OHMS LAW ,KIRCHOFFS LAW,

RESISTIVE KIT
Debasish Bose
Senior Technical Assistant
Electrical Engineering Department

HETC

SOME USEFUL TERMINOLOGY OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

CIRCUIT : Circuit is a closed conducting path

through which electrical current either flows or
intended to flow.
NODE : Node is a junction in a circuit where two
or more circuit elements are connected together.
LOOP : Loop is a closed path in a circuit in which
no element or node is encountered more than
once.
MESH : Mesh is a loop that contains no other
loop within it.

AN IMAGINARY CIRCUIT TO SHOW NODELOOP AND MESH

LINEAR AND NON LINEAR CIRCUIT

LINEAR CIRCUIT
A linear circuit is one
whose electrical
parameters are
constant ,i.e, do not
change with voltage or
current.
Purely resistive circuit
acts as a linear circuit.

NON LINEAR CIRCUIT

A non linear circuit is a
circuit whose
parameter changes with
voltage or current.
An electrical or
electronic circuit
consists of
semiconductor devices
like transistor acts as
nonlinear circuit.

VOLT AMPERE CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR AND NON LINEAR COMPONENT

VI CHARACTERISTICS OF NON LINEAR COMPONENT

VI CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR COMPONENT

OHMS LAW
Ohm's law states that temperature and
other electrical parameters remain
constant, the current through
a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points.
MathematicallyI=V/R
where I is the current through the
conductor in units of amperes,
V is the voltage measured across the
conductor in units of volts,
R is the resistance of the conductor in units
of ohms.
More specifically, Ohm's law states that
the R in this relation is constant and
independent of the current.
Ohms law is applicable in linear circuit only.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW

PRECATION OF THIS EXPERIMENT

Any electrical component has a specific
voltage , current and power rating . So, while
performing this experiment practically , we
must be aware about the specification and
rating of our equipments and measuring
instrument. If we increase voltage or current
beyond the maximum limit, the circuit may be
burn out . We also should be aware about
proper connection of circuit.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF OHMS LAW

INSTRUCTION FOR PLOTTING V-I CHARACTERISTICS

1.Take a linear (mm) graph paper.

2.Choose an optimum scale along X
and Y axis and mention it according
to suitable big division or small
division of graph paper. Big division
and small division are shown in
figure.
3.Plot independent variable (here
voltage) along Abscissa( X- axis).
3.Plot dependent variable (here
current)along Ordinate( Y axis).
Write label (voltage or current) on
both axis with proper unit and arrow.
Write title on upside of the graph
paper.

RELATION BETWEEN VOLTAGE,CURRENT,RESISTANCE AND

POWER

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW (KCL)

Kirchoffs current law
states that In any
electrical network,the
algebric sum of currents
meting at a point (or
junction) is zero.
It simply means that the
total current leaving the
junction is equal to the toal
current entering the
junction.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR VERIFICATION OF KCL

Here we are passing the
current I1 through the
loop ABCD as shown in
figure.
According to KCL ,
Incoming current to the
loop will be equal to
outgoing current from
the loop.
i.e. I1=I2+I3=I4

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law states that the
algebraic sum of the products of current and
resistance in each of the conductors in any
closed path (or mesh) in a network plus the
algebraic sum of the e.m.f.s in that path is
zero.
In other words IR+e.m.f=0
The algebraic sum is the sum which takes in to
account the polarities of voltage drops.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF KVL

As we travel around the mesh in
clock-wise direction,
E1 is +ve E2 is ve
I3R3 is +ve
I1R1,I2R2,I4R4 is ve
Using KVL,
-I1R1-I2R2+I3R3-I4R4-E2+E1=0
Or
I1R1+I2R2-I3R3+I4R4=E1-E2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DETERMINATION OF KVL

Let us think about the mesh
ABCD.
This mesh consist of two variable
voltage source and two resistor as
per circuit diagram.
As the resistors are connected in
series ,same current will flow all
over the circuit.
According to KVL
V1+V2=IR1+IR2

REFERENCE
A Text Book Of Electrical Technology
Volume I
(Basic Electrical Engineering)
B.L. Theraja
A.K. Theraja
S. Chand & Company Ltd.

THANK YOU