend from thyroid
cartilage to 6th tracheal ring .
-each lobe pear in shape consist of :
1-apex upward upper pole
2-base downward lower pole
3-medial surface related to : trachea , larynx , pharynx ,
esophagus , crico-thyroid muscle ,
external laryngeal nerve , in groove
between trachea and recurrnt laryngeal
nerve.
4-lateral surface related to sternothyroid and sternohyiod .
5-posterior surface related to: carotid sheath , parathyroid
gland and anastomosis between
superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

+ pyramidal lobe :
-from isthmus to the left of med-line .
-muscular tissue connect pyramid lobe to hyoid bon called levator
glandular thyroidae .
-the thyroid gland c over by capsule and pre-tracheal fascia
connect it with larynx durin swallowing .
Blood Supply :
-superior thyroid artery branch of external carotid artery .
-inferior thyroid artery branch of thyro-cervical trunk .
-thyroid ima artery branch of brachio-cephalic trunk or arch of
aorta supply lower part of isthmus
+vein:
-superior thyroid vein end in internal jugular vein .
-middle thyroid vein end in internal jugular vein .
-Inferior thyroid vein end in brachio-cephalic vein .
Lymphatic drainage:
-deep cervical lymph node .

nerve supply :
-sympathetic nerves from : superior , middle and inferior cervical
ganglia vasoconstriction.

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Histology:
1- Follicle:
Colloid covered by single layer of epithelial follicular cell
this cells secrete T3 , T4 .
2- Para follicular cell:
Secrete calcitonin
Development:
-As proliferation of cell of the thyroglossal duct .
-duct descend to side of gland after that it degeneration.
Abnormal :
1- Agenesis of gland .
2- Incomplete descend of gland lingual thyroid .
3- Thyroglossal cyst :
Persist of duct present in front of neck.

***
Core of Endocrine Anatomy

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Parathyroid Gland
-four gland : 2 superior and 2 inferior .
-Lies behind lobe of thyroid gland within its facial capsule .
-superior gland : constant in position - lie behind middle lobe of
thyroid gland .
-inferior gland : less constant - lie behind lower bole superior or
posterior mediastinum .
Blood supply :
-Superior & inferior thyroid artery .
-Vein : joint thyroid vein .
Lymphatic drainage:
-deep cervical lymph node .
Nerve supply :
-sympathetic vasoconstrictor
Histology :
-chief cell or principle give thyroid hormone.
-Oxyphil cell.
Development:
-from pharyngeal pouch.
-superior glands from 4th pharyngeal pouch.
-inferior glands from 3rd pharyngeal pouch and descend by thymus
gland .

Core of Endocrine Anatomy

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Adrenal Gland
Suprarenal Gland

-lies anterio-superior to kidney inside renal fascia of kidney renal

fascia of kidney . both asymmetric .
The right gland
-pyramid in shape.
-lies in the upper pole of kidney
-Anterior relation:
-Right lobe of liver .
-inferior venacava.
-posterior relation :
-diaphragm .
The left gland
-crescentic in shape .
-lied over medial border above the hilum .
-posterior relation diaphragm
-anterior relation lesser sac , stomach , pancreas and spleenic
vessels .
Blood supply :
-Suprarenal artery from :
-aorta
-renal artery
-inferior phrenic artery .

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

-Vein drain into :

-Right inferior vena cava .
-Left left renal vein .
Lymphatic drainage :
-in para-aortic lymph node .
Nerve supply:
-sympathetic from celiac plexus .
Histology:
-gland consist of :
1-Outer yellow cortex : which contain 3 layers zona from outer
to inner :
A-Zona glomerulosa : rounded cell secrete meniralocorticoids
e.g aldosterone which control fluid and electrolytes balance.
B-Zona fasiculosa : parallel pale stain cell secret
glucocorticoids e.g cortisol.
C-Zona reticularis : network of dark stain cells secrete sex
hormones which control develop of sex organs
2-Central medulla : secrete catecholamine e.g nor-epinephrine &
epinephrine .
-medulla contain many capillaries opposite to cortex.
-medulla control by central nervous system but cortex
control by anterior pituitary .
Development:
-medulla migration of cells from neural crest ectoderm in
origin.
-cortex from mesoderm of intermediate cells
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***

Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Pancreas
-has head , neck , body , tail and uncinate process.
-has main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct .
Blood supply:
- Spleenic artey
- Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery
- Inferior pancreatic-duodenal artery
+vein:
-into portal & superior mesenteric vein .
Lymphatic drainage :
- superior mesenteric lymph & colic node .
Nerve supply :
-parasympathetic from vagus.
-sympathetic from colic plexus .
Histology:
-gland has :
1-Exocrine part : form by serus acinus consist parenchyma cell and
duct by which secrete its secretion.
2-Endocrine part : form by scatter cell islet of langerhans
consist:
- Alpha cell secret glucagon.
-Beta cell insulin.
- Delta cell secrete lies in the tail only somatostatin.

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Development:
-develop as outgrowth of endoderm at junction of foregut and
midgut .
-venteral bud give part of head and unicate process part of
main pancreatic duct.
-dorsal bud give : tail , body , neck , part of head , accessory
and part of main duct .

***
Ovaries
-The ovary is ovoid in shape .
-its about 3 cm long , 2 cm wide and 1 cm (321).
-Lies almost vertically.
Relations of ovary:
-superior fimbriated end of utrine tube .
-inferior fibro-muscular band (ligament of ovary ).
-anteriorly posterior leaf of broad ligament .
-laterly lie in angle between internal and external iliac vessels.
- posteriorly ureters.
Blood supply:
-Overian artery : branch of abdominal aorta below renal artery .
-vein drain:
-Right Inferior Vena Cava (IVC).
-Left left renal vein.

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Lymph drainage:
-lymph drain to para-aortic nodes alongside the origin of ovarian
artery (L2).
Nerve supply :
-sympathetic from aortic plexus (T10-T11) segment of cord.
-parasympathetic from inferior hypogastric plexus.
-Autonomic fibers do not reach ovarian follicles (not need for
ovulation).
Development:
-The ovary develops from paramesonephric gonadal ridge of
intermediate cell mass like testis.

***
Core of Endocrine Anatomy

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

Testis

-the testis is an oval organ possessing

a thick covering of fibrous tissue (the tunica albaginea).
-the front and sides of the testis lie in serous space formed by
tunica vaginalis .
-the epididymis is attached to its posteriolateral surface.
-the dimensions are 5cm (length) , 2,5cm (breadth) , 3cm
(anteroposterior diameter) ..(52.53).
Blood supply
-artery: the testicular artery :
-from aorta give branch to
epididymis and reached the
back of testis , in the region of
epididymis there is anastomosis
between testicular , cremastric
and ductal arteries.
-vein : drain by panpiniform plexus surround the testicular artery.
-the left vein in variable joins the left renal vein .
-the right drain into Inferior Vena Cava (IVC).
+the testicular veins usually have Valves.
+varicocele occurs much more frequently on left side
than the right.
Lymph drainage:
-to para-aortic nodes alongside the origin of testicular artery (L2).
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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed

-the testicular lymph doesnt drain to inguinal nodes.

Development:
-From the gonadal ridge formed by coelomic epithelium.
-at first testis and mesonephros are situated by urogenital
mesentery .
-The mesonephric duct form :the canal of epididymis , ejaculatory
duct , and appendix of epididymis .

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Dr.Meaad Yahia & Dr.Nahla Mohammed