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IEEE TRANSACITONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. CAS-27, NO. 5, MAY 1980
Fig.
i,
--
1.
cc
INTRODUCTION
fz,s+u,~,s-l+
* * * +u,sk+. * * +a0
H(s) = -Vo(s) =
(1)
V,Cs) b,S+b,-IS-+a*
+bkSk+** +bo
+
:.
V
-
-c!3
Fig. 2.
where
(5)
Pi:iZ...i~Ci*S+Pi:i2...i*--l.
(2)
and
bk=Zpi;i2...i~Ci,Ci2.
CikiEX&,i2...ik*
(3)
The summations are performed over all possible ways of selecting k capacitors from a population of size n. The coefficients
a,,il...ik and /3i,i2...ik have been defined as absorbing the capacitances for later notational convenience. All coefficients are
finite, but can be zero in value.
The numerator coefficients can be expressed in terms of those
in the denominator
in the following
fashion. Simply let
G,, G,, . 9Ci, tend to infinity, thus becoming short-circuits, and
allow all other capacitances to approach zero, thus becoming
open-circuits.
The observation
that all terms involving
coefficients other than Q,...~, and /3i,i,...i, will contain either a
capacitor of zero value or a proper subset of the infinite valued
capacitors leads to the relation
(yi,i2...ik=Hi,i *... ik&,il...ik
(4)
(6)
Pi,il...ilr=T~i2..ik-Ipi,i2...ix-,
where &.h-l
is the time constant due to Ci, with the capacitors cokesponding to the superscripts shorted and all others
open-circuited. This relation can also be written in terms of the
first-order pole as
p,
,_._ _ = p.hi2+k-~fli,i
c
112 k I
*,,, in .
(7)
0098-4094/80/0500-0417$00.75
01980 IEEE
418
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. CAS-27, NO. 5, MAY 1980
Fig. 3.
Fig. 5.
infinity.
Note that since all coefficients must be finite, if
~il~2~*-1
=0 (6) implies that fli,i2...ili =O. Alternatively,
if
k
Ti;c2...ik--I
= M or p,i&...i
k- I= 0) then /3i,i,. ik-, = 0. The next ex(
ample demonstrat&
the utility of the computation graph in
scheduling the time constant/pole calculations in this case.
Fig. 4.
Example 2
The circuit shown in Fig. 5 is a - KRC realization incorporating three capacitors [5]. The associated computation graph is
also illustrated in Fig. 5. The heavy edges represent zero time
constants. By inspection, one can derive the following:
complexity,
and
it is not
the authors
intention
Example 1
Fig. 4 illustrates a KRC realization of a two-capacitor operational amplifier active filter [4]. The corresponding computation
T,=(l-K)RlC,
H,,=H,=H,=O
T;=(~+K)R
T;=(l+K)(R,II&)cj
2 c 2
T;=o
T,=Rlc,
T~=(R,+R~)C~
T~=R,C~.
Note that not all the above time constant calculations are
essential-only
those required to cover the graph. By (4) it is
only necessary to compute the transfer ratios associated with
nonzero denominator coefficients. Thus
H,2= -K
H2,=Hl=H2=H3=Ho=0.
[R,R2C,C2+(l+K)R,R2C2C3]s2+[R,C,+(R,+R2)C2+R,C3]s+1
T;=
Note that /I3 and pi3 are both zero, hence H3 and H,, need not
be computed.
As an additional
example,3 of degeneracy, one which
illustrates multiple degeneracy, consider the active network of
Fig. 4 with R, replaced by a capacitor C,. It is straightforward to
show that
- R2
1-K
T~=(RI+%)CZ
Ho= K.
73
Therefore,
H(s) =
T;=R,C,
T;=(R~IIR~)C,
- KR,R2C,C2s2
T;=o
to
H(s) =
T:~=T;~=T;~=~
K
R,R,C,C,s+[(l-K)R,C,+(R,+R,)C,]s+l
2=
=T;3=Tf3=T;=T;4)
and
. (8)
In some cases, degeneracy can arise. This will result from one
or more time constants assuming a value which is either zero or
degeneracy
CA&~,
419
5, M A Y 1980
NO.
TABLE I
while
72
I- --
RC2
1-K
rf = RC,,
r:= RC,,
and
r;= RC,.
H(s)=
Modified
Cauer
(10)
CONCLUSION
ki
REFERENCES
II.
111 R. D.
&T(s)
=
41+42s+. . . +q,sn-
Pl
+P2s
. . . +A+
where pis and q,s are constants. Equation (1) can be expanded
into the following generalized form of continued fraction:
1
&r(s) =
a1 +
new generalized
AND SARAN
JOHN
INTRODUCTION
IS
b,
(2)
62
a,+ b3
u3+ -.
0098-4094/80/0500-0419%00.75
g(s) =
k,+
k,+A
k,+-
01980 IEEE
(3)