Sample 4teens SB4

Mrcia Cristina Giunta Peregini
Dalcimary A. Pavani
BOOK 04
1 Edio
2015
4Teens Book 4
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Autoras:
Mrcia Cristina Giunta Peregini
Dalcimary A. Pavani
Projeto grfico e diagramao:
Luciane Mendona
BOOK 04
Capa:
Fluens Comunicao Corporativa
www.fluens.com.br
Ilustraes:
Renato Nascimento
www.ilustrando.com.br
Fotos:
Thinkstock/iStockphoto.com
iStockphoto.com
Dados Internacionais de Catalogao na Publicao (CIP)

(Cmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil)
Peregini, Mrcia Cristina Giunta
4Teens : book 4 / Mrcia Cristina Giunta Peregini,
Dalcimary A. Pavani. -- 1. ed -- Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo,
SP: Editora Viena, 2015 -- (Coleo 4Teens)
Bibliografia.
ISBN 978-85-371-0423-1
1. Ingls (Ensino fundamental) I. Pavani, Dalcimary A.
. II. Ttulo. III. Srie.
15-06777
CDD-372.652
ndices para catlogo sistemtico:
1. Ingls: Ensino fundamental 372.652
ISBN: 978-85-371-0423-1
No unauthorized photocopying. All rights reserved. No part of
this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of Viena Publishing and Press
Nenhuma parte desta publicao poder ser reproduzida ou
transmitida, sejam quais forem os meios empregados: eletrnicos,
mecnicos, fotogrficos, gravaes ou quaisquer outros.
Todos os direitos reservados para EDITORA VIENA
LEI 9.610/98 e atualizaes
Copyright 2015 - Editora Viena Ltda
1 Edio - 08/2015 - SCRPardo / SP
EDITORA VIENA
Home-Page: www.editoraviena.com.br
e-mail: editoraviena@editoraviena.com.br
Apresentao
A coleo 4Teens vem apresentar profundo interesse
e conexo com a Lngua Inglesa atravs das interaes oferecidas nas
abordagens temticas das unidades de seus quatro volumes.
Afim de mediar o ensino e aprendizagem da Lngua Portuguesa, a
coleo oferece inmeros dilogos orais e escritos autnticos, visando
concretizar o aprendizado nas mais variadas formas de abordagens.
Os assuntos contextualizam experincias e interaes com a
Lngua Inglesa, levando o aluno a refletir sobre a transformao
que a lngua alvo pode exercer em sua vida, crescendo como
cidado do mundo e se educando para transformar-se.
inegvel a importncia da Lngua Inglesa como meio
de comunicao no mundo globalizado. Por essa razo, a coleo
4Teens,, com suas caractersticas lingusticas, e comunicativas,
visa o ensino da Lngua Inglesa com abordagens que contribuiro
para o desenvolvimento tico, cultural, educacional e social do aluno.
4Teens ir preparar o aluno para enfrentar situaes de incluso
social reflexivas, construo de cidadania com bases em
conhecimentos sistmicos de mundo e das organizaes sociais
e textuais, desenvolvendo as quatro habilidades e
competncias necessrias para concluir o aprendizado.
As autoras
Vocabulary
and verbs
Unit
Text
Miscellaneous
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Shopping
at the Mall
Vocabulary and verbs

Page 7
Expressions
Page 7
If I have the
chance...

Page 15
Expressions
Page 16
What would you

do if you...

Page 21
Expressions
Page 21
If we
had known...

Page 27
Expressions
Page 27
What has technology

been doing to us?

Page 33
Expressions
Page 33

Page 41
Expressions
Page 41
Had you...?

Page 47
Expressions
Page 47
I would...

Page 55
Expressions
Page 55

Page 63
Expressions
Page 64

Page 71
Expressions
Page 71
Sharing
experiences

Page 79
Expressions
Page 79
Teachers
experiences

Page 85
Expressions
Page 85

Page 93
Expressions
Page 93

Page 101
Expressions
Page 101
Page 6
Page 14
Page 20
Page 26
Page 32
What about Brazil?

Page 40
Page 46
Page 54
Food for
thought
Page 62
I wish I were...
Page 70
Page 78
Page 84
Making a deal
Page 92
Making
resolutions
Page 100
Exercises
Listening and
comprehension
Language focus
and skills
Page 13
Review the present perfect tense

Reading and comprehension ability
Conversation
Cross curricular learning:
The human beauty and Buy nothing day and environment
Page 17
Page 19
The first conditional

Reading and listening abilities
Conversation
Cross curricular learning: Climate change
Page 22
Page 25
Modals and conditional

The second conditional
Listening and comprehension abilities
Cross curricular: Talking about the past
Page 29
Page 31
Negative prefixes
The third conditional
Reading and comprehension abilities
Cross curricular: What can be done to help the Earth?
Extra reading
Page 35
Page 39
To make X To do
The present perfect continuous
Cross curricular: Technology
Page 42
Page 45
The passive voice

Listening and comprehension:
Interesting places to be visited in Brazil
Page 48
Page 53
Page 9
The past perfect tense

Review: conditional sentences
Conversation
Cross curricular: Ecotourism in Brazil
Page 56
Page 61
Review the second conditional

Conversation
Cross curricular: Peer pressure
Page 66
Page 69
The third conditional

Reading and comprehension
Cross curricular: couch potato
Page 73
Page 77
Page 79
Page 83
Page 86
Page 91
Page 95
Page 102
Page 99
Page 105
To wish
Reading and comprehension: What are your wishes?
Each other X one another
Curiosity: couch surfing
Reported speech
Cross curricular: Eating Healthy
Reading and comprehension: Netiquette

The genitive case
Text: reading
Internet language
The indefinite pronouns
Listen and read: Dont blame yourself for making mistakes
So, Too, Either, and Neither
The future perfect

Listen and read: Are you ready for the future?
Cross curricular: Talking about the future
g
n
i
p
p
Sho
l
l
a
m
e
at th
Vacation is a time to spend the hours doing what you really like to do. Listen to
what people like to shop for or to do at the mall.
Frank: I must say that I have a lot of fun when I go to the local mall. It is not a huge
place, but it is good enough for a special needs person in a wheelchair like me. I have
all the comforts to access the stores; the sellers give me attention and take good care
of me. Because I cant take the escalator, I take the elevators to take me to the other
floors. When I go to the mall, I love to buy CDs, DVDs, clothes, and tennis shoes. It
is awesome.
Kate: Lucy and I have been to the mall to buy some make-up. Of course we want
to keep our appearance, beautify and promote our attractiveness. We have bought
skin care products, exfoliators, toners, cleansers, moisturizers, and of course, lots
and lots of make-up.
Lucy: Dont forget we have bought some fancy clothes. I bought a very nice dress,
high heel shoes, and a shirt to go to the dance club.
Timothy: Girls think only about their personal appearance. But, if it makes them
happy... what should I say? Ive been to the mall and I bought a new book and a new
software to help me with researche. I also window shopped.
Ethan: I must say the same. I have books and a game. I spent some time playing
video games. I need to be more creative trying to find something to do outdoors.
Six
Vocabulary
Moisturizer
Outdoors
Cleanser
Elevator
Escalator
Exfoliator
Fancy
Make-up
Verbs
To access .......................................................................................................................................................
To beautify ..................................................................................................................................................
To cleanse ....................................................................................................................................................
To moisturize .............................................................................................................................................
To promote .................................................................................................................................................
To take care .................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous Expressions
Awesome
Attractiveness
Skin care
High heels
Wheelchair
Window shopping
Seven
Grammar Review the Present Perfect

HAVE HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (verb)
He she it
I you we they
Has
Have
Use:
We use the present perfect to talk about a situation that started in the
past and hasnt finished yet. It is also used to express an action or state.
Since and for are used to talk about periods of time
or how long an activity has been in progress.
For:
For five minutes, for a month, for a year, etc.
Since: Since 7:30 a.m., since last month, since last year, etc.
If the period is not mentioned it means that the action has ended.
Examples:
I have studied in this school since last year.

He has worked for that company for ten years.
Interrogative form:
Have you studied the lesson?
Has she traveled to another country?
Negative form:
They have not gone to school yet.
She has not studied for the test.
Already: it means that the action happened before you expected it to occur
or it is completed by now.
Yet:
It means until now.

The action has not happened up to point it is mentioned.
Just:
It means a short time ago.

When the period is not mentioned the sentence expresses
an action in the past.
Examples: I have studied English for four years.

He hasnt seen his grandparents since last summer vacation.
We havent studied for the test yet.
I have studied for my English test.
Eight
Exercises
1.
a
Read the dialogue in the beginning of the lesson

again and answer the questions. Give complete answers.
What has happened to the characters?
They have gone to the mall./ They are on vacation.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Where has Frank been to?

He has been to the mall.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What has Frank done at the mall?

He has had a lot of fun.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Has Frank faced any difficulties while going to the mall?

No he hasnt. Everything is adequate for him.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What facilities has he been able to have there?

He could access the other floors, use the elevators and everybody was careful with him.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What products does Frank like to buy when he goes to the mall?
Frank loves to buy CDs, DVDs, Clothers, and tennis shoes.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Where have Kate, Lucy and Timothy been while they were on vacation?
They have been to the mall.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What have Kate and Lucy said about their appearance?

They said that they wanted to keep their beauty.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What have Kate and Lucy bought?

They have bought beauty products.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Why has Lucy bought fancy clothes?

She has bought fancy clothes to go to the dance club.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What is window shopping?

It is the activity of looking at things in shop windows but not buying anything
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Nine
CURIOSITY
HUMAN BEAUTY: HOW MUCH IS BEAUTY WORTH?
Money spent on cosmetics, cosmetic surgery and non-surgical

procedures is increasing drastically among women and girls. These
people can not escape being judeed on the basis of their appearance.
As a result, many women feel insecure, overweight, and inadequate, as
these beauty images apply to their satisfaction and well-being. Moreover,
the diet, cosmetic and fashion industries are often too willing to exploit
these narrow beauty standards, so women and girls become from cradleto-grave consumers of beauty products, cosmetic surgery and diet programs. The
issue is not new, but the extent to which it is invading the lives of younger girls and
women, and the lengths to which women will go to achieve an unattainable look,
is an increasing problem. The pressure to achieve unrealistic physical beauty is an
undercurrent in the lives of all women in the world. These procedures far exceed the
bounds of theirselves. It goes beyond beauty. It is a terrible toll in area of womens
lives, from economic well-being to health, health risks, interpersonal relationships,
behavior, eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia, and much more.
Answer the questions about the text:
a
How much money is spent on beauty?

It is not mentioned, but the amount is increasing day by day.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Why are women and girls so worried about their physical appearance nowadays?
Because they are judged on the basis of their appearance.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are the results from being so worried about appearance?

Many women feel insecure, overweight, and inadequate.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Who exploits such standards?

The diet, cosmetic and fashion industries exploit these beauty standards.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are the problems caused by the willing of being so attractive?

Women and girls will become from cradle-to-grave consumers of beauty products.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What have such procedures caused to womens lives?

These procedures have far exceed the bounds of theirselves, It goes beyond beauty. They cause health problems and harm
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
womens health. interpersonal relationships, behavior, etc.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
10
Ten
2.
Complete the dialogue.

By myself bookstore have you paid? With my credit card novel book
A lot of clothes $75,00 have you bought in cash have you been
Dialogue A
Dialogue B
have you been

A. What did you buy at the mall yesterday? A. Where ..........................................
?
A lot of clothes
.
B. ...................................................
bookstore
.
B. I have been to a ..............................
A. How much did you spend?
have you bought

?
A. What ................................................
$75,00
.
B. .....................
novel book
.
B. I have bought a .................................
A. How did you pay for the clothes?
have you paid

A. How ..........................................
?
in cash
.
B. I paid .....................
with my credit card

B. I paid .................................................
.
A. Did you go to the mall alone?

by myself
.
B. I went ...........................
3.
Answer the questions and then ask a friend.

Personal answers
Questions
YOU
You receive some money from your
grandparents. How do you spend it?
You go to the mall.
What do you usually buy?
You go out with your friends.
How much money do you take on you?
Do you usually pay things for your friends?
You walk past your favorite store.
It is open. What do you do?
Do you usually take a snack
to school do or you buy it there?
How much money do you normally save
when you receive your monthly allowance?
What shouldnt you spend money on?
YOUR FRIEND
Eleven
11
CONSUMERISM
the belief that it is good for
a country if people
buy and use a lot of goods
and services.
4.
DARK POOL
a method of financial trading
in which share prices
are hidden and not openly
available to the public.
Buy Nothing Day and environment.
Listen to the text and answer the questions.

Where did Buy Nothing Day come from?
Buy Nothing Day was started by Adbusters in the early 90s and has grown into
an international event celebrated all over the world.
What is Buy Nothing Day all about?
Buy Nothing Day is a simple idea, which challenges consumer culture by
asking us to switch off from shopping for one day. Its a global stand off from
consumerism. Its celebrated as a holiday by some people, and as a street party
by others! Anyone can take part provided they spend the day without spending!
What about the environment?
This is a big issue for consumers who are constantly forced to buy unnecessary
packaging waste that the big stores and supermarkets produce. Much of this
waste is passed to the consumers who have no choice at the moment of the of
purchase. Super-brands are the worst offenders offloading tones of pointless
packaging onto consumers, who are then trusted to recycle it. The challenge
to supermarkets and big stores is to remove unnecessary packaging from their
stores. The raw materials and production methods that are used to make so many
of our goods have harmful side effects such as toxic waste, destruction of wildlife,
and wasted energy. The transport of food by air also contributes to pollution
especially when much of the food can be produced near the consumers.
Buy Nothing Day
It was started
Celebration
Shopping
Packaging
Recycling
Raw materials
Food transportation
12
Twelve
It is an idea that challenges consumer to switch off from shopping for one day.
It was started in the early 90s.
It is celebrated as a holiday by some people, and as a street party by others.
It is a day without spending money.
The idea is to avoid buying and also avoid using unnecessary packing which is
passed to the consumers.
The challenge is to remove unnecessary packing that consumers are trusted to recycle it.
The raw materials and production methods that are used to make so many
of our goods and have harmful side effects.
Food transportation also contributes to pollution especially when
much of the food can be produced near the consumers.
What can we achieve by challenging ourselves to a Buy Nothing Day?

personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
5.
Make sentences with the words below:

personal answer
Consumerism
Switch off
Challenge
Waste
Harmful
Wild life
Purchase
Goods
Listening and Comprehension
Answer the questions you hear:

1
Have you done anything different on your vacation?
Have you bought anything you really wanted recently?
Have you ever thought about the Buy Nothing Day?
How much money are you able to save every month?
What can you achieve by challenging yourself?

Thirteen
13
e
v
a
h
I
If
.
.
.
e
c
n
a
h
c
e
th
What if you have the chance to take a trip to the future?

It is 2090, and we can travel anywhere into computerized spacecrafts. Can you
imagine the future if you stop and think about it?
We all know that transport, education, health, housing, lifestyle, and other stuffs
related to every day lives will not be the same anymore. Things change day by day.
Currently, scientists and experts are concerned not only with how we prepare us for
the future, but also with how to prepare for major changes such as what the global
warming represents. Lets imagine our lives in our houses.
Now, 2090, and we have gone beyond the time our parents lived during their
lifetime. Intelligent infrastructures surround us. Modern life and devices made
millions of lives easier and more comfortable. Means of communication shortened
distances offering live images of our loved ones. Everything we touch works or
basic voice commands turn on electronic home appliances. Life is placed in our
hands, voices or fingertips are controlled as fast as a blink of an eye. Means of
transportation that once could be seen traveling on streets and highways are
now ripping through the skies.
After so many changes, there is one thing human beings could not imagine it
would change drastically as it did: the climate. Fifty years ago, human beings thought
only about one thing which would make lives easier, and forgets to think about the
environment.
Nowadays, in 2090, water is the main reason for conflicts, it is scarcely found and
the little water we have is polluted due to the damages men have caused to the
environment while they were only worried about technology and progress.
How about you? What can you foresee for the next 50 years?
14
Fourteen
Vocabulary
Anywhere
Appliance
Beloved
Beyond
Computerized
Concerned
Device
Drastically
Expert
Fingertip
Housing
Lifestyle
Verbs
Lifetime
Live
Major
Scarcely
Spacecraft
Stuff
Trip
Warming
To cause ........................................................................................................................................................
To foresee .....................................................................................................................................................
To imagine ...................................................................................................................................................
To prepare ...................................................................................................................................................
To relate .........................................................................................................................................................
To represent ...............................................................................................................................................
To rip ................................................................................................................................................................
To shorten ...................................................................................................................................................
To surround ................................................................................................................................................
To touch ........................................................................................................................................................
To turn on .....................................................................................................................................................
To work ..........................................................................................................................................................
To worry ........................................................................................................................................................
Fifteen
15
To be concerned
Global warming
Voice command
Beyond the time
Reason of conflicts
Modern life
Due to
Home appliances
Every day life
Placed in our hands
Major changes
Ripping the sky
Grammar
Conditional 1st conditional
The first conditional expresses a situation about the future.
We use the first conditional when we want to talk about
a particular condition in the future and the result of this condition.
There is a real possibility that this condition or event will happen.
will
If (simple present
present continuous)
am
are
can
may
is going to
must
imperative
Examples:
If you think about about the future, what will it happen?

If it rains next weekend, I am going to stay at home.
I can speak English fluently if I study every day.
16
Exercises
1.
Complete the sentences as you listen to the track.
10
dont take care care of the environment, the planet will not be a good place to live.
If we ..........................
(to take care neg)
am going to tell
I ...................................................
my friends about the project If I see them.
(to tell)
can go
If I have time this evening, I .....................
to the movies with my brother.
(to go can)
help me with my homework, I will finish it in time to play basketball.

If you ...............
(to help)
achieve
Our teacher is going to be happy if we ........................
our goals.
(to achieve)
travels
If my mother ........................
today, may I have dinner at your house?
(to travel)
doesnt study
If he ..........................................
for the tests, he wont have good grades.
(to study neg)
Will
go to the party if you are invited?
...............
you .........
(to go)
i
recycle
If we ........................
more, we can take care of the planet.
(to recycle)
can save
We ...........................
thousands of trees if we dont waste so much paper.
(to save can)
Seventeen
17
Listen and read.
11
If you want to strike fear into a persons heart, just

mention climate change. Governments and scientists are now
beginning to realize that global warming represents one of the
major challenges to economy and society that the world has
ever seen. Transport systems are proving especially problematic
and chaotic as a result of our continued
dependence of fossil fuels. However, this kind
of infrastructure is struggling to cope with the
harsh demands, which are being placed on it.
The need to find alternative, more efficient,
greener ways of managing transport, has never
been more over a concern than before.
In relation to transport, welfare and a
sustainable way of living, intelligence could benefit everyone
and even the environment. If we are able to create futuristic
devices, cars, and houses, can we ensure that we will have
efficient and coordinate ways to survive in the future?
Answer the questions according to the text.
a
How can we strike fear into a persons heart?

We can strike fear into a persons heart when we mention climate change.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are governments and scientists beginning to realize?
They are beginning to realize that global warming represents one of the major challenges to economy and society.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What do means of transportation prove us nowadays?
Transport systems are proving problematic and chaotic as a result of our continued dependence of fossil fuels.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
How can we solve the problems with transport?
It is necessary to find alternative, more efficient, greener ways of managing transport.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What efficient fuels can you think about?
Personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
........................
18
Eighteen
2.
Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the first conditional.
Personal answer
a ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
b ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
c ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
d ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
e ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
f ............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
12
Answer the questions.

1
If we dont take care of the environment, what will happen to us?
If you have the chance to change one thing in the world, what will it be?
What are you going to do next weekend if it doesnt rain?
What do you want to buy if you have money?
Will you improve your English if you study more?

Nineteen
19
d
l
u
o
w
What if you?
you do
13
We have already talked about the future. Now, lets take a trip back to the past
and find out what we could see, do and learn about it.
What would you like to know about the past if you could choose a specific time
or moment in history? The answers could be very interesting. Nobody knows for
sure what was like to live in the past because we have only signs of it, which were
interpreted by experts, or traces that were left behind such as files of knowledge.
The wisdom of many centuries, which can be found in libraries all over the
world, enables us to take a trip to past.
If we could imagine the amount of knowledge we have nowadays, we should be
thankful to the past. If we were able to learn more about the ancient happenings,
many things would make sense to us in our own existence.
We would learn a lot if we were able to completely understand the past and the
human action. Much information would be interpreted if we went to the past to
find out what the needs and demands were at the time.
20
Twenty
Vocabulary
Amount
Demand
Expert
File
knowledge
Need
Sign
Thankful
Verbs
14
Trace
Wisdom
15
To demand ...............................................................................................................................................
To enable ...................................................................................................................................................
To find ..........................................................................................................................................................
To find out ................................................................................................................................................
To go back ................................................................................................................................................
To imagine ................................................................................................................................................
To leave .......................................................................................................................................................
To thank .....................................................................................................................................................
Lets take a trip
To make sense
What would you like to know?
Own existence
For sure
Needs and demands
15
To be thankful
Twenty-one
21
Modals and Conditional

May
Could
Should
Would
Grammar
The Second Conditional
It is used to talk about impossible situations.
IF (PAST TENSE) ................................................................................ WOULD

COULD
SHOULD
MIGHT
(VERB TO = WERE)
Examples:
+
+
+
+
VERB
VERB
VERB
VERB
If I had time to go to the movies, I would see an action film.

I would study hard If I were you.
If he did not come to the party, I would call him.
Exercises
1.
22
Complete the sentences as you listen to the track.
16
could buy
saved
I ..............................
(to buy) a new computer If I ..................
(to save) money.
go (to go) if it .............................................

didnt rain
could
Where ..................
we .........
(to rain
would go
knew
If I.....................
(to know) her address, I ...........................
(to go) to her house.
would not fail

studied
If you ........................
(to study) hard, you .............................................
(to fail
would travel
were (to be) good, I .......................................
If the weather ...............
(to travel) to the beach.
Twenty-two
neg)?
neg) the test.
might give
had (to have) my phone number, she .................................
If she ............
(to give) me a call.
wouldnt do
were (to be) you.
I ....................................
(to do) that if I ...............
would meet
went (to go) out more often.
You .................................
(to meet) more people if you ...............
left
could arrive
If we ...............
(to leave) earlier, we .......................................
(to arrive) earlier.
were (to be) less cars on the roads, there ...........................

would be
If there ...............
(to be) less pollution.
2.
Match the sentences.
He would
be angry if he...
she needed.
If the students
had a test, ...
they would be studying.
If I meet my
old friend, ...
they could be here on time.
We would need more time to

prepare the project if...
found out you didnt tell the truth.
If he got here
in time, ...
you lived near the sea.
My mom would buy

another car if...
I would invite him for lunch.
I would tell him

the truth if...
I had the chance.
If you were thinking

of going out, ...
the teacher asked

us to work by ourselves.
You could go swimming

every day if...
he wouldnt miss the lecture.
If they came
by car, ...
you could buy the tickets in advance.
Twenty-three
23
Listen to the text and complete the blanks.
17
would you like

What things ..................................................
to find out or to know if you
could take
.................................
a trip to the past? The answer may range from
development
the basic
..............................
discovery of fire to the .................................
of medicine,
mathematics, housing, clothing, etc.
societies
were vibrant. On the other
In the past, some ................................
could also be
did
brutal. How .......................
hand they ..............................................
survive
did not have control
if man ...........................................................
humanity ........................
helped
men
of the surroundings? Being vibrant .....................
to live an exciting life and adapt to their needs,
control
and being brutal gave men ...............................
of the
survival
.
environment for their own ........................
new ways
of living, different from the ways
Currently we are experiencing ...........................
in the past
. Ancient men had to go after what they really
men used to live .................................
needed to guarantee their survival and it was not too difficult to find. Nowadays,
.....................
technology
communication
, fast means of transportation, ..........................................
, the
with so much .................................
happen
to
unconscious and the intense abuse of the environment, what could .....................
struggle
for life?
human beings if they had to ...........................
Answer the questions below?

a
If you could imagine the past, how do you think you could live there?
Personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What kinds of food did man eat in ancient times?

In ancient times, men adapted themselves to their needs.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Men had to go after what they really needed to guarantee their survival.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
If global warming continues like it is, what will the environment be like?
Personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
If you could take a trip to the past, what year or time would you choose
and why?
Personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What would it happen to us if the sun disappeared?

Personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
24
Twenty-four
3.
Complete the sentences.
Personal answer
If I could travel, ..................................................................................................................................................... .
I would buy ............................................................................................................................................................. .
If I asked my mother to prepare a special meal,.............................................................................. .
We would have a better world to live ................................................................................................... .
I would be really upset .................................................................................................................................... .
If I were you, ........................................................................................................................................................... .
How would you feel .......................................................................................................................................... .
If I could visit any country, ............................................................................................................................ .
I would take an umbrella, .............................................................................................................................. .
If I went to the U.S.A., ....................................................................................................................................... .
18

1
If you could be anywhere now, where would it be?
If you won the lottery, what is the first thing you would do?
If you could change anything in history, what would you change?
If you could keep only one home appliance, what would it be?
If you could do any job in the world for one day, what would it be?
Twenty-five
25
If we
.
.
.
n
w
o
had kn
19
If we had known how much damage we would cause to our planet, our attitudes
may have been different. I do not consider myself an adult, but now I am able to
evaluate the amount of mistakes I committed. We all know that our current intensive
practices of farming and deforestation are killing the planet. Not only farming and
deforestation but also the way we behave, dumping our garbage into the springs,
lakes, rivers, and other inappropriate places. Scientists are confident that global
temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse
gases produced by human activities.
We are damaging and killing our own existence. Unless we stop it, our Earth will
become uninhabitable. We all consume far more than we need and throw away tons
of unnecessary rubbish year after year, without giving a thought to what happens to
all this landfill.
If I had known that all we have done so far, would cause so much harm and threaten
our survival, I certainly would have changed my mind and attitudes, and would have
taken better care of the way I act towards the planet and its nature. It is not only
something connected to the ground we walk upon every day, but it is something that
makes one ponder on what future generations will face if our actions, hopes and
dreams are not more connected to the Earth we live on. Finally, If I had known, If I
had done, If I had changed, everything would have been...
26
Twenty-six
Vocabulary
Confidence
Current
Damage
Decade
Deforestation
Garbage
Ground
Harm
Lake
Landfill
Verbs
20
River
Rubbish
Spring
Survival
Threaten
Tons
21
To behave ....................................................................................................................................................
To consume ...............................................................................................................................................
To dump ........................................................................................................................................................
To evaluate ..................................................................................................................................................
To kill ................................................................................................................................................................
To ponder ....................................................................................................................................................
To rise ..............................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous
Greenhouse gases
Throw away
Unnecessary rubbish
Inappropriate
Uninhabitable
21
EFFECTS
that scientists had
predicted in the past would result
from global climate change are
now occurring: loss of sea ice,
accelerated sea level rise and
longer and more intense heat
waves.
Twenty-seven
Twenty-seven
27
Notes Negative Prefixes

De
is almost always used before a verb,

or a word formed from that verb.
Dis
can be used with verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs.
In, non, and un
are usually used for nouns, adjectives, or the adverbs.
Mis
is used with verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
Non
usually means not, but also may mean lack of something.
Un
is the most common negative prefix in English.
Grammar The Third Conditional

Conditional clause
Main clause
If (Had + Past Participle)
Would have
Could have
Might have
Should have
+ Past
Participle
When we are talking about the past.

It is used to describe a situation that didnt happen, and to imagine the result
of this situation.
Examples:
If I had studied, I would have passed the final exams.

I could have visited you if I had known you were ill.
28
Twenty-eight
Exercises
1.
a
Rewrite the sentences as you hear the track.
22
I wasnt hungry, so I didnt eat anything.

If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
You ate so much and now you are not feeling well.
You would have felt better if you hadnt eaten so much.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
My mom arrived at the airport late.

If my mom had taken a taxi, she could have arrived at the airport earlier.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
You didnt have breakfast, thats why you are hungry.

If you had had breakfast, you wouldnt have been hungry.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
I didnt see my friend at school last week and I could not invite her for dinner.
I could have invited my friend for dinner if I had seen her at school.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
a
Rewrite the sentences using the third conditional and complete

them with your own ideas.
had known you were in hospital, ...
I didnt know you were in hospital. If I ....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
Our actions caused much harm to our planet.

If our actions hadnt caused so much harm to our planet, ...
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
We didnt study because we were tired.

If we hadnt been tired, ...
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
I couldnt talk to the foreigner I met at school because I dont know how to speak
French.
If I had known how to speak French, ...
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
She didnt go to university, so she didnt graduate.

If she had gone to university, ...
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Twenty-nine
29
Listen to the passage below
23
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO HELP THE EARTH?

The goal is to bring global warming under control by
reducing the release of carbon dioxide and the emission of
other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Our personal
actions and efforts are extremely important to curb these
figures. We can help immediately by becoming more energy
efficient, reducing our use of oil, gasoline and coal.
The largest source of greenhouse gas is the generation of
electric power. This is because much of the energy we use
in our homes comes from power plants. How can we help to
reduce the amount of electricity? Replace the incandescent
light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs, improve home
appliances in terms of energy-efficiency and operating
costs. Reduce the energy needed for heating or cooling, practice fuel-efficient
driving and encourage car-pooling. Besides the aformentioned measures, simple
ones can be adopted as routine. We can recycle whenever possible. Eat locally
produced food, choose clean energy options, and buy clean energy products.
Carbon offsetting is the use of carbon credits to enable businesses to compensate
for their emissions, meet their carbon reduction goals and support the move to
a low carbon economy.
Every small change is worth it. Making energy conservation a part of our daily
awareness is essential to the goal of reducing global warming.
The answer may be personal too.
POSITIVE ATTITUDES
30
MUST CHANGE
To bring global warming under control.
To become more energy efficient.
To reduce the release of carbon dioxide and the emission

of other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
To reduce the use of oil, gasoline and coal.
To become more energy efficient.
To reduce the energy use in our homes.
To recycle more.
To replace incandescent light bulbs.
To eat locally produced food.
To improve home appliances.
To improve our actions towards the environment.
To recycle.
To be aware of the consequences of global warming.
To be aware of the consequences of global warming.
Thirty
EXTRA READING
(http://eartheasy.com/article_canada_challenge.htm
Hora do acesso: 8:20h dia 26.03.2015
THE ONE-TON CHALLENGE

The One-Tonne Challenge calls on every citizen
in the industrialized world to reduce your carbon
dioxide emissions by one ton or more in a year. The
goal is to bring global warming under control by
curtailing the release of carbon dioxide and other
heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Individual efforts are especially significant in developed
countries, where individuals release 10,000 pounds of
carbon dioxide per person every year.
It sounds a lot. But as you can see, reducing global warming is within our reach.
3.
Complete the sentences.
Personal answer
If I had bought a car, ...........................................................................................................................................
We could have gone ...........................................................................................................................................
She would have passed the exam .............................................................................................................
I might have gone to ..........................................................................................................................................
You could have come .........................................................................................................................................
24
Write the sentences you hear.

1
If I had gotten up earlier, I would have arrived at school in time for the test.
I wouldnt have gone out to eat if my mom had prepared dinner.
If we had taken better care of our planet, global warming wouldnt have been so serious.
I would have passed the final examination if I had studied more.
If I had been invited to go to the show, I might have gone.

Thirty-one
31
y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t
s
a
h
What
?
s
u
o
t
g
n
i
o
d
n
e
e
b
25
Undoubtedly, technology has changed our lives and has been doing so day by day.
We have been adapting ourselves to a world full of machines that we ourselves have
become slaves of the progress imposed on us. But, how good or bad is it?
Nowadays, we have an amount of devices which impact our lives in different
ways. For sure, the improvement and the development of technology have greatly
enhanced our lives on a daily basis.
The rise of the Internet is an expressive example of such changes. World business
and trade have become faster, easier and more comfortable. On the Internet, we can
book tickets, work, study, do research, meet people, advertise, promote businesses,
and much more in the comfort of our own homes.
These are examples of how technology has impacted our lives. The older generation
did not have the chance to learn online. They did not attend classes supported by
technology, computers, presentations, etc. On the other hand, nowadays, we are able
to access geographical information in real time at school or at home.
Social networking websites are the order of the day! Websites like Facebook and
Twitter have given birth to a modern concept of social media compared to the past
times when social relations were face to face and letters and pictures were sent inside
envelopes.
Innovations make us different. But how well have we been dealing with the
technology towards life and the environment?
32
Thirty-two
Vocabulary
Slave
Towards
Trade
Undoubtedly
Concept
Development
Device
Expressive
Improvement
Innovation
Interactive
Plenty
Rise
Verbs
26
27
To adapt ........................................................................................................................................................
To advertise ...............................................................................................................................................
To compare .................................................................................................................................................
To deal .................................................................................................................................................
To enhance .................................................................................................................................................
To impact .....................................................................................................................................................
To improve ..................................................................................................................................................
To move .........................................................................................................................................................
To promote .................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous
27
Day by day
More comfortable
Makes us different
Daily basis
The order of the day
How well
Faster
Have given birth
How good
Easier
Social media
How bad
Face to face
Thirty-three
33
To make X To do
MAKE
Telephone call
Money
(A) profit
(A) fortune
(A) face
(A) Discovery
Noise
Arrangements
Plans
(An) exception
Friends
(A) date
(An) appointment
(A) decision
(A) suggestion
(An) offer
The bed
(A) difference
(A) fuss
Sure
(A) mistake
Progress
Fun of something or somebody
It clear
Peace
War
Love
(An) effort
(An) attempt
Believe
A deal
(A) habit of something
Something a habit
34
Thirty-four
DO
Ones hair
My your/his... best
(A) course
(A) favor
(A) research
Business
The housework
(A) good job
(A) bad job
The dishes
Good
(A) translation
Drugs
(A) Project
Harm
Damage
Justice
The crosswords
120 mph/kph
The shopping
The ironing
The cleaning
(An) experiment
The laundry
The right or the wrong thing
With or without
For somebody
For a living
Exercises
1.
Write DO or MAKE.
made several attempts until he overcame his difficulties.

He has ..................
do
I need to have my hair done. I cant ..................
it myself.
make
I have a bad toothache. I need to ..................
a phone call
and arrange an appointment with my dentist.
made a cake.
My mom has ..................
do
What did you ..................
last weekend?
make a deal.
Lets ..................
did
My friend ..................
very bad on her last examination.
do
Dont worry about the results. Just ..................
your best.
do
I need to go home earlier because my mom asked me to ..................
the laundry.
Make
..................
sure you finish everything before you leave.
The Present Perfect Continuous

This tense is called the Present Perfect Continuous tense.
There is usually a connection with the present or now.
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about:
A past action recently-stopped
A past action still-continuing
HAVE BEEN or HAS BEEN + VERB + ING
I am tired because I have been working.
He has been studying for six hours so far.
Thirty-five
35
2.
Change the sentences into the present perfect continuous.
28
New technology has made life easier.

New technology has been making life easier.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
I have read a book for two hours.

I have been reading a book for two hours.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
How long have you learned English?

How long have you been learnig English?
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
They have studied in that school for five years.

They have been studying in that school for five years.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Life has improved due to the facilities we have nowadays.

Life has been improving due to the facilities we have nowadays.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
The teacher has taught us for two hours.

The teacher has been teaching us for two hours.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
It has rained all day long.

It has been raining all day long.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
My friend has lived in Italy for two months.

My friend has been living in Italy for two months.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
My brother has traveled.

My brother has been traveling.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
I have written the text for one hour.

I have been writing the text for one hour.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
36
Thirty-six
3.
Write the sentences below in the present perfect continuous.
has been working

He .......................................
in that company for three years.
(to work)
have been waiting

I .......................................
for you since 10:00 a.m.
(to wait)
has been talking

My friend .......................................
on the phone for thirty minutes.
(to talk)
been working on this project?

has
How long ...........................
she ...........................
(to work)
have been playing

They .......................................
tennis for one hour.
(to play)
have been preparing myself for an important test.

I .......................................
(to prepare)
has been painting

The painter .......................................
the room since early in the morning.
(to paint)
have been typing

The secretary and the CEO .......................................
emails for twenty minutes.
(to type)
has been teaching

My teacher .......................................
English to us for three months.
(to teach)
have been doing

We .......................................
our homework since 9:30 a.m.
(to do)
The Present Perfect Continuous:

Negative and Interrogative sentences
You have been reading a book for two weeks.
You have not/havent been reading a book.
Have you been reading a book?
Thirty-seven
37
4.
a
Change the sentences in the negative and interrogative forms.

Technology has been changing our lives.
Has technology been changing our lives?

INT ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
Technology hasnt been changing our lives.
NEG ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
You have been running in the park for one hour.
Have you been running in the park for one hour?

INT ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
You havent been running in the park for one hour.
NEG ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
We have been watching a film since 1:00 p.m.
Have we been watching a film since 1:00 p.m.?

INT ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
We havent been watching a film since 1:00 p.m.
NEG ..............................................................................................................................................................................................
READING AND COMPREHENSION
29
Listen to the text below and answer the questions.
38
There has been some buzz lately around the notso-new idea that emerging technology is destroying
jobs and replacing man by more efficient machines.
Fears about losing jobs are understandable. Actually,
technology is replacing low-skilled workers. Yet, despite
the fears, changes to the job market may require some
adjustments, so workers must learn and adapt themselves
to the challenges they have to face. Advances guarantee to
make life better, both professionally and personally.
Once technology has been part of our lives, we must not
neglect the fact that all the modern devices created should
benefit man somehow. Our lives are better, easier and we are
healthier. We have information, education and entertainment a key
stroke away. Such changes and facilities made jobs more challenging and require more
skills than factory or other low-skill work. Jobs in recent times are not dangerous, loud,
or monotonous anymore. On the other hand, jobs are safe, and pleasant.
Of course, the main question is not whether we will thrive professionally or
economically, but whether we will be happy or not. In the end, we cant know what
the future holds, but the march of innovation is certain to change what jobs we do.
Thirty-eight

a
What has technology been causing to jobs lately?

Technology is destroying jobs and replacing man.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Why have machines replaced men?

Because they are more efficient.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What must man do to jobs according to the text?

Workers must be high-skilled, must learn and adapt themselves.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What can advances guarantee us?

Advances guarantee to make life better, both professionally and personally.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
In your opinion, what are the most important benefits technology can offer us?
Personal
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are the characteristics of the jobs nowadays?

Jobs are more challenging and require more skills. Jobs are safe and plesant.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................
30
Answer the questions:

1
What have you been doing for fun lately?
Have you been reading any books?
What good has technology been doing to every day life?
How bad has technology been to you?
Will technology or machines ever replace men?

Thirty-nine
39
What razil?
B
t
u
o
ab
31
Andr meets his new friends and shows them some interesting facts about Brazil
Andr: Frank, Ethan, Lucy, Kate, and Raquel... now I am going to tell and show
you some interesting aspects about Brazil. Thanks to technology, you will be able to
learn about my country, language and culture.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world. Brazils capital, Brasilia looks like
an airplane from above. Rio de Janeiro was once the capital of Portugal. Rio de
Janeiro means January River and it was called that by mistake. An explorer thought
that the bay was the mouth of a river. Brazil is home to the Amazon Rainforest
containing one fifth of the worlds freshwater reserves and producing one third of
the Earths oxygen. The Brazilian national dish is feijoada, a black beans stew
with dried, salted, and smoked meat, which was created by the slaves.
Besides the several historical and cultural facts that celebrate Brazil, Carnival and
soccer are the most popular events in this green and yellow land. The green color
represents forests and the yellow color reflects its mineral wealth.
Carnival is the centerpiece in Rio de Janeiro. There are Samba School Parades.
The Brazilian soccer is also known all over the world due to its most famous soccer
player Pel. The first major Brazilian movie star in Hollywood, Carmen Miranda,
was discovered by a Hollywood producer while she was singing in Urca, Rio de
Janeiro.
These are just some facts about Brazil which contributed to the richness of its
culture.
40
Forty
Vocabulary
Aspect
Bay
Centerpiece
Dish
Dried
Freshwater
Major
Meat
Mistake
Parade
Producer
Reserve
Verbs
32
Richness
River
Salted
Slave
Smoked
Soccer
Stew
Wealth
33
To discover ..................................................................................................................................................
To celebrate.................................................................................................................................................
To contain ....................................................................................................................................................
To contribute..............................................................................................................................................
To produce ..................................................................................................................................................
To reflect .......................................................................................................................................................
To sing ............................................................................................................................................................
To tell ...............................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous
33
To look like
Movie star
Historical and cultural facts
Explorer
Thanks to technology
The mouth of a river
Well known
Soccer player
Forty-one
41
Exercises
1.
Lets explore the text. Answer the questions below.
According to the text, how can one obtain information about culture,
history and interesting facts from other countries and places?
We can obtain information about other
countries and places using technology.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
How big is Brazil?

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Why did Rio de Janeiro receive such a name?

An explorer thought that the bay was the mouth of a river.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What is the amazon Rainforest known for?

The Amazon Rainforest contains one fifth of the worlds freshwater reserves and produces one third of the Earths oxygen.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What is feijoada?
Feijoada is a black beans stew with dried, salted, and smoked meat, which was created by the slaves.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are the greatest Brazilian attractions mentioned in the text?

The Amazon Rainforest, Rio de Janeiro, Brasilia, Carnival, Soccer, etc.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Who was Carmen Miranda?

Carmen Miranda was a Hollywood movie star who was discovered while she was singing in Urca.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
What are other important touristic attractions you know in Brazil?

personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
How well or how bad do you use technology?

personal answer
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
42
Forty-two
The Passive Voice

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize
the action the verb and the object of a sentence rather than the subject.
Rule:
Object
verb To Be +
(in the same
time tense of the
active voice)
past participle
(of the verb
in the active
voice)
Examples:
Active Voice
Simple Present
She uses the

computer every day.
Pres. Progressive She is using
the computer now.
Simple Past
She used the
computer yesterday.
Past Progressive She was using
the computer yesterday.
Conditional
She would
use the computer.
Simple future
She will use
the computer.
Immediate future She is going to
use the computer.
Present Perfect
She has used the computer.
Past Perfect
She had used the computer.
Modals
She can use the computer.
She may use the computer.
She must use the computer.
She should use the computer.
She ought to use the computer.
Passive Voice
The computer
is used every day. (by her)
The computer
is being used now.
The computer
was used yesterday.
The computer
was being used yesterday.
The computer
would be used.
The computer
will be used.
The computer is
going to be used.
The computer has been used.
The computer had been used.
The computer can be used.
The computer may be used.
The computer must be used.
The computer should be used.
The computer ought to be used.
Forty-three
43
2.
a
Listen to the track and change the

following sentences into the passive voice.
34
They have visited many attractions in Brazil.

Many attractions
in Brazil have been visited by them.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
The students used the computer to do some research last week.

The computer was used to do some research by the students last week.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
We must read the text for the final examination.

The text must be read for the final examination by us.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
The students may do the homework in the study hall.

The homework must be done in the study hall by the students.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
The teachers will change the schedule for the next class.
The schedule for the next class will be changed by the teachers.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
People can use technology to learn more.

Technology can be used to learn more by people.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
A producer discovered Carmen Miranda.

Carmen Miranda was discovered by a producer.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
We are going to take a test after classes today.

A test is going to be taken after classes today.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
She had bought a nice novel to read.

A nice novel to be read had been bought by her.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
I have been doing the cleaning for one hour.

The cleaning has been done for one hour by me.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
44
INTERESTING PLACES TO BE VISITED IN BRAZIL

RIO DE JANEIRO
Rio is the most visited destination in Brazil due to its

Carnival festival, beaches, landmarks, and mountains.
The city is surrounded by natural attractions that
include the Sugarloaf and Corcovado mountains.
PARATY
Paraty is a popular tourist attraction located in

Rio de Janeiro state along Brazils green coast. It
is a paradise of tropical forests, waterfalls, emerald
sea, and coastal mountains. Paraty is a small and
SO PAULO
So Paulo is not only the largest city in Brazil,

but also one of the largest in the world. So Paulo is
known for its skyscrapers, gastronomy, and vigorous
cultural scene. So Paulo is a city of cutting-edge
art, fashion and industry. So Paulo is also known
RECIFE
Nicknamed the Venice of Brazil because of

its numerous waterways and bridges, Recife is the
capital of Pernambuco state and one of the largest
and most important cities on Brazils northeastern
FOZ DO IGUACU IGUAZU FALLS
One of the worlds most stunning natural wonders,

Iguazu Falls is the scenery of magnificent natural
waterfalls located on the Iguazu River, straddling
the border between Brazil and Argentina. The falls
themselves are a breathtaking spectacle, and their
35
On the top of Corcovado Mountain there is a huge

statue with its arms open to embrace Guanabara Bay.
Other famous natural attractions are Copacabana
and Ipanema Beaches.
very charming village declared historical heritage

because of its colonial houses. Its streets are made
of cobblestones and draw the attention of those who
visit this lovely place.
as a concrete jungle. The city also offers all kinds

of entertainment. Some top attractions in So
Paulo are: Butantan Institute, Ibirapuera Park, the
Museum of Sacred Art, the Zoo, and the famous
Street Fairs.
coast. It is amid tropical forests with many islands

and rivers, Recife is a popular tourist destination
because of the scenery, historic old towns, beaches,
and its vibrant culture.
beauty is more enhanced by the surrounding forest

sheltering exotic wildlife. The gateway to the falls
on the Brazilian side is Foz do Iguau, a big and
reasonably safe city by Brazilian standards.
36
Answer the questions:

1
What are the famous landmarks in Rio de Janeiro?
How can you describe Paraty?
Why is So Paulo called Jungle City?
Why is Recife nicknamed the Venice of Brazil?
Where is Iguazu Falls located?

Forty-five
45
u
o
y
Had
37
Frank: Andr, before you came to our country, had you visited any interesting
places you mentioned?
Andr: Sure! Id taken a trip with my parents and sister a week before coming to
your country. We went on a cruise and I can tell you, we had a lot of fun together.
Frank: Is it possible to go on cruises here? I have never been to one!
Andr: I will tell you a few interesting things we have done if you have some time.
Frank: Yes, Im really interested.
Andr: First of all, we left home on a Wednesday morning and went to a coastal
city called Santos. Santos is also a historical city. We stayed there touring the city
until Saturday. Before we boarded, we had visited some places. The city has the
biggest seaport. There, visitors can learn about Santoss past as a major trading port
at the historic coffee exchange. Now it is known as Museu do Caf. Other places
that can be visited on the skyline is Nossa Senhora do Monte Serrat Sanctuary and
Chico Mendes Botanical Gardens. The gardens also feature playground, sports
facilities, benches, and picnic tables. Admission is free.
Frank: I can spend a whole day listening to your stories. If we have more time,
can we meet and talk more? There are other interesting places in Brazil, arent
there?
Andr: Frank, all we need to do is surf the Internet, google some information,
and you will find everything you want to know.
Frank: I am not that good at history and geography, but I will do my best.
46
Forty-six
Vocabulary
Admission
Bench
Coastal
Cruise
Exchange
Facility
Free
Verbs
38
Sanctuary
Seaport
Skyline
39
To board ........................................................................................................................................................
To feature .....................................................................................................................................................
To point .........................................................................................................................................................
To trade ..........................................................................................................................................................
To tour ............................................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous
39
To take a trip
To take a cruise
Major trading port
Coffee exchange
Sports facilities
To google for information
I am not good at...
Forty-seven
47
Grammar The Past Perfect Tense

The Past Perfect Tense demonstrates that an action was completed
or finished at some point in the past before something else happened.
The oldest action is written in the past perfect tense.
The most recent action is written in the simple past.
Subject
HAD
Examples:
PAST PARTICIPLE (verb)
I had taken a trip before I came to your country.

My mom had prepared dinner when I arrived home.
We understood the exercise after the teacher had explained.
The auxiliary for this structure is HAD.
Exercises
1.
a
Complete the sentences:

personal answer
My parents had ......................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
personal answer
Had you .......................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
My brother
personal answer
sister hadnt ..............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
personal answer
Some friends of mine hadnt .........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
personal answer
The students hadnt ............................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................
48
Forty-eight
Review
Conditional sentences If clause The first conditional
Conditional sentence
If (simple presente)
Examples:
Simple future (will)

Immediate future (going to)
Modal (can may must )
Imperative
If you invite me to go to the movie theater, I can go with you.

I am going to do the homework if I arrive home early today.
If you have time, study for the test.
2.
a
Rewrite the sentences in the Past Perfect Tense.

To walk two miles
40
arrive home.
I had walked two miles before I arrived home.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................................
How long
to be
see each other?
How long had it been since you saw each other?

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
To take a trip
come to your country.
Before I came to your country, I had taken a trip.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
To take English classes
travel abroad.
She had taken English classes before she traveled abroad.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
To work in the same company
to graduate.
He had worked in the same company before he graduated.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
To go to the movie theater
to invite.
We had gone to the movies when you invited us.

..................................................................................................................................................................................................
Forty-nine
49

Sample 4teens SB4

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Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

What would you

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

What has technology

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

Vocabulary and verbs

What about Brazil?

Review the present perfect tense

The first conditional

Modals and conditional

The passive voice

The past perfect tense

Review the second conditional

The third conditional

Reading and comprehension: Netiquette

The future perfect

Grammar Review the Present Perfect

For five minutes, for a month, for a year, etc.

I have studied in this school since last year.

It means until now.

It means a short time ago.

Examples: I have studied English for four years.

Read the dialogue in the beginning of the lesson

Where has Frank been to?

What has Frank done at the mall?

Has Frank faced any difficulties while going to the mall?

What facilities has he been able to have there?

What have Kate and Lucy said about their appearance?

What have Kate and Lucy bought?

Why has Lucy bought fancy clothes?

What is window shopping?

Money spent on cosmetics, cosmetic surgery and non-surgical

How much money is spent on beauty?

What are the results from being so worried about appearance?

Who exploits such standards?

What are the problems caused by the willing of being so attractive?

What have such procedures caused to womens lives?

Complete the dialogue.

have you been

A. How much did you spend?

have you bought

A. How did you pay for the clothes?

have you paid

with my credit card

A. Did you go to the mall alone?

Answer the questions and then ask a friend.

Buy Nothing Day and environment.

Listen to the text and answer the questions.

What can we achieve by challenging ourselves to a Buy Nothing Day?

Make sentences with the words below:

Listening and Comprehension