01 - HPW 13 Ism 00 Ii PDF

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra
3. z + 3( z 4) = 5;
ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis
9. Raising both sides to the fourth power;

equivalence not guaranteed
17
,4
4
17
:
4
17
17

+ 3 4 0 5
4
4

17 51
+ 12 0 5
4 4
5=5
Set z = 4:
4 + 3(4 4) 0 5
4+00 5
45
17
Thus,
satisfies the equation, but 4 does not.
4
10. Dividing both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed
Set z =
11. Dividing both sides by x; equivalence not

guaranteed
12. Multiplying both sides by x 2; equivalence not
guaranteed
13. Multiplying both sides by x 1; equivalence not
guaranteed
14. Dividing both sides by x + 1; equivalence not
guaranteed
15. Multiplying both sides by
2x 3
; equivalence
2x
not guaranteed
4. x 2 + x 6 = 0; 2, 3
16. Adding 9 x to both sides and then dividing both

sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed
Set x = 2: (2)2 + 2 6 0 0
4+260 0
0=0
17. 4x = 10
10 5
x=
=
4 2
Set x = 3: (3) 2 + 3 6 0 0
9+36 0 0
60
Thus, 2 satisfies the equation, but 3 does not.
18. 0.2x = 7
7
x=
= 35
0.2
5. x(6 + x) 2(x + 1) 5x = 4; 2, 0

Set x = 2:
(2)(6 2) 2(2 + 1) 5(2) 0 4
2(4) 2(1) + 10 0 4
8 + 2 + 10 0 4
4=4
Set x = 0:
0(6) 2(1) 5(0) 0 4
2 4
Thus, 2 satisfies the equation, but 0 does not.
19. 7 y 2 = 0
y=0
20. 2x 4x = 5
2x = 5
5 5
x=
=
2 2
6. x( x + 1)2 ( x + 2) = 0; 0, 1, 2
Set x = 0:
21. 8 x = 12 20
8 x = 8
8
x=
=1
8
0(1)2 (2) 0 0
0=0
Set x = 1:
(1)(0)2 (1) 0 0
0=0
Set x = 2:
22. 4 7 x = 3
7 x = 1
1 1
x=
=
7 7
2(3)2 (4) 0 0
72 0
Thus, 0 and 1 satisfy the equation, but 2 does
not.
23. 5x 3 = 9
5x = 12
12
x=
5
7. Adding 5 to both sides; equivalence guaranteed

8. Dividing both sides by 8; equivalence guaranteed
16
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
24.
Section 0.7
3 x + 2 = 11
3x = 9
9
9 3
x=
=
=3 3
3
3
30.
5y 6
= 2 4y
7 7
5y 6 = 14 28y
33y = 20
20
y=
33
25. 7x + 7 = 2(x + 1)
7x + 7 = 2x + 2
5x + 7 = 2
5x = 5
5
x=
= 1
5
31. 7 +
26. 4 s + 3s 1 = 41
7 s 1 = 41
7 s = 42
42
s=
=6
7
32.
27. 5( p 7) 2(3 p 4) = 3 p
5 p 35 6 p + 8 = 3 p
p 27 = 3 p
27 = 4 p
27
p=
4
33. r =
4x x
=
9 2
Multiplying both sides by 9 2 gives
9 2 7 + 2(4x) = 9(x)
126 + 8x = 9x
x = 126
4
r 5
3
Multiplying both sides by 3 gives
3r = 4r 15
r = 15
r = 15
28. t = 2 2[2t 3(1 t)]

t = 2 2[2t 3 + 3t]
t = 2 2[5t 3]
t = 2 10t + 6
11t = 8
8
t=
11
29.
x
x
4 =
3
5
5x 60 = 3x
2x = 60
x = 30
34.
x
= 3x + 5
7
x = 21x + 35
20 x = 35
35
7
x=
=
20
4
2 x 11x
+
=4
11
2
4 x + 121x = 88
125 x = 88
88
x=
125
x
1
5 = + 5x
5
5
15x + x 25 = 1 + 25x
16x 25 = 1 + 25x
9x = 26
26
x=
9
35. 3 x +
17
y y y y
+ =
2 3 4 5
60y 30y + 20y 15y = 12y
35y = 12y
23y = 0
y=0
36. y
37.
38.
42.
2y 3 6y + 7
=
4
3
3(2y 3) = 4(6y + 7)
6y 9 = 24y + 28
18y = 37
37
y=
18
43.
t 5
7
+ t = (t 1)
4 3
2
3t + 20t = 42(t 1)
23t = 42t 42
42 = 19t
42
t=
19
44.
t t
t
= 10
39. t + +
3 4 36
36t + 12t 9t + t = 360
40t = 360
t =9
40.
41.
45.
7 + 2( x + 1) 6 x
=
3
5
35 + 10(x + 1) = 18x
35 + 10x + 10 = 18x
45 = 8x
45
x=
8
x 2( x 4)
+
=7
5
10
2x + 2(x 4) = 70
2x + 2x 8 = 70
4x = 78
78 39
x=
=
4
2
9
3
(3 x) = ( x 3)
5
4
36(3 x) = 15(x 3)
108 36x = 15x 45
153 = 51x
x=3
2 x 7 8 x 9 3x 5
+
=
3
14
21
14(2 x 7) + 3(8 x 9) = 2(3 x 5)
28 x 98 + 24 x 27 = 6 x 10
52 x 125 = 6 x 10
46 x = 115
115 5
x=
=
46 2
4
(5 x 2) = 7[ x (5 x 2)]
3
4(5 x 2) = 21( x 5 x + 2)
20 x 8 = 84 x + 42
104 x = 50
50 25
x=
=
104 52
(2 x 5)2 + (3 x 3)2 = 13 x 2 5 x + 7
46.
2
4 x 20 x + 25 + 9 x 2 18 x + 9 = 13 x 2 5 x + 7
13 x 2 38 x + 34 = 13 x 2 5 x + 7
33 x = 27
27 9
x=
=
33 11
x+2 2 x

= x2
3
6
2(x + 2) (2 x) = 6(x 2)
2x + 4 2 + x = 6x 12
3x + 2 = 6x 12
2 = 3x 12
14 = 3x
14
x=
3
47.
5
= 25
x
5 = 25x
5
x=
25
1
x=
5
18
48.
Section 0.7
4
=2
x 1
4 = 2(x 1)
4 = 2x 2
6 = 2x
x=3
56.
49. Multiplying both sides by x + 3 gives 5 = 0,

which is false. Thus there is no solution, so the
solution set is .
50.
51.
57.
3x 5
=0
x3
3x 5 = 0
3x = 5
5
x=
3
3
7
=
5 2x 2
3(2) = 7(5 2 x)
6 = 35 14 x
14 x = 29
29
x=
14
58.
59.
52.
53.
54.
x+3 2
=
x
5
5(x + 3) = 2x
5x + 15 = 2x
3x = 15
x = 5
2x 3
=6
4x 5
2x 3 = 24x 30
27 = 22x
27
x=
22
1 1 3
+ =
x 7 7
1 3 1
=
x 7 7
1 2
=
x 7
7
x=
2
2
3
=
x 1 x 2
2( x 2) = 3( x 1)
2 x 4 = 3x 3
x = 1
x = 1
2t + 1 3t 1
=
2t + 3 3t + 4
(2t + 1)(3t + 4) = (3t 1)(2t + 3)
6t 2 + 11t + 4 = 6t 2 + 7t 3
4t = 7
7
t=
4
q
1
=
5q 4 3
3q = 5q 4
2q = 4
q=2
60.
x + 2 x +1
+
=0
x 1 3 x
(x + 2)(3 x) + (x + 1)(x 1) = 0
3x x 2 + 6 2 x + x 2 1 = 0
x+5=0
x = 5
5q
=2
3 q
5q = 2(3 q)
5q = 6 2q
7q = 6
6
q=
7
61.
y6 6 y+6
=
y
y y6
( y 6)2 6( y 6) = y ( y + 6)
y 2 12 y + 36 6 y + 36 = y 2 + 6 y
y 2 18 y + 72 = y 2 + 6 y
72 = 24y
y=3
1
2
=
55.
p 1 p 2
p 2 = 2(p 1)
p 2 = 2p 2
p=0
62.
y2 y2
=
y+2 y+3
(y 2)(y + 3) = (y 2)(y + 2)
19
y2 + y 6 = y2 4
y=2
69.
2x + 3 4 = 0
2x + 3 = 4
2
( 2 x + 3 ) = 42
5
7
11
=
+
63.
2 x 3 3 2 x 3x + 5
5(3 x + 5) = 7(3 x + 5) + 11(2 x 3)
15 x 25 = 21x 35 + 22 x 33
15 x 25 = x 68
16 x = 43
43
x=
16
2 x + 3 = 16
2 x = 13
13
x=
2
70. 4 3 x + 1 = 0
4 = 3x + 1
42 =
1
2
6
+
=
64.
x + 1 x 3 3 2x
( x 3)(2 x 3) + 2( x + 1)(2 x 3) = 6( x + 1)( x 3)
16 = 3 x + 1
15 = 3 x
x=5
2 x 2 9 x + 9 + 4 x 2 2 x 6 = 6 x 2 12 x 18
6 x 2 11x + 3 = 6 x 2 12 x 18
x = 21
65.
66.
71.
x
x
3x 4

=
x + 3 x 3 x2 9
x(x 3) x(x + 3) = 3x 4
x 2 3x x 2 3x = 3x 4
6x = 3x 4
9x = 4
4
x=
9
72. ( x + 6)1/ 2 = 7
[( x + 6)1/ 2 ]2 = 7 2
x + 6 = 49
x = 43
73.
x+5 = 4
x+5
z2
( 4x 6 ) = ( x )
4x 6 = x
3x = 6
x=2
z2 =3
4x 6 = x
2
) = 42
x + 5 = 16
x = 11
68.
x
2
+1 =
2
3
2
x
2
1
+
=

2
3

x
4
+1 =
2
9
x
5
=
2
9
10
5
x = 2 =
9
9
9
3x
=
x3 x3
9 = 3x
x=3
But the given equation is not defined for x = 3,
so there is no solution. The solution set is .
67.
( 3x + 1 )
74.
) = 32
x + 1 = 2x 3
2
( x + 1) = ( 2x 3 )
z2=9
z = 11
x + 1 = 2x 3
x = 4
x=4
20
Section 0.7
( x 5)3 / 4 = 27
75.
[( x 5)
3/ 4 4/ 3
]
= 27
x 5 = 81
x = 86
80.
4/3
1
2

=0
w
5w 2
1
2
=
w
5w 2
2
1

2

=

w
5w 2
1
2
=
w 5w 2
5w 2 = 2w
3w = 2
2
w=
3
y2 9 = 9 y
76.
2
2

y 9 = (9 y )

y 2 9 = 81 18 y + y 2
18y = 90
90
y=
=5
18
81. I = Prt
I
r=
Pt
y + y+2 =3
77.
y + 2 = 3 y
y+2
) = (3 y )
p

82. P 1 +
R = 0
100
p

P 1 +
=R
100

y+2 = 96 y + y
6 y =7
2
(6 y ) = 72
P=
36y = 49
49
y=
36
78.
83. p = 8q 1
p + 1 = 8q
p +1
q=
8
x = x +1 +1
2
x +1 +1
84.
x = x +1+ 2 x +1 +1
2 = 2 x + 1
1 = x + 1 , which is impossible because
a 0 for all a. Thus there is no solution.
The solution set is .
79.
R
p
1 + 100
x x +1 = 1
( x) = (
p = 10 2q
2q = 10 p
10 p
q=
2
85. S = P(1 + rt)

S = P + Prt
S P = r(Pt)
SP
r=
Pt
a 2 + 2a = 2 + a
2
a 2 + 2a = ( 2 + a) 2

a 2 + 2a = 4 + 4a + a 2
2a = 4
a = 2
2mI
B(n + 1)
r[ B (n + 1)]
=I
2m
rB(n + 1)
I=
2m
86. r =
21
R[1 (1 + i ) n ]
i
Ai
87. A =
R=
1 (1 + i )
92.
1 1 1
=
q f p
n
1 p f
=
q
pf
R[(1 + i )n 1]
88. S =
i
q=
Si = R[(1 + i ) 1]
R=
93. P = 2l + 2 w
660 = 2l + 2(160)
660 = 2l + 320
340 = 2l
340
l=
= 170
2
The length of the rectangle is 170 m.
(1 + i )n 1
S = P(1 + r )n
S
= (1 + r )n
P
1/ n
S
P

= [(1 + r )n ]1/ n
94.
1/ n
S
P

= 1+ r
V = r 2 h
355 = r 2 (16)
355 = 16r 2
355
r2 =
16
355
r=
16
The radius of the can is
355
2.66 centimeters.
16
1/ n
S
P

1 = r
xa xb
=
bx ax
(x a)(a x) = (x b)(b x)
(x a)(a x)(1) = (x b)(b x)(1)
(x a)(x a) = (x b)(x b)
x 2 2ax + a 2 = x 2 2bx + b 2
95. c = x + 0.0825x = 1.0825x
a 2 b 2 = 2ax 2bx
(a + b)(a b) = 2x(a b)
a + b = 2x (for a b)
a+b
=x
2
91. r =
pf
p f
Si
89.
90.
1 1 1
+ =
p q f
96. Revenue equals cost when 450x = 380x + 3500.

450x = 380x + 3500
70x = 3500
x = 50
50 toddlers need to be enrolled.
2mI
B(n + 1)
n

97. V = C 1
N
n
2000 = 3200 1
8
2000 = 3200 400n
400n = 1200
n=3
The furniture will have a value of $2000
after 3 years.
2mI
B
2mI
n +1 =
rB
2mI
n=
1
rB
r (n + 1) =
22
98.
Section 0.7
vf
334.8
v(2500)
495 =
334.8
165, 726 = 2500v
165, 726
= 66.2904
v=
2500
Since the car is traveling at 66.2904 mi/h on a
65 mi/h highway, the officer can claim that you
were speeding.
d
r c
t(r c) = d
tr tc = d
tr d = tc
tr d
d
c=
=r
t
t
F=
103. t =
104. Let x be the horizontal distance from the base of

the tower to the house. By the Pythagorean
theorem, x 2 + 1002 = ( x + 2) 2 .
99. Bronwyns weekly salary for working h hours is

47h + 28. She saves one quarter of this amount.
1
(47 h + 28) = 550
4
47 h + 28 = 2200
47 h = 2172
2172
h=
46.2
47
Bronwyn must work approximately 46.2 hours
per week.
x 2 + 10, 000 = x 2 + 4 x + 4
10, 000 = 4 x + 4
9996 = 4 x
9996
x=
= 2499
4
The distance from the base of the tower to the
house is 2499 meters.
105. s = 30 fd
Set s = 45 and (for dry concrete) f = 0.8.
45 = 30(0.8)d
100. y = a(1 by)x

y = ax(1 by)
y = ax abxy
y + abxy = ax
y(1 + abx) = ax
ax
y=
1 + abx
45 = 24d
(45)2 =
( 24d )
2025 = 24d
2025 675
3
d=
=
= 84 84 ft
24
8
8
1.4 x
1 + 0.09 x
With y = 10 the equation is
1.4 x
10 =
1 + 0.09 x
10(1 + 0.09x) = 1.4x
10 + 0.9x = 1.4x
10 = 0.5x
x = 20
The prey density should be 20.
101. y =
106. Let P be the amount in the account one year ago.

Then the interest earned is 0.073P and
P + 0.073P = 1257.
1.073P = 1257
1257
P=
1171.48
1.073
The amount in the account one year ago was
$1171.48, and the interest earned is
$1171.48(0.073) = $85.52.
107. Let e be Toms expenses in Nova Scotia before
the HST tax. Then the HST tax is 0.15e and the
total receipts are e + 0.15e = 1.15e. The
percentage of the total that is HST is
0.15e 0.15 15
3
=
=
=
or approximately
1.15e 1.15 115 23
13%.
102. Let x = the maximum number of customers.

8
10
=
x 92 x 46
8(x 46) = 10(x 92)
8x 368 = 10x 920
552 = 2x
x = 276
The maximum number of customers is 276.
Problems 0.8
x2=0
x=2
1. x 2 4 x + 4 = 0
( x 2)2 = 0
23
2. (t + 1)(t + 2) = 0
t+1=0
t = 1
3.
9 x 2 + 4 = 12 x
13.
or t + 2 = 0
or t = 2
9 x 2 + 12 x + 4 = 0
(3 x + 2)2 = 0
3x + 2 = 0
3 x = 2
2
x=
3
t 6t + 8 = 0
(t 4)(t 2) = 0
t 4 = 0 or t 2 = 0
t = 4 or
t=2
4. (x 2)(x + 5) = 0
x2=0
x=2
or x + 5 = 0
or x = 5
5. x 2 2 x 3 = 0
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0
x3=0
x=3
or x + 1 = 0
or x = 1
6. (x 4)(x + 4) = 0
x4=0
x=4
or x + 4 = 0
or x = 4
14. 2 z 2 + 9 z 5 = 0
(2z 1)(z + 5) = 0
2z 1 = 0
or z + 5 = 0
1
or z = 5
z=
2
15. v(3v 5) = 2
3v 2 5v = 2
3v 2 5v + 2 = 0
(3v 2)(v 1) = 0
3v 2 = 0
2
v=
3
7. u 2 13u = 36
2
u 13u + 36 = 0
(u 4)(u 9) = 0
u4=0
u=4
16.
or u 9 = 0
or u = 9
2( z + 2)2 = 0
z+2=0
z = 2
6 x 2 + x + 2 = 0
17. x 2 + 3 x + 10 = 0
x 2 3 x 10 = 0
(x 5)(x + 2) = 0
x5=0
x=5
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
or u 2 = 0
or u = 2
11. t 2 5t = 0
t (t 5) = 0
t=0
t=0
or t 5 = 0
or t = 5
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
u 2 = 2u
18.
10. 3u (u 2) = 0
u=0
u=0
u 2u = 0
u (u 2) = 0
u = 0 or u 2 = 0
u = 0 or
u=2
19. 2 p 2 = 3 p
2 p2 3 p = 0
p(2p 3) = 0
p=0
12. x + 9 x + 14 = 0
(x + 7)(x + 2) = 0
x+7=0
x = 7
or v = 1
6 x2 x 2 = 0
(2 x + 1)(3x 2) = 0
2x + 1 = 0
or 3 x 2 = 0
1
2
x=
or
x=
2
3
8. 2( z 2 + 4 z + 4) = 0
9. x 2 4 = 0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
x2=0
x=2
or v 1 = 0
or x + 2 = 0
or x = 2
p=0
or 2p 3 = 0
3
or p =
2
24
20. r 2 + r 12 = 0
(r 3)(r + 4) = 0
r3=0
r=3
Section 0.8
26. x 2 + 2 x + 1 5 x + 1 = 0
x 2 3x + 2 = 0
(x 1)(x 2) = 0
x1=0
x=1
or r + 4 = 0
or r = 4
21. x(x + 4)(x 1) = 0

x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
or x = 1
27.
22. ( w 3) 2 ( w + 1)2 = 0
w3=0
or w + 1 = 0
w=3
or w = 1
( x 3)( x 2 4) = 0
( x 3)( x 2)( x + 2) = 0
x 3 = 0 or
x2=0
x=3
or
x=2
or
or
28. 7( z 4)( z + 1)( z + 7) = 0

z 4 = 0 or z + 1 = 0 or
z = 4 or
z = 1 or
s 16 s = 0
23.
or x 2 = 0
or x = 2
s( s 2 16) = 0
s( s + 4)( s 4) = 0
s = 0 or s + 4 = 0 or s 4 = 0
s = 0 or
s = 4 or
s=4
x+2=0
x = 2
z+7 = 0
z = 7
29. p ( p 3)2 4( p 3)3 = 0
( p 3)2 [ p 4( p 3)] = 0
( p 3)2 (12 3 p ) = 0
24. x( x 4 x 5) = 0
x(x 5)(x + 1) = 0
x = 0 or x 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
or x = 1
3( p 3)2 (4 p ) = 0
p3=0
or 4 p = 0
p=3
or p = 4
30. ( x 2 1)( x 2 2) = 0
25. 6 x3 + 5 x 2 4 x = 0
x(6 x 2 + 5 x 4) = 0
x(2x 1)(3x + 4) = 0
x = 0 or 2x 1 = 0 or 3x + 4 = 0
4
1
or x =
x = 0 or x =
3
2
( x + 1)( x 1) x + 2
)(x 2 )= 0
x + 1 = 0 or x 1 = 0
or x + 2 = 0 or x 2 = 0
x = 1 or x = 1
or x = 2 or x = 2
31. x 2 + 2 x 24 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 24
x=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(24)
2(1)
2 100
2
2 10
=
2
2 + 10
2 10
x=
= 4 or x =
= 6
2
2
=
25
35. p 2 2 p 7 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 7
32. x 2 2 x 15 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 15
x=
=
b b 2 4ac
2a
p=
(2) (2)2 4(1)(7)

2(1)
2 32
=
2
= 1 2 2
(2) 4 4(1)(15)
2(1)
2 64
2
28
=
2
2+8
x=
=5
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
p = 1+ 2 2
or
28
x=
= 3
2
p = 1 2 2
36. 2 2 x + x 2 = 0
x2 2 x + 2 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 2
(2) 4 4(1)(2)
x=
2(1)
33. 16 x 2 40 x + 25 = 0
a = 16, b = 40, c = 25
b b 2 4ac
2a
(40) 1600 4(16)(25)
=
2(16)
40 0
=
32
5
=
4
x=
2 4
2
no real roots
=
37. 4 2n + n 2 = 0
n 2 2n + 4 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 4
34. q 2 5q = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 0
n=
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(1)(0)
=
2(1)
5 25
=
2
55
=
2
5+5
or
q=
=5
2
or
q=
b b 2 4ac
2a
(2) 4 4(1)(4)
2(1)
2 12
2
no real roots
=
38.
q=
u2 u = 1
u2 u 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 1, c = 1
55
=0
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
(1) 1 4(1)(1)
=
2(1)
1 5
=
2
x=
x=
1+ 5
2
or
x=
26
1 5
2
Section 0.8
42. 0.01x 2 + 0.2 x 0.6 = 0

a = 0.01, b = 0.2, c = 0.6
39. 4 x 2 + 5 x 2 = 0
a = 4, b = 5, c = 2
b b 2 4ac
2a
5 25 4(4)(2)
=
2(4)
5 57
=
8
5 57
5 + 57
or x =
x=
8
8
x=
40. w2 2 w + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
w=
0.2 0.04 4(0.01)(0.6)

2(0.01)
0.2 0.064
0.02
0.2 (0.0064)(10)
0.02
0.2 0.08 10
0.02
= 10 4 10
x = 10 + 4 10 or x = 10 4 10
b b 2 4ac
2a
(2) (2)2 4(1)(1)

2(1)
2 0
=
2
=1
=
3x 2 + 2 x = 6
43.
3x + 2 x 6 = 0
a = 3, b = 2, c = 6
x=
41. 0.02 w2 0.3w = 20
0.02 w2 0.3w 20 = 0
a = 0.02, b = 0.3, c = 20
b b 2 4ac
w=
2a
(0.3) 0.09 4(0.02)(20)

=
2(0.02)
0.3 1.69
0.04
0.3 1.3
=
0.04
0.3 + 1.3
w=
=
0.04
0.3 1.3
w=
=
0.04
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
x=
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(3)(6)
2(3)
2 76
6
2 2 19
6
1 19
3
1 + 19
1 19
or x =
3
3
1.6
= 40 or
0.04
1.0
= 25
0.04
27
48. ( x 1 )2 x 1 6 = 0
44. 2 x 2 6 x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = 6, c = 5
Let w = x 1. Then
x=
=
b b 4ac
2a
w2 w 6 = 0
( w 3)( w + 2) = 0
w = 3, 2
(6) 36 4(2)(5)
2(2)
1 1
Thus, x = , .
2 3
6 76
4
6 2 19
=
4
3 19
=
2
3 + 19
3 19
or x =
x=
2
2
=
49. ( x 2 ) 2 9( x 2 ) + 20 = 0
Let w = x 2 . Then
w2 9 w + 20 = 0
(w 5)(w 4) = 0
w = 5, 4
1
1
1
1
= 5 or
= 4, so x 2 = or x 2 = .
Thus,
2
2
5
4
x
x
5
1
x=
, .
5
2
45. ( x 2 ) 2 5( x 2 ) + 6 = 0
Let w = x 2 . Then
w2 5 w + 6 = 0
(w 3)(w 2) = 0
w = 3, 2
1
1
50. 9 + 8 = 0
2
x
x2
1
. Then
Let w =
x2
Thus x 2 = 3 or x 2 = 2, so x = 3, 2 .
46. ( X 2 )2 3( X ) 2 10 = 0
w2 9 w + 8 = 0
(w 8)(w 1) = 0
w = 8, 1
1
1
1
= 8 or
= 1, so x 2 = or x 2 = 1.
Thus,
2
2
8
x
x
Let w = X 2 . Then
w2 3w 10 = 0
( w 5)( w + 2) = 0
w = 5, 2
x=
Thus X 2 = 5 or X 2 = 2, so the real solutions
2
, 1.
4
are X = 5.
51. ( X 5)2 + 7( X 5) + 10 = 0
Let w = X 5. Then
1
1
47. 3 7 + 2 = 0
x
x
1
Let w = . Then
x
w2 + 7 w + 10 = 0
( w + 2)( w + 5) = 0
w = 2, 5
Thus, X 5 = 2 or X 5 = 5, so X = 3, 0.
3w2 7 w + 2 = 0
(3w 1)( w 2) = 0
1
w= , 2
3
1
Thus, x = 3, .
2
52. (3x + 2) 2 5(3 x + 2) = 0

Let w = 3x + 2. Then
w2 5 w = 0
w( w 5) = 0
w = 0, 5
2
Thus 3x + 2 = 0 or 3x + 2 = 5, so x = , 1.
3
28
Section 0.8
1
1
53.
7 x 4 + 12 = 0
x

4

1
. Then
Let w =
x4
57.
3 x + x 2 7 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
w2 7 w + 12 = 0
( w 4)( w 3) = 0
w = 4, 3
x 2 4 x + 12 = 2 x 2 8 x
0 = x 2 4 x 12
0 = (x 6)(x + 2)
Thus, x = 6, 2.
1
1
1
= 4 or
= 3, so x 4 = or
x4
x4
4
1
17 13
x4 = . x = , .
3
4 3
Thus,
58.
1
1
54. 2
+ 7
+3= 0
x
+
4

x+4
1
Let w =
. Then
x+4
1
2
+
=3
3x + 1 x + 1
Multiplying both sides by the LCD,
(3x + 1)(x + 1), gives
x + 1 + 2(3 x + 1) = 3(3 x + 1)( x + 1)
x + 1 + 6 x + 2 = 9 x 2 + 12 x + 3
0 = 9 x2 + 5x
0 = x(9 x + 5)
2 w2 + 7 w + 3 = 0
(2w + 1)(w + 3) = 0
1
w = , 3
2
1
1
1
= or
= 3 .
Thus,
x+4
2
x+4
13
x = 6,
3
5
Thus, x = 0, .
9
59.
3x + 2 2 x + 1

=1
x +1
2x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x(x + 1),
gives
2 x(3 x + 2) (2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 2 x( x + 1)
6 x 2 + 4 x (2 x 2 + 3 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 2 x
x+3
55. x 2 =
2
2 x2 = x + 3
4 x2 + x 1 = 2 x2 + 2 x
2 x2 x 1 = 0
(2 x + 1)( x 1) = 0
2 x2 x 3 = 0
(2x 3)(x + 1) = 0
3
Thus, x = , 1.
2
1
Thus, x = , 1.
2
x 7 5
=
2 x 2
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, 2x, gives
6( w + 1)
w
+
=3
2w
w 1
(2 w)(w 1), gives
6(w + 1)(w 1) + w(2 w) = 3(2 w)(w 1)
x 2 = 14 5 x
6( w2 1) + 2 w w2 = 3( w2 + 3w 2)
60.
56.
3
x3
+
=2
x4
x
Multiplying both sides by the LCD, x(x 4),
gives
3x + (x 3)(x 4) = 2x(x 4)
x + 5 x 14 = 0
(x 2)(x + 7) = 0
Thus, x = 2, 7.
5w2 + 2 w 6 = 3w2 + 9 w 6
8 w2 7 w = 0
w(8w 7) = 0
7
Thus, w = 0, .
8
29
61.
2
r +1

=0
r2 r+4
(r 2)(r + 4), gives
2(r + 4) (r 2)(r + 1) = 0
9 92 4(1)(6)
2(1)
9 57
=
2
9 + 57 9 57
Thus, x =
,
.
2
2
=
2r + 8 (r 2 r 2) = 0
r 2 + 3r + 10 = 0
r 2 3r 10 = 0
(r 5)(r + 2) = 0
Thus, r = 5, 2.
65.
2x 3
2x
+
=1
62.
2 x + 5 3x + 1
(2x + 5)(3x + 1), gives
(2x 3)(3x + 1) + 2x(2x + 5) = (2x + 5)(3x + 1)
2
1
2
=
x 1 x( x 1) x 2
2 x 2 x( x + 1) = 2( x + 1)( x 1)
2 x2 x2 x = 2 x2 2
10 x + 3 x 3 = 6 x + 17 x + 5
x2 x = 2 x2 2
4 x 14 x 8 = 0
0 = x2 + x 2
0 = (x + 2)(x 1)
x = 2 or x = 1
But x = 1 does not check. The solution is 2.
2x 7x 4 = 0
(2x + 1)(x 4) = 0
1
Thus, x = , 4.
2
3 1 x
=
.
x
x
Multiplying both sides by x gives
5x 3 = 1 x
6x = 4
2
x=
3
66. If x 3, the equation is 5
t 1 t 3
t 5
+
=
63.
2
t 2 t 4 t 6t + 8
(t 2)(t 4), gives
(t 1)(t 4) + (t 3)(t 2) = t 5
t 2 5t + 4 + t 2 5t + 6 = t 5
2t 2 11t + 15 = 0
(2t 5)(t 3) = 0
5
Thus, x = 3, .
2
64.
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1), gives
6 x 7 x 3 + 4 x + 10 x = 6 x + 17 x + 5
2
b b 2 4ac
2a
x=
67.
2 x 3 = x2 6 x + 9
0 = x 2 8 x + 12
0 = (x 6)(x 2)
x = 6 or x = 2
Only x = 6 checks.
2
3
4
+ =
x +1 x x + 2
x(x + 1)(x + 2), gives
2 x( x + 2) + 3( x + 1)( x + 2) = 4 x( x + 1)
68.
2 x 2 + 4 x + 3x 2 + 9 x + 6 = 4 x 2 + 4 x
2
( 2 x 3 ) = ( x 3)2
(2
x +1
) = ( x + 3)2
4( x + 1) = x 2 + 6 x + 9
0 = x2 + 2 x + 5
a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
5 x + 13 x + 6 = 4 x + 4 x
2
x + 9x + 6 = 0
a = 1, b = 9, c = 6
30
Section 0.8
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(5)
=
2(1)
2 16
=
2
There are no real roots.
z=
x=
69. (q + 2) 2 = 2 4q 7
(5) (5)2 4(1)(1)

2(1)
5 21
=
2
=
Only z =
q 2 12q + 32 = 0
(q 4)(q 8) = 0
Thus, q = 4, 8.
5 21
checks.
2
x 2 = 2x 8
72.
q 2 + 4q + 4 = 16q 28
70.
b b 2 4ac
2a
x 2
) = ( 2x 8 )
x 4 x + 4 = 2x 8
4 x = x 12
2
( x ) + 2 ( x ) 5 = 0
(4 x ) = ( x 12)2
Let w = x , then w2 + 2 w 5 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = 5
16 x = x 2 24 x + 144
w=
0 = x 2 40 x + 144
0 = (x 4)(x 36)
x = 4 or x = 36
Only x = 4 checks.
b b 2 4ac
2a
2 4 4(1)(5)
2(1)
2 24
=
2
2 2 6
=
2
= 1 6
w=
x + 2 x + 1 = 3x + 1
0 = 2x 2 x = 2 x
x = 0 or x = 1
74.
does not check. Thus w = 1 + 6, so
) = 72
z +3
y2 +2
) = ( 2y + 3)
4 y 2 = y +1
(4
2
) = ( 3z + 1)
y2
) = ( y + 1)2
16 y 32 = y 2 + 2 y + 1
0 = y 2 14 y + 33
0 = (y 11)(y 3)
Thus, y = 11, 3.
z + 3 = 3z + 2 3z + 1
2 z + 2 = 2 3 z
z + 1 = 3z
( z + 1)2 =
y 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 = 2y + 3
6.
z + 3 = 3z + 1
71.
( x + 1) = ( 3x + 1)
Since w = x and 1 6 < 0, w = 1 6
x = 1 + 6
x + 1 = 3x + 1
73.
( 3z )
z 2 2 z + 1 = 3z
z 2 5z + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = 5, c = 1
31
( x 1)
75.
78. x 2 + (0.1) x 0.2 = 0

a = 1, b = 0.1, c = 0.2
) = (3 x )
x + 3 +1
x + 3 + 2 x + 3 +1 = 9x
2 x + 3 = 8x 4
x + 3 = 4x 2
x+3
b b 2 4ac
2a
0.1 0.01 4(1)(0.2)
=
2(1)
0.1 0.81
=
2
0.1 0.9
=
2
x = 0.40 or x = 0.50.
x=
) = (4 x 2)2
x + 3 = 16 x 2 16 x + 4
0 = 16 x 2 17 x + 1
0 = (16 x 1)( x 1)
1
or x = 1
16
Only x = 1 checks.
x=
76.
t +2
79. Let l be the length of the picture, then its width is

l 2.
l(l 2) = 48
) = ( 3t + 1)
l 2 2l 48 = 0
(l 8)(l + 6) = 0
l8=0
or l + 6 = 0
l=8
or l = 6
Since length cannot be negative, l = 8. The width
of the picture is l 2 = 8 2 = 6 inches.
The dimensions of the picture are 6 inches by
8 inches.
t + 2 = 3t + 1
t = 3t 1
2
( t ) = (3t 1)2
t = 9t 2 6t + 1
0 = 9t 2 7t + 1
a = 9, b = 7, c = 1
80. The amount that the temperature has risen over

the X days is
t=
b b 4ac
2a
(X degrees per day)(X days) = X 2 degrees.
X 2 + 15 = 51
(7) (7)2 4(9)(1)

=
2(9)
7 13
=
18
7 + 13
checks.
Only
18
X 2 = 36
X = 36
X = 6 or X = 6
The temperature has been rising 6 degrees per
day for 6 days.
81. M =
(2.7) (2.7) 2 4(0.04)(8.6)

2(0.04)
64.15 or 3.35
Q(Q + 10)
44
44 M = Q 2 + 10Q
77. x =
0 = Q 2 + 10Q 44 M
From the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = 10,
c = 44 M ,
Q=
=
10 100 4(1)(44M )
2(1)
10 + 2 25 + 44 M
2
= 5 25 + 44M
Thus, 5 + 25 + 44M is a root.
32
Section 0.8
82. g = 200 P 2 + 200 P + 20

Set g = 60.
84. a.
60 = 200 P 2 + 200 P + 20
200 P 2 200 P + 40 = 0
5P 2 5P + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = 5, b = 5,
c = 1,
5 25 4(5)(1) 5 5
P=
=
2(5)
10
P 0.28 or P 0.72
28% and 72% of yeast gave an average weight
gain of 60 grams.
83.
(2n) 4n 2 4(2n 1)(1)

2(2n 1)
v=
2 n 4 n 2 8n + 4
2(2n 1)
2
2n 2 n 2 2n + 1 n (n 1)
=
2(2n 1)
2n 1
Because of the condition that n 1, it follows
that n 1 is nonnegative. Thus,
(n 1)2 = n 1 and we have
n (n 1)
.
2n 1
1
.
v = 1 or v =
2n 1
v=
24 A = A2 + 13 A + 12
0 = A2 11A + 12
From the quadratic formula,
11 121 48 11 73
A=
=
.
2
2
11 + 73
11 73
A=
10 or A =
1.
2
2
The doses are the same at 1 year and 10 years.
A +1
c = d in Cowlings rule when
= 1, which
24
occurs when A = 23. Thus, adulthood is achieved
at age 23 according to Cowlings rule.
A
c = d in Youngs rule when
= 1, which is
A + 12
never true. Thus, adulthood is never reached
according to Youngs rule.
b.
nv 2 (2n + 1)v + 1 = 0
From the quadratic formula with a = n,
b = (2n + 1), and c = 1,
v=
[(2n + 1)] [(2n + 1)]2 4(n)(1)

2n
v=
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
2n
Because 4n 2 + 1 is greater than 2n,

choosing the plus sign gives a numerator
greater than 2n + 1 + 2n, or 4n + 1, so v is
4n + 1
1
= 2 + . Thus v is
greater than
2n
2n
greater than 2. This contradicts the
restriction on v. On the other hand, because
v=
v=
A
A +1
d=
d.
A + 12
24
Dividing both sides by d and then multiplying
both sides by 24(A + 12) gives
24A = (A + 12)(A + 1)
(2n 1)v 2 2nv + 1 = 0

From the quadratic formula with a = 2n 1,
b = 2n, c = 1,
4n 2 + 1 is greater than 1, choosing the

minus sign gives a numerator less than 2n,
2n
= 1. This meets the
so v is less than
2n
condition on v. Thus we choose
25
Youngs rule prescribes less than Cowlings for

ages less than one year and greater than 10 years.
Cowlings rule prescribes less for ages between
1 and 10.
v=
2n + 1 4n 2 + 1
.
2n
33
85. a.
When the object strikes the ground, h must

be 0, so
0 = 39.2t 4.9t 2 = 4.9t (8 t )

t = 0 or t = 8
The object will strike the ground 8 s after
being thrown.
b.
Setting h = 68.2 gives
68.2 = 39.2t 4.9t 2

4.9t 2 39.2t + 68.2 = 0
39.2 (39.2) 2 4(4.9)(68.2)

2(4.9)
39.2 14.1

9.8
t 5.4 s or t 2.6 s.
t=
Explore and ExtendChapter 0

1.
2. The procedure works because multiplying a list

by a number is the same as multiplying each
element in the list by the number, adding a
number to a list has the effect of adding the
number to each element of the list, and
subtracting one list from another is the same as
subtracting corresponding elements. The plots
match.
3.
The results agree.

4. The smaller quadratic residuals indicate a better
fit. The fairly random pattern suggests that the
model cannot be improved any further. The
slight deviations from the quadratic model are
presumably due to random measurement errors.
34

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Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

9. Raising both sides to the fourth power;

10. Dividing both sides by 2; equivalence guaranteed

11. Dividing both sides by x; equivalence not

16. Adding 9 x to both sides and then dividing both

5. x(6 + x) 2(x + 1) 5x = 4; 2, 0

7. Adding 5 to both sides; equivalence guaranteed

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

28. t = 2 2[2t 3(1 t)]

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

49. Multiplying both sides by x + 3 gives 5 = 0,

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

85. S = P(1 + rt)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

95. c = x + 0.0825x = 1.0825x

96. Revenue equals cost when 450x = 380x + 3500.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

104. Let x be the horizontal distance from the base of

99. Bronwyns weekly salary for working h hours is

100. y = a(1 by)x

106. Let P be the amount in the account one year ago.

102. Let x = the maximum number of customers.

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

21. x(x + 4)(x 1) = 0

28. 7( z 4)( z + 1)( z + 7) = 0

29. p ( p 3)2 4( p 3)3 = 0

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

(2) (2)2 4(1)(7)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

42. 0.01x 2 + 0.2 x 0.6 = 0

0.2 0.04 4(0.01)(0.6)

(2) (2)2 4(1)(1)

41. 0.02 w2 0.3w = 20

(0.3) 0.09 4(0.02)(20)

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Chapter 0: Review of Algebra

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Let w = x 1. Then

Thus X 2 = 5 or X 2 = 2, so the real solutions

52. (3x + 2) 2 5(3 x + 2) = 0

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

ISM: Introductory Mathematical Analysis

Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.