Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
QUEZON UNIVERSITY
1015 R.Hidalgo St. Quiapo, Manila, Philippines
Submitted by:
Escober, Kaycee G.
Submitted to:
Engr. Rakiin A. Sacar Jr.
Date: January 18, 2017
Submitted by:
Gonzales, James Norman
Submitted to:
Engr. Rakiin A. Sacar Jr.
Date: January 18, 2017
15.
Ducting
Encapsulating tube-like component, usually constructed from galvanised steel or polythene,
which creates a void space within the concrete and surrounds the strands, wires or bar of a
post-tensioned tendon.
16.
Duct joiner
A component used to securely connect separate segments of post tensioning ducting,
commonly used when joining precast concrete segments in a prestressed structure.
17.
Dummy strand
A short length of prestressing strand pre-installed into ducting during concreting to maintain
duct integrity. Occasionally used at some jointing arrangements.
18.
Eccentricity
The distance between the centre of gravity of the concrete cross-section and the centroid of its
prestressing element(s), at any point along the member.
19.
End block
An end section of a prestressed member which houses one or more anchorage assemblies, and
is often locally enlarged to reduce the applied anchorage stresses.
20.
External post-tensioning
Post-tensioning comprising tendons placed externally to the concrete structure, but connected
to it at the end anchorages and profile-deviation points.
21.
Final stress
The final tensioning operation undertaken during post-tensioning, resulting in the design
prestress level being established within the member.
22.
Flat duct
Ducting with an oval or "stadium" cross sectional shape. Such ducting is usually extruded (if
plastic), or constructed from flat metal strip folded and joined with a longitudinal seam.
Commonly used for mono-strand bonded tendons.
23.
Friction loss
The loss of prestressing force in a tendon resulting from all frictional sources. The total friction
loss in a tendon is the sum of duct friction loss and anchor friction loss.
24.
Full prestressing
Prestressing to a stress level such that, under design loads, no tensile stresses exist in the
precompressed tensile zone of the member. Can be compared to partial prestressing.
25.
Grouting
The process of filling post-tensioning ducts with grout after tensioning.
26.
Harped tendon
Tendons which are profiled predominately having lengths of straight tendon between points of
significant angular deviation. Commonly employed in pre-tensioned elements, where the
angular deviations are created by hold-down points in the casting bed.
27.
Hoop tendon
A horizontally-curved tendon forming part or all of a circle, typically installed in verticallyspaced layers up the height of a prestressed tank or silo to resist hoop tensions generated by
the stored contents.
28.
Initial stress
The first tensioning operation undertaken during post-tensioning, typically applied as soon as
the concrete at the anchorage locations has attained sufficient strength to resist the resulting
anchorage zone stresses.
29.
Jack ram
The active hydraulic cylinder of a stressing jack, being the cylinder which extends from the
body of the jack as the tendon strain increases.
30.
Lift-off load
The force required to be applied to an already-tensioned anchor block to lift it free of its
associated anchor or bearing plate. This value represents the magnitude of prestressing force
within the tendon at that point in time.
31.
Load balancing
A prestressed concrete design method in which the prestressing forces exerted upon the
member act to balance a given proportion of the service loads that the member will be
subjected to.
32.
Longitudinal prestressing
Prestressing forces acting along the longitudinal axis of the member.
33.
Measured extension
The measured tendon elongation produced by tensioning operations on that tendon.
34.
Minimum prestress level
The (generally long-term) minimum level of residual prestressing stress within a member
following tensioning and the actions of all time-dependent losses.
35.
Mono-strand
A prestressing system utilising tendons with single strands, or tendons able to be tensioned
using a mono-strand jack.
36.
Offset
The eccentricity within a post-tensioning tendon between the centreline of the duct component
and the centreline of the strand bundle.
37.
P/A level
The level of compressive stress present within an element due to prestressing forces. Derived
from the prestressing force at that location divided by the cross-sectional area.
38.
Partial prestressing
Prestressing to a stress level such that, under design loads, tensile stresses are allowed to
exist in the pre-compressed tensile zone of the member. Can be compared to full prestressing.
39.
Preload
A quantity of initial prestressing force applied to a tendon or structural element, prior to
subsequent operations being undertaken.
40.
Pre-tensioned
A method of prestressing concrete where the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is
placed.[1]:51
41.
Post-tensioned
A method of prestressing concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has
attained a specified minimum strength or age.
42.
Prestress level
The level of compressive stress created within a prestressed concrete member as a result of
prestressing.
43.
Pre-stressed concrete
The introduction of internal stresses into structural concrete via tensioned tendons, to reduce
potential tensile stresses in the concrete from applied loads.
44.
Profiled tendon
A tendon which has been draped or harped to give it a non-flat profile between end
anchorages.
45.
Pump
A device to provide hydraulic pressure for the operation of stressing jacks. Also a device to
provide a supply of pressurised grout for the grouting of bonded tendons.
46.
Re-stressable
A prestressing tendon which is able to be re-tensioned, often permanently, following having
been tensioned to its full design load.
47.
Sheathing
30.Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
31.Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
32.Mu = factored moment at section, kNm
33.Nc = tensile force in concrete due to unfactored dead load plus live load (D + L), kN
34.Pj = prestressing tendon force at jacking end, kN
35.PIP = Inherent or possessed performance index
36.PIR = Inherent or possessed performance index
37.Px = prestressing tendon force at any point x s = spacing of shear or torsion
reinforcement in direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, mm
38.Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, kN
39.Vci = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results
from combined shear and moment, kN
40.Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results
from excessive principal tensile stress in web, kN
41.Vd = shear force at section due to unfactored dead load, kN
42.V i = factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring
simultaneously with Mmax, kN
43.Vn = nominal shear strength, kN
44.Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at section, kN
45.Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, kN
46.Vu = factored shear force at section,kN x = shorter overall dimension of rectangular
part of crosssection
47. = total angular change of prestressing tendon profile in radians from tendon
jacking end to any point x
48.y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of crosssection
49.yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to
extreme fibre in tension
50.p = factor for type of prestressing tendon
= 0.55 for fpy/ fpu not less than 0.80
= 0.40 for fpy/ fpu not less than 0.85
= 0.28 for fpy/ fpu not less than 0.90
51. = curvature friction coefficient
52. = strength reduction factor
Plate No:2
Submitted by:
Bautista, Johah
Submitted to:
Engr. Rakiin A. Sacar Jr.
Date:
January 18, 2017
than onethird of the shear at a support is closer than 2d from the face of the
support.
31.DEFORMABILITY: A term expressing the ability of concrete to deform. DEGREE OF
DETERIORATION: The extent to which the performance of a structure is degraded or
the extent to which the deterioration has progressed from the time of construction,
as a result of its exposure to the environment. DESIGN LIFE: Assumed period for
which the structure is to be used satisfactorily for its intended purpose or function
with anticipated maintenance but without substantial repair being necessary.
32.DETERIRATION FACTOR: The factor affecting the deterioration process.
33. DETERIRATION INDEX: An index selected for estimating and evaluating the extent
of the deterioration process.
34.DETERIORATION PREDICTION: Prediction of the future rate of deterioration of a
structure based on results of inspection and relevant records made during the
design and construction stages.
35.DEVIATION SADDLE: A concrete block buildout in web, flange, or webflange
junction used to control the geometry of or to provide a means for changing
direction of, external tendons.
36.DRYING SHRINKAGE: Volume decrease due to loss of moisture from concrete in the
hardened state which is usually serious in hot and dry environment.
37.DURABILITY DESIGN: Design to ensure that the structure can maintain its required
functions during service life under environmental actions.
38. DURABILITY GRADE: The extent of durability to which the structure shall be
maintained in order to satisfy the required performance during its design life. This
affects the degree and frequency of the remedial actions to be carried out during
that life.
39. DURABILITY LIMIT STATE: The maximum degree of deterioration allowed for the
structure during its design life.
40.DURABILITY PREDICTION: Prediction of the future degree of deterioration of the
structure based on data used in its design.
41.DYNAMIC APPROACH: An approach based on dynamic analysis to assess the overall
forces on a structure liable to have a resonant response to wind action.
42.DYNAMIC RESPONSE FACTOR: Factor to account for the effects of correlation and
resonant response. EARLY AGE STATE: The state of concrete from final setting until
the achievement of the required characteristic strength.
43.EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS : Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses
have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
44.ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS: An assembly of physical, chemical or biological
influences which may cause deterioration to the materials making up the structure,
which in turn may adversely affect its serviceability, restorability and safety.
45.FATIGUE LOADS: Repetitive loads causing fatigue in the material which reduces its
strength, stiffness and deformability.
46.FINAL PRESTRESS : Stress which exists after substantially all losses have occurred.
47.FINAL TENSION : The tension in the steel corresponding to the state of the final
prestress.
48.FORMWORK: Total system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mould
or sheathing, all supporting members, hardware and necessary bracings.
49.FRESH STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after mixing until the completion
of placing.
50.FUNCTION: The task which a structure is required to perform.
51.GENERAL ZONE: Region adjacent to a posttensioned anchorage within which the
prestressing force spreads out to an essentially linear stress distribution over the
cross section of the component.
52. GROUT: A mixture of cementitious material and water with or without admixtures.
53.HARDENED STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after achieving the required
strength.
54.IMPORTANCE: rank assigned to a structure according to the likely overall impact
caused by its failure, due to deterioration, to satisfactorily perform its functions as
determined at the time of design.
55.a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
56.A = area of the part of crosssection between flexural tension face and centre of
gravity of gross section, mm2
57.Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm2
58.As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2
59.A's = area of compression reinforcement, mm2
60.b = width of compression face of member, mm
61.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of nonprestressed tension
reinforcement, mm d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
compression reinforcement, mm
62.db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm p
63.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
64.D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces
65.e = base of Napierian logarithm c
66.f = specified compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2 ci
67.f = compressive strength of concrete at transfer of prestress, N/mm2
68.fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied loads, N/mm2
69.fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is
caused by externally applied loads, N/mm2
70.fpc = average compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress force only
(after allowance for all prestress losses), N/mm2
71.fps = stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, N/mm2
72.fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, N/mm2
73.fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, N/mm2
74.fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, N/mm2
75.fse = effective stress in prestressed reinforcement (after allowance for all prestress
76.fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, N/mm2
77.h = overall thickness of member, mm
78.h f = overall thickness of flange of flanged section, mm
79.I = moment of inertia of crosssection resisting externally applied factored loads,
mm4
80.k = wobble friction coefficient per meter of prestressing tendon
81.l = length of span of twoway flat plates in direction parallel to that of the
reinforcement being determined, mm
82.l x = length of prestressing tendon element from jacking end to any point x, metre
83.L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces
84.Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
85.Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
86.Mu = factored moment at section, kNm
87.Nc = tensile force in concrete due to unfactored dead load plus live load (D + L), kN
88.Pj = prestressing tendon force at jacking end, kN
89.PIP = Inherent or possessed performance index
90.PIR = Inherent or possessed performance index
91.Px = prestressing tendon force at any point x s = spacing of shear or torsion
reinforcement in direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, mm