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SiliconWikipedia

Silicon
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

SiliconisachemicalelementwithsymbolSiandatomic
number14.Ahardandbrittlecrystallinesolidwithabluegray
metallicluster,itisatetravalentmetalloid.Itisamemberof
group14intheperiodictable,alongwithcarbonaboveitand
germanium,tin,lead,andfleroviumbelow.Itisrather
unreactive,thoughlesssothangermanium,andhasgreat
chemicalaffinityforoxygenassuch,itwasfirstpreparedand
characterizedinpureformonlyin1823byJnsJakob
Berzelius.
Siliconistheeighthmostcommonelementintheuniverseby
mass,butveryrarelyoccursasthepureelementintheEarth's
crust.Itismostwidelydistributedindusts,sands,planetoids,
andplanetsasvariousformsofsilicondioxide(silica)or
silicates.Over90%oftheEarth'scrustiscomposedofsilicate
minerals,makingsiliconthesecondmostabundantelementin
theEarth'scrust(about28%bymass)afteroxygen.[10]
Mostsiliconisusedcommerciallywithoutbeingseparated,and
oftenwithlittleprocessingofthenaturalminerals.Suchuse
includesindustrialconstructionwithclays,silicasand,and
stone.SilicateisusedinPortlandcementformortarandstucco,
andmixedwithsilicasandandgraveltomakeconcretefor
walkways,foundations,androads.Silicatesareusedin
whitewareceramicssuchasporcelain,andintraditionalquartz
basedsodalimeglassandmanyotherspecialtyglasses.Silicon
compoundssuchassiliconcarbideareusedasabrasivesand
componentsofhighstrengthceramics.
Elementalsiliconalsohasalargeimpactonthemodernworld
economy.Mostfreesiliconisusedinthesteelrefining,
aluminiumcasting,andfinechemicalindustries(oftentomake
fumedsilica).Evenmorevisibly,therelativelysmallportionof
veryhighlypurifiedsiliconusedinsemiconductorelectronics(<
10%)isessentialtointegratedcircuitsmostcomputers,cell
phones,andmoderntechnologydependonit.Siliconisthebasis
ofthewidelyusedsyntheticpolymerscalledsilicones.
Siliconisanessentialelementinbiology,althoughonlytiny
tracesarerequiredbyanimals.[11]However,variousseasponges
andmicroorganisms,suchasdiatomsandradiolaria,secrete
skeletalstructuresmadeofsilica.Silicaisdepositedinmany
planttissues,suchasinthebarkandwoodofChrysobalanaceae
andthesilicacellsandsilicifiedtrichomesofCannabissativa,
horsetailsandmanygrasses.[12]

Contents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon#Siemens_process_and_alternatives

Silicon,14Si

Generalproperties
Name,symbol

silicon,Si

Pronunciation

/slkn/or/slkn/
knorkon

Appearance

crystalline,reflectivewith
bluishtingedfaces

Siliconintheperiodictable
C

Si

Ge
aluminiumsiliconphosphorus

Atomicnumber(Z)

14

Group,block

group14(carbongroup),p
block

Period

period3

Elementcategory

metalloid
28.085[1](28.084

Standardatomic
weight(Ar)
Electron
configuration

28.086)[2]
[Ne]3s23p2
2,8,4

pershell

Physicalproperties
Phase

solid

Meltingpoint

1687K(1414C,2577F)

Boilingpoint

3538K(3265C,5909F)

Densitynearr.t.

2.3290g/cm3

whenliquid,atm.p.

2.57g/cm3
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SiliconWikipedia

Contents
1 Characteristics
1.1 Physical
1.2 Chemical
1.3 Isotopes
2 History
3 Occurrence
4 Production
4.1 Alloys
4.2 Metallurgicalgrade
4.3 Polysilicon
4.3.1 Siemensprocessandalternatives
4.4 Electronicgrade
4.4.1 Earlypurificationtechniques
4.5 Occupationalsafetyandhealth
5 Compounds
6 Applications
6.1 Compounds
6.2 Alloys
6.3 Electronics
6.4 Mechanicalwatches
7 Biologicalrole
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Externallinks

Characteristics
Physical

Siliconcrystallizesina
diamondcubiccrystal
structure

Siliconisasolidatroom
temperature,withameltingpoint
of1,414C(2,577F)anda
boilingpointof3,265C
(5,909F).Likewater,ithasa
greaterdensityinaliquidstate
thaninasolidstateanditexpands
whenitfreezes,unlikemostother
substances.Witharelativelyhigh
thermalconductivityof149Wm
1K1,siliconconductsheatwell.

Initscrystallineform,puresilicon
hasagraycolorandametallicluster.Likegermanium,siliconis
ratherstrong,verybrittle,andpronetochipping.Silicon,like
carbonandgermanium,crystallizesinadiamondcubiccrystal
structurewithalatticespacingof0.5430710nm(5.430710
).[13]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon#Siemens_process_and_alternatives

Heatoffusion

50.21kJ/mol

Heatof
vaporization

383kJ/mol

Molarheat
capacity

19.789J/(molK)
Vaporpressure

P(Pa)

10

100

1k

10k 100k

atT(K) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537

Atomicproperties
Oxidationstates

4,3,2,1[3]1,2,3,4
(anamphotericoxide)

Electronegativity

Paulingscale:1.90

Ionizationenergies

1st:786.5kJ/mol
2nd:1577.1kJ/mol
3rd:3231.6kJ/mol
(more)

Atomicradius

empirical:111pm

Covalentradius

111pm

VanderWaals
radius

210pm
Miscellanea

Crystalstructure

facecentereddiamondcubic

Speedofsound
thinrod

8433m/s(at20C)

Thermalexpansion

2.6m/(mK)(at25C)

Thermal
conductivity

149W/(mK)

Electrical
resistivity

2.3 103m(at20C)[4]

Bandgap

1.12eV(at300K)

Magneticordering

diamagnetic[5]

Magnetic
susceptibility(mol)

3.9106cm3/mol

Young'smodulus

130188GPa[7]

Shearmodulus

5180GPa[7]

Bulkmodulus

97.6GPa[7]

Poissonratio

0.0640.28[7]

Mohshardness

CASNumber

7440213

(298K)[6]

History
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