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Introduction
A power system network needs a switchgear
for its switching and or isolation under
normal or abnormal operation conditions.
Two functions of switchgear :
Introduction
The function of a circuit breaker is to isolate
the faulty part of the power system in case of
abnormal conditions.
A protective relay detects abnormal
conditions and sends a tripping signal to the
circuit breaker.
After receiving the trip
command from the relay, the circuit breaker
isolates the faulty part of the power system
Introduction
A circuit breaker has two contacts a
fixed contact and a moving contact.
Under normal conditions these two
contacts remain in closed position.
When the circuit breaker is required to
isolate the faulty part, the moving
contact moves to interrupt the circuit.
Introduction
On the separation of the contacts, the
flow of current is interrupted, resulting in
the formation of arc between the
contacts, as shown in Figure 5.1. The
contacts are placed in a closed
chamber containing some insulating
medium
(liquid
or
gas)
which
extinguishes the arc.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Introduction
Arc Voltage
Figure 5.2 shows the wave shape of arc voltage. The
voltage drop across the arc is called arc voltage.
As the arc path is purely resistive, the arc voltage is
in phase with the arc current.
Arc Voltage
Arc
Interruption
There are two methods of arc
interruption:
1. High Resistance Interruption
2. Current Zero Interruption
1. High Resistance
Interruption
1. High Resistance
Interruption
1. High Resistance
Interruption
If this voltage is very high and more than
the withstanding capacity of the gap
between the contacts, the arc will strike
again.
2. Current Zero
Interruption
2. Current Zero
Interruption
2. Current Zero
Interruption
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Recovery rate theory
The arc is a column of ionised gases.
To extinguish the arc, the electrons and ions are to
be removed from the gap immediately after the
current reaches a natural zero.
Ions and electrons can be removed either by
recombining them into neutral molecules or by
sweeping them away by inserting insulating
medium (gas or liquid) into the gap.
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Recovery rate theory (cont.)
The arc is interrupted if ions are removed from the
gap at a rate faster than the rate of ionisation.
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Recovery rate theory (cont.)
If the dielectric strength increases more rapidly
than the restriking voltage, the arc is extinguished.
If the restriking voltage rises more rapidly than the
dielectric strength, the ionization persists and
breakdown of the gap occurs, resulting in an arc
for another half cycle.
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Recovery rate theory (cont.)
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Energy balance theory
The space between the contacts contains some
ionised gas immediately after current zero and
hence, it has a finite post-zero resistance.
At the current zero moment, power is zero
because restriking voltage is zero.
When the arc is finally extinguished the power
again becomes zero, the gap is fully de-ionised
and its resistance is infinitely high.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Energy balance theory (cont.)
In between these two limits, first the
power increases reaches a maximum
value, then decreases and finally
reaches zero value as shown in Fig. 5.4.
Due to the rise of restriking voltage and
associated current, energy is generated
in the space between the contacts.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
2. Current Zero
Interruption
2. Current Zero
Interruption
Energy balance theory (cont.)
The energy appears in the form of heat. The
circuit breaker is designed to remove this
generated heat as early as possible by cooling the
gap, giving a blast of air or flow of oil at high
velocity and pressure.
2 LC
dq d(cv c )
i
dt
dt
d vc
LC 2 v c E
d t
Taking Laplace Transform of both sides of
the equation, we get
Where (S) is the Laplace Transform of
E
LC S vc ( S ) v c ( S )
S
where vc(S) is the Laplace Transform of vc
2
or
wn
1
LC
, therefore
1
2n
LC
or
2n E
n E
n
Vc (s)
( 2
)
2
2
2
S(S n )
S (S n
Taking the inverse Laplace, we get
t
Vc (t) n E sin n t
0
cos n t
Vc (t) n E
0
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
= 0 at t = 0, constant = 0
As
(t)
= Restriking voltage
Assignment
Example 5.1
Example 5.1
Solution
(a)The frequency of transient oscillation
L =
= 0.00954 H
=
=
= 13.291 kHz
Example 5.1
2f n x
132
3
x 2 x1000
2 x13.291x100 0 x
132
3
x 2x1000 V/s
Example 5.2
Example 5.2
Solution :
The peak value of line to neutral voltage =
132
3
2 107.75 kV
Example 5.2
V
1
10
RRRV
where t
sec
t
2f n 2 x 16
187.7 x 2 x 16
3
RRRV
32
x
187.7
x
10
kV/sec
-3
10
sec
6.0 kV/V/
YELLOW PHASE V
(V1 V2 V3 )
2 2 x3
Therefore,
di c d 2 (C c )
d2 c
C 2
2
dt
dt
dt
di R d ( c /R) 1 d c
dt
R dt
dt
Substituting these values in the main equation, we get
d 2 C L d c
LC 2
C E
dt
R dt
Figure 5.9 shows the transient conditions for three different values of
R. The frequency of damped oscillation is given by
(ii)
f =
1
2
1010 1010
3.413 kHz
6.36
9
f = 3.413 kHz
1 L 1
0.02544
504.35
-6
2 C 2 0.025 x 10
Magnetising current =
x 262.44 = 34.44 A
= 25.83 A
Figure 5.15
explosion pot
Cross-jet
Figure 5.18 (a) Cross-blast circuit breaker (b) Single blast type axial-blast
circuit breaker (c) Double blast type ( or radial-blast type) axial-blast circuit
breaker
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Figure 5.18
(d) : axialblast type
circuit
breakers.
Live
Spring are very good for opening as their force is large in the
beginning and gradually decreases as the distance of
travel of the moving contact increases. But it is not
suitable for closing because the closing operation must
be a smart one. However, in circuit breakers of small
capacity, it is also used for closing.
The spring which is used for closing is charged by hand or a
motor. In small circuit breakers, the spring can be
charged by hand. For large ones, it is charged by means
of a motor. The spring which is used for opening is
charged by the closing mechanism.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Transformer oil
Vacuum
3.3 kV 33 kV;
250 2000 MVA
Remark
Below 1 kV
Air-break CB
3.3 kV 33 kV
Vacuum preferred
132 kV 220 kV
SF6 preferred
400 kV 760 kV
SF6 is preferred
Figure 5.25
Short-circuit
current
waveform
I asym.
BC
2
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Example 5.5
The rating of a circuit breaker are as follows : 3-phase, 1500
amp, 100 MVA, 3.3 kV, 3 seconds. Calculate symmetrical
breaking current, making current and short-time current rating.
Solution :
Given
Rated voltage
Rated normal current
= 3.3 kV
= 1500 amp
So,
Rated symmetrical breaking current (rms) =
100
3 x3.3
= 17.5 kA
Example 5.6
The portion of the test oscillograms which were
obtained during a make-break test on a circuit
breaker is shown in the figure. Given A = 20kV, B =
30kA, X = 21kA and Y = 12kA. Determine:a) The line voltage rating of the breaker
b) The peak making current for the red phase only.
c) The AC and DC components of breaking current at
the instant of contact separation for yellow phase
only. Hence determine whether the test is
symmetrical or asymmetrical, and estimate the
breaking current.
Solution
a)
b)
c)
(i) O-t-CO-t-CO
(ii) O-t-CO
Where O denotes opening operation, CO denotes closing
operation followed by opening without any intentional
time lag, and t, t and t are time intervals between
successive operations. According to IEC, the value of t
and t is 3 minute and t is 15 seconds.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
First of all, the master circuit breaker and the circuit breaker
under test are closed.
Then the short-circuit current is passed by closing the
making switch.
The short-circuit current is passed by closing the making
switch. The short-circuit current is interrupted by opening
the breaker under test at the desired moment.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Unit testing
Generally, high voltage circuit breakers are designed with
several arc interrupter units in series.
Each unit can be tested separately. From the test results of
one unit, the capacity of the complete breaker can be
determined.
This type of testing is known as unit testing.
Synthetic testing
In this method of testing, there are two sources of power
supply for the testing, a current source and a voltage
source.
The current source is a high current, low voltage source. It
supplies short-circuit current during the test.
The voltage source is a high voltage, low current source. It
provides restriking and recovery voltage.
.
INSPIRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS
Synthetic testing(cont.)
There are two methods of synthetic testing-parallel current
injection method and series current injection method.
Parallel current injection method is widely used as it is
capable of providing RRRV and recovery voltage as
required by various standards.
Thank You