Horticulture - Landscaping - Types of Garden

12/21/2016
Horticulture::Landscaping::Typesofgarden
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TYPESOFGARDEN
1.LANDSCAPINGOFHOME
2.LANDSCAPINGOFINSTITUTE
3.LANDSCAPINGOFINDUSTRY
4.ROOFGARDEN
1.LANDSCAPINGOFHOME
Therearemanypeoplewhothinkthatlandscape gardening relates to only gardening in large public parks or palaces of the rich. Landscaping as it is done for larger
estatesorpublicparkscanalsobeimplementedinatastefulandartisticwayforasmallhomeground,thoughonasmallerscale.Theterm"small"isamisleading
'onesofarasitrelatestogardens.Thesimplestdefinitiveor"small",assuggestedbysomeauthorsquiteappropriately,isanareawhichcanbeeffectively managed
and maintained physically as well as financially by the owner and his family with occasional hired labour for such hard work as digging, mowing, and shearing of
hedges.Here,wayswillbesuggestedforlandscapingonlysmallresidentialhouses.Forlargerestates,acombinationoflandscapingeffectssuggestedforparksand
homelandscapingmaybefollowed.
There are some basic guidelines for a home landscape. But personal preference plays a considerable role in developing a home garden. The home including its
surroundingsshouldbeanoutwardexpressionoftheinnerpersonalityandindividualityoftheowner.Oftenacommonmistakeismadebymanytocopyasuccessful
competitor of a garden competition or a neighbour. This may not suit your own home for various reasons. For example, location aspect of your own garden may be
quitedifferentcomparedtotheonewhichyouwanttocopy.Itisadvisabletothinkalotbeforeevenasinglediggingworkstarts.Itisamatterofgreatregretthatinour
countrysometimeswespendafortuneindecoratingtheinteriorofthehousetomakeitattractivebutignoretheoutsidecompound.
MakingaPlan
Beforeanyactualgardenworkisundertakenamasterplanhastobepreparedaccordingtoascale(1:15or1:20)inwhichallthefeaturessuchashousewall,drive
way,paths,flowerbeds,shrubbery,etc.,areplotted.Theshadedareasduetolargetreecanopyorthebuildingitselfhastobemarkedontheplan.Aplanpreparedon
a printed graph paper is of great help. The plan thus prepared should be studied again and again keeping in view what shape a plant will take in the long run. It is
frequently observed that people attracted by the graceful form of a young Araucaria cookii, plant this in the centre of a lawn or near the house possess the gigantic
formandheightitwillattainaftersomeyears.
Perhapstheownerofthehousewillcutthistreewhenovergrownoritmayberetainedtothedetrimentofotherplantsgrowingbelowit.Eitherway,thisisnotagood
planning.Perhaps,onewayofsatisfyingtheurgeofagardenlovertogrowsuchbeautifultreesinasmallcompound,istogrowthemlargeconcretetubsandburythe
tubgrowingthetreeintheappropriateplace,thusgivingtheimpressionthattheplanthasactuallybeengrownontheground.Whenthisattainsaconsiderableheight,
say 36 m, the tree along with the pot should be lifted and given to someone who can afford to use such a grownup tree. But it is better not to include such
controversialitems.Ifthegardenareaissufficientlylarge,thiscanbedividedintothreeareas.
(1) Approach or Public Area: This is the area from the street side extending to the entrance of the house. The area may be small or quite large depending upon
wherethebuildingissituated.Theaimistoharmonizeorblendthesurroundingswiththehouseproper.Theapproachareashouldnotbeovercrowdedwithlargetrees.
It is better to have doorway or "foundation" plantings with low rowing shrubs and evergreens. Floribunda and miniature roses are also suitable for foundation
plantingprovidedsufficientsun,atleastduringthemorninghours,isavailable.Itisimportanttonotethatplantinginfrontofthehouseshouldneitherobscureitnorcut
offlightandairnorblockthewindowsthusobstructingviewofthegardenfromindoors.
Floribundarose
Bigtrees,ifspacepermits,cangointhebackyardbutshouldnotbeovercrowdedinthefront.Butafewlowgrowingtreescanbeaccommodatedattheappropriate
placesasnexttoentrance,ifspaceisavailableorsomewhereinthefrontlawn.Anopenspaciouslawnwithsomeannuals(cutandcomeagainzinnias,salvias,and
petunias)orherbaceousperennials(chrysanthemum,Canna,andImpatiensinshade)canbeplannedinadditiontothefoundationplantings.
.
ImpatiensbalsaminaZinnia
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_Landscaping_types%20of%20garden.html
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(2)WorkorServiceArea:Theworkorserviceareacanbeconvenient,orderlyandattractive.Whereverfeasiblethisandthelivingareashouldbesituatedattheback
ofthehouseastheseneedseclusionorprivacy.Thisareaincludesthekitchengarden,compostbin,nursery,toolshed,andgarage.Somepeopleliketoincludethe
children'sswingsandtheslideinthisportionasthechildrencanbekeptundersurveillancefromthekitchen.Thisshouldbeseparatedfromviewbyplantingathick
hedgeorarowofbushyshrubs,asthisisconsideredastheshabbiestpartinanygarden.
Servicearea
(3)PrivateGardenAreaorLivingArea:Thisisgenerallytermedastheoutdoorlivingarea,wherepeoplesitoutinthewintertoenjoythesunorrestinthesummer
under an arbour or shade of tree. This area should be easily approachable and visible from the living (drawingroom) or diningroom, screened from unsightly objects
andforprivacy.Inthewesterncountriespeoplepreferaterraceandthisistheplacewhereitshouldcome.Thereshouldbesomeshadedsittingspotsuchasatreeor
arbourwithgardenbenches.
Landscaping can help you effectively cover your outdoors thereby helping you block unpleasant views from outsiders or your own neighbors. Building huge walls to
achievethiswouldbeundesirablewhenthesamecanbeachievedbeautifullythroughlandscaping.
Gardenbenchesofferarealopportunitytoadd utility, color and beauty to the landscape. Comfortable and attractive items are now available in a wide variety of low
maintenanceoutdoorfurniture.Outdoorfurnituremustbelargeenoughtobepracticalandmustbeinscalewithitssurroundings.Builtinfurniturehastheaddedvalue
ofbeingpermanentlyinplaceandenhancingtheoveralldesign.Occasionallythesurfaceof a retaining wall or raised planter can serve as a seating area. The living
terraceisthemostusualplaceforoutdoorfurniture.
Awidestretchoflawnwithshrubborderorfewannualbedsorarosegardencanalsobeincludedinthissection.Atenniscourtoraplayareahastobeincludedhere,
ifthereisenoughroom.
Playarea
Butbeforeactualplanningonehastofirstdecidewhatonewantsforone'shouse.Achoicehastobemadefromthefollowing.Whetherthegardenisneeded(a)asan
outdoorhavingroomwithalongstretchoflawnandterrace(b)asafencedinplayground(c)asashowpiecewithcollectionofexoticandrareplantsor(d)ayielderof
vegetablesandfruitsorcutflowersforthehouseistobedeterminedfirst.Somemayliketoaddtothelistalargetreeforshadeortreestoattractbirds.Itisto be
consideredfirstwhatshouldbethemajorthemeofthegarden.
Ifsomebodyisfascinatedwithflowers,thebordersaretobeplannedwidetofulfillhisdesire.Peoplefondofvegetablesandfruitmayliketoreservethemajorportion
of the area for this purpose with possibly a little area left around the house for a pleasure garden. But, if the garden is desired as a place for outdoor living, a vast
expanseoflawnwithminimumofbedsandbordershastobeplanned.Somenovicesmayliketocombinethegoodqualitiesofallthesethemesandincorporateinhis
garden.Thisisboundtocreateamessofeverythingandtheultimateresultwillbeagardengoodfornothing.
Manypeopleadvisenottoincludeanypoolorformalrockgardenorthekindinahomegarden.Butthereisnoharmifaformalorinformal1i1ypoolcanfitinwiththe
overalldesign,withorwithoutafountainorarockgarden.Astatueorsundialcanalsobewellfittedinsomespaciouscompounds.
Lilypool
SomePointstoPonder
Indesigningahousesomemorethinkingisnecessary. To keep down maintenance cost and time, an untrimmed hedge should be preferred over trimmed one, open
lawnsandshrubsneedlessattentionthanannualflowerbeds.Ifthebedsandbordersinalawnareedgedwithstoneorbricknohandclippingofgrasswillberequired.
Apoolneedstobecleanedoccasionallyandoneshouldpondertwicebeforeincludingthisintheplan.Thewateroutletsinthegardenshouldbefixedatappropriate
placessothatthehosesarenotdraggedtolongdistances.Theabovesuggestionsareforreducingthelabourcostwhichisespeciallyrelevantinindustriallyadvanced
countrieswherelabouriscostly.FortunatelyinIndia,labourisnotsocostly'andonecanincludeoneortwofeaturesneedinghelpofmanuallabour.
Tocreateprivacy,trees,hedges,shrubs,fences,orcreeperstrainedonwiremeshstructuresupportedbyangleironorG.I.pipepillarscanbegrown.Treesareused
whenheightisneeded,otherwisehedgesandothertypesofscreensshouldbepreferred.
Lightingisneededinthelightspecial1yforterraceareaandpaths.Thesameelectricitypointscanbeutilizedforrunninganelectriclawnmower.
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Electriclawnmower
HowtoProceed
Wheneverythinghasbeendecided,itistimetotentativelyselecttheplantsneeded.Thedifferentfeaturesarethendrawnonthepaperwithapencilsothatthiscan
beerasedifalterationsaretobemade.Afterthoroughstudyandseveraladditionsandomissionsaplanisfinalized.Foranexperiencedman,thiswouldnotbemuch
ofaproblem.Butanovicemustvisittheneighboursandseesomeofthelocalparkstoknowwhatcanbegrown.Thefirstthingistoselectthematerialsforthebasic
frameworksuchasbackground,screens,treesneededforshade,thedoorwayandthecornerofthehouse.Tothisthefeaturesneededforeffectsandbeautyasfor
exampleplantsforfoundationplanting,flowerbeds,specimenshrubsortreesareadded.
After everything is finalized on paper these are put into practice on the ground with the help of splitbamboo stakes and rubber hose. The trees are represented by
bamboo stakes, while the beds and borders can be plotted by bending a rubber hose in the desired pattern, Paths, hedge, or screen area can also be marked with
stakes. When everything is plotted the design is studied again and lastminute changes are effected if required. After this, digging and planting work are started
accordingtoplan.Beforeimplementingtheplansomecompoundsmayneedalittledressinguplikecleaning,levellingandtidyingup.
SalvaginganOldGarden
Ifapropertyhasbeenpurchasedwhichalreadyhadsomegarden,itistobestudiedwhethertheoldgardencanberemade.Thisisacomplicatedjobwhichhasits
advantages and disadvantages. It is often difficult to adjust some existing features into the new plan. The aim is to incorporate in the new design every interesting
existing feature and remove others not needed. A bird bath, water garden and terraces should be retained and improved upon. The remaking process has to be
completedslowlyafterwatchingeveryfeaturecarefullyandevaluatingtheirutilityinthenewdesign.
Watergarden
Problemsandsolutions
Often it so happens that a doublestorey house has a onestorey garage attached at one side of the building thus disturbing the whole balance. The solution in
correctingthisimbalanceliesinplantingtalltreeswithroundedcanopyalongthegarageend.Itisalsoimportanttoselecttheproperplantsnearthehousetosoften
and broaden the view of the house. A medium tree with lowbranching habit and with a rounded or little ovalshaped top is planted near the corner with some low
growingshrubsplantedaroundit.Treessuchassilveroak,Amherstianobilis,Cassianodosa,Dilleniaindica,Gulmohar,MagnoliagrandifloraandSaracaindica can be
used for this purpose. If the tree selected is deciduous in nature the evergreen shrubs below should form the contrast. For a twostorey house, a high branching
roundedcanopytreesuchasAnthocephaluscadamba,Erythropsiscolorata,Micheliachampaca,andPolyalthia.longifoliashouldbeplantedfarthestfromthecornerof
thehouseandinbetweenafairlylargesecondtreeorshrubisplanted,besidessomeotherlowgrowingshrubs.
AmherstianobilisGulmoharMicheliachampaca
Adoorwaynearthehouseneedsspecialattentionasthisistheplacewhichreceivesmaximumattentionfromavisitor.Dependingupontheapproachadoorwaycan
beplantedinformally,formally,orinasemiinformalpattern.Itcanbearrangedwithagardentypedesignconsistingofanornamentalshadeorfloweringtreeperennial
andannualflowers,climbingroses,somebulbssuchasZephyranthes,Amaryllisanddaffodils(fortemperateregions).Whereitisnotpossibletoplanttheannualand
perennial flowers in ground these can be put in tubs and arranged artistically. An ornamental light post, an urn or an artistically shaped boulder will be an object of
interestwhenplacedneartheshadetreeorinanappropriatecorner.Abedofrosescanalsobeaspotofbeautyprovideditreceivesthemorningsun.Symmetrical
plantswithpyramidalformsuchasThuja,Juniperuschinensis,andCupressusmacrocarpaarepreferredbymanynearthedoorwayforaformaltreatment.
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AmaryllisDaffodils
If a plot is rectangular in shape, where the length is far greater than the breadth, the best way to develop such plot will be to divide the whole area into a series of
garden compartments enclosed by hedges with continuous walk of gravel paving or grass connecting each segment with the other. But some people may prefer to
have long stretches of open lawn, when this arrangement will not do. In such cases the plot should at least be subdivided into two segments as too much of a
rectangularlandwithnarrowwidthisnotpleasingtotheeye.
Many people inherit irregularshaped plots specially those who are allotted the corner plots. It is far more difficult to plan a garden for such plots compared to a
rectangularorasquareplot.Inepthandlingmayruinsuchplotsbutamanwithimaginationandartisticsensecandevelopagardenwhichwillbefarmoreinteresting
thanagardeninaregulars hapedplot.Suchplotsshouldreceiveinformaltreatments.Anirregularshapedcornermaybetackledbyconstructinganinformallilypool.
Similarlybedsandborders should be shaped irregularly according to the contour of the plot. It may be far more convenient to develop a rock garden in a shapeless
cornerthantohavealawnorflowerbed.Itmaybewisenottohaveformalpathsofanykindinstead,thevariousareasmaybereachedbysteppingstonesplacedin
artisticallycurvedfashionoverthegrass.Theseareonlyafewsuggestions.Much depends on the imagination and tact of the man doing the job on the spot as the
situationdemands.
Plansforverysmallcompounds
What we have so far discussed suits the plots which are relatively large. For very small plots which cannot be divided into different segments such as public area,
living area, and work area, one has to depend upon one's own imagination to landscape such plots. But it should be remembered that the majority of the flowering
plantsandCalcuttadoobdonotflourishwellinashadedplace.Forsuchplotssituatedundershadeitiswisetoputshadelovingfoliageplantsandfloweringplants
preferringsemishadesuchasImpatienssultanii,geranium,daylilyandfootfalllily.Otherwise,alawnplantedwithafewspecimenshrubsorrosesoroneortwosmall
bedsoffloweringannualswillbemorethansufficientforsmallcompoundssituatedintheopen.Inallprobabilityitwillnotbepossibletohaveanylargetreeinsuch
compounds.
ImpatienssultaniiGeranium
What we have discussed so far are some possibilities and nothing is sacrosanct. One can use one's own imagination to alter one plan or other. Actually landscape
designhasawideflexibilityandthesameplotcanbelandscapedintwoormoredifferentways.Moreover,opinionvariesbetweenonelandscapedesignerstoanother
and hence, the controversy whether a design is perfect will never end. But the basic theories must be followed and mistakes such as overcrowding, monotony and
placingofplants in wrong situations (e.g., a sunloving plant placed under the shade of a tree) should be avoided. Once the design is decided, the different features
suchaspaths,walls,pools,lawnareconstructedaspertheproceduressuggestedinthisbook.Thebasicnecessitiessuchasirrigationanddrainageshould also be
takencareof.
Treessuitableforsmallgardens
Whileselectingtreesforthehomegardenthefollowingquestionsmustbeanswered.Firstofall,whythetreeisneeded?Isit for a background or corner planting to
framethehousewhetherthisisneededforshadeforsittingorfortheterraceandifso,whethergrasswillgrowundershade?Oncethequestionsareanswered,the
righttypeoftreehastobeselected.Enoughroomhastobeleftforthetreetogrow.Asforexample,a25x50mplothasroomonlyforalargeshadetreeandtwoto
threesmallfloweringtrees.ShallowrootedtreessuchasMillingtoniahortensisshouldnotbeplantedastheyaresurfacefeedersandmaybeuprootedbystorms.
Sometreessuitableforthegardenhavealreadybeenmentionedinthecourseofdiscussion,butsomemoremaybeadded.Bauhinias in different species are quite
suitable.
Bauhiniapurpurea
Bottlebrushissuitableformanysituations.TecomaargenteaisawonderfulfloweringtreeforhomegardensaroundBangalore.Thefollowingtreesarealsosuitablefor
plantinginthehomegrounds:Mimusopselengi,Gliricidiamaculata,Cochlospermumgossypium,Cassiafistula,andCassiaspectabilis.
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CassiafistulaCassiaspectabilis
Some shrubs may be grown as specimens in the lawn. A few suggested shrubs are Ixora singaporensis, Brya ebenus, Sophora tomentosa, Mussaenda philippica,
Azalea,CotoneasterhorizontalisandRhododendronsindifferentspecies.Thelastthreearesuitablefortemperateclimates.Forshrubberyborderalistofshrubs may
bemadefromthechapteronornamentalandfloweringshrubs,dependinguponsituation.
IxorasingaporensisMussaendaphilippica
LandscapingaCountryHome
A villager in India may not need a sophisticated garden as has been discussed in the foregoing pages. However, a countryman will need as much privacy as a city
dweller.Avillagehomehastobeplannedwithmoreutilityitems.Avillagerwouldliketogrowmorevegetablesandfruitforhisfamilyconsumptionandconsequently
moreareashouldbeearmarkedforthispurpose.Butashadetreeortwoandsomeareareservedforchildren'splaygroundisdefinitelyneeded.Someutilityflowering
treessuchasMicheliachampaca,PlumeriaacutifoliaandshrubssuchasHibiscusrosasinensis,Tabernaemontanacoronaria,Barleria,andJasminesyieldingflowers
forworshippingandhairdecorationshouldbeincludedforplanting.
MicheliachampacaHibiscusrosasinensis
TabernaemontanacoronariaBarleriacristata
Thecommonfloweringannualssuchasmarigold,zinnia,balsam,andsunflowercanbegrownforbeautyandcutflowersforvariouspurposes.
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2.LANDSCAPINGOFINSTITUTE
Aplannedandproperlylandscapedschoolbuildingwillbedifferentinappearanceandbeautythanunplannedone.Moreoveragoodgardeninthecampusinculcated
aestheticsensetoouryoungergeneration.
The general recommendations is to plant large trees in the school compound in the periphery of the school campus, along the rear and wings, a thick belt of large
shadytreesshouldbeplantedtobringdownnoiseandcutdowndustandstorms.Thisplantationwillalsohelpkeepdownsevereheatandcold.Thefrontshouldbe
plantedwithmediumsizedfloweringtreesforbeauty.Thetreesshouldnotcompletelyobstructtheviewofthebuildingfromoutside.Forenhancingthescenicbeautyit
is also suggested to plant a row of flowering trees, with different blooming seasons, in front of the large trees along the periphery. It is difficult to give any general
recommendation regarding the types of such trees, as this will vary according to the architectural design, situation and climate. The object is to provide beauty and
comfortdependingonconvenience.
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Theroadsandpathsaretobeformallyplantedwithmediumtotallfloweringplants.Beforeplantingprovisionshouldbemadeforoverheadwiringandseweragesothat
thesedonotinterfacewiththeavenueplanting.Wheretheelectricwireslimitthechoiceofavenuetrees,smallfloweringtreessuchasCochlospermum gossypium,
Callistemonlanceolatus,Bauhiniavariegata,andTecomaargenteacanbeplanted.Thetreesshouldbeplantedinpureavenues.Alawn looks nice in an educational
institution,butisverydifficulttomaintain.Theplaygroundcanbeplantedwithlawn,ifthiscanbemaintainedorshouldbeleftbare.
BauhiniavariegataCallistemonlanceolatus
A thickly planted belt of eucalyptus for peripheral planting is considered ideal. Silver oak, Polyalthia and Samanea saman are also suitable for this purpose. Cassia
fistula, Tecoma argentea, Erythrina indica, Lagerstroemia flosreginae and Bauhinia variegata are suitable for planting in the front and in the front row of the border
planting.
LagerstroemiaflosreginaeCassiafistula
Theroadsandpathsaretobeformallyplantedwithmediumtotallfloweringplants.Beforeplantingprovisionshouldbemakeforoverheadwiringandsewagesothat
thesedonotinterferewiththeavenueplanting.Shrubsplayanimportantpartintheschoollandscaping.Shrubbordersroundparksorplaygroundsisveryeffectiveand
can replace hedges as the maintenance is minimum. A lawn look nice in an educational institution but it is very difficult to maintain. A bougainvillea creeper trained
over the wall of the building can change the whole look. Similarly, a Bignonia venusta supported against a wall also looks beautiful. A creeper climbing with their
rootlets such as Ficus repens, Tecoma radicans can also be trained over some stone or brick wall. Besides an ornamental or a landscape garden, universities and
collegescanalsomaintainabotanicalgardenorastudentgarden,wheretheplantsarearrangedingroups,familywisesothatsuchgardensbecomeeducative.
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3.LANDSCAPINGOFINDUSTRY
Inmoderntimes,afactoryshouldnotbecomeaplaceofonlymachinery,dust,pollutionandnoise,butshouldalsobeprovidedwithnicelylaidoutparksandgardens.
Thisisnotonlyneededfromthepointofbeautification,butalsotofightpollutionanddust.Thefactoriesmaybebroadlycategorizedintotwogroups.Thefirstgroup
comprises comparatively neat factories such as a plywood factory or a fruit processing plant which emit less dust and other polluting materials. The second group
consistsoffactoriessuchascement,steel,fertilizer,etc.whichemitalotofdust,smoke,andharmfulchemicals.Theprimaryaiminafactorygardenwillbetoplant
treestoarrestthedriftingdustandsmokeandtocutdownnoise.
Anotherimportantaimistoprovideampleshadeandcoolnesssothattheworkersgetarespiteunderthecoolnessoftreesfromthehostilehotinteriorofthefactory.
Moreoverthetreesbenddownthetemperatureinthefactorypremisestoaconsiderableextent.Theplaceswheregardencanbelaidinthefactoryareaarecanteen,
restshed,hospital,administrativebuildingetc.
Itisinterestingtonotethatwelllandscapedofficestendtohavelowercasesofabsenteeismandjobshifting.Ithasalsobeenfoundthatemployeesservinginoffices
featuringcolorfullandscapedentrancesshowbetterproductivity.Thereasonforthiscanbeattributedtothebasicfactthathumanshaveafundamentaldesiretokeep
contactwithnature.Ourperceptionandmoodsarehighlyinfluencedbythecolorsweseeinandaroundus
TallandhardytreessuchasCasurarinaequisetifloia,Eucalyptus,PolyalthialogifoliaandSilveroakshouldbeplantedallaroundorinthedirectionofthewindstostop
thespreadrowsofplantsplantedinastaggeringmannerbringdownthenoisefromthefactorytothesurroundingsoutsidethisbarrier.
Polyalthialogifolia
Moreover,inawellplantedfactory,thetreesbringdownthezonemaybecreatedbyafforestationbetweenthefactoryanditsresidentialcolony.Afforestationcanbe
donewithhardyornamentalssuchasAcaciaauriculiformis,Casuarinaequisetifolia,Dalbergiasisso,andsomeothershadetrees.Besidesplantingoftrees,afactory
areacanalsobebeautifiedwithrockeries,statueswaterpoolsorlakes,fountains,etc.Bougainvilleashouldbeusedfreelytobeautifyafactoryarea.
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Root zone process is a German Technology to treat industrial and domestic waste water economically, efficiently and naturally. Three integrated compounds are
essentialtothissystem.Theyarethereeds,thereedbedandthemicrobialorganisms.
Runthecontaminatedwaterundertherootzoneandthereedbedstreatthewater.Theoutcomingwaterisclear,odourlessandfreefromcontaminationwhichcanbe
usedforgardeningandfarming.
Landscaping can hugely enhance the sales appeal of a property thereby increasing the overall property value. The factors that seem to contribute in increasing the
propertyvaluesincludegreenery,walkways,arches,patios,decksandponds.
Thusthereisvastscopeforthedevelopmentofindustrialandinstitutionallandscapes.Suchlandscapesshouldaimtoimprovetheaestheticbeautyoftheplaceand
reducethepollution.
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4.ROOFGARDENING
Garden is an embellished area with plants. The importance of gardening has been well understood by every individual. The gardens not only serve as a place of
recreation,italsoservesasaplaceforeducationbythewayofestablishingahomegardenorbotanicalgardens.
TheartofcreatingthegreeneryandmaintainingthegreeneryisknownasRoofGardening.ThisisalsoknownasTerracegardening.Theexistingrooftopcan be
effectivelyutilizedforgrowingfruitplants,vegetables,spices,homesteadmedicinalplants,flowerplantsandornamentalplants.Thepopulationexplosionoccursevery
dayresultedinthemigrationofpeoplesfromruralareastourbanareasforincomegeneration.Duetomigrationofpeoplesmostoftheagriculturelandsareconverted
intoresidentialareas,resultedwithdecreasedproductionoffruitsandvegetables.Thiscanbecircumventedbykitchengardeningandroofgardening.
Inurbanareas,duetoescalatingpopulation,morelandareaisbroughtundertheconstructionofhousesthereforethereishardlyanyspaceforgrowingvegetables.
Especiallyinmultistoriedbuildings,roofgardeningistheonlywaytogrowfruitsandvegetablesbyusingthepotsandcontainers.Thispracticeisknownascontainer
gardening.Psychiatristrecommendsthatworkingingardenrefreshthebodyandmind by reliving harsh stresses. Gardens become the integral part of the family life
benefitedbythesupplyoftoxicfreefreshfruitsandvegetables.
Dietitiansrecommend85gramsoffruits/day,300gramsofvegetables/day,whereasthepresentdayconsumptionoffruitisonly30grams/dayandvegetablesis120
grams/day.Theconsequencesofnutritionalandvitamindeficiencyaregivenasfollows.
Nutrients
Consequencesofdeficiency
Caloriesandproteins
Retardedgrowthinchildrenirritability,apathyandretardedmental
developmentdiscolourationofskinandhairswellingoffaceandlower
partofthelegsandfeet,fattyliver,andextremeemaciation.
VitaminA
Inabilitytoseeinbrightness,sensitivitytonightlight,foamywhite
patchesontheconjunctivesofteningofthecornea,leadingtoblindness
frequentrespiratoryinfections.
VitaminB
Thiamine(B1)
Causesberiberilossofappetite.
Riboflavin(B2)
Cracksatthecornersofthemouthcrackedlipsglossytongueulcersin
theoralcavity.
Nicotinicacid
Soretongue(scarletcoloured)pellagra,showingskinchangesonhands,
feet,legsandneckmentalchangesinseverecondition.
VitaminC
Scurvybleedinggumsandmucusmembranesandsusceptibilityto
infectionascommoncold.
Calcium
Importantforbonesandteeth,bloodclotting.Osteomalaciainwomen
afterrepeatedpregnancies.
Iron
Anemiapalesmoothtongue,paleeyesandskinspoonshapednails
frequentexhaustion.
Aimsofroofgardening
Yearroundsupplyoffreshfruitsandvegetables
Reducesexpenditureonpurchaseoffruitsandvegetables
Effectiveutilizationofspaceavailableattherooftop
Supplyoftoxicfreefruitsandvegetables
Togrowourownfavouritevegetables
Rareandunavailablevegetablescanbegrowninroofgarden
Apartfromtheabove,workinginaroofgardenwillrelievestressandstrains.
Maintainingthegreenerythroughroofgardenreducesthepollution
Increasesthemonetaryvalueofland/apartment
Locationofgarden
1.Rooftop/verandah/windowsills
2.Preferablyopenareaswithplentyofsunlightandwatersupply
Roofgardeningcanbeestablishedinabestmannerwiththeavailabilityofsunlightandwater.Plantsproducequalityfruitsandvegetablesbyusingsunlightandwater.
Since there is not enough place in the flats these days, this garden can be laid on roof tops, there by effectively utilizing the available space on the roof tops. In
multistoriedbuildings,notalltheapartmentshavearoof.Thusthepotscanbeplacedintheverandahandwindowsills.
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Fruitcropsinroofgarden
Vegetablecropsinroofgarden
Flowercropsinroofgarden
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Cactiandsucculentsinroofgarden
Medicinalplantsinroofgarden
Methodofcultivationinrooftop
1.Trough/Benches
Intheopenrooftop,basedonthebearingload,cementbenchesofconvenientlengthanddepthcanbeconstructedandthesoilmixture(2partsofredsoil+1partof
sand+1partofcompost)filledupandutilizedforgrowingthefruitorvegetablecrops.Leave1spaceattherim,tofacilitateirrigation.
2.Trough(Fornewlybuildhouses)
Forefficientutilizationofroofspaces,aninwardtroughisformedintheunutilizedspacesofrooftopi.e.,likesunkenedtrough.Thelengthanddepthoftroughmaybe
designedaspertherequirement.Theavailableareaisproperlycoatedwithwaterproofingmaterialstoavoidtheseepageofwaterintotheroofarea.Theinnersideis
designedwithagradualslopetofacilitatethedrainage.Thedrainageholeiscoveredwithwiremeshandgravelforensureddrainage.Finallytheentireareaislaidwith
geotextilematerialandfinallyfilledupwiththesoilmixtureforraisingfruitsandvegetable.
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BearingofBrinjal
3.Pots/Containers:PotsandContainerscanbeusedforraisingthefruitsandvegetables.
Typesofcontainers
Cementpots
Earthenpots
Plasticbarrels
Woodenbarrels
Boxes
Crates
Paws
Plasticjars
Damagedbuckets
Tinboxes
Drumsanddifferentsizes
Plasticcovers
Cement/Fertilizerbags
Damagedsink/washbasin
Damagedbowls/watertanks
Unusedwatercans
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Seedpanandseedboxes
Seedpansareshallowearthenpotsabout10cmhighand35cmindiameterwithadrainageholeatthebottom.Seedboxesaremadeofwood,porcelainandearthen
pots of 40cm wide and 60cm long and 10cm deep, with 68 properly spaced holes drilled in the bottom. Against each holes a crock is placed with its concave side
down.Somelargepiecesofcrockareputoveritandalsobythesideofthiscrock,somecoarsesand2or3handfullissprinkledonthecrockpiecesformingathin
layertopreventfinesoilfromcloggingthedrainagehole.Overthis,requiredsoilmixtureisaddedandkeptinopensunlightforraisingthevegetables.
Earthenpots
Earthenpotsmadeofburntporousclayinvarioussizestoholdenoughquantityofsoilandroofspaceforcultivatingdifferentkindsofplants.Theyhavestraightsides
andaremadewideratthetopthanatthebottomtoholdthegreatestbulkofcompostandalsotofacilitateeasyremovalofsoil,intactwithroots(ballofearth)atthe
timeofplantingorrepotting.
Inourcountry,potsofvaryingsizesviz.,tubepots,size,size,sizeandthaliareusedcommonly.Tubepotsareusedtoraisetherootstocksofmango and
sapota for grafting purposes. size pots are used for potting singly very small seedlings during first transplanting and also for layering in plants like West Indian
Cherry and Guava. size pots are extensively employed for growing well rooted cuttings of several kinds of plants and small plants of all kinds. size pots are
preferredforgrowingDahlia,Cannas,Palms,Shrubs,Rosesetc.Inadditiontotheabove,theearthenpotswerefilledwithsoilmixtureandusedforraisingvegetable
crops. Apart from the above, the soil mixture is filled in polythene covers and used for the cultivation of vegetables like tomato, brinjal, chilli, turmeric, coriander,
amaranthusetc.,
Polythenebags
Smallpolythenebagswithpunchedholesatthebottomfordrainageandfilledwithaporousrootingmediumareusedforpropagationofcuttingslikejasmine,duranta,
crotonsetc.,inthemistchamber.Sometimes,youngseedlingswhichareraisedinthenurseryaresubsequentlytransplantedinthesepolythenebagsarekeptthere
tilltheyattainrequiredgrowthfortransplantingthemtothemainfield(e.g.,papaya,curryleafetc).
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Plastic pots: Plastic pots, round and square are used to keep mostly indoor plants. They are reusable, light weight, nonporous and they require only little storage
space.
Fibrepots:Theseareavailableinsmallsizevaryingfrom510cmwidthandareeitherroundorsquareinshape.Theyarebionondegradableandlastlongerperiods
withthesoilandplantsinside.
ParaffinedpaperorStyrofoamcups
They look like icecream cups with drainage holes. They serve satisfactory as temporary containers for growing and transferring young plants on a large seed bed.
Theyarelight,cheapandrequirelittlespace.Recently,thermocolemoldedpotshavebeengainingpopularityastheyarelightweightandattractive.
Tools
a.Handhoe
b.Spade/showel
c.Rosecan
d.Handsprayer
e.Gardeninghosewithsprinkler
f.Bamboostakesandjutestrings
Otherinputs
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a.QualityseedsfromreliablesourceslikeAgriculturalUniversityandResearchStationsandNationalSeedCorporation.
b.Goodsoilfreefromstones,weedsandotherundecomposablematerials
c.Welldecomposedorganicmanure(compost/FYM/leafcompost/digestedcoircompost)
d.Riverbedsand
e.Chemicalfertilizers
f.Insecticides
g.Fungicide
h.Organicinputs(Neemoil,Neemseedkernelextract,Panchakavya)
Howtostart
i.Washthecontainerthoroughlyandmakedrainageholesatthebottom
ii.Mixsoil,compostandsandwiththehelpofhandhoeandshovel.
iii.Fillthecontainerslooselywithagentletap.Thesoilshouldsettle,bearingoneinchheadspaceatthetopforirrigation.
iv.a). For the transplanted vegetables, where nursery has to be raised, shallow pans and troughs can be filled with the fine mixture of soil, sand and compost
(1:1:1)andtheseedsshouldbesown.Thecontainershouldbeirrigatedimmediatelyaftersowing.Alayerofdrygrassorstrawisspreadontopofthesoiltill
theseedlingsemerge,andthereafteritisremoved.Mostoftheseedlingsarereadyfortransplantingwithonemonthofsowing.Recently,protraysareemployed
forraisingvegetableseedlings.Protraysaretheplugtraysof23depthwithadrainagehole.Initiallyportionofplugarefilledwithcompostandoneseedis
sownineachplugandcovertheremainingportionwithcompostorsandmixedcompost.Thewateringandotheroperationsaresimilarlytotheabovemethod.
b)The seeds of certain vegetable crops which can be sown directly, should be sown in the selected pots/ polythene bags etc., The depth of the seed sowing
shouldbeabouttwoandahalftimesoftheseedsize.Mostofthevegetablesareraisedbysowingtheirseedsdirectlyincontainers.Theseedlingsofbrinjal,
chilli, tomato, capsicum and onion are transplanted in containers / pots after 3040 days of germination. Their seedlings can also be raised in earthen pot or
pans.Asinglehealthyseedlingmaybetransplantedineachcontainer.Severalseedlings,eachofonionandknolkhol,andcanbetransplantedinacontainerof
thesamesize.Twoorthreeseedsaresowndirectlyinsuchcontainersandlaterthinnedoutretaininghealthyseedlings.Thenumberofplantsperpotmaybe
variedwithshapeandsize.
Cropselectionandraising
Sowing/planting
Sl.No.
Vegetables
Method
Time
DaystoFirstharvestaftersowing/
planting
1.
Amaranthus
Sowing
FebruaryMarch
JulyAugust
2530
2.
Beetroot
Sowing
OctoberDecember
90100
3.
Bittergourd
Sowing
FebruaryMarch
5560
4.
Brinjal
Transplanting
JanuaryFebruary
JulyAugust
4560
5.
Broadbean
Sowing
SeptemberOctober
7075
6.
Chilli
Transplanting
JanuaryFebruary
JulyAugust
5060
7.
Clusterbean
Sowing
JulyAugust
3035
8.
Cowpea
Sowing
JanuaryFebruary
6065
9.
Cucumber
Sowing
FebruaryMarch
4550
10.
Methi/Fenugreek
Sowing
SeptemberDecember
4550
11.
Mint
Transplanting
MatchJuly
4550
12.
Okra/Bhendi
Sowing
JuneJuly
3035
13.
Onion
Transplanting
JuneJuly
OctoberNovember
7580
14.
Radish
Sowing
Roundtheyear
2530
15.
Spinach
Sowing
SeptemberOctober
5055
16.
Tomato
Transplanting
DecemberJanuary
JuneJuly
6065
20.
Turnip
Sowing
SeptemberOctober
4045
Croppingpattern
GenerallyalmostallvegetableandspicecropsareraisedinthreeseasonsVaikaasipattam,AdipattamandThaipattam.Forsmallscalepurposei.e., cultivation in
homesteadgardens,weneednotdependonanyseasonbutraisingofvegetablescanbeavoidedduringsummerseasons.
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MayJuneto
SeptemberOctober
Plots
SeptemberOctoberto
DecemberJanuary
DecemberJanuarytoMay
June
Annualcrops
(a)Bittergourd
Lablab
Snakegourd
(b)Brinjalandchilli
Amaranthus
Okra
(c)Ashgourd
Pumpkin
Amaranth
(d)Bushy/semitrailingcowpea
Tomato
Cucumber
(e)Okra
Ashgourd
Chilli/brinjal
(f)Pumpkin
Okra
Onion
Perennialcrops
(a)Vegetables
Drumstick,curlyleaf,Chekurmanis,culinarybanana,Chekkurmanis,Agathi
(b)Fruits
Banana,acidlime,papaya,WestIndiancherry,guava,roseappleetc.
(c)Spices
Ginger,turmeric,mangoginger
Fruitscropssuitedforroofgarden
1.Banana,Guava,AcidlimeandPapaya
Vegetablecropssuitedforroofgarden
1.Transplantedvegetables:Tomato,Brinjal,Chilli
2.Directsownvegetables:Bhendi,Amaranthus,CucurbitaceousvegetableslikeBittergourd,Snakegourd,RidgegourdandBottlegourd,RadishandBeetroot
Spicecropssuitedforroofgarden
1.Turmeric,CorianderandFenugreek
Medicinal crops suited for roof garden: Agathi, Adathoda, Aloe vera, Oomathai, Lemon grass, Oomavalli, Karisalanganni, Perandai, Keelanelli, Thuthuvelai,
PonnanganniandManathakali
Cultivationoffruits
S.No.
Crop
Varieties
Platingmaterials
Spacing
(m)
Yield
(Yieldvarieswithvarietiesandspacing
adopted)
1.
Mango
Neelum
Banganapalli
Mallika
Bangalora,Alphonso,Rumani,
Grafts
5mx5m
810t/haupto15years
1520t/hafrom1520years
2.
Banana
Robusta,
DwarfCavendish,GrandNaine,
Rasthali,
Poovan,Nendran,Karpooravalli,
Suckers
2mx2m
Yield(t/ha/year)
Poovan:4050
Monthan:3040
Rasthali:4050
Robusta:5060
DwarfCavendish:5060
3.
Guava
Layers
5mx5m
25t/ha
4.
Sapota
Grafts
8x4m
2025t/ha/year
5.
Papaya
Seeds
1.8mx1.8m
CO2:600kg/ha
CO5:800Kg/ha
6.
Acidlime
Allahabad,Lucknow46,49,Arka
Amulya,ArkaMridula,Banaras,
Baptla
Oval,
CricketBall,
Kirtibarti,
Guthi,
CO1,
CO2,
CO.3,
PKM1,
PKM2,
PKM3,
PKM4,
PKM(sa)5andKalipatti
CO1,
CO2,
CO3,
CO4,
CO5,
CO6,
CO7,
CoorgHoneydewand
Surya
Localvarieties,PKM1
Buddedplants
4mx4m
25t/ha/year
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Cultivationofvegetables
Crop
S.No.
Varieties
Platingmaterials
Spacing
(m)
Yield
adopted)
Tomato
PKM1,
CO3(Marutham)andPaiyur1
Seed
PKM1,Paiyur1:
60x45cm
CO3:45x30cm
Brinjal
Co1,
Co2,
MDU1,
PKM1,
PLR1,
KKM1,
PPI1,
AnnamalaiandCOBH1(Hybrid)
Seed
60x60cm,
Varieties:25to30t/ha
Forhybrids75x60(or)75x
Hybrids:4550t/ha
75cm
Chillies
K1,
K2,
CO1,
CO2,
CO3,
CO4(Vegetabletype),
PKM1,
KKM1,
KKM(ch)1,
PLR1
Seed
45cmx30cm
23t/haofdrypods
1015t/haofgreenchilli
4.
Snakegourd
CO1,
CO2,
PKM1,
MDU1and
PLR(SG)1
Seed
2.5mx2m
18t/ha
5.
Ribbedgourd
CO1,
CO2,
PKM1,
ArkaSumeetandArkaSujath
Seed
2.5mx2m
1415t/ha
6.
Bittergourd
CO1,
MDU1,
COBgoH1(Hybrid),ArkaHarit,
Priyaand
Preethi
Seed
2mx1.5m
Varieties:14t/ha
Hybrids:40t/ha
7.
Clusterbeans
PusaMausami,PusaNaubahar,
GomaManjariandPusaSadabahar
Seed
45cmx15cm
57tpods/ha
8.
CO2,
VegetableCowPea VBN2,
PusaKomalandArkaGarima
Seed
45cmx15cm
5000kg/ha
9.
AnnualMoringa
PKM1,PKM2andKKM1
Seed
2.5mx2.5m
5055tonnesofpods/ha
(220pods/tree/year)
Radish
CO1,
PusaRashmi,
PusaChetki,
Seed
PusaDesi,JapaneseWhiteandArka
Nishant
15cmx10cm
2030t/ha
SmallOnion/
Aggregatum
CO1,
CO2,
CO3,
CO4,
MDU1and
Co(On)5(freefloweringandseed
settingtype)
15cmx10cm
1216t/ha
ForCo(On)5onion,18t/hain90days
12.
Amaranthus
CO1(MulaikeeraiandThandukeerai)
CO3(Clipping)
Seed
CO4(Grain)
15cmx10cm
Leafytypes
25daysaftersowingforMulaikeerai(10t/ha)
40daysaftersowingforThandukeerai(16
t/ha)
Clippingtypes
10clippingsatweeklyintervals
(30t/ha)
13.
Curryleaf
SenKaampa,Dharwad1and
Dharwad2
1.5mx1.5m
250400kgofleaves/ha
1.
2.
3.
10.
11.
Seed/Bulb
Seeds/Suckers
PKM1:3035t/ha
CO3:40t/ha
Paiyur:30t/ha
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CultivationofSpices
S.No.
Crop
Varieties
Platingmaterials
Spacing
(m)
Yield
adopted)
1.
Turmeric
CO1,
BSR1,
Rhizome
BSR2,
Localcultivar:SalemandErode
45cmx15cm
Freshrhizomes:2530t/ha
2.
Coriander
CO1,CO2,CO3andCO(CR)4 Seeds
15cmx10cm
Leafyield:67t/ha
3.
Fenugreek
CO1,Pusaearlybunchingand
CO2
15cmx10cm
Yieldofgreen:40005000kg/ha
Seeds
Culturalpractices
Watering
Plantsinpotsandcontainersneedalotofcareandattention.Itisessentialtowatertheplantsjudiciouslydependingupontheseason,kindofcrop,sizeofthe plant
andsizeofthecontainer.Plantsneedextrawaterduringsummerseasonandhencetheplantsshouldpreferablybeirrigatedtwiceaday.Toomuchwateringwillalso
leadtoproblemshenceweshouldstrikeaintelligentbalance.Thethumbruleforirrigationisthatthetopsoilshouldbescratchaboutoneinchandseen,ifthelower
soilisdamp,thereisnoneedofimmediateirrigation.Duetoevaporation,thetopsoilgenerallydrieseventhough the soil may have enough moisture to sustain the
plant.Ingeneral,wateringcanbedoneasandwhenrequired.
Staking
Dependingonthegrowthstageofplants,theyneedstaking(i.e)support.Plantslikelablab,ribbedgourd,bottlegourdandsnakegourdneedsstakingorithastobe
trainedinpandalsystemforpropersupport.Inadditiontotheabove,plantsliketomato,brinjalandchillialsoneedstakingon60thdayofplanting.
Fertilizerapplication
Formaximumgrowthandyieldofcropscanbeachievednotonlythroughorganicmanuresandcanbeimprovedbetterbytheapplicationofinorganicfertilizers.Top
dressing with nitrogenous fertilizers improves plant growth and yield of vegetables. This can be done by applying urea or DAP or ammonium sulphate in small
quantities. In general, 510 g of urea may be applied in moist soil once in a week or 10 days starting from 3 weeks after sowing or 2 weeks after transplanting. In
general,5to10grammesofcomplexfertilizers(17:17:17/20:20:20)containingNPKmixtureisappliedinthreestagesasfollows:
30daysafterplanting(i.e)onsetofvegetativephase=5to10grammes/plant
60daysafterplanting(i.e)onsetoffloweringphase=15to20grammes/plant
90daysafterplanting(i.e)onsetoffruitingphase=15to20grammes/plant
In addition to the above, vermicompost 100 grammes/plant should be applied at monthly intervals. Care must me taken that vermicompost should not mix with any
inorganicfertilizers.Hencetheapplicationofvermicompostandinorganicfertilizersshouldnotbepracticedsimultaneously.Heavydosesoffertilizerareveryharmful.
Immediatelyafterfertilizerapplication,theplantshouldbewatered.
WeedControl:Handhoeingandweedinghelpsinaerationintherootzoneandhelptheplantgrowhealthy.Weedsshouldberemovedgentlyinleafyvegetablecrops
likeamaranthus,fenugreek,spinach,corianderetc.
Pestanddiseasemanagement
PickanddestroythelarvaefoundonfruitsandvegetablesandthensprayNeemoil@4ml/literofwater+stickingagent2ml/literofwaterorkadisoapor
NeemSeedKernelExtract@3%+stickingagent2ml/literofwaterorkadisoap
Avoidsprayingoftoxicchemicals.
Basedonthegrowthpatternandclimaticfactorsvegetablesareattackedbyvariouspestsanddiseases. Aphids and jassids are small sucking insects, injuring the
plantsespeciallyinearlystagesoftheirgrowth.SprayingofDimethoate@2ml/literofwater+Neemoil@4ml/literofwater+stickingagent2ml/literof water or
kadisoapcontrolstheseinsects.Fruitflyandfruitborerareseriouspestsofsomevegetablecrops.Theydamageyoungfruitsandmakethemunfitforconsumption.
Theaffectedfruitsshouldbepluckedanddestroyed.Theplantsshouldbesprayedonceortwicewithinsecticides.Afterspraying,fruitsshouldnotbeharvestedfor7
10 days for consumption. Fungal diseases (damping off and wilt) and viral disease affect the plants particularly during the rainy season. Fungal diseases can be
controlledbydrenchingthesoilwithCaptafsolution@2g/litofwater.Virusaffectedplantsshouldberemovedanddestroyed.
Harvesting
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Vegetablesharvestedatthepeakofmaturityandusedpromptly,arealwayssuperiorinnutritionalcontent,freshness,flavourandappearance.Leafyvegetablesshould
bepickedupfrequentlywhentender.Rootvegetablesshouldbepulledoutwhiletenderotherwisetheybecomepithy.Tomatoispickedatripestage,brinjalandokra
arepickedaftertheyattainsfullsizebutstilltender.
Rarevegetableslikeleek,fennel,andsoyaarenotavailableinmarketalways.Thusthesecanbeadvantageouslyraisedincontainers.Curryleaf,Checkurmanisand
gooseberrycanalsobegrowninmediumtobigsizedcontainersinaroofgarden.
Postharvestoperations
Diggingofsoil:Assoonastheseasonisoveri.e.,afterthefinalharvestingofvegetables,removetheplantfromthepot/polythenecoveranddumpthesoilinopen
placeandbreaktheclods.
Applicationoforganicmanures:After15days,addorganicmanuresandmixthesoilthoroughlyandrefillthepotsorpolythenecovers.
Choosealternatecrops:Inordertomaintainproperrecyclingofnutrients,croprotationcanbeadopted.Hencechoosealternatecropsforthenextseason.
Ornamentalplantssuitedforroofgarden
Ornamentaltrees
Bauhiniapurpurea,PlumeriaalbaandCallistemonlanceolatus
Shrubs
Acalyphahispida,Allamandagrandiflora,Barleriacristata,Bauhiniatomentosa,Clerodendroninerme,Dombeyaspectabilis,Durantaplumieri,Hameliapatens,Hibiscus
rosasinensis,Mussaendaerthyrophylla,Neriumoleander,Poinsettiapulcherrima,Tecomastans,Thevetianereifolia,Codioeumsp,EranthemiumelegansandPisonia
alba
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Climbers:Allamandacathartica,Asparagusdensiflorus,Bougainvilleasp,Clitoreaternatea,Ipomoeapalmate,Quisqualisindica
Flowers: Impatiens balsamina, Celosia sp, Chrysanthemum sp, Cosmos bipinnatus, Gomphrena globosa, Tagetus erecta, Petunia hybrida, Portulaca grandiflora,
Salviasplendens,SolidagoCanadensis,VincaroseaandZinniaelegans
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Lawngrass
1.Grassyarea
2.Charmingeffect
3.Breaksthemonotonyandbringstheintegrityofgardencomponents
4.Cushionylayerforplayerswhoareengagedinsportactivities
5.Checksthepollution
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6.Increasethemonetaryvalueofland
Typesoflawngrasses
S.No.
Botanicalname
Commonname
Texture
Situation
1.
Cynodondactylon
Hariyali(or)Arugu(or)Doob
grass
Medium
Suitableforopensunnylocationdroughttolerant
2.
Stenotaphrumsecundatum
St.Augustinegrass
Coarse
Suitableforshadysituationwithfrequentirrigations
3.
Zoysiajaponica
Japangrass
Coarse
Cangrowwellinpoorsandysoilandsuitedforopen
sunnysituation
4.
Paspalumvaginatum
Paspalumgrass/
SeaShorePaspalum
Medium
Suitableforopensunnysituation,highlydrought
tolerant
Selectionofsite
1.Opensunnyplacesandpreferablywithlittlequantityofshade.
2.Siteshouldhaveamplequantityofwaterforirrigation.
3.Freefromhazardslikegrazinganduseofpathways
4.Siteshouldnotbeunderthetreecanopyasthelitteraffectsthequalityofturfgrass
5.Poorlydrainedsoilsshouldbeavoided.
6.Soilandwatershouldbemediumtogoodquality.
Primaryoperations
Siteclearing
(Uprootingoftreeroots,stumpsandconcretes)
Backfillingwithsoilmix
(Redsoil:Sand:Compost2:1:1ratio)
Layingofirrigationlinesmainandlaterals
Soilcompaction
Finallevelingwithgentleslopefordrainage
(Redsoil:Sand:Compost2:1:1ratio)
Methodsoflawnmaking
1.Seeding
2.Dibbling/Sprigging
3.Sodding/Turfing
Seeding
3032kgofseedisrequiredforplantingonehectarearea(10,000ha)
Seedsnormallytake2530daysforgermination
Seedsaremixedwithdoublethequantityoffinetexturedsoilpreferablyofsandandsownuniformlyonawindlessday
Care
1.Tillestablishment,floodwateringandhosewateringisavoided
2.Mowingshouldbedoneafter5060daysofsowing
Disadvantages
1.Poorestablishmentwhencomparedtoothermethods.
2.Theavailabilityofgoodqualityseeds.
Sod/Turfing
Selectingturfpieces
1.Shouldbefreefromsodworms
2.Freefromnutritionaldeficiency
3.Freefromweedpopulation
4.Sodshouldbeproperlycutwithoutanydeformations
5.Heightofthegrassshouldbeoptimum
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6.Freefromotherpestanddiseases
Precautions
1.Mowingshouldbedone2025daysafterplantingordependinguponthecompleteestablishment.
2.Theunevensurfacesandgapscanbefittedwithturfplugswithsand.
3.Turfingshouldnotbepracticedinwinterseasonsasitexhibitsyellowingduetolowtemperatureandlowlightintensity.
Advantages
Quickandinstantestablishment
Uniformturfsurface
Bestsuitedforexhibitions,sportsgrounds
Disadvantages
Costlier
Poorestablishmentduringwinterseason
Dibbling/Sprigging
Turfgrassareseparatedalongwiththeirrootportionisdibbledat1015cmdistances
Sproutingat2530days
Completecoveragemaytakearound34monthsafterplanting
Precautions
1.Mowingshouldbedone3035daysplanting.
2.Mowingshouldbedoneatonethirdlevelwithoutaffectingthefoliagegrowth.
3.Trafficmovementshouldbeavoidedtilltheestablishment.
4.Lightirrigationfollowedbyrollingimprovestheturfappearance.
Advantages:Cheapestmethod
Disadvantages
Slowestablishment
Costofplantingishigher,whencomparedtoothermethodofestablishment.
Quarterlyfertilizerinputratioforturfgrass
Urea
Superphosphate
Muriteofpotash
Situation
(g/m2)
LowMaintenance
(Residentialturfs)
100
75
75
HighMaintenance
(e.g.Turfinpublicgardens)
200
100
150
IntensiveMaintenance
(e.g.Sportsfields)
300
150
150
Appliedintwosplitdoses(at6monthsintervalsi.e.,onsetofsummerandonsetofwinterseason)
Irrigatethelawnafterfertilizerapplicati
Maintenanceoflawngrass
a)Mowing
Cuttingofgrass
Normalcuttingheightis2.02.5inchesfromthegroundlevel
Mowingshouldbedoneat1520daysintervals
b)Weedmanagement
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Controlledbyspotapplication/drenchingwithGlyphosate@5ml/litreofwater+Ammoniumsulphate@10g/litreofwater
c)Nutrientmanagement
Fertilizersareappliedinsplitdoses@40daysinterval
Irrigationisgivenimmediatelyafterfertilizerapplication
d).Pestanddiseasemanagement
SprayDimethoate/Acephate@2ml/liter+DithaneM45@2g/liter
Sprayedonrainlessday
DosandDonts
Dos
1.Placethepotsinavailablespace,accordinglytosunshinerequirement.
2.Alwayscheckthedrainageinthepots.
3.Leave1spaceinthepotattherim,tofacilitateirrigation.
4.Alwayssowthenurseryinseparatepotsorprotrays.
5.Usedeeppotsforplantswithdeeperroots(perennials)andshallowforshallowrootedplants(annuals).
6.Keeplargeandheavypotsinstrongpartofthebuilding.
7.Irrigateasandwhenrequired,aftercheckingthemoistureregimeofthepot.
8.Alwayskeepthepotsandplantsweedfree,diseaseandpestfree.
9.Placepotsawayfromeachothertofacilitateaircirculation.
10.Avoidsprayingoftoxicchemicals.
Donts
1.Dontoverwaterthepots.
2.Dontletthedrainageholeclogordontblockthedrainagehole.
3.Dontplacetoomanypotstogether.
4.Dontplaceheavypotsinapartmentsifthebuildingisnotconstructedtobeartheweightsincedampsoilismuchheavierthandrysoil.
5.Donnotgrowperennialplants(fruitcropslikemango,sapotaandguava)atrooftop,sincetheheavyfeederrootsmaypenetrate/damagetherooftop.
Otherconsiderations
1.Inthesaferpointofview,therooftophastobepaintedwithantidampordampproofpainttoavoidseepingofwatertoroofofthehouseandstainingthefloor
androof.
2.The garden work can be shared by all the members of the family. The strenuous work like lifting the pots, pot filling and weeding can be assigned to the
youngsters,harvestingcanbedonebyoldpeopleandchildrenofthefamily.Womencanparticipateinweedingandirrigation.
3.ItisgoodideatoreplenishthemediawithFYMperiodically,sayaftereveryseasonorharvestsothatthenutrientstatusofthesoilismaintained.Afteroneyear
or3seasonsthemediahastobechangedusingfreshsoilandsand.
4.Largeconcretepotsof23orwaste/damagedplasticdrumscanbeusedtogrowpapayaandbanana.
5.Whentheinmatesareoutofstationfor710daysthemostimportantconsiderationisirrigationforwhichthefollowingcanbedone.
Thedrainageplatescanbefilledwithwatertomaintainthemoisturelevel.
Somemulchcanbeusedontopofthepotsoil,likeaplasticsheetorstraw/mossmulch.
Forgreens,sincefrequentwateringisimportant,severallayersofnewspapercanbetiedtothebodyofthepotandthenewspapersshouldbecompletely
drenchedwithwater.
6.To raise seedling like tomato or brinjal, Protrays which are trays with shallow depth (22.5) should be used. The seed can be sown in small quantity also
withoutwastage.
A pot of 1m depth and convenient length width may be used for composting plant residue / kitchen waste. Vegetable wastes like leaf waste, onion peels, waste
vegetables,pulpwastes, tea wastes, chopped pieces of cauliflower / cabbage can be effectively decomposed in the pits / plastic barrels. The vegetable wastes are
dumped and a layer of soil (1 thickness) may be added at the top for efficient and quick decomposition. The rate of decomposition can be enhanced by sprinkling
waterdaily.
Thekitchenwastecanbedumpeddailyoraspertheavailability.Fewearthwormsmayalsobeaddedforfasterdecompostion.Thecompostisreadyforusewithintwo
andhalfmonthstothreemonths.Thewellcomposedmaterialwillbedarkbrownincolour.Thepartiallydecomposed/undecomposedmaterialsandearthwormswere
againdumpedbackalongwiththeearthworms.Avoidnonvegetarianitemsasitmaycreateafowlsmell.Thebestlocationforcompostpreparationisshadytosemi
shadylocations.
Physicalandpsychicutility
Owingtotheseatboundofficejobs,thereishardlyandphysicalactivityinourlives.Thislackofexercisehasleadtoanumberofhealthhazards.Roofgardensystem
of vegetable cultivation provides an alternative to people living in all kinds of dwellings individual houses, flats, or apartments. A family can tend the garden as a
team. This can be a healthy family time to interact and talk, while doing a useful activity from the point of health and economy. This physical exercise helps us to
forgetthetensionsofofficeandourmindscanfreshenup.
Withthepassageoftime,thetraditionaljointfamilysystemisbreakingupinIndiaandmostofthefamiliesarefragmentingintonuclearfamiliesonaccountofstruggle
formoneyandjobstrains.Infamilieswheregrandparentsareapart,theoldergenerationfeelsleftout.Witharoofgardenathome,eventheoldpeoplecanparticipate
andfeeloneofthegroupandworkratherthanfeelingleftout.Thushavingagardenisnotonlyaphysicalormonitoryneedbutapsychologicaltoo.
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