THE CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PANEL

ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA SYDNEY DIVISION

28 August 2012

DetailingofReinforcement
inConcreteStructures
R.I.Gilbert

Introduction:
Detailing isoftenconsideredtobethepreparationofworking
drawings showingthesizeandlocationofthereinforcementina
concretestructure.
Detailinginvolvesthe communicationoftheengineersdesigntothe
contractorswhobuildthestructure.It involvesthetranslationofa
goodstructuraldesignfromthecomputerorcalculationpadinto the
finalstructure.
Gooddetailingensuresthatreinforcement
andconcreteinteractefficiently toprovide
satisfactorybehaviour throughoutthe
completerangeofloading.
Inthisseminar,guidelinesforsuccessful
detailing instructuralelementsand
connectionsareoutlined.

 Thedetailingrequirements ofareinforcementbardependonthe
reasonsforitsinclusioninthestructure.
Reasonsinclude:
1. Tocarryinternaltensileforces,therebyimpartingstrength
andductility;
2. Tocontrol flexuralcracking;
3. Tocontroldirecttensioncracking inrestrainedstructures;
4. Tocarrycompressiveforces;
5. Toprovide restraint tobarsincompression;
6. Toprovideconfinement toconcreteincompression;
7. Tolimitlongtermdeformation;
8. Toprovideprotectionagainstspalling;and
9. Toprovidetemporarysupport forotherreinforcementduring
construction.

Guidingprinciples:
Determinelocationanddirectionofallinternalforces (i.e.
establishaloadpath thatsatisfiesequilibrium);
Useadequatelyanchored reinforcementwhereveratensile
forceisrequiredforequilibrium;
Useonlyductilereinforcement (ClassNorbetter)whenthe
reinforcementisrequiredforstrength;
Neverrely ontheconcretesabilitytocarrytension(itmaynot
exist);
Includeadequatequantitiesofreinforcementforcrackcontrol;
Ensuresteeldetailsarepractical andthatsteelcanbefixedand
concretecanbesatisfactorilyplacedandcompactedaround
complexdetailswithadequatecover;and
Ensuredetailsareeconomical.

Sourcesoftension:
1. Tensioncausedbybending(andaxialtension):
Flexuraltensioncracks

Flexuraltensioncracks

Negative bending
Positive bending

Axial tension

Directtensioncracks

Sourcesoftension:
2.Tensioncausedbyloadreversals:

Cantilever beam or slab

Impact and rebound loading

Simple beam or slab

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
3. Tensioncausedbyshearandtorsion:

T
Shear

Flexureshearcracks

Tensioncarriedbystirrups

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
4.Tensionnearthesupportsofbeams:

Thelongitudinaltensionatthesupportisgreaterthanindicated
bythebendingmomentdiagram.
Thetensileforceatthebottomoftheinclinedcrackisequalto
thecompressiveforceatthetopofthecrack.

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
AS36002009(8.1.10.4):
Lst

Sufficientbottomsteelmustbe
anchoredforalength(Lst)pastthe
midpointofthebearingtodevelop
atensileforceofV*cot v/ (plusany
additionalforcearisingfromrestraint)

Thisrequirementisdeemedtobesatisfiedifeither
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db ;or
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db +D/2
whereAst isthetensilesteelarearequiredatmidspan

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
5. Tensionwithinthesupportsofbeamsandslabs:

Crackingduetoinadequate
slipjointbetweenslaband
supportingbrickwall

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
6. Tensionwithinconnections:

2T

T
C

T
M

(a)Internalforces(b)Crackpattern
Primarygirder
Compressionstruts

Hanger
reinf.to
carry
tension

Secondary
beam
Reactionfromsecondarybeam
appliedhere

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
7. Tensionatconcentratedloads:

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:

Lsy.t

T
R
(a)

(c)

stirrups
(b)
Asv atspacing s

CC
RPotentialcrackinweb

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:

Lsy.t

T
R
(a)

(c)

stirrups
(b)
qt

Asv atspacing s

C
T

T
rm

Transversetension:
qt =

A f
T
= st sy
rm
rm

Ast

Requiredstirrupspacing:
s=

Asv f vy
qt

Asv f vy
.
.rm
Ast f sy

Anchorageofdeformedbarsistension:
F

T
F

Tensile stresses

a) Forces exerted by concrete on a deformed bar

at a tensile anchorage
Atr

(b) Tensile stresses in concrete

Atr

Splitting
Splittin cracks

(c) Horizontal splitting due

insufficient bar spacing.

(d) Vertical splitting due to

insufficient cover

(e) Splitting (bond) failure

at a lapped splice.

Splittingfailuresarounddevelopingbars.

 Forareinforcementbartoreachitsyieldstressatacritical
crosssection,aminimumlengthofreinforcingbar(an
anchorage)isrequiredoneithersideofthesection.
AS36002009specifiesaminimumlength,calledthedevelopment
length,Lsy.t,overwhichastraightbarintensionmustbeembeddedin
theconcreteinordertodeveloptheyieldstress.
Lsy.t
As fsy

Lsy .t

d b f sy

4 fb

fb

Anaveragedesignultimatebondstressfb isassumedattheinterface
betweentheconcreteandthereinforcingbar( =0.6).
fb dependson typeandconditionofreinforcingbar;strength
andcompactionofconcrete;concretecover;
barspacing;transversereinforcement;
transversepressure(ortension).

AS36002009:

(13.1.2.2)

Thebasicdevelopmentlength,Lsy.tb,is

Lsy.tb =

0.5k1k3 f sy d b
k 2 f c

29k1d b

wherek1 =1.3 forahorizontalbarwith>300mmofconcretecast

belowitandk1 =1.0forallotherbars;
k2 =(132 db)/100 ;
k3=1.0 0.15(cd db)/db (but0.7 k3 1.0)
cd

isthesmalleroftheconcretecovertothebarorhalf
thecleardistancetothenextparallelbar;

fc

shallnotbetakentoexceed65MPa

AS36002009

(13.1.2.2)
a/2

c
c1

cd =min(a/2,c,c1)

AS3600-2009 ctd

(13.1.2.3)

ThedevelopmentlengthLsy.t maybetakenasthebasic
developmentlengthormayberefinedtoincludethebeneficial
effectsofconfinementsbytransversesteelortransversepressure
andis

Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb

wherek4 =1 K

(but0.7 k4 1.0);and

k5 =1.0 0.04p (but0.7 k5 1.0);

AS3600-2009 ctd

(13.1.2.3)

Lsy.t = k 4 k5 Lsy.tb

k4 = 1 - K
where

= (Atr Atr.min)/As ;
Atr = cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the development
length Lsy.t
Atr.min = cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement, which may
be taken as 0.25As for beams and 0 for slabs
As = cross-sectional area of a single bar of diameter db being anchored
K

= is a factor that accounts for the position of the bars being anchored
relative to the transverse reinforcement, with values given below:

K = 0.1

K = 0.05

K=0

FIGURE 13.1.2.3(B) VALUES OF K FOR BEAMS AND SLABS

AS3600-2009 ctd

(13.1.2.3)

ThedevelopmentlengthLst todevelopastress st lowerthan fsy :

Lst = Lsy.t

st
f sy

12d b

Whencalculatingst dontforgettoincludethestrengthreductionfactor
( =0.8).IfT* isthedesignultimatetensileforceinthereinforcement
causedbythefactoreddesignloads,then:

T * st Ast
andtherefore

st

T*
Ast

AS3600-2009 ctd

(13.1.2.3)

Thedevelopmentlengthofadeformedbarwithastandardhook
orcog:
4db or 70mm
4dbor70mm

XX

ddidid

0.5L
0.5Lsy.t
sy.t

0.5d
did /2
id
0.5L
sy.tsy.t
0.5L

(a) Standard hook (180 bend)

bend)
(a)Standardhook(180

(b) Standard hook (135 bend)

bend).
(b)Standardhook(135

XX
A

did /2

0.5Lsy.t
0.5L
sy.t

(c)Standardcog(90
(c) Standard cog (90 bend)
bend).

AS3600-2009
WORKEDEXAMPLE:
Considertheminimumdevelopmentlength requiredforthetwo
terminated28mmdiameterbottombars inthebeamshownbelow.
Takefsy = 500 MPa;fc = 32 MPa;covertothe28mmbarsc = 40 mm;
andtheclearspacingbetweenthebottombarsa = 60 mm.
ThecrosssectionalareaofoneN28barisAs = 620 mm2 andwithN12
stirrupsat150mmcentres,Atr = 110 mm2.
P

A
12mm stirrups at 150mm ctrs
Two terminated bars

LL
+d
sy.tsy.t

Lsy.t + D

Elevation

Section A-A

Worked Example ctd

(13.1.2.3)

Forbottombars: k1 = 1.0;

Lsy.tb =

0.5k1k3 f sy d b
k 2 f c

For28mmdiameterbars: k2 = (132 28)/100 = 1.04;

Theconcreteconfinementdimension, cd = a/2 = 30 mm,andtherefore
k3 = 1.0 0.15(30 28)/28 = 0.99
Thebasicdevelopmentlengthistherefore

Lsy.tb

0.5 1.0 0.99 500 28

=
= 1178 mm ( > 29k1d b )
1.04 32

Theminimumnumberofstirrupsthatcanbelocatedwithinthebasic
developmentlengthis7.Therefore,Atr = 7 x 110 = 770 mm2.
TakingAtr.min = 0.25As = 155 mm2,theparameter

= (770 155)/620 = 0.99

Worked Example ctd

(13.1.2.3)

Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb

FromFigure13.1.2B,K = 0.05 (asitisthetwointeriorbarsthatarebeing

developed)andtherefore

k4 = 1.0 K = 1.0 0.05 0.99 = 0.95

Itisassumedthatinthislocationthetransversepressureperpendicularto
theanchoredbar(p)iszero,andhencek5 = 1.0.
FromEq.13.1.2.3:

Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.bt = 0.95 1.0 1178 = 1120 mm.

Thestrengthofthebeammustbecheckedatthepointwherethetwo
barsareterminated(ie.atLsy.t+d fromtheconstantmomentregion)

LappedSplicesforbarsintension(13.2.2 AS36002009):
PLANAR VIEW

sL

a
db

sb

Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the

dimension a shall be taken equal to (sL-db)
irrespective of the value of sb.

Lsy.t.lap

min (a/2,
(a/2,
(a/2, cc)
) )
crit
cdcd=, =min

100%ofofbars
barsspliced
spliced(no
(nostaggered
staggered splices)
splice)
(i)(i)100%
0.3Lsy.t.lap
sL
a
PLANAR VIEW

sb

Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the

dimension a shall be taken equal to 2sL
irrespective of the value of sb.

Lsy.t.lap
(a/2, cccrit
) )
cdc, ==min
(a/2,
min
(a/2,
c)

(ii)
splices
(ii) 50%
50% staggered
staggered splices

AS36002009:

13.2.2

LappedSplicesforbarsintension:
Lsy.t.lap = k7 Lsy.t 29k1d b
k7 shallbetakenas1.25,unless As providedisgreaterthan As required
andnomorethanonehalfofthetensilereinforcementatthesectionis
spliced,inwhichcase k7 =1.
Innarrowelementsormembers(suchasbeamwebsandcolumns),the
tensilelaplength(Lsy.t.lap)shallbenotlessthanthelargerofk7 Lsy.t and
Lsy.t + 1.5sb,wheresb isthecleardistancebetweenbarsofthelapped
spliceasshowninFigure8.15.

Considerthelappedsplice requirementsforN12barsat200mmcentres inthe

bottomofaslab.Cover=20mm.Concretestrength=25MPa.
AS36002009:

ACI31808:(Simplified Clause12.2.2)

Lsy.t.lap = 1.25Lsy.tb =
= 1.25

0.5k1k3 f syd b
k2 f c

0.5 1.0 0.90 500 12

1.2 25

= 563 mm = 46.9 d b
(c. f . 369 mm = 30.7d b
in AS3600 2001)

Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3

= 1.3

f y t e
2.1 f c

500 1.0 1.0

2.1 1.0 25

db

12

= 743 mm = 61.9 d b

ACI31808:(Refined Clause12.2.3)
Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3

= 1.3

f y t e s
d
c b + K tr b
1.1 f c (
)
db

500 1.0 1.0 0.8

12
26 + 0
1.1 1.0 25 (
)
12

= 524 mm = 43.7 d b

Detailingofbeams:
Anchorageoflongitudinalreinforcement:
UnfavorableanchorageTransversetension

Possible
cracks

Favorableanchorage
Normal
pressure

Elevation Section

Whenbottomreinforcementis
terminatedawayfromthesupport,
thediagonalcompressionintheweb
improvestheanchorage.

C
T

C
T

AS3600-2009

Clause 8.1.10.1

Currentwording:
Thedesignforflexuralstrengthanddetailingofflexuralreinforcement
andpretensioned tendonsatterminationshallbeextendedfromthe
theoreticalcutoffpoint,ordebonding point,byalengthof1.0D +Lsy.t,or
1.0D +Lpt,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoreticalcutoffpointor
theoreticaldebonding point
Problem1: Thewordingdoesnotmakesense
Problem2: Theruleisincorrect abardoesnothavetodevelop
itsyieldstressatthetheoreticalcutoffpoint

Amendedwording:
Whereflexuralreinforcementandpretensioned tendonsaretobe
terminated,thebarsortendonsshallbeextendedfromthetheoreticalcut
offpoint,ortheoreticaldebonding point,byalengthofatleast1.0D +Lst,
or1.0D +Lpt,respectively,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoretical
cutoffpointortheoreticaldebonding point

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
tiltedanchoragenearhorizontalanchorage

Reactionpressure

diagonalcompression

Reactionpressure

SectionsandElevations

Thetransversetensionthatmaycausesplittingin
theplaneofahookedanchorage atasupportcan
beovercomeatabeamsupportsimplybytiltingthe
hookandexposingittothenormalreactionpressure.

Plan

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Inclinedclamping
bars

Potentialfailure
surface

Ifthebearinglengthatasupportissmallandclosetothefreeendofa
member,asliding shear failure alongasteepinclinedcrackmayoccur.
Additionalsmalldiameterbarsmayberequiredperpendiculartothe
potentialfailureplane

Detailingofbeams(ctd):

welded
crossbar

endplate

recessed
angle

(a)(b)

(c)

Wherethelengthavailableforanchorageissmall,mechanical
anchorages intheformofweldedcrossbarsorendplatesmaybeused.
Commoninprecastelements,corbels,bracketsandatothersupport
points.

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Compressivestrut

Member
Centreline

Binding
reinforcement

Anchorageis
critical

Tie
DoNOTterminateanybottombars

Inshortspanmembers,whereloadiscarriedtothesupportbyarch
action,itisessentialthatallbottomreinforcement(thetieofthearch)
isfullydevelopedateachsupport.Closelyspacedtransversestirrups
canbeusedtoimproveanchorageofthetiereinforcement.

Detailingofbeams(ctd):

Crack width (0.01 mm))

Concentratingtopsteelatasupportinabeamwithinthewebcanlead
tocrackcontrolproblemsintheadjacentslab(Leonhardt etal.)

70
60

As = 1030 mm2

50

As = 1020 mm2

40
30
20
10
0
0

100

200

300

Load (kN)

400

500

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
AnchorageofStirrups:
Compressivetopchord(concrete)
Inclinedwebstruts
(concrete)

Verticalties(stirrups)

Tensilebottomchord(Ast)

Tensioninstirrup ismoreorlessconstantoverheightofverticalleg.
Therefore,allpointsonverticallegmustbefullydeveloped
Stirrupanchorages shouldbelocatedinthecompressivezone and
beshownonthestructuraldrawings.
Theareaofshearreinforcementrequiredataparticularcross
sectionshouldbeprovidedforadistanceD fromthatcrosssection
inthedirectionofdecreasingshear(AS36002009 Clause8.2.12.3).

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Tensilelapped
splice

(b)Undesirable(butsatisfactory)

(a)Incorrect
Inadequateanchorage
A90 cogisineffectiveifthe
coverconcreteislost

Inregionswhereductilityisrequired,
theopenstirrups(commonlyusedin
posttensionedbeams)donotconfinethe
compressiveconcrete

Compressiveside

Tensileside

(c)Satisfactory

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Cd

Cd
Ts

Ts

Ts

cracks

Compressionstrut

RigidFlexible

Multilegstirrups shouldbeusedinmemberswithwidewebsto
avoidtheundesirabledistributionofdiagonalcompressionshown
Multilegsturrups bettercontrolshearcrackingandhelpmaintain
sheartransferthoughaggregateinterlock

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Dowel crack

Multilegstirrups arealsofarbetterforcontrollingthe
longitudinalsplittingcracks(knownasdowelcracks)that
precipitatebondfailureofthelongitudinalbarsintheshearspan.
Oftenthiscriticalshearcrackoccurswherebottombarsare
terminated intheshearspan.Additionalshearreinforcementmay
berequiredinthisregion(Clause8.1.10.5 AS36002009).

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Crackcontrolprovidedbyshearreinforcement(Leonhardt etal):

Maximum crack width (mm)

0.8
0.7
1

0.6
0.5
2

0.4
0.3
3

0.2
0.1
4

0
0

200

400

Load P (kN)

600

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
SupportandLoadingPoints:

support

Internal
tie

(a)Supportunder

(b)Supportover

Whenthesupportisatthesoffitofabeamorslab,thediagonal
compressionpassesdirectlyintothesupportasshown
Whenthesupportisatthetopofthebeam,thediagonalcompression
mustbecarriedbackuptothesupportviaaninternaltie.
Itisessentialthatadequatelyanchoredreinforcement beincluded
toactasthetensiontieandthereinforcementmustbeanchored
intothesupport

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Slabsupportedbyupturnedbeam:

Unreinforced
surface

(a)Incorrectdetail

(b)Correctdetail

Theverticalcomponentofthediagonalcompressionintheslab
(i.e.thereactionfromtheslab)mustbecarriedintensionuptothe
topoftheupturnedbeam.
Dontrelyontheunreinforcedsurfacetocarrythistension

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
Primary
girder

Secondary
beam
Compressionstrutinsecondarybeam

suspension
reinforcement

R*

(a)Section

Theareaofadditional
suspensionreinforcement
is
R*
Asr =
f sy

Stirrups
forshear

Suspension
reinforcement

(b)Primarygirder Elevation

R*

(c)Primarygirder Trussanalogy

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:

(b)Internalrods

Whenaloadisappliedtotheundersideofareinforcedconcrete

beam,somedevicemustbeusedtotransferthishangingloadtothe
topofthebeam

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
HalfJointordappedendjoint:

(a)Halfjoint

Hairpinreinforcement
Suspensionreinforcement

(b)Strutandtiemodel Reinforcementdetail

(c)Alternativestrutandtiemodel

Reinforcementdetail

DetailingforCrackControl
Excessivecracking duetorestraineddeformation orexternal
loads isacommoncauseofdamageinreinforcedconcrete
structures.
Shrinkagecausesagradualwideningofexistingcracks and
timedependentcracking inpreviouslyuncrackedregions.
Excessivecracking inthehardenedconcretecanbeavoided
byincludingsufficientreinforcementatsufficientlyclose
spacings.
The minimumquantitiesofreinforcement specifiedforcrack
controlinAS3600maynotbewhatisactuallyrequiredinall
circumstances.

Thewidthofacrack dependson
thequantity,orientationanddistributionofthe
reinforcingsteelcrossingthecrack;
concretecoverandmembersize;
thebondbetweenconcreteandreinforcement
inthevicinityofthecrack;
thedeformationcharacteristicsofconcrete;and
theshrinkagestrain(andthereforethetimeafter
crackformation).
thecauseofthecrack
thedegreeofrestraint

Oftensignificantlymorereinforcementthantheminimum
specifiedamountisrequired.

Flexuralcracking:

Crack spacing, s, varies between

0.5d and 1.5d and depends on
- steel area and distribution
- cover
and the average crack spacing
decreases with time due to
shrinkage

Maximum crack widths

increase with time by a factor
of between 2 and 4

Service loads

Flexural cracks

Crack width, w, depends on

- steel stress
- bar diameter and bar spacing
- cover
- adjacent crack spacings
and increases with time due to
shrinkage

SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):
Forreinforcedconcretebeamsandslabs,crackingisdeemedtobecontrolled
(crackwidthswillbelessthan0.3mm)ifeachofthefollowing issatisfied:
(a)thequantityoftensilereinforcementinabeamorslabprovidesan
ultimatestrengthatleast20%higherthanthecrackingmoment
calculatedassumingcs =0;
(b) thedistancefromthesideorsoffit ofthemembertothecentreofthe
nearestlongitudinalbarshallnotexceed100mm;
(c)Thecentretocentrespacingofbars nearatensionfaceofabeamor
slabshallnotexceed300mmforabeam andthelesseroftwotimes
theslabthicknessand300mmforaslab.
(d)Thestressinthetensilesteelislessthanalimitingvalue(asfollows):

SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd
Formemberssubjectprimarilytoflexure,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignmomentshallnotexceedthelarger ofthe
maximumsteelstressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)and8.6.1(B)for beams
andTables9.4.1(A)and9.4.1(B)forslabs.
Table 8.6.1(A): Maximum steel stress for
tension or flexure in r.c. beams.

Table 8.6.1(B): Maximum steel stress for

flexure in r.c. beams.

Nominal bar
diameter
(mm)

Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)

Centre-to-centre
spacing
(mm)

Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)

10
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40

360
330
280
240
210
185
160
140
120

50
100
150
200
250
300

360
320
280
240
200
160

SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd
Formemberssubjectprimarilytotension,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignactionsshallnotexceedthemaximumsteel
stressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)forbeamsandTables9.4.1(A)forslabs.
Table 9.4.1(A): Maximum steel stress for
flexure in r.c. slabs.
Nominal bar Maximum steel stress (MPa)
diameter
for overall depth Ds (mm)
(mm)
> 300
300
6
8
10
12
16
20
24

375
345
320
300
265

450
400
360
330
280
240
210

Table 9.4.1(B): Maximum steel stress for

flexure in r.c. slabs.
Centre-to-centre
spacing
(mm)

Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)

50
100
150
200
250
300

360
320
280
240
200
160

RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabs:
Providedthatbondedreinforcementatreasonablespacing crosses
thecrackandthatthememberdoesnot deflectexcessively,flexural
cracksareusuallywellcontrolledinreinforcedconcretebeamsand
slabs.
Incontrast,directtensioncracks duetorestrainedshrinkageand
temperaturechangesfrequentlyleadtoserviceabilityproblems,
particularlyinregionsoflowmoment.
Suchcracksusuallyextendcompletelythroughthememberandare
moreparallelsidedthanflexuralcracks.
Ifuncontrolled,thesecrackscanbecomeverywideandleadto
waterproofingandcorrosionproblems.
Theycanalsodisrupttheintegrityandthestructuralactionoftheslab.

Theslabisrestrainedbybeamsandshrinkageinducestension
intheslabinthedirectionofthebeams
Fulldepthrestrainedshrinkagecracks

Flexuralcracks

Onewayfloorslabsupportedonbeams
Usuallymoresteelisrequiredtocontroltherestrainedshrinkage
cracksthanisrequiredtocontroltheflexuralcracksandprovide
adequatestrength.

RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabsCtd:
Intheprimarydirection,shrinkagewillcausesmallincreasesinthe
widthsofthemanyfineflexuralcracksandmaycauseadditional
flexuretypecracksinthepreviouslyuncracked regions.
However,inthesecondarydirection,whichisineffectadirect
tensionsituation,shrinkagegenerallycausesafewwidely spaced
crackswhichpenetratecompletelythroughtheslab.
Iftheamountofreinforcementcrossingadirecttensioncrackis
small,yieldingofthesteelwilloccurandawide,unserviceablecrack
willresult.Toavoidthiseventuality,theminimum steelratio,min is
min

Ast
1.2 f ct

=
=
f sy
b d min

where.For32MPa
concrete, min =0.0034.
f ct = 0.25 f c'
Foraserviceablecrackwidth,significantlymoresteelthanthis is
required.

CrackControlinSlabsAS36002009:
Wheretheendsofaslabarerestrainedandtheslabisnotfree to
expandorcontractinthesecondarydirection,theminimumarea of
reinforcementintherestraineddirectionisgivenbyeitherEq.1a,
1bor1c,asappropriate(seebelow).
Foraslabfullyenclosedwithinabuildingexceptforabriefperiodof
weatherexposureduringconstruction:
(i)whereastrongdegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:

( As )min

= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3

(9(1a)
.2 a )

(ii)whereamoderatedegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:

( As )min

= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3

((1b)
9.2 b )

(iii)whereaminordegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:

( As )min

= (1.75 2.5 cp )b D 10 3

((1c)
9 .2 c )

 ForallotherslabsurfaceconditionsinExposureClassificationA1
andforexposureclassificationA2,Eq.1aapplieswhereastrong
degreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequiredforappearanceorwhere
cracksmayreflectthroughfinishes

( As )min

= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3

(9(1a)
.2 a )

andEq.1bapplieswhereamoderate degreeofcontrolovercracking
isrequiredandwherecracksareinconsequentialorhidden fromview.

( As )min

= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3

(9(1b)
.2 b )

ForExposureClassificationsB1,B2,C1andC2,Eq.1aalwaysapplies.
TheminimumsteelareagivenbyEq.1cisappropriateinan
unrestraineddirection wheretheslabisfreetoexpandorcontract.
Intheprimarydirection ofaonewayslaborineachdirectionofa
twowayslab,theminimumquantityofreinforcement isthegreaterof
theminimumquantityrequiredforthestrengthlimitstate or75% of
theminimumarearequiredbyEqs.1a,1bor1c,asappropriate.

Consideraslabrestrainedateachend.
Withtime,restrainedshrinkagecracksoccuratroughlyregularcentres
dependingontheamountofreinforcement:

(a) Portion of restrained member after all cracking

(b) Average concrete stress after all shrinkage

(c) Steel stress after all shrinkage cracking

Typicalvalues:
Considera140mmthick,4mlongslabfullyrestrainedatbothends
andsymmetricallyreinforcedwithN12barsat250mmcentres top
andbottom.Hence,As=900mm2/mand =As/Ac =0.00643.
L=4m

140 mm

For25MPa concretewithafinalshrinkagestrainof0.0007and
typicalmaterialproperties,ashrinkagecrackinganalysisofthis
restrainedslabindicates4or5fulldepthcracks withinthe4m
lengthwiththemaximumfinalcrackwidth about0.3mm.

140 mm

4m

p =As/Ac

2.8 mm

Ifp =0:
0.6 0.7 mm

Ifp =0.0035

0.3 0.4 mm

Ifp =0.006

onelarge
unserviceable
crack

aboutthree
unserviceable
(?)cracks

Fourorfive
serviceable
(?)cracks

Detailingofcolumns:
Lappedcompressivesplices:
Additional
fitmentspacing,
s <4c

Normal
fitment
spacing,s

Additionalfitmentsat
compressivesplice

Tensionat
crankedbars

Unsatisfactorytension
spliceinthinwall

Detailingofcolumns:
Typicaltiearrangementsincolumns:
Alllongitudinalbarsin
thesecolumnsarerestrained
at
(i)abendinafitmentof135
orless;or
(ii)atafitmenthookswith
includedangleof135 or
less,asshown.

AS36002009requirementsforrestrainingsinglelongitudinalbarsincolumns:
(i)Everycornerbar;
(ii)Allbars wherebarsarespacedatcentres >150mm;
(iii)Atleasteveryalternatebar wherebarcentres 150mm.
Forbundledbars eachbundlemustberestrained.

Detailingofcolumns:
Minimumbardiametersforfitments(AS36002009):
Longitudinal bar diameter
(mm)

Minimum bar diameter

for fitment and helix (mm)

Single bars up to 20
Single bars 24 to 28
Single bars 28 to 36
Single bar 40
Bundled bars

6
10
12
16
12

Maximumspacingoffitments(AS36002009):
Thespacingoffitments(orthepitchofahelix)shouldnotexceedthe
smallerof:
Dc and15db forsinglebars
0.5Dc and7.5db forbundledbars

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnections(ortwomemberconnections):

(a)

(b)

(d)
Figure 8.37

Two-member connections.

(c)

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment:
C

2T

T
C

T
M

(a) Internal forces

(a) Unsatisfactory

(b) Crack pattern

Asv =

2 Ast f sy
2T
=
f sy. f
f sy. f

(b) Unsatisfactory

(c) Potentially satisfactory

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment Suggesteddetail:

Diagonal
stirrups

Diagonal flexural bars

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderClosing Moment:
T

2T
C

(a) Internal forces

(b) Crack pattern

M
M

(a) Wall or slab connection (when p fct.f /fsy)

(b) Beam to column knee connection

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections:

Poor anchorage
conditions

High bond stress

(a) Internal forces

(b) Crack pattern

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections Reinforcementdetail:

Larger diameter bar to distribute

bearing stresses in bend

Ties to carry diagonal tension, to

control vertical splitting and to
confine the concrete core

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Fourmemberconnections:

(a) Internal forces

(b) Crack pattern

(c) Reinforcement detail

DetailingofCorbels:
Primary
tension steel

Main or primary tensile

reinforcement

T
C

Cross bar to
distribute bearing
stresses in bend

Welded
anchor bar
(see Fig 8.46d)

Crack control steel

(a) Strut-and-tie action

(b) Reinforcement detail

weld=db

Primary tensile reinforcement

tweld=db/2

db

tweld=db/2

(d) Satisfactory weld details (17)

(c) Welded primary steel

db

Anchor
bar

weld=db

DesignofCorbels:
Tie:

a
V*

d/2

V*
T=
= As f sy
tan

( = 0.8)

V*
As =
f sy tan
T

Strut: st Cu = st s 0.9 f c Ac
s =

1
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2

(st = 0.6)

(0.3 s 1.0)

Ah As / 2
Figure 8.47

ParkandPaulay suggestthatagoodfirstestimateofcorbeldimensions
isobtainedfrom:
*
V / bwd 0.56 f c

andACI31808suggests
a / d 1.0

and 0.04 f c / f sy As / bw d 0.2 f c / f sy

DesignofCorbels:
400
mm

200
mm

V = 500kN

400
mm

V*
T*

200
mm

D/2

D/2
d

C*

dc d=c=400/sin
200/sin
541mm
mm
==270

bw = 300 mm
(a)

f c = 32 MPa

(b)

f sy = 500 MPa

Bearing plate = 200 x 300 mm in plan

Cover = 30 mm

DesignofCorbels:
From V * / bwd 0.56 f c :

500 103
d
= 526 mm
300 0.56 32

WithD = d +cover+0.5bardia andassuming20mmdiameterbars,

takeD =570mmandtherefored =530mm.

d 100 tan( 90 )
= 47.7o
400
and
500 103
As =
= 1138 mm2
0.8 500 tan 47.7
Try4N20bars(1240mm2)
Fromthegeometry:

Now

tan =

As / bw d = 0.0078 = 0.122 f c / f sy

Thestrutefficiencyfactor:
and

s =

OK
1
= 0.65
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2

stCu = 0.6 0.65 0.9 32 81150 = 911 kN

> C* = V * / cos = 743 kN OK

DesignofCorbels:
4 N20

N24 cross-bar
(welded to N20s)

285

285

285

285

3 N12
stirrups

4 N20

3 N12
Stirrups

ELEVATION

PLAN

N28 welded
cross-bar

ELEVATION

PLAN

JOINTSINSTRUCTURES:
Jointsareintroducedintoconcretestructuresfortwomainreasons:
1)Asstoppingplaces intheconcretingoperation.Thelocationof
theseconstructionjoints dependsonthesizeandproduction
capacityoftheconstructionsiteandworkforce;
2)Toaccommodatedeformation (expansion,contraction,rotation,
settlement)withoutlocaldistressorlossofintegrityofthe
structure.Suchjointsinclude:
controljoints (contractionjoints);
expansionjoints;
structuraljoints (suchashinges,pinandrollerjoints);
shrinkagestrips; and
isolationjoints.
Thelocationofthesejointsdependsontheanticipated
movementsofthestructureduringitslifetimeandtheresulting
effectsonstructuralbehaviour.

ConstructionJoints:
1st pour

2nd pour

Waterstop where water tightness is required

(a) Butt joint

(b) Keyed joint

Steel dowels to improve shear strength

(c) Doweled joint

ControlJoints(orContractionJoints):
Saw cut

0.75 t

> 0.2 t and 20 mm

t

Discontinue every second bar if necessary so that p < 0.002

(a) Saw-cut joint in slab on ground

0.75 t

(b) Wall (t < 200 mm)

Debond dowel to ensure free contraction

Discontinue every second bar if necessary so that p < 0.002

(d) Wall (t 200 mm)

(c) Doweled joint

Typicalcontroljointlocations:
Control joint locations

(a) Wall elevation

(b) Balcony plan

Alternativeshrinkagestripdetails:

Shrinkage
strip

Shrinkage
strip

Expansionjointdetails:

(b) Half joint

25 mm

(a) Double column and beams

Joint locations

(c) Building plans joint locations

Alternativestructuralhingejointsatbaseofacolumn:

Elastic, easily
compressible
material

Mesnager
hinge
Confinement steel

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ?