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Review
Nanofluid flow and heat transfer in porous media: A review of the latest
developments
Alibakhsh Kasaeian a, Reza Danesh Azarian a, Omid Mahian b, Lioua Kolsi c,d, Ali J. Chamkha e,f,
Somchai Wongwises b,, Ioan Pop g
a
Department of Renewable Energies, Faculty of New Science & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts University of
Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
c
College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Hal University, Hal City, Saudi Arabia
d
Unit de Recherche de Mtrologie et des Systmes Energtiques, Ecole Nationale dIngnieurs, University of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
e
Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
f
Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
g
Department of Mathematics, Babes-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 23 June 2016
Received in revised form 22 November 2016
Accepted 22 November 2016
Keywords:
Porous media
Nanofluids
Heat transfer enhancement
a b s t r a c t
Researchers in heat transfer field always attempt to find new solutions to optimize the performance of
energy devices through heat transfer enhancement. Among various methods which are implemented
to reinforce the thermal performance of energy systems, one is the dispersion of solid nanoparticles in
common working fluids such as water. The suspension is called nanofluid. On the other hand, utilizing
porous media in heat exchangers is another technique to augment of thermal efficiency. Porous media
by providing high surface area contact will ameliorate heat transfer rate in ducts. In the present work,
a comprehensive review is conducted on the simultaneous application of nanofluids and porous media
for heat transfer enhancement purposes in thermal systems with different structures, flow regimes,
and boundary conditions.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanofluid models in porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.
Buongiornos nanofluid model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.
Tiwari and Das nanofluid model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Non-Newtonian nanofluids in porous media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MHD effect in porous medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
The critical role of heat transfer in many aspects of engineering
has recently given a new impetus for a more detailed study of
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.11.074
0017-9310/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
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Nomenclature
DB
DT
g
H
Km
Le
NHP
NHS
Nub
Nb
Nr
Nt
u-v
P
Pr b
Pex
Ra
Reb
T
T1
(x y)
Greek symbols
thermal diffusivity of porous medium
volumetric expansion coefficient of the fluid
bT
porosity
l
viscosity of the fluid
v
Darcy velocity, (u, v)
qf
fluid density
qp
nanoparticle mass density
qcf
heat capacity of the fluid
effective heat capacity of the porous medium
qcm
qcp
effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle material
U
nanoparticle volume fraction
U1
ambient nano-particle volume fraction attained
am
Subscript
b
f
p
S
basic solution
nanofluid
nanoparticle
solid-matrix phase
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A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
r:v 0
qf @ v
rP
2
@T
DT
qcf v :rT K m r2 T qcp DB rU:rT
rT:rT
qcm
@t
T1
@t
@U 1
DT
r2 T
v :rU DB r2 U
@t
T1
Nub
f
Reb
8
1000Prb
q 2
1 dv 8f Pr 3v 1
10
3
4
@u @ v
0
@x @y
@u 1 U1 qf 1 bg x K @T qp qf 1 g x K @ U
@y
@y
l
l
@y
"
2 #
2
@T
@T
@ T
@ U @T DT @T
v
am 2 s DB
u
@x
@y
@y
@y @y T 1 @y
2
1
@U
@U
@2U
DT @ T
u
v
DB 2
@x
@y
@y
T 1 @y2
5
6
7
8
where:
am
qcp
Km
;s
qcf
qcf
Buongiorno [9] proposed a Nusselt number and adopted the following correlation for a turbulent flow by using of nanofluid:
Fig. 1. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet and Pop, where (1)
represents solid walls and (2) indicates porous cavity [17]. Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier.
A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
NHP
781
hfp H2
hfs H2
; NHS
e1 /0 kf
e1 /0 kf
11
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A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
a0
1 /1 qf bg T w T 1
12
where a0 is threshold gradient and / is nanoparticle volume fraction. The results indicated that with increasing the yield stress
index, the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers will be ameliorated.
Rashad et al. [51] studied the effects of Brownian motion and
thermophoresis on the non-Newtonian flow of nanofluid over a
vertical cone embedded in a porous medium where there is a uniform transpiration on the walls of cone. They found that with
increasing the Brownian motion or thermophoresis parameters,
the local heat transfer rate enhances. On the other hand, the Sherwood number which represents the rate of mass transfer increases
with increases in Brownian motion parameter and it decreases
with increasing the thermophoresis. Fig. 3 shows a schematic of
the system considered by Rashad et al.
In another work, Cheng [52] considered a truncated cone as the
geometry and solved momentum and energy equations for the natural convection nanofluid flow over the cone embedded in a porous
medium. It was assumed that the temperature and volume fraction
of nanoparticles on the wall surface of cone were constant. The
main parameters involved in the analysis were thermophoresis
and Brownian motion parameters, Lewis number and buoyancy
ratio. It was elucidated that with increasing the buoyancy ratio
the local Nusselt number augments while the increase of Lewis
number has an opposite influence on the Nusselt number as the
convective heat transfer rate index. Fig. 4 depicts a schematic of
the truncated vertical cone along with the boundary conditions
considered by Cheng.
In 2011, Gorla et al. [13] considered the mixed convection flow
of nanofluids over a vertical wedge embedded in a porous medium.
Later, Chamkha et al. [55] investigated the effects of thermal radiation on the combined convection flow of nanofluids over a vertical
wedge embedded in a porous media. The porous lattice was
assumed to be uniform and isotropic where the working fluid
Fig. 3. Schematic of the problem considered by Rashad et al. [51]. Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier.
A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
Fig. 4. Physical model and coordinates for a truncated cone [52]. Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier.
and the porous walls were in a thermal equilibrium. The wall surface of wedge was kept at a constant temperature with a constant
nanoparticles volume fraction. The term that represents thermal
radiation influence on the heat transfer rate was approximated
by the Roseland diffusion equation and was included in the energy
equation. The local Nusselt number was defined as follows [55]:
Nux
Ra1=2
Pe1=2
x
x
T 0 x; 0 1
4Rd H3
3
783
other hand the mass transfer rate index i.e. Sherwood number
climbs.
Ellahi et al. [54] solved the flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid
in a porous annulus between two coaxial cylinders using homotopy analysis method. The fluid flow was created due to pressure
gradient and axial motion of the inner cylinder. The viscosity of liquid could be considered as constant or a function of radius. Darcy
model was utilized in the study. The flow and heat characteristics
presented for various values of thermophoresis and Brownian
motion parameters. Sheremet et al. [68] simulated the natural convection of nanofluids in porous narrow cavities with the aid of
Buongiorno model. Flow and heat transfer characteristics were
presented as 2-D contours of streamlines, isotherms and isoconcentrations for different values of Rayleigh number, aspect ratio,
buoyancy-ratio index, and Lewis number. They concluded that
the average Nusselt number increases up to 54% by adding
nanoparticles to the base fluid.
Hajipour and Dehkordi [69] studied fully developed mixed convection flow of nanofluids in the gap between two vertical plates
where half of the gap is occupied with a porous medium by considering viscous dissipation effects. Fig. 5 indicates a schematic of the
geometry considered in the problem. The temperature at left wall
(Tw1) is lower than temperature at right wall (Tw2). To simulate
the flow in the porous section, the Brinkman-Forchheimer-Darcy
model was used. Similar to other papers reviewed in this part,
Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters were involved
in governing equations. The main findings of this work can be summarized as follows:
Velocity and temperature of working fluid increase remarkably
with particle loading.
With increasing the viscous dissipation and buoyancy force, the
heat absorption by cold wall ameliorates.
13
In the study of steady flow of nanofluid over a nonlinearly permeable stretching/shrinking sheet with suction, Zaimi et al. [70]
converted the governing differential equations from partial to ordinary form to present a similarity solution of the problem. Graphs
for flow and heat transfer characteristics were presented for differ-
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785
Fig. 10. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet et al. [77]. Reprinted
with permission from Elsevier.
Fig. 8. Schematic of the problem considered by Bourantas et al. [76]. Reprinted with
permission from Elsevier.
Ds:
/dp
D
16
BL
Th T0
14
0. In addition, B is the
where T0 is the ambient temperature at y
temperature gradient of ambient across the vertical length and is
defined as:
dT c y
dy
15
The authors [77] concluded that the cooling process at the top
domain of cavity could be reinforced through increasing the stratification parameter.
Fig. 11. Schematic of the problem considered by Sheremet et al. [78]. Reprinted
with permission from Elsevier.
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Fig. 12. Variation of the average Nusselt number versus the dimensionless time and
dispersion parameter for / = 4% [78]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
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Table 1
A summary of some studies on nanofluid flow in porous media with different models.
Author
Geometry
Nanofluid
Model
Result
Sheremet
et al. [27]
Zargartalebi
et al. [28]
Hossain et al.
[29]
Square Cavity
Tiwari and
Das
Buongiorno
Buongiorno
Grosan et al.
[30]
Ghalambaz
et al. [31]
Sheremet
and Pop
[32]
Shermet and
Pop [33]
Kuznetsov
and Nield
[34]
Rosmila et al.
[35]
Square Cavity
Cu/Water (0.10.7%
wt.)
Al2O3/Water
(1.0,2.1,3.4,4.7% vol)
Nano PCM
Cyclohexane + CuO
(10% vol)
Cu/Water
Parallelogrammic
Cu/Water
Horizontal cylinder
Expanded
Buongiorno
Tiwari and
Das
Tiwari and
Das
Triangular cavity
Buongiorno
Vertical Plate
Revised
Buongiorno
Nuave increases with increasing Ra and Le numbers, and reduces with increasing the
Brownian motion, buoyancy ratio, and thermophoresis parameters.
A modified model of Buongiorno presented that was more close to experimental data
Vertical Plate
Buongiorno
The thermal stratification with presence of a magnetic field has a positive effect on the
heat transfer.
Ferdows
et al. [36]
Narayana
et al. [37]
Chamkha
and
Ismael
[38]
Ghalambaz
et al. [39]
Umavathi
et al. [40]
Ismael and
Chamkha
[41]
Alsabery
et al. [42]
Ismael et al.
[43]
Exponentially
stretching sheet
Vertical plate in a
rotating system
Square domain
(triangular solid
wall)
Cu/Water
Al2O3/Water
Ag/Water
Buongiorno
Cu/water Al2O3/water
Ag/water
Cu/water
Al2O3/water
TiO2/water
Buongiorno
Momentum, thermal, and concentration boundary layer thickness were increased with
growth of viscous ratio parameter.
Radiation has the dominant influence on the thermal boundary layer thickness and the
nanoparticle volume fraction profiles.
Heat transfer enhancement was a function of wall thickness and the Rayleigh number.
Al2O3/water
Horizontal Plate
Cubical
Vertical Cone
Horizontal plate
Tiwari and
Das
Square channel
Cu/water
Tiwari and
Das
Trapezoidal cavity
Silver/water
Triangular solid
CuO/water
Tiwari and
Das
Tiwari and
Das
Drift-flux model tended to the homogenous model with the increase of nanoparticle size
and volume fraction.
The rates of heat and mass transfer increased with increasing the nanoparticle volume
fraction and Rayleigh number.
Conduction heat transfer within the solid wall was influenced by the permeability of the
porous layer.
Convection heat transfer increased significantly by the addition of silver-water nanofluid.
Entropy generation rises with increasing the suspension concentration. At low Rayleigh
numbers, the heat transfer rate increased with the increase of the wall thickness.
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MHD flow on porous structures using nanofluids have been investigated. Rosmilla and et al. [35] studied the MHD convection flow
of viscous nanofluid passed through a vertical sheet. They concluded that magnetic field had a significant impact on the flow
field, temperature, and nanoparticle volume fractions. Their results
showed that the velocity and temperature change by using different types of nanofluids which were under the effect of the magnetic field. Ferdows et al. [36] studied the MHD mixed
convection boundary layer of nanofluid through a porous medium.
Their experience was done based on the exponentially stretching
sheet. They calculated and investigated the wall skin friction coefficient, heat and mass transfer coefficient, velocity, temperature
and concentration profiles. They found that momentum, thermal,
and concentration boundary layer thickness increased by the
growth of the viscous boundary ratio and skin-friction coefficient,
surface heat, and mass transfer rate vice versa.
Murthy et al. [108] represented a work on the effect of magnetic
field on the flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of nanofluids in a non-Darcy porous medium. They had chosen the convective boundary condition and a free convection flow in the porous
medium. A nanofluid model under the impacts of a magnetic field
was presented. The influences of the thermal radiation and heat
source on an MHD nanofluid flow had been studied by Narayana
et al. [37]. MHD nanofluid flow passed through a vertical sheet in
a rotating system consists of a porous medium. The sheet rotated
with a constant frequency. Their result represented a significant
impact of the nanofluids in the heat transfer characteristics. Their
experience had been done numerically and they achieved closedform analytic solution for flow and heat transfer parameters.
In the field of solar energy, Anbuchezhian et al. [109] investigated the impacts of magnetohydrodynamic of free convection
heat transfer of a nanofluid theoretically. They considered a heat
source (solar radiation) and an incompressible viscous nanofluid
past a porous plate. Different types of nanoparticles were examined, and the base fluid was water. Nanoparticles were copper
(Cu), silver (Ag), Alumina (Al2O3), and Titania (TiO2). They had
reached equations in ordinary differential equations (ODE), and
they were solved numerically by using of Runge-Kutta with shooting method. Fersadou et al. [23] studied the MHD mixed convection and entropy generation of a nanofluid in a vertical porous
medium. In this work equations were solved by the volume control
method, and the heat transfer was increased with Hartman number (Ha) and volume fraction (/) and is decreased with Darcy number (Da) and Eckert number (Ec). The growth of the value of
Hartmann number increased the irreversibilities. They found that:
In their work, it is mentioned that the thickness of thermal boundary layer become high in the presence of velocity. On the other
hand, if the wall thickness grows there would be an enhancement
in the temperature profiles. Also, a magnetic field would control
the flow.
Kandasamy et al. [112] evaluated an MHD non-Darcy nanofluid
flow over a porous wedge with the schematic given in Fig. 13. They
used copper as nanoparticles and investigated the effect of these
nanoparticles on unsteady flow in the presence of magnetic field.
They found that thermal boundary layer thickness of nanofluid
had a higher value in comparison with base fluid, and the growth
of the magnetic field increases the thermal boundary layer thickness. Also, nanofluids temperature grows with the growth of the
unsteady parameter.
Energy transfer was investigated in an MHD mixed convection
flow of different types of nanofluid in a porous channel by Aaiza
et al. [113]. The velocity of the nanofluid decreases with the
growth of the magnetic field and it is because of the drag force.
Hayat et al. [114] studied the MHD three-dimensional flow past
a stretching porous medium and with convection conditions. They
indicated that increases in the volume fraction of nanoparticles
results in a decrease in the velocity.
Yirga and Shankar [115] studied the MHD flow and heat transfer of nanofluid past a porous sheet with the impacts of Soret number, chemical reaction, and viscous dissipation. In this work
nanoparticles of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) were considered and
water was as base fluid. At the surface of the sheet, the heat transfer rate decreases with the growth of the nanoparticles volume
fraction. Also, the increase in the magnetic field, porous medium
parameter, and Eckert number reduced the surface heat transfer
rate. The Ag-water nanofluid has a lower heat transfer rate than
Cu-water nanofluid. But the trend of changes in mass transfer rate
at the surface was in an opposite way for the heat transfer rate. The
mass transfer rate increases with the increasing of the volume fraction of the nanoparticles, Schmit number, and Soret number. The
mass transfer rate of the Ag-water nanofluid was higher than the
Cu-water nanofluid. The growth of the magnetic field results in
the enhancement of heat transfer in the porous sheet. Increasing
the values of MHD eventuates in a significant opposition to the
flow because of a Lorenz drag force which grows the values of
the skin friction coefficient.
Khalili et al. [116] studied stagnation point flow of three different water based nanofluids towards a stretching/shrinking permeable plate in the presence of MHD flow. It was found that the skin
friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number had the highest
Fig. 13. Schematic of the porous wedge with MHD flow considered by Kandasamy
et al. [112]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier.
A. Kasaeian et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 107 (2017) 778791
789
Acknowledgement
The third author would like to thank King Mongkuts University
of Technology Thonburi and Professor Somchai Wongwises for the
supports during his research in Thailand. The sixth author would
like to thank the Research Chair Grant National Science and
Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), the Thailand Research
Fund (TRF) and the National Research University Project (NRU)
for the support.
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