uscd, | % syseuo,/ °e pears, /2 req. /'9 7 z z /Mprqau, sz uresy,/ picu/* perte/"y ysitd/t (2e$3iTa,/See bev ewewrrr~ peeeseseeees ‘wee Se tandee we 0 teak soanahe axaren i { | Contents |® Diana F. Finch and Héctor Orie Lira 1982 | Somsiaaet \ 5 i —| [io oe eeeete stereo 3 ne | | The Linge Sctences 1 ceeorsce: | 2 Artiuitory Pnonethn. he Speesh Mechanism 6 arr ia] | 43 Articulatory and Auditory Phonetics: Description and _ ee ee teh sine " aa | 4 momlogy Te Functions Spe Sout a ae | | Tani » a" 4 y 6 The English Vowels 3 41 The Englsh Cononan 2 Aopen A: Tig be { sere: Oma Pact: ut ‘een wen Work i Bgany i | ‘Ghossary of Technical Terms. 185 i es ¥ Index 5Foreword FOR SPANISH SPEAKERS to al lamers of Enalsh who have Spanish st ‘hei moter tongue and especial othe who have occarion to tech English ‘romunciation to such students. Its authors wete supremely well uaiied for {he tak of wring sch + book. What they ave produced i gute remarkable foriscomprenensivenesan outanding in is generous andingentous povson of admiaby executed tbls and diarams ete wl e found tobe very fully Seilontained, al for anpeade who may cae o pare the matter coe {he bibliographic! Infomation ie suppis i fll and seropalous. Th work ‘ot only unalied as2 terthook forthe Spanish speaker but one ofthe tet ooks writen on the phonetics of Enpich a foreign lnpsage mn any context J. Windsor Lewis Deparment of Lingus & Phwetes Crier Lede Preface “This book sim a covering the English Phonetic syilabut whichis ynerally {aught inthe fst wo or tee yeas of Univers and Traine Clee souret {or EPL teachers, trarsatrs,nepreters snd anybody who sims a acqaing ‘eear-eatve Englah pronunciation. It deni pecaly th he problens faced bythe Spanish speaker of either Lain America or Spin in ering the sound sem of Ealah I ako orovides information or the sound tert of Fnsih tnd Spans, inapensble oan teacher mvoved in EFL teaching i Spanish ‘peaking counts ‘We ae wall ware tat in writing his book wea venturing ino an sendy weltprovded eld, since there already exist excellent todos. 10 ingitics, books on General und English Paonetis, practice boksconaiing pronaniton dis and exeres, and sts i journals om almost eve Pot pect of lngunge esting Ir, howeve,ekom rate pos to et university students to read up om such Lops fom tel erin Sources, since many ofthe beter rterense Books were no writes wih the EFL ets in'mind, and are consequent Yoo if forthe unintatd, fist or Sstad Year student to tackle, We hive, therefore, attempted to presen comple, ‘asc cour, ithe hopes of resisicly filing the needs Of the Spanih and Latin Americas teacher and student. nd the sme time eating te rod formore advanced apd extensive reading "The theoretical framework of thi hook bad onthe work of Pro. A.C. GGinson, Mr J. Windsor Lew, and many other, to whom we ae ely Indbted forthe description of Engsh Phonetis. The comparison with Spann i based mainly on our own observation and experienc, sod al erry and ‘weaknesses in thi respect are or entize repost "we mis to sckowiedge the help thal somumeranecoagues sod aden ‘ave unitngly pen ut over the Jers, Spel tanks are due to, Windsor [ews and Matton Shit (University of Leeds), David Powell (Univeredad ‘acon de Tucunda), nd George Lews (Universidad Nacional de La Pit), {or laborioaly reading nd commenting on he entre mabusrp, Glan Brows (Coiverstyof Edinburgh) and Henila Alvaes (Universssd de Coneepin) (Genos Airs) for bis nealule morl suppor. Diana F Fick Hector Orta, 2000 OO OOOSOESHOOHHOHHHOHOHOOHSOSEList of phonetic symbols with keywords Vowels {Cardinal Vowel No.1 Enlih vowel No (sa); Spanish vowel No. fetond element f Spanish siphons (hy, doy) retracted hl-otewarounded Engh vows (No 2, ft element of TEnglsh iphiong acer) second element of Engl png ae re ate Carson Vowel No.2: Engh vowel No, 3 (est elment of English ‘iphones lef; Spas vowel No.2 Cantina Vowel No, 3 ' fron between ope and al-open uroundedEplith vomel (NO. 4s) Cardinal Vowel No 4; fest clement of Engish siphons (fe, now); Spanish vowel No.3 ‘Cardinal Vowel No, 5; Engl vowel No, Stn) ‘ck Between open and ba open rounded Engh vows (No. 6) Cardia Vowet No.6; Engh vowel No.7 (pr) et element of English ‘phthon noe) Cardinal Vowel No.7; Spanih vows Novy et shanti ‘iphthon ho) advanced alot rounded Engh vowel (No pf); clement of Enplih iphone (pur scondclementelEnglahdiptnonson-now) Cardinal Vowel No Ene vowel No, 9 (io); Spanish vowel No.5 ‘itn cement of Spa inp ocma pom ‘ retracted berween open and l-open urounded Engle vows (NO, 1 eu tetra wrounded, relatively lng Engh vowel (No 11, et) sd central unroundd, short Eaglsh vowel (No. 12, ag) ft sleet {Enc Span osc fF phone, far are) Lis of phonetic symbols wih Keywords ‘Consonants ‘ce eis iil sve ag, Bey Samba) ‘oie abi te (Sp. abe) ‘abil approsimant (Sp. aber) veiced-enisalvelar plonive Ene de ovcedens est pve ng. wh; Sp amt) sized lens post aeoi afcte (Ene: dy) sizes palao-lvolr fine (En. ade SP cay) ‘ice lenis dent eatin Eng they: Sp. cade) ental approinaat (Spada) ‘oils forts abio-dent ctv Eng few; Sp. far) ‘sed len ear pss (Bg. god: Sp. tango) soe eis ela tv Sp. lg) sovceles (Fort ltl friaive (Eng fous. ae) sie (en) lta eat (Eng ahead: Sp. ca) ‘oe palit emi-vowel (Eng. yer Sp cle) oie ese alta cave Sp. yer ale) Bon soils velar pose (Eng cu Sp. cl) soled pata lateral Sp eal) sic aes tral (Eng. oe: Spel) ‘iced veld alveolar ata Eng if ‘ele bela lateral (Eng plea pha) ‘ce dent aera Sp. alo) oiced eared det ntera (Eng. wath) iced ili asl gman Spm) Soils iia ual (Esp apa Sp sma) sic labo dental naa Emp comfort: Sp. eflar) ‘weed aves ntl (Ene new; SP. 0) icles alveolar natal (Sp. aso) einige he wa iced ental asl Eng enh; Sp. ame) soled post-enar asl (Eng. Hey)X English phonetics or Spanish speakers voce velar nasal Eng, sn: Sp. mang) (5p. pas oilers bilabial posive Eng. wer Sp. pad) (Sp. ce) ‘ocelot rl Sp. fel) iced post-alvecar rate (Eng. il) oles post-aeh ar fcative (Eng, pice) ‘voiced apico-aheolarfkatve Sp. pero) velar tap (Ea. ver Sp er) voiceless leo rate (Eng 10580.) oie forts plato-vol rate Eng. she) voces fris alveolar poste (Ene. sds) sole foris den ovcles forts post ' 2 post-alveoir approximant (Eng ative) ‘ 1 tl plosve (Eo. eighth: Sp. odo) alveolar at toiceles- forts palato-aleoar fiat (Ens church; Sp acho? (Ene. toe: Sp id) ial sem-vowel(Eng. well Sp, hae) ive Eng, eso: Sp. ayer) clefts dental frcatve (En. think: Sp. hacer) u 1 voleedleni abo-detl ret 1 vole vlarized 2 voeed ent alveolar rctve (Eg. easy: Sprang) 3 voce Jeni plato-leotar fr voiceless vel rete Ip. a) 7 otal ploaive to) Dinettes sore ape artication ng 3s SD ental esto (En. and Sp.) © retracted arcltion (Eng and Sp. (kD 1 advanced articulation ng. and Sp. [) + veaiaedartlation Eng (2 =) Seviig ng and Sp. (1) salable En, 1D fallen ogo) al gt Eg. " Teaching notes ‘Qualictions ofthe teacher “This course ie medat oe followed under he nracion of teacher, who mat [ost cermin ea qlifetons to ensre ts soscese. Fy. the Teche Enalsh pronincaton must be pod snough to serve ae 8 model Yo rudene ‘Going tha isortan sage thi esining. tthe teaches prosusclaton i ot R. he shouldbe thoroughly aware ofthe pois of erence. Seco. he ahi havea ound llngnosof pronunciation nor i the technique of correction, Ly, i ‘ar hould be Raely tind nfeognzing ete incon speech sounds ‘Aims ind levels Althoushn previous knowlede of Phontiss nd Linguistic tenor rated {nthe prt ofthe deny ther proisony ie Engl bound to vary wen. Some universes demand » previous knowledge of Engl ranging from an Intermediate t.1 Fst Cerifiate level before embarking on such 8 course ‘thre seep secondary schoo level, aod yet ober preter ders bea ‘ith no previous Knowledge of Esl n which ae they do mo stl begin Phonetssoure ul the second yea of heir cous. This previous kowiedge nd tequent exporie to good English wil bean adentoge. An M-ght Bai enowidge wih deeply sgraned pronunciation errors wil have an adverse (ea preferable tot eno knowledge a a "We Go not intend to enter re into a dscusson on the desirability that students living fat from Eagish-spesking counties sould acquire » ear ites pemmation A cree th eve wil ete pina or fe {Gacher who mil themelver have to Sct as models of ronuncation. The responsiblity a thismatier cannot be toostrongly emphasis andwhen ining them me should im tthe bighen standard posible They ae unlkaly to echieve 1 atve pronuicntion, but we were to set ur mark lower, our student! ‘Standard would also be lower n proportion. “The sino cour ca therefore be summarize a follows 10 provide the phonetic snd phonoogialfestars of Engish apd Spanish, and atthe sume time prepare the pound for more extersive and detailed reading nth fd; {i wo give practi in toning, crimination and prodecon af lated words ‘tnd connected speech, at wel a ofthe sythmic characters of ag, in Pace cccsse seas see HSSedeseseerseoreiv Englih phonetics for Spanish speakers marks, which encourage tent to think of pis ach English vowels 1 and eth lon andthe short ‘We'would advocate onsen we ofthe dari indicating sy, ‘vena phoneme tonrpions We smier ta sine sbi consonants ‘01 oscar Spanish, the comitatus ofthe di [] valet va {despite the act tat dart are orl onl edn row seins Finally, we would te pit out that ou tantcrpn pe pt date os Taras the net IPA sphabet modes ae concerned (1979, “The teaching of theory ns been observed arte tht the fact that stents are generally requced to follw a course ofthis pein he ial sages at tangnge arin ely ta bean aed diay. Th hart oct een un undesn ‘theory. dept the fact that ist Zab contacons have beak ‘Stuer sna gin Spann cognarernnr toes meu ar teqecay ope ere again terol ofthe teacher il be al helping sede © mostr te theo elation I the sae: knoedg of Engh ml opt folowing explanations with ese, we suet tht theese or each ke should be deiveredn Spt New ee an in Spanish and Enpish, ad ster rad Engh om the ten Teviog my be dove objesinely in onder to avid the Smesly of the sunt’ exresting {nome in wring ‘Ths pose hs been tied out forfour comectee er wth stents who hepa the sours wthony nbc Knows of Engh {Greimeresate lve wn scce rent 1. The linguistic sciences 1 Language ‘When people sak they mike se of serie of omvesonal sounds wich hey “etine scoring ocean rales ito a eaned spt. other word, ‘Seven stot igi so node nerd ac oe, ee But ven a mannge actuated aes substan! form othe ee efuhcetangoae te mustnee ed 2 phos sutanee a man sve ‘Sends The eas of wate languge te subeance weds rophve ubsance, inte n'a pee of paper. Thee are oer ways of omy a mess ‘ol me shal concern reer nih the frat oe spoken ngs nas te eed hr cl poe (he oi repel ‘ation a it ose wring) sued systema and conventional by = ‘hou [msn fo parses eommunieation’!| 2 The linguistic siences “The two science concerned wth language ae Linguists und Phonetics. Let ws (ot comer tir ime Ath people have bees ites ngeae floc th umes ofthe Greek and Roman Empires, ery Hingis were malay “Srcened wi te gs ot ngege. Daring he inetesnth centr gusts ‘Srencd er anni Hire Ling the scene ta tac the atoryof gangs and thei development thouphout he aps. 1 was ot wt tbe enh cy open ga te eee ot {Sie know indy. The name of Pernand de Saumore inked with ths ‘Shang of detion. sendin Amoi» wry vet aed arse, which cused Linea to'tr i objective” The Arita nggs, ich ba no itg ems Ste ts dewpen dL a te cs tat ied te ‘tetiqustdesrbe tnd ecrd tem before ther fl extinction Franz Bos, wud Sop and Usd Boom were the poncers of ths movement, ‘rch ny connected with anopeley ‘Poneto, onthe oer hand, diferent orig. the sixteenth century peo Eg terme tree forming hc apeting Ste, Tes ecome very complex Ponce soe the tence tat stad te igi ona Ba yc oh‘2 English phonetics for Spanish speakers entry was work proved tha ie ilo practi value tay In 1886 the {feemadut Fowte Amsting UPA werownde Te serotonin {phonetic lpn osc abo, hat woul verve fo epeent the sounds ‘Sfany langage, Ths sipbabe ow wey wo in ext and pronouncing ‘Snares Cloeycopnected wth th ery werk ate the wames of Hen ‘Sweet und Den Jones 3 Phonetics and Linguists Up tit ow we have refered fo Linguistic and Phovetis sept, ye ‘vou tc rey ene Whee do hey san in reltion echt {Ts ra very coroners abject. Linguists have hd ot up anges in ‘perv anno andthe erent ways igs ave en the abs Be Sagnrpeodecng tery Mey ond prcion, Sac Fagus conc reat ytsresd on spe of deede of wag, many trereered iferonly and ndacrnintly Some lagubssconie Phones fo bea prevequite for Lingus od therfore nat part ef others inde ‘Ponzi sor Lingus Toes are many woe hooking a he probe, Tnduraoluton wil Gepend mai on what we a ois we hse ences Ie Our prerem eneetc tee nstng af sun innpue the most ‘Set view fort pape fo epardPhoets and Linus a the 0 Tinguste Scenes? Both other dy lngue, bt om a dierent angle Phoncts ire mesa dh they ar orgaed und tam, theres Lingus const wih hom nguap bstucred grammatical Tndsemsntily 4 The speceh chlo? We mentioned above tat tnguge could be rns by means of to Uicreat Hn of substan Te ape! and most cmon ofthe two ithe Spoken ne and te mafsatin fh form 0 lgnge spec Pe uch comnnncntin proces en ompen serie of events Bick place iternt vel and sages isa cin beeen he sak the liteers ri, The ftlonny dag wl ste te ma ‘hee deer he ares of pone. "The mhole prowess hopes when sw apeaker Bo ¢ message fo tara 1 ¢ tener Tstcane sina intheywakers bi seth ata peo el whch sos hn to rane ours nto esis ork the covet wore snd tents hcodance wh the Sand tse usa sno th Faso npg ngs tae Tn emg encode. Me nen type sen sc» ysl . scm of tenes nd sels The motor serch hn he pea an fir) aru ne ecg mon, Teper tatters seesaw emaene Gite rcaes pees ses nl res San The lng elences 3 | a {C= eee et Tec i 8 ssi ae physi manifestations. This the soa tage of thea, ding rd the stn ea The sty pee autor procs. The age a he cha ne daring wich te aes bin Send the message in oret ‘Suan wich cas polo at Denton of Phonetics Soar we have rele both Phonetic ad phones, an his tno been fe domain of thi scence. The TRE The eof te Unite Scenes4 English phones for Spanish speakers ‘phonology, nich odes the slston thornton ot pons ance into gven form or pater, Phonaog therefore the ine between Phones {od Linguini hlongs to bth domain since deals tho specs of fen langage the ster One (enoving decoding) aa the aera oe (human va sounds Thee smmaried n Pi "ae next ovo capes we a dei Win poneixe, Ning et How spec sounds ne produced, Laer, caper we alos haw Engh tnd Sanh select ori oun i rpnize tem int ster thur we sl be ‘eating with phonology ‘A'H Sommemuin 977, and Baber iopewen 979, eens tinct Lage) singing donc hora fom eyo Sem of merce slement esi ranma! and ghanlopsa 4 ay CAD, Ee el (HN, ot Lee ml Pact ih apy eee Amen SE Ser he ite heen Tibial pone nee al nance ae ow of ‘Stet he adatom ond Fos oop acento ‘Raton am, {ict Soa M a stn ‘Spee ci poeta Pe Eeceeit ‘=a i raven ot ca ot Y Entish Phones “ rece ot ‘A Gia edn he Poco f Eg * Dicteatcms eaten at oped ma fe The inguic riences $ 18 Zona, rons hs en dened ost ty pc ol er oieuaen a. cast S$ 2 Articulatory phonetics ‘The speech mechanism 1 ntl chptr we ae ping to work onthe second tage af the spetch cain ~ Inthe aes of arta pone. Te St poi o cna unconing ‘of wha we lel the speech mechanism This nt aed excel fr Prodcon of speech souns but sk for besthing and eating. Spec nly ‘recodary acy an i owls connected meat 2 Fig 3 shows that the ence pech appurtas x made op of sre of oraas devin tet form x puage from the lng the pan mss Te ‘ection ofthis asta extending fom the lnryox upward ale the wel trace When me nl thesrertere hough es for mouth hen ses 7 Aricalto) phonies 7 ‘nd Spanish we norally use the owtgsing steam of aro pledce our speech ‘ound, we shall omer the whole speech mechan feem Boven te {oloing the page ofa swe exhale The flowing are he Cents ‘i Langs (i) Cots or Renato (3) Phare (8) Nose [ns cavity (© Moath era ey (i) rato arate (8) Tonpue te) Teath (2) pe 3 The ngs {ake in i nhion, and contract ot ennai They se ated ‘thin then eae oe thor Beow te Ig, spurig thee om he somach en fatmsce calle the dapapm Fh langtncmsevesar cable ‘ty ative movement ahd expan or sotacton mt be eed tat oy the mc hat fom hem othe a cage anor hy inarng te apg ‘The function he ass hat of» moe acon tha Sethe paca a "ri the movement of ination snd exlaton, When we sea etng Seong herefore normal tke ge hn ning? "gi structure stated a the to te traches an below the phar Externally we can este wth br fogers the yo catige tat clones theron par the prominens how as Adan pe “The portant pn about the rye napa tot contig the ist vale or tap that an itefere with the page a he nsream We coal {ils These ae eo bands of sae ine srt the cote of he ry At the nt hey re el si ys othe rie he hyo crags he ‘nck hey ae attached the two syed cariagen which has toma Scion ca bring the wos folds clone together or rather tp ad wae “The poi a lic plc of crag, at wo anton in speech, but cs 1 aah: Its raed ring speech and lowered dine salon, that Petentng ond rom going inte angs (See ig) For normal breatig the vocal fle ave open forming Vshape, he back ‘nding the two pins ofthe V. The space betwee ale ae oe,8 English phones for Spanish speakers Pad The ye, ‘The voc folds can alo be brought tightly together, so that po al cam pass through: When we cough we clowe or vol fos completely peste at ‘plow them and related suddenly. When the vocal fold come nt et nla the ar passing through them cates them to ibat-The ound pnd ty this wbation i what we ell ace. We rus no, however hint he noe produced ty the ves folis.in vibration ar voce ts me ea when a peron, ‘eaks Itt were possible solste thi noe it woul) be sereely nie Ie ‘onl by passing through the caites resonator tat oe Becomes le fs we know i All sounds predased without virion of he veal folds ae fale soci sounds ~ they are prosuced th say beth hese prced ‘ith ration ae called vled sound See Fi) he tense the roe fad, ‘he ter they wl brates tigi the pick of the Sean wt Be {4} Fg The oc sf: wie apa sin erm beating: dey {tp ia ib oma or rodcng e) Diferencs in pitch ako depend on sex. The vocal folds ofthe wat male tue wally longer and thicker than inthe fone and therefore vibrate Mt lamer ees, generally enusing men's nce fo have s owes pth thn momen Ariulatory phonetics 9 5 The cavities or resonators {ual ofan exsing sound for example, we bt tvce inte bates fontaning dierent evel of water, we would obtain thie ifeent les Fh ot would terest of ieren volume ofa inating inside cach bore “The human speech mechanism he thee seonaors the phone whic ean change ts shape sy: the masa cay, which sonata in ape a se nate ol eat, which extremely vail The phar the pssgestaned a he fop ofthe lyn, commaictng sith orl and eal nites Its ont al fond bythe oot of te tongue ‘Toe na cavity extends rom the py to the post, nd separated fom the oral cay bythe plate The entrance tothe al cavity t sled ‘he slum, The eal cavity by for the most important resonator, duet the feat mobility of ts organs and sonsequet changes ss and shape, THe base St helo avy occupied by he mga, ant owt tuned yee 6 The artiotators ‘These ar al situated ino surrounding the oral cavity, (See Fig 6) They are the ong poate ethan “Atclsiors are cle ntive when they ae capable of ovement, pasive en heyareincapable of movement The vel ldscan ao atv aricltors, 1 they ae capable of producing two contonat sods plone he ota ‘op and two caves {hf} see chapter 3 seston 5) ‘The palate isa concave stuctue, separating the oath fom the ma iy, “thous the pate not pip separsted eto parte etal fo die it when desenbing speech Sounds into) aller dg, the prominence et behind the upper teeth i hard pala, the bony, move pr tht es et the entre ofthe oath, andi of palate or el, the meal part 2 the back, whe cane asd or towered The ti ofthe sar calle te wala ‘Wen the vel alba and presed sani the Dac wal ofthe psy Sloe the eneane tothe aan ev, and thea esas though the movi ‘Wien its lowered it ows nox completely close the pasa into the oral ay. he arc to espe trough the ose the onere mast competed Ht some Pee reser ereoe renee e eee eeerereeceee’ 2 > . . » 2 a » ’ > ” 10 English phonetics for Spanith speakers “Te tongue the mos ape spesch oan a principal made of muse Tes wet to think of the tongues being dvsed in dierent part each of hich coincides with diferent part of he plate wh infest poston te ty thecatene en the babe ngtmeney unde the aver pe Ut theron, hing ander the hard palate ann the bask ing unde te ‘lum, The bide nd tp can be moned independent ofthe et The shake tongue moves backwards sod forwads, thd psd down It san interfere tt the airstream by coming ft hg contact wth the pale causing ston, oF itean make compte comact wth he plate prods» son, “The upper eth are used in seach to teree ih fs thes Bow with the hepa the tongue ore lowe ip, Tig sont te ery mde tet ‘edges of te mouth, and eam adopt dierent shapes, 1 ‘Soar we have anaysed each of the component pars ofthe speech mechanism, in the mouth in diferent ways, Yo peduce the sounds wed in Engh and Spanish Meanwhile ts portant fora to think the lange a tiers Seting the sir sre in motion the a-seam athe fw nei ut fw Sounds are made: the veal folds, a ibrators which when inaction fara the tstream nto voce, apd whea wide spat el tought bath te cies, "resonators which vay nse, thar vayog the Guay of speech sound, ‘he arultry asthe tements which vary fhe shape of te resontos and ‘rte interfere with he pase of si. ‘Antony he peck Orne Nye 188. ae 2» Soni aes Bt Snare tore el fcne (Leta 3 Articulatory and auditory phonetics Description and classification of speech sounds! an refer to both sound and eter, but when dealing wit Phones we kt Satersenremmnse earotat c imemco 2 Description of vowel sounds ‘Vowel sounds ae produced in mt cates witout any bad of contact between ‘heitetators Tey ean be made ilerea rom ech ter many by ring ‘ert prt the tongue to dierent eve, by mong the shape ofthe Ips and by ain sod lowering he velar. Variations of this ind reduced by12. Englh phonetics for Spanish speakers hanging he ha natty. ‘X-ray photographs of ange postion for aie band thatthe pat he std the bck They ao so he fst plce, the sre neal voses een pation ofthe vocal fein the eco pa the wibraig cola french they neue raised may be any point between the fae hate nes par ofthe tong ‘nts within an Oral shaped sre clea he cote Psposs of ccaion lsh nd Spanish have to characte in common, hey ae tual rt sound, Det the pares genera ‘ovetouch in Egan Spur ns ins ecanee s ae 3. The Cardinal Vowels {1917 Danie! one ook te vowel ve ULES aT The yore ae nit tegen npc ‘Te stem bated on 0 ae rodsord by rang the ange a tion Te ev te sound a ‘Toescwond| he rv te sound, wach eng {einen esto po, CVs 3 Vane dort othe ‘veld Cs i rodeed by placing henge elon ary selested vowel wounds. The fi lee pou othe ate iho caaog na Vowel No (eV) tds or back ae posi, Articulatory and audiwry phonetics 13 {rate comparinon, Te only way 0 lean 0 pronounce them by oral ‘The Cardinal Vowes eon he nis of he vome dase. they ocapy in The Pinar Carnal Vows dpe on te vow ga 4 Clasication of vowel sounds 9 shows the csieston els or heaton of vows sound? The labels, corresponding to tongue potion, may be paced feo hey ional one indcting par of he tonave wich faseds Sed ete oan indcing hei 0 whith he tongue aed For cramp the eae nd (olin Engst arcu sted amid fot: brea he fe Sect te tack of te tongue rch othe Ge poco wed le ‘Ber oid cota, beste the central pt of te tongue eyo ea Dion. Vowels occupying intermediate potion between ent sed rn [NE iced (te vowel sounds] in ng. py) tose between esta na ‘ek ave adeonced (e4 [o] in Ee nk) For 8 more compan raienton mal tsa eure maybe added nin inthe cn of Engh and pant wo gener! abode eee ‘anded and werunded In vaousSojee Pon toned oon cay REP Comicon ne pind oe eae of Engh we CPPCC CCRC ele e ree eneeeee ee e-------Ove Coe ee eeeeee weveseeeeeers English phonetics fr Spanisn speakers 7 fe int orl suns ewer gay rete snd theta emai nao or ssa ng Ste cosan ie amon owe ineed set ea ‘le teh fice we reer pe or lac rawoehe the secondo iphihngs Tae an echo one tgs wie ee nie 9 om the fist clement Starting pont athe Srnec tonne aoa (Bee is 13 to § Description and clasfeation of consonant sounds teeta nga en iS te eae ‘Sioa eaten aan es Sntrontatconmes (© Are the wel fol ination not? How song sre the breath force and mica efor invlted inthe {the sta wp or cown? (09) Where doer the interference ofthe a (9) What king of netrence wi When ne hve povided eto hte guess We sal be et ses a End Sp cst (Vc any smi hh coast sundae od se sie ican ore red ewe a ‘Ei wri ed voce ne wi vos we Sra at ath nestonp We tan tay th rt Soe es ourtnon caro oven can eeu ns a sendin Fr tip a ents te ane Cen a ‘eseraly dn mar sae proms opel th ra fe vec fe ay ta Hon Be te oy rene Deter nd ven conta sn Tenner pn Anicultory and auditory phoneticr 15 ced with moe beat force and muscular fort thas voiced consonant ound Conconnt sounds proaced ith greater foro nr sled ont and hare produced wt est fore ar called lei Tis oppostion at proved etl for tesibation purposes because it refers to conantfstues The opposition ‘ee votes othe contrary, variable since thes ale lcedcononant Sounds may lose thet vole ster portal or somplesy, ths becoming ‘ected. To sum yp, bath voiced and devoced conan! sounder len i) The postion ofthe velum caste consonant sounds to be mainly ora! (when iterated) or nasal (hen te louered) For example, al te consol ‘Sundin Eng naming and Sp. mana ae na Ui) We espained inthe previous ehuper thatthe eultors were called setve lf thy wer apube of movement, tnd pase il they wer Incapable of "I me Jost each active artultor ie cmtbination With Hs correrponding Pave one tao hace the ors penne, esl aint ‘hstifcatonazorig to pace of atculion” The fat pir of arias going from botiom to tp isthe vocal folds ‘These ate dierent from al oer paso atest a tha thoy are both stv. ine the space betwesns elle tin the consonant sounds produced here are called gla Fo example (7, sed in Englsh nd Spi, and {ide Engst in sme varieties of Spanth (eg. Calman) = Eng. [i ‘Sp. Chats). Sometimes votes [8] used netuecn towel sounds, ef ENE. [sid Sp. [af Spelings: he, ahead: caja. In all ther ess thee Is ah rive and a pasive atcutor Notice tht when the tongue i the active Stator we Kenly the sound withthe ame of he pv oe 2 Back of tongue sod velum produce elar sound eg [ya 9)%:7] a8 0 Eng. (kam, Ying] and Sp. Mayo, kon gem. Spelings” come ner: lise, 3 root of tongue and hard plate produce pala! sounds, eg. (m4) a ln Sp. (habe (on) ence “papo} Spelings cal, poo 4 Blade (rtp and blade) and ivealar ridge, accompanied by aig of the font ofthe tongue towards the har alte produce plat alcalar and, 3th da asin Eng. [di ig] and Sp ge, kondgun, tik). Shatin: hai he ton cig ina cea, 64 Lathe da ol a Eng. ps0 0d sed) Speling prod, ound "Bind (rtp and blade) and alveolar ride produce alveolar wounds, 8. [pence j.tre [-b 8) asin Eng Pann nett, os) and Sp. [ipne (ce) Mane, reo (Ge) ce, f(r il (or) Sling: cviny,matl, lou ine, rar, Tipo tongue ad upper testa produce dental sounds : 8.8L sing [ite Bom, ip etna Sp. hap dado, aba aio Spel ‘leh a thm, mint, eae? canada, az, ato 5 Lowe lip and wpper teeth roduc abs dental sounds, eof 8 in Bag. Pen, aot tnd Sp. [L070] Splings: ey confor cans,16 English phonetics for Spanish speakers {8 Lower lip and upper lip produce Bilal sounds, © [p .B. a in Ene; Coon, mtn] en Spa "pena “pm, Dobe Most of these articulations are ertied out slooe; a fw of them ae ascom- panied by what scaled secondary articlaton, whic volves the sistance "yproximation of mothe pat of artsstors, The secondary ation ore ‘open and es important than the primary ne, eg the Engh palato-ivolat ‘sounds described in number &: in [the approximation ofthe oat the tones towards the har plate consiutes a secondnryarclation Bec ls more ‘open thin the simultaneous close apposition formed hy the bine ofthe tongue andthe alveoli dg. Another examples Engh 1] which the main ‘culation i complet closure performed by the tngsetip and the nvelar Tidge, and the secondary srtalton (sa more open appronination made by ‘king back ofthe tongue towards the elem. Fig shows these ntstions L i101 vimaryartction: 2 scorn. A thied ese of secondary articulation in Engl ocus with the sounds, 3 ‘which are somal artated with lp protrusion. Secondary ariesation, fe generally named with a term ending in oxton. Ths, we spesk of ‘alataization as in), vlaaton (sn (8, a eizton (en. (0) Another way of danuiying consonant sound acsording fo the De of sitre made Between each pat ofatiltos, Le. acording to the mennet 2. Plover ‘When an active articulator comes ito fr contac with a pstive on, forming ‘sre of complete closure, the al-stveam bail up behind tht closre ‘The articulator separate suddenly producing an explosive sound elled poo, ‘This ocars when We pronounce a [9 sound ether in Fgh Sp ‘wo ip come fopther, a pesute i bait up behind them and sudden Felease. The sound prodaced in this way I clled pons. Other plosives ste {1.2} A digram ofthe ateuation of» plosve would sow three Sages: eestre, slop ad flease. The top ine sheye represents the pasive frtaltr, he lower one the ave arto, exept in he case of (where oth antculators the voc fo) are active” Aiculatory and auditory phonetics 17 2 Preateer ‘When an active articulator comes int light contact with a passive one, forming foie cle ton, Such tthe ease of the [f] sound in Engl and Spans ‘Sounds produced in his way are called facees. A gram of the atcuation ‘ta tcatve wouldshow two stages: approximation pron Other examples tex fsb ots Inthe ene [8] two ative srultors (te sel folds for the stare a8, . tii Sa: son 3 Aficaee ‘Tpseretormedty asuecession oa plsve anda trzatne. The acwearucustor, foums astictre of complete closure wth the passive one but stead of pening ‘dena for loi, they ome apart sly int he este postion. [ids 4, da diagram would oo ike this: —>——- Since the sop stage is present in both pons and aretes, “op” ako sued aa genera erm to designate thete te eters. ‘An activ artcuator aps once agit sive one. An example [2 i Sp {rin abich the onguestip taps once ‘ain the volar re, A Saga ‘ould dow the two arulorssperve, a ep, and then the areal 3 Roll ‘i proc the ration oan ave ator aps psi oe srelly raped sucetson fap, and technically tsa ster of nermitent Horr tn any tyes af Spee the epling oe promouneed se a) A dtagrom would ook ike ts18 Engh phonetics for Spanish speakers ‘The active atintor (ong) comes ito fm contact with the patie one (General the veo ridge o pale), and the sir ecages das foe Ve ‘Ns ofthe sonat. This det the at that one orth deo eon ‘separated from the sel ofthe palate es]. A diagram woul so "he tongue as een fom the ot ~ spurte trom bth iro the aon wo WS me All the ounds we have mentioned so far ace produced with the vel aed, ocking the eps ota tno betsy asa und eee ‘tbe werd ad there mt bea tre of comple lone sone In the mouth, 50 tat thea escapes through the mee For empl te onsanat sons ofthe word oman the sour made byte te gs {mh by the tongues and he atvelas rage for [and he ek ‘aud and the tla rf). 8 Appoxinat and semi-vomel? These ounde are produced its apronimation of the ataors which is {00 open to cuise any feton Since aientwes except ide een ‘pproxinanth, thet canbe represented bythe dace] Inbeang ope lee under he rientve bole [8 8)35in Ea. 2d] and Sp ede] We fal conceiate om wo semi-vowes: fj, ], 8 a Eoy, is, wit] and Sp lee, woo} Spelings:ye, wee me hase ‘Now ha we bare ace how te Speech mechani worst proe vowel and onsonant sound, me ae ina pation to atempt an ately Soon ot ac of these tes A vowel sound sound the pring ot oe seam comes out trough te mouth (or mouth sed mone) ceva oe Ie tongs, and meets sire of open approximation, Ths dfeton cover ‘ilvowel ound ied vies apd naan), spprnioansandtemivcee ‘Aitotes Sounds ve inotant sounds. how informing once a Imei her scare of complete oral nur ow platen ahetes ae ‘aslo oe of nermitet chou (eg ale oe of pri soa (64: lateaporasticture a cose sppoxination (eg fcc ‘A complete ani, however camo! secon or sls Snsonnt in tls (phoneti) terms oly we mast alo conidr tet neon se _zishle The vowel wun ne he fst ened oe ena ae a a Engh and Spanish ~ ie hey function athe central element of lahie tite alone o¢ acompied by consonant wounds, eg a] in Eg. ‘orlinSp a icten Consonant soanson te cms tendtoke aca psec Se pae ie es Tent cm eee src cea a ne te ea nibrtinetfeearrag ade eats Seismicity et emt coerce are ahs tertn ney oe oy aes Sosopehs hipaa mara ah Sea 7. The phonetic consonant chart of English and Spanish By combing he Jasin 0) 0) aed mente it pie ‘Sevaton: the be wh debe peo renin ae edo Sint ta thse which desrbe mane ate paced on = eres WE) ela LaLa Ey c= oe ge] das se dns el abe is os B | taeat | vow slo i meme ef pa TT senvowt | «| nee “Tne Phone of be min Enis nd Suh concn acon.20. Enis phonetics for Spanish speakers (nthe other hand, the voledenls sound spaced o9 the right of each box: the voksles forte om the lett Symbols in round brackets are secondary ‘Consonant sounds are therfore briety described by tvee-term label, recording 10 vocal fold nctviy/breath force, and place snd manner of ‘reoletions ex [lis oil Orta bbl plone owes ‘Rots tates par of ance sea Caaf ett oy 2 Aston rim of one poston descriptions bed on Ky haope can {steel altel 7) Whe mun hice 1 “Te ort hear he Caria Vowel tem oe fous it Does (956, or Vil seal comment on he we ie. Avereombe 987 eh 0 46 Tit syem of ih rine Cardin! Vonel extended ito a tof sconey ‘ones ancy Lenn fhe tongue pon the me at evra he Up tion Tey se rambec 91 bat re at mecnary elrece pout we ‘einginetowelsyreme! Engh or Span Alaa! Vows wee retaed 1B Jones 185 nde seg ele fom be ingapon 4 "Thesthtided dara var vied by J. Wor Lm 196, 1979. ‘ano deste ni pe of oon ming tom hove precede comee Sie Boed sre pn itr op tome Aha ‘St whsdh en be found nD. Joes (1986) and Naver Tomas 852) 7 amples Have bon geo prouscaons fom diet arcs o San, ‘Tach heve ol ley hen etd: ors dead Seon of Sun ‘incon cee tndad work oy Neva Toots (932) § The daa ah dyed tom D,Abroaig (196 an M.S {The em apron, ciel by P.Ladeoge, pele fo the mains ‘ihe en ni cnet He deed I proiaeo 10 Toe alsin fara es roped by ie 94 ined he ers {Sheevodoa oe sarin agus aotnltos pt area ty Stor, ‘Bones 9863), who meh rca, end ome ces {iene wither tun nese neat owes Ordon eel ‘Sandan corso Soe caer soon 6 respond set speasing Ariculatory and auditory phonetics 21 ‘we aye sont: xs vos ot gether wth the fnctona emt sina we sal oa es nach te there] ee ie See ET snl ine etree tendtnny, oe ttn pan ee (om in wane) ‘ecomlte dru hi sbject ca be ound in Pe (1945), 90h4 Phonology ‘The function of speech sounds 1 In tmper# we have tea now he ma speech som of Egat Sai tte potced, But etl dara showing the aaa of] ae (1 {or Crampie (Fg 10), represent ate, sate soun ad the del given ‘Shs them storing, Since pecs costly changing Sow of wands ‘tic re slay intending oe ameter, these gr Sow nl one tat Ue complete moving pcre inn sous array deplon wl nate sate other intereing {ac aout these unde One a the things we would dsover woul be. for ‘rapt te oeunsin th Englah words enter ond eth aed Stereuiy:te sme difercoce occa bomece the msds in Sp. uno wd {incr nthe wave of anotcr and una the tipo the tongue touches the rel eo on rowing that thee ier ny re daca undr the symbol representing tbe deal scandy; eh. fat-dent (psec, sil inten i eobuph to telus tha the fet bund ile diferet om the second one, We sow this by pacing the ‘oe the veond wa dette CO “Ye uncoacosy, the poeta unaie speaker wouk! say that hee ‘sony one rund In Engin and Spent on sound in Engh and one (Sstund in Spal, Ths san only Be explain If we study nt simply How ‘en ti hn en es 2 Allophone and phoneme “Tbe 1 represents the min consonsa resins cca a Engh und Spans Ths s phone abe eno all he rounds sjmolaeé there are tor om podace change coin or camp, conse the fo Phonolory 23 erations ambi 1, None ofthese ound an fenton Contasiney in Eaah Bsns ey car never cour the same phovee nutonmen every ine we acne J} «dem sound mus follow it (og ‘eal tele eers oly or priv precedes (eels Hes ste prodvs sce ifbtre vowel ound (eg ef (HD, an nar erie) {ey [i] belre corona sound and pss (eg my hel [mk wi ‘Yoitsnasudeshe bate hoot rari, and the ag aie ‘pester Tel tht te neon oe and the tme en In ore tec {Ehmee my say ta hey conte the same phonoloial unit In English thoy as ja elation o lphone ofthe sume asc sound ut led Phowene "Ponce, therefore, cn be dese as ie sales conrasive phonolgal nit ouch can produce» irene of mening’! We can ently phones {pinay ards wich ier bythe malt eeest posble~ie. one ound, IEE i eat cat eau and Sp. pe, pen, Pps, Engl, and Spans Jae ae examples of phonemes hse nese, ‘este won ebtied foreach otber they produce eierent words. Ao. ‘hones an be Sted ae arian ofeach phoneme 1 Phonetic nd phonology ‘eres phonetic dels wth looney, phonology das wth he phonemes ‘atinguge?Incther won phoyoogy use he selection a oganiation phone wane into hen fom or Pie. Altouph Ks port 1 eee nec a wo heel oh we iow nich sounds roduc diferences meaning between words (phooloi Stuy) tnd on the oer, eli how the vous phonemes are cally Fealzed phonetic nny) The Sst tpe of study wl pe ws the pres of ‘romston ie thote features wish are meaningfully een the sso [pela eu Enlsh fo sound ely Engh emer terms the wrong Beret honemes may tea on ren weigher alan ‘Soniye tos frig cent or nate "How an we show in wring hat we ate peaking of phonemes or alophones? Cconetionay the same base mel ae see, but wile alophoes re ‘rn agua rackets, phosermes te pat in sat es Fagg we Cerople im ea there bt velo dental allopbose (2) been (0 Sea tev vine tera osmed oy fy cn bt deal ‘Soman: est sound init read a» deve veld sel inna [fH the mong tert slopbone were wed intend ofthe ra one,24 Engh phoneties for Spanish speakers ‘eg atlesr oie] wher] shouldbe sed, he wterance would be undetond ‘an aga ear, bot woul sound eel weEaglsh 4 Complementary dstebution and fee vaiation Allon which can never occur ithe pce of nother me sid tobe in ‘complementary dsuson they ae mutual exclusive, ecase wheever one ‘Soran no otter can the fou aera ophone inthe shove cries are ‘Sido beim complementary dtibaton since none of them cn cera place ‘ot apthe. The two natal alophones mentioned in chapter, seton tare also {ncomplementary dtabutin for the ame reason Not al llopkones,thovgh, ae conditioned by the context sometines their ‘se depends aston habit or eferece. Sch I the case of the Eaglsh forts Plover efor a pau. In al ght the fn // maybe reed er ith Folate exploded), o without (anexploded, or scxomparied by simultaneous ‘ota stop, among other poses. No matter which one ued the meaning ‘rl not change, aor wil ft sound foreign. The same our in Spanish words rat ato al wieder ring the manning ‘tthe word When the allophones of phoneme accra the ume evionment ‘tout bing is contest they are sido bein re arto, ‘Our next step wil be isthe phonemes of Engh and then sty thir main sllphonesin detail Bat afore ding so we mst decide on wo eset mates “Although the spac to produce Human vod ale (phone) is geet {it buman beings their orpanization into phonemes phonology parle 1 ‘ich langue, and sometime ovaries ofthe sume lnguge. Os the other ‘and, there & more tan one way of elit wp lanauage order to obtain ts Invenary ot phonemes, and seer dierent phonemic slams may Bete) vai? "Which varity of Engh are we going to adopt and asic? Once we have hoven ovr mode, ich the Best nas to ase wth speakers whose mother tongue ie Spun? In other word, int how many minimal cotanive wnt 6 Received pronunciation In most languages there are diferent scot, depending on which elon the spenter comes from, whether he a eduated person oF mt, what gee {hd sometimes even what oil clare belong oI he langue poker ‘ot only in tothe county, but asia excolois, hs wl probs mean {nd England with respet her excoloies 2 Phonology 28, Altbouth nope of thse accents i innsal super to any ster, when leaning foreign Inguage we must make 3 oie Keeping tind Sern poms Fast, tbe accent mt be widely itll fol he commnites where the langage spoken. Secondly st sould te social seceptle. In he Sse ‘of Engh thre are vo varie that il hese eq, ad they se sommonly Laown at General American and Reeve Promuncation (RP)® Genera Amarin i hat wavy of Pagan ein by add ponbars i the USA, ‘ch has no eon caracterstis, [RP the accent described in this book, ar ater complex org. Before the rietcenthcetury this azen warapokenty edad speaker of Southern England and the London region. Inthe rinetenth century f wat moc ithe PaicSchot, an berm a mark ped edeation rds pestpe ‘eceatly some slighty regional azents have Begun t be wd, Dring te ast ‘wen years, with the fendeny toward leveling of cnecs in Great Bei, desprend radio and television secs, and greater traveling acl, RP has eased to be the excuse sail and educational marker that it wed o be It fan no longer be dey associate with South Earer England othe Pic ‘The adoption of RP for eachig purpoes haste following advantages: (i) Mistheacent mos wisely understood inal Englah-penking comet, (i) Iteepeesnt 0 reional characters. ‘Gi enjoys sol prestg,altsough ome young people a Enghid ees it because of snocition with the “Eble lw I's he vanety of Engah wich tan mot frequently been described in textbooks and taught foes for many decades. Within RP tee generatonal varieties can Be detied.* Conservative RP 1s the type used by the older generation. General RP i spoken by te mle enero, and Advanced RP by the younger generation. Of he tre we sal ‘scribe General RP, ing it inloes none of the pronunciations that re aling Ino dase no any ofthe uts-moder forms thet may pa wth fon It fsseml to lit our scope i ts may, Doce pronunciation i bjs 1 hang. For example, the phoneme /0/, wed in Consrative RP. ily becoming out of dat, and somequenty pt ncadd in oa nventoy* Tee were fo choose 2 fepoal varity of Engh our phoneme investor sol amin te diferet In Sst Emalh. for example. the we fol {ad fo! re pronounced the ame, a words tach a ma tnd pas have the ‘Sine vel phoneme" Siri the comonantal inentry of Latin Americ Spanish does no ist /7, whereas the Spin (Catan) Spanish one generally Finally for teaching purposes especialy the cate of Spanish ennes j= conveninn to trate) so sngle phonemes mel for phone oosidraton: fist bent tet easton ae completly anna fe Spanish speaker, apd secondly Bea thir component element ae reed difereny when separate, Le. the alveolar plosives taps the porter !pprosimant gv ie the post alveolar afcats evrceccececerorerooreccreororercrresese26 English phonetics for Spanith speaker 17. The phowcunes of Emp snd Span” ‘ile 2 The Eps od Spnbh vel tonnes ‘ale The Eso Span conan pone, Phonology 27 sey view the pone aig om te ain! ae se Poser tin etry pa ae te an, cay mc Fae 7 set Phong esks =o a geared nee oe age ‘i eer cil he icy frome ching eaig heaped tai miu ae ed be eer ns Dro Sveiag bes geno oe “Fe ahs Bt known poonolopeal mode — prods analy and gnene epee Be pms ar ce te make Sion sonatacetpe rere een suarmuntten temple aie, ng are aged a ten ty es wei Somine the most dere farms, ut eertaay a undesaning them. ‘aging Stacia hla be soant checked hor remem28 English phonetis for Spanish speakers Brats Eapns'Aighos iy eo cnbons nd ate a of eh mah ee Se a ae cence ty ere alg Ss a tal artes nah ince ine ose me 5 Transcription 1 From chapter 3 onwards we have been aig symbol orepresen speech sounds, In the case of Eng the use fa system of writen symbol to record spoken lineage wambiouly nent henwer Popham phone onan, {es thereaze"only teat leterin the phat to feesnt fry si Phoncies. Moreover althogh Engl pronunciation has seed maay changes Srouphout the age, Engh peling has become standardized, and we Se om ina stuation where the relationship betwen the tof ot vay consent Furthermore, transcription not only shows the promurcton of word In biti can a show the modifntons that woe sue when wed in connected 2 the alphabet devised y the IPA: These spmbts may be organized into vous ‘ypes ltransrpin (ee Tale) none a wich nro ete than ny cer ach one eects ether a diferent phonemic sais or a iferet vial ‘presentation of he ste sass thr making each sub forsdierent upon 3. Allophonic and phonemic transcription ‘We have eo using wanscition in wo diferent may, depending on wheter ine were etersag to llophone or phones. To hve ear undestandag ‘of isdoubl we of tension, me must go back 6 our dentin of Poet tne sy of pone suntan aa ction spoken Ingesge Its efiniton we imply that hee ae wo equal important apt othe sence ‘of Phones. The it relers to subtane or veal nae the raw aera ut of which speech sounds are made. This ape ested by ponte The Second ttre tothe way wich th vo! aie canbe oranda to Sake it meaningful an systema for communion purponee. Ths ssond ‘Spec sued by phonology. Later om when explaning the concept Hlophone and phase, we pine out tat allopbones, which belong he Feld o phonetic, ar sbwaye epesented by sbolvenlied in agente aches eeecaeercererecerereeercererroeceseeeWe eee ee eee ere eee weer reer nnn 30, English phones for Spanich speakers wie phonemes, hich belonto the eldtphonloy ae ants cepesen- tel by smote betonen sant es 7 They tre bh hover leper ty the Same smn (Cardia vowels mat be witn a sguive bah becase they fee oly to sutntance, Le, rounds mich ate no retived ins ‘hy prc guage) It's obvious ten, thet no mats which ype of tanscriptan we adot, we en weit a two aiferent lees, fortwo erent prprcs. Te fs an Sophos or narow tans, sist tae ertenton Ue segunie fee isa. For example, the word doled mou be tamed 10, erie of onal dsc being ae to ie ets nfrmaton about ech found witha peat del of recon. Te cond es Phonemic Or fread {eaerpion where etal suchas eiingscondry arin araons fot vowel length, ete are aol seounted for The Word draned we sind tp Summing up. an suspen aseptic he Actual eaatons of each phonemes icone of weet of mbes and dc ‘A phonemic temrption record ol the seri which seman tea I omits of set of symbol and tere of ules conventions mich we mst ov in onder to eal ve eachsyabol covet ale ‘4 ‘en would we we llophonc transcription, and when woud we se phoneme? ‘Wien studying s new, unknown inguge whan ventory of phonemes as no ‘we would use llophonic transcription For teaching purposes & phonemic transcription is generally enough, so long as ve are ware of the imp ‘oavetions explaining those deals whieh inno alloponi ansspion are aplained by ena symbols and dats A phonemic anion being more ‘fonomicl, It is lo the one osed in pronouncing dictionaries Inthe ate of {hts o Epa fre engage 2 matey of phon amram SindipensibleSecae prover the hx tse ter Wo ‘iipronunchtions in writing; eg agin pronounce (6 yen] intend of [ge] oF ee pronounced intend of yt ete (See chapter 7 secon 8) as mentioned above that there ae vaio pes of trascpion vale, 1 cas the diflerencs in these types ee found a the mah wed 10 repeat vowel son the emboli fr cmtonat founds big ae ‘ype it est sited to guage teaching parpones. We tal aaj four wach ae very commonly xed fodsy ~D.Joners Ac. Gama’ and J. Windsor Levi's type, all of whic can e compared examining Table 8 ‘Tanseipton 31 Danie Jones type ithe oe wed in hi Outine of English Phonetics (OEP) and in his Englsh Prnauncing Dictonary (EPD) upto 13th ed. Jones's Phonemic aniwis accousted for ony eight pure vowel phonemes: he Sonndere that vowel No, Land 2,6 abd 7, 8 and 9, 11 and 12 belonged © Stnge phonemes thus mgsetng hi the man iferene etwech te memes ‘teach ps wa that of quantity He therefore wed he same sta or each airbus casi) to nate that one the memes was longer han the ‘ther Bete hsb for diphthong No. 18 was fou, because tis phoneme Stee acualy sealant wt conrad ack fit element to generations eb. DNtoretent ti the conserve RP variant of /a, whet [o}symbotzs mare ‘Nstrtel the mid-senta staring pono he diphthong ix General RP ‘A.C. Cimon’ phonemic analyas secouns of weve pure Vows phoneme ca of wich represented by erent shaped symbol wit he adn ‘Tenth mas to vowels No.1, 7,9 and 11 Ts suggest that derences Sf vowel guaniy and quay are of equa sigifcace It the type sed by Ganson in his Iuvoducon 9 the Pomuciton af Engl, anda sight, Sirpifed form, inthe ith edn of EPD (197), the Longman Dictonay of ‘Contemporary Engh (LDCE, 1978, ad the eve rd edn. of the Oxford ‘Advanced Lames Disonary of Curent Engh (OALD, 198Fr 532, English phonetics for Spanish speakers 4. Windsor Lenv'type, which alu acount or weve pre vowel phonemes, “ase a dilerent sya for sath phon des oa engl ee veh hich can be lengthened. Thar he underines te gual etree of Englsh vowel sounds, guaniy beng exlind by the conventions Seigd "sem. This ansciton the one sed in A Conse Ponauncng Desonee of Bish and Amerson Enh (CPD, 1 I ce Goes ce id Ue nh = cri eae ‘length mais The enon fortis hie are {0 The Spans leaner is unacaromed to making the fie tinction of owel aunty neceary to proce the tele Engloh pure sowel etc ‘Tero. a erent shapod symbol for sch vowel ney coment lesser ocien The we eth mae ld seem Wa er eek No. 1.507. 9and 1 are always og. Such nt the ae as ee soon eae an become even sorter tha the sovsled shor ones when aloncd bao ofthe eight shortening ors consonant sounds pecan 6 Tramsription samples ‘The following ia collestion of samples f phone transition type (0 Danie Toners ye (‘iin a etait ty.‘ sPkvalamonts | ea oun pranasiiy Tod bi Wows to Ae mo our (0 A°C'Ginson implied type (fe ot 3 andy sv B9 found a one Krokto nhs bo a iti 09 one egw (i) J. Windsor Less pe {fad 2 ed cing sm 9 dotgfaons 2 ese 301 Bo teks 20 Sreio [in pet visit sounds an 2 9 ilar kaaekn oa ‘vith Ametcan pins, see F-Caengedi19fSreap oh Sand Sh ome 6 The English vowels (One of he asc requirement of the foreign teacher of Ealih besome at netatve a speaker and Istner ofthe English iangunge poste so tat ttc iter phonetic noma oy duly Hk Som stn phone and aloponi lec wo be foed 0) dead Confrontation ith i moter-tdge- This il eps the nator ofl the Droblems concersig Engh sound faced by fhe Span Ieee, and wi be the subject ofthe ext tw chapters Inter mein of Eh owe res a esi Sit ym we ig tach hry a eet Prods ite one gui an) tee he tae Gea rar atrwe ssuinon ef igh, Bae ete ee er tenn wis pone eel fpr ey matt a pros sopone ast ehs Se he ip Se SBS lene ; sare pre nace pnd ners a) “tein nag neo Tate § The Ens vowel meno coarcin! for pactal pupooelestrumently, and sometimes even prey PEPER ELL C OHH C OHO ROO ROO E ree ereeee34. Engh phonetics fr Spanish speakers tual, many more vrition are resol; for instance, depending 00 the ‘in taemti g rn ren pe Thc emequry putea sade tee vorc which re arbessted wih» SID bing novenet of etna. ‘Atfough vmel sali opposition. play the ost import cle in ‘singing messing eg Bear ft), alopone varios ‘Ercucs nd cosequemy wove words fe ented to rs xen y the Tenuhotihe receding owe sin ph ade ts ease 4) tech a esting ec Both open slabs and those closed by oe Iels coronaire cderabiy longer han ables of ental vowel uly ‘Soe by soso oonant somtimes te teary hee ie at Bee TE cam pete pr hae usages for pectin prpoes by tenet qu; te pai et cody by towel getty. and bead By Tpeowel uy quansy compen 3 Teng ta a allophoictanecripon fl engi marked), nd all eagth [Ststeetvomel ret unmarted In pnea the iter relat ng owes {iain ta fling when ascned ether opens (ee ed ea) when flied y lens consonant le. eamed (dy lite [Stns Enalch met No fen lly long before 7. These vole ibe at iong en tance eg sommar sm [uhnapyor when ascntedand owed forsconsonats einer nv Thay fen orwhenseceted and followed by an unset sylabe fn the fine word eg hander os), aour Ces" 4 Diagrams ot the tnginh ane Spanish pute vowels Jones vel ing as lied for EF purosein 1969 by 3. Windsor Leway tho aed nctwork se Svsons own I blr ie) He {spine worounded somcl within agere nestor, an founded oes within Rice pad ctor within » ox, occpying two Ial-bors, oF at He thc ttc ahr ew crc th smlation maker ear ‘Store dajame, The wef ge fentor athe than smal Sts sed i toter autor srvenio show tha each vowel phoneme ha certain ange 1 gsi sation, Ts woven tar the soe ofeach india speak, Serpe nate fay pon reset ep Ward 999) anne sh 986) tober te sange undergone ‘Sfcemig vows ques vers eid of Wo generations. The English cowels 38 ent Te Revove Bel TS mre wwe ‘5 ‘The English pare vowels is ‘We sal now give short attr abel exch Engl vowel phoneme, hu a of ma llophones: From teincn done and ta so. Ta anton. tous sgn aphone fi eae in accestes, ope sales. Fhe EADS leanty triton eg (elaine, oe; [sin set ade ie Ph Feld, alse, Generally sort Say opener in fs open ables Gant asin te, bet bene toi when sna vows fl 8 yen 3 et ron mi, Usual sort ier Fron xtwcenhat-open and open. Normal short but oog (ees in ad, man ‘aad oen,enrounded Aough rltiey tne undrgoes variations of scaly tng eas n taste reduce [osm par ah, yl, eer Back ope, sah rounded, Normally shor. Finite Un tng bu etn etion: in dr, lrd educe [8 out, Border, seaport ona 8 ,ar0/ mnt be practied with spread lips, / with lool rounded lips Jo) with open pounding, ad /2/ with he rounding. (h) fo, 3:5 9/ mur be practised withthe tongutp behind the lower teeth, 30 4st avoid any rcoouting, Speling + to be pronounced only when & ‘Vowel Sound felons it Exception: fon [aon (2). The starting points for Enalih ay, 24/shold present ie dict. A Yowel ofthe Spanish a-quality wll make ay acepable nial lemon for oth Important considerations concerning depthong (a)The fnshing pons Tor the Englsh dosing iphones Ge.) and fo) ‘ery clone and o-qalites (@) The starting pot for Engin Jt, fare dinty opener than for tei Spanish equates (©) Mid-ceneal quality of staring poet for [ou/ ust be ised upon. A further bck beglaniag wil sound ol fthoned, ands rote one eed (@) Lack of arrow centre diphthongs in Spanish can bing abouts vary of rispronuncitions regarding bepnnings snd endings, eel n/m ©), “Th ist element in o/s jost ait cse than RP fay | pact hint for the prodacton of English cphthongs to compare them wih the Spanish set a previwsy sated, (See Append A)“44 Bra phonetic for Spanish speakers 0) Quat-uanty compen Amar ict get veel production ith mary of he problem of (EEO wi eteacae Ge)~(o~(o) tin pur pot por (elt ~(0) sin mond br bot {ity Site and generational cove! markers (3) The vot stance ey ‘gai Toon gen), and ofthe pectin ion, sn ove [pa He sould ot, however, te ceonenens oa them. nl he cone of symone Saitou tse rnunatons a le bes mong me fren {sities who ae ot of touch with new tends in pronase he eee SEE be lomo io adopt theme [2] tn to eps beeen (Ge) aturnations end spelling Freuciy's miproviaciation doesnot rest fom a {tom net knowing when owe 3 sand However ti ‘om tb tematic bling up anaistons of wurde sete Sg Rls a pret vacation in the worl quay a oss Sac ae Jule ite Jel sstep ie ates tye lapcdeeeg nel Forplay bowie ewitiy mem a a 7 Wid Sear ae means wets utete —peene emacy te a 12 spetings? a ww Spelings ‘and iCe in words ssinly of Lato org: ¢4. exinn, ‘Ageia, mot, ive, vn sb pole, experina, seek: cane Pree, age Spline de tod oe manly ia sete # antemia Ceara Phoeas Speling«inplura of words ending ini es anls, peace, tes, theese, Sling only in et eg coneie, destin, rete, ting, Ee afin, protein, sie, stare, andthe mes Ket Legh, ea, Shei -Eerpional sping: pope quay, gy, key, debi péci. Speling ee. Np, mischi,moves, seve Speing ain fe wore characte, orgs, sich, Spelings ase er, mainly bars, capti, out, movi foe, en Sreling a¢s wecialy age carps fone, lI ec sho furnace, preface race, rt tare ve Ascend onlin prety, Englnd Engi oly in bey, basics, etc, mite) isi: o onlin women ul only nce oe build cat ony gine Chee ‘The pan er suit ad pronounced /d/ ater vowel and leis erage 5 Aactives ening i sed ae pronounced /u age beloved, ese, coke. cine, jagged, lamed, raed rnard, nase, ‘Tre endng-eyofadveris pronounced nie. asus, ey, Spelng «ony nan, many. Thames, momentary #, neces Speigs he oly in eres teste, Rejoin, Splinge onlin leopard jopardie, Coote, Leonard Exceptional spelings: busy, bral si, sys Fiend, Neos Selig nn plait Sling words of Pench org, impuse, meng Speing in seme 300 word, severly before the asl nd 9 teen common of wich are COP eerecocorccorocecceecceececeeacen> a 2 o o o > o 46 English phonetics for Spanish speakers bol bt yeh ha) bt {6l--o command, demand i. pt, rant, shan’, advantage; ‘ranch awe, chance, dane, pace, Pane, vant drama ramps ‘ak kt tk; psc, as, as rap ap cs, Ts fas sen, pst ve ma Sve de oa, broaden oe thers: er a ta hl ab ath athe Speling au on aut nh roe ‘Speling rol in rk, arent, Det, Brkt. ‘heiing oh ony Goh ta ura Sela oe Pech brn opie, reno toe Exceptional spellings: heart, bearth, our #, bazaar. on Shelia rin ema, oer, sige Shion Fee rowigne oie, derous Shang oc ony pans ste Selig ony mcg tough ace Except png sve, cae op it Spelingan a Pench borrowings eg fancél) Exceptional sels resteurant stance, rames (hin, ave Sea, ‘oii ute at Sty, a pa Sag cn, ah yer ee: wg ies my nto bok vk ek fol ok, ok ps oo oso tak neal ee Spain rani neni moa cnr, ag Spann» on in on, roy, wom Spee 2 ny ine ve pve me Stet on cae, sh Spec ma nse hematin teh Explor! sling meet o. Selig on some seventy wor, ener hav hc na nd? {hemor covmon owe ae Ja/raatncompany, become, some, ciafor, compen, some, Stomach; done, fom, hone, Landon, Mood, ney. Inl-n/s hove coes, ore gneve, On, cover, ove. Onan.” Snmber. tcthen” moth ater aca Ranh ‘Soroush, worry colour: doen Speling ow many in doxbl, trouble, couple; courage, ours, Puri coun: ou soutien, touch young enh seh ‘oooh Dou. eae The English vowels 49 2 Speling oo ont ood ood. 4 Becton! apeling oh opens, wopeney 1 Speling oly in bouton courteous # courtesy; Joona, Jouey 2 Sheling in French bovrowings, eg coamoiseur # Tacontat Puget, mie, {Exceptional pling colo Jaf Sl can be represented by lve vow! eters (and), ean Famdtds pss seldom, tape, ania by vowel graphs, eg Milt tngeon, nmr, pact, postr, menue, evandy wmel lates eg. paiclar pectin, obi, supe Jeu! 1 Spelings de, & in French borowing 8, ataché, ea, dba #, epmer matinee, soe Speling tin Pench borrowing, eal, bout, ha ‘eh pling e+ only in bea, Eceptoolspeligs ah Spang 0 maint in doe, 0; ges, oe, woe; Defoe, Joe, Poe. ‘Speigs su and au in French borowlos. ea pr, chalet, nie; bu, urn, chien, plate. 3 Exceptional pelings rach sem, Pharaoh ‘ay 4 Speting tony ny eer, ether, ei, hale sean Hehe (otha) evn Fabre, Cele. 2 Exception! pling Macey Jao} Spel veh maint i bough, rough, plo 2 Enceplonl peng Maceo. Jn) 1 epina pets: buoy, voyge io) 1 Exceptional speligssowent wet, wee Je 1 Exceptional speligs! mayor, rye hing Joa! 1 Spelg our in Feensh rowing, 2 Bourens#, cong, gourd eourmet narra se onan ng rene is peice cae few ening mich hve more han oe ‘ronenctin. Inst fal snd-ment 2 ferent phoneme iter Westies ‘iret grammatical funtion eranrain,ctnt, Renga, Yet. jedi Gre, rae # os) ade 3, /-ndj sin parrade, bocade, decade, saya, lemonade 2. [aif sminiyin mre facade, promenade. ‘Nate: enlace can be tera Or 0 sase 1 (id tin breatage henge, mileage, pone 2 op aninamoutagyoling, ming, tbo Note soage can eit 0 of‘48 English phones or Spanish speakers He 1 (tui in verb, appreciate, celebrate, concentrate, rd 2 alin sijctives and nouns, e, accuse, certicat, const, cate fortunate, graduate, iterate. Not few sown and jectves are pronounced jt eg. cognate, dca, eat, logis, innate, rebate. Other fctete between both lotme advocate, stociate, canddate, delegate, esgnte Irene, 3. Tot in chat #, private 1/4 in nouns hand, mouth, pocket soorts 2/5) adjectives eg reat gael bopetl, poset ‘ment in verb, umpemen experiment plement. {mont in noun, 8 arpamest experiment, yoverment Eye: coment comment ‘The peice: has three pronuniton, scton Whenever sii being edo express epeted pling with dierent meaning w abo pose re 1 Pf in re-count (= count agin, re-cover (over gain), reform (for agin remark (~murk agin represen (= ba Sete, Te-reaton (= Ceetng ahi), re-sort (srt ut ei), 2 feof in revunt (~tel, recover (= et back), efor (~improv) emark (notice) repay (= pay bac) resort (="ake we 3 Pred tn repeetent {ymin eect 13 Alternative pronunciations ‘A striking diference between Engh and Spanith is thet many English words ‘ition sich a EPD, which rena spciellydesiaed for ERC pores et out to record the complete range of alternative Pronuneation, a he ‘earner must therefore be cfu he comply of sch information, Os he ‘ther hand, ditonaries exsusively evned fre forlgn earn sch as CPE, LEDGE, and OALD mst necessary be peesipive, nth acy tere ‘ecommendatons a CPD, the sth hs exlued Those foc epee ‘he usage of ss than 20% of RP speakers ad nclaes only the proncacees ‘Aneramiaton of CPD, which nade tot nen 29,00 entre, shows ‘hat sme 3,000 have option! yamarcton KE, a tn he oo Sorrespond 19 vowel vaiaiies® twill be vata forthe lara los wht the mun tendencies re and be aware of few indoles, The Engl cones 49 (The pei muesli oe an ing Pe 1 a nae ee (talon seo] ta 8 See conve baer tin br 10) Slots begining wit be Beso, eos Rein ei eee let, cabinet, helmet, interpret oo eth ST te (9 RE ing cand «0 en ae on ee bea sweet te Sen Wor racclet, Maryaret, pamphlet, sect, Gi ace nce vin i stress, murder- Feat cg sce bam mae me beer llidecors ifieate, chocolate, (o Ramtec edna se rte ‘fetes we cs ae png (a Sete a ee Be Eta mes Pea areet cary eycta oe cepeon vey Let aplenty} eect pes » (orsign ic Seca aca eee arte Titer etaten renin easton ar 1 Worsening in rope. mimeornh, mnoyap,phtoeEh | Stone ew * GO Words lucid, luminous, | * Geum ion ee to Rouen ee bn, i, te see ome ones ee ing mse Satin AS ts pm Noto: es noe Bil ih eam a etn ou a a 3 Reba van ob of cement es (5) wee with ff fd fence sw he-of t Roce sd Ae Seeeeeeeeeeee ees H ECE OECCECESCCe®rete eetenr etree aa es aan $0 English phones for Spanish speaker 5 falmtal (a) Words wit amacentel the. /f/~/iv/h ambulance, sera cate cult, rope faim) (9) Words with unacened we. ja/~ /)y escalate, sate, fabulous, sng vb W Oter important ete, economist, inva tere, specie, Urerhes, Jette dea Render para 7 IW/~Je!cetnary, economies, voration, pdt) era T/A) elect ely, epee em rch 8 )~/ef smemtor echeqer, ect xis, [elif Coal), Greenish, poi, bets, pte. 9 iltee sian. cin, holiday. Monday. Toe. Jeri bere anager roche prguet. Aimerson, deer minority, privacy, tani, Yuin digest (e), sverg, cv ean tuna 11 /elaf_ alpha, consequences. elo, out, Setember, (alte) conve tunmen intr. ahdomen: Soe 12 fe/~ea! sein agi bes. 13 /x/~/o Abra, decumstanes, Greelan,nareation, eset. Jai ja) aoseas (alert, cae, nae 14 fo/~a} anybody, ackade,metnchty ys, term [ai fo) mont ned cen, ork seb, 18-fo/~ow) cogs. pce), ne solder, yoghurt [o0/~To) Catheser,bmogeneos homoetul, Soi 16 fo~fa) rn andl derivatives; vaca les ~ Tei~76) teidlroom, oom, base lane hl = eh 17 [a/~/af_ bankruptcy, dana, come, emp ntl 18 f2/—/o0/ onion, poet pextone, probit, romani ‘2u)[o/ domain, obit, November, rebut, Yocston 19 Ja) ~fer/ esate (a) arcane tative, tei (),vcton, Jes~/ol Sst eit (neve: mat. 20. /o)~/vo/ apenare over prenatar 21 jo) ~/af hous, rund unset, mar, se tur The Englsh vowels $1 "Minne te Sse pono dias make eof byhere tw ete ‘SEIMEI sa Sven One or ad nr fe hot ee See nc ape Li on Waa EN hewn tare Bare eco ieee pecionmees eeoese | Sitteme/u mois Getiyhen, a) spectinsieatneceo 7 The English consonants In chapter 3 we decid a ce consontn sounds alton hap te led the went-st Engh dnc or veveten) Spnith ‘hainan ponenes Before attempting» chtontaon betwen oth ven Tene nt carers the Engin st Inter words, we sal em eer ‘rte, cosoetleng voi. agra, reas pes, and asiions Space arcunion ana dese tine cet the prope eprsentnon tine in lophonlwencipon. We tall be grdualy slg lees ‘Gor ptaizn, un we have dplayed 4s moc norton a neseny fr 2 Energy Mow Engl consonants can be grouped at cies fr ot en azote 1 {he energy wth nich heya ued and pteied. Thi ete eve With [Senn nthe ps osuping the Some box each fr sou on iedeand the esis the ph Nast, semis 1 and) which ve 0 ‘wen ucterpere and ae terefre nem ech box, oot priate [ithe opps forts/en. Thee groups ca then be estas Tae? The sth monn roped wig he fren pp “The remaining phoneme, /h, coats a ape cast, nei does wo pain ts opasc, nr ee she te ing tare el Bowe 3 Length caper 6 we erred the aac of Engh fr consonant to shorten tn en soasonants loaten = preceing Yow Simla they can 20 {25'S aun rte sui a aon mi yale plese ‘The Balk consonans $3 afte rane wil be renin many by the length of» preceding seein py nh singe mot ~ mal Cm "on {vent]~sed en the oppositions voles voice do ‘iene act (han "ied on fone eer puto of ther si, aearding Yo te pone Conoco eng pepo t ten enought eons hse co SS as ing etber vee or devo, wtou xplining enact wha ‘ret they ey le the voice. The folloing ales canbe ate i Conant in Band (are ved between vowel tor other con- onan ofthe sume groupe eg the cons Inthe wire on te [lng doe os hy ft‘. Veced consonnts te elt unnarhed leptonic taerton One ia an, hy, wh area ve counter a the phoneme lee, may ecome vied le [Dm between vied ‘ands rebane [3) Wi) Lens consanns ae devised eran ere pases and fos con some aoe eis somsnas nthe pre at god ane [el 909 Sue ebied comennas ae mrte wa nceacract Tih Parco] are devoted when preceded by forts pe lan accented sabia eo qc Coen jp owe jos) When Preceded bya forts conoact in yacened ysl Cosa {Simy bey devoid. eg eran Throne 10 understand fay the median of “Steaters ing te podachw of ens conmonans. se fling asams, ‘Scat re repre in chapter Srsecton Sates fig by 2 Sing td ney tyne The a a ir meee eae, AdS Jan Lins aemme CV E e aaT ecccccccccececccececeseeeseeeeeees> o > a > > o p Oo o o > $4 English phonetics for Spanish speakers ‘The word loaded contin hes esi pose interval fly ole Sd nl 6, being est ope, tre device nthe worl fol ar ‘ating jtefore the eee stage sna they sp vtrnng meal) er the arias have farmed te op, Thesarne would oxcat inthe ‘When wo lei consonant acer concave in deoicing both of them may become deo sully the ne ea he deoiing fat comes completly devo, n ters, where he veal oli sop ib fst before the lee ofthe sop for (Se ig 19) Foe pact purposes though the slophonic sotto [pts and pve are singled te [posta an (es) specter or cxmpiro voce Ch ee hapten 8). a 7 ‘The ving tn itor grea te wad rh 5 Aspiniton When the Eagish fort losives /p, precede vowel sou in a sented ‘lite te wing ofthe vows ost not bein tothe withthe rela sage fr he pose, but some tne Iter When the pe separate ater the stp for the fst sepment in pure for instance, the toque i aeay a psin fo the ‘we butony breath cores out =e) ~tetare teva festa brting. “This voles itera! betucen te reese 5 plone andthe Wuehg of following vowel caledasprason, and althga coms of ole ome feavenion ha aigned 1 the acre] Alophoily, then pure tramerbed (ps) lnstead of (pps. ough both notations are core ‘onesie sie) bing bat = voces vy 9) owe “There ae varios degrees of apiation, but for teching purposes we shall ‘onier only wo poses = presence ad absence. The ole are (0 /nc tk we Suonly aspirated in scented labios eg come en past Daman pt UG) Tey are mealy speed in unscented slabs, and generally in word fal poston We stall lav hse unmarted cx. he npe ip [30g sat ie td when 7 prs hem, ee al Ce “The allowing digrame show apration and uation raphy The English consonants 8S Saecne 7PL 7pS at sary game of hwnd end. ‘When fp Kae followed ty rw, etpesilly in accented syle, the epiaton of he forer ake the later deveced. Whenever epiaion ‘nested m devoisng eee Fe 21), Kl be shown he. plas ys lean guy pg Wat He yah eee ZN tn price, voiced pss (a ea), dvoid plosives (as Bear solcele nated plosives at in pare) and voices spt plosine ob In pear difer mally in the point 2t whch vocing sary, in reltion to te relate the plone This sown Fig 22: mmc 8s) 1g The weg nl sition saga 6 Types ot eelease nal plosives re aot snap eles inthe sme way: hey may preset the folowing aerate: (Ont reate Fives hve sick ora elease when ftlowed by vowels or sen-voels ether ‘hor wast he apation pre, ain pure bce The release tage {he be preset betores pas with or thou apration‘6 English phonetics for Sponsh speakers (Uy Nome tae ‘A tre posit fo a plsnes before pases i ack of aude race {aus by weak opening ofthe so, o absence eles. Sach pln oe Sido be Incomplete, and ae quite reguen namie speech, ek ot "eens in coon nal igh For tesching purpose tot sey ona, {hs llophonic vara, hich nee ration wih) akore te in dnt fomed by wo conser ples o ve and thine festone normaly has non-audle eleaze. Thi can fappen ches witstssor) (nthe ame o diferent sabes) o at word Noun, and minicd see the diete [paced under the chster eg he abbed The ony fel Se de el te pe rer ar ne he ‘esi te nop for ad be cae oh eseosTncas ‘shear in the form of rs. aly, the seuence [te seats ‘looper son than norma, wich serene aa pec wih dered eho «ster «peo of sence, a in or = period roe, asm po det ge tet pele where led oy ae {le op Non ude rene shown ing man Zbl ae g/L AN ces tonseiy ZN 23 Dir te any movement ed et an cea oon a i) Wi tna reform The font pss snd atts canbe reinforced with plot sop. Gt tazation o/s common made btoe fame and emroast tosh sotbeineen web, eg ake that our erty Bet wd Wi tome imi pn rene mei i lore of smataney withthe rl coe for he pincer ne e7 i Noa seat "PTS. tee "E24 Siutneou ota ohorenent o/s The English contnante $7 [o-um op al fort poes tk can be cele in four man dierent [NE7epited,"umnpiated, wih nonsudse reese. and wid acta ‘Riforcement Alfouraen te wean (i) Nant tase be een cons merely the metng othe sft plate, 30a he Start ole pes tthe Tce *Scmared [eg youcangetnine [ebb etme) os si happen apa in foam ec Here the ral rene un be pceded © the compete atcultion ofthe mua eherie, some ol reese oh sive Fig28 shows omorganc natal leno i npc [capa ‘un the ipsatesboat to opem the vel sows, “4 Sect 25 an lemeo eg (6) Lara ase Wen td ae ttowed by both pone are normaly reese neal, ther reeae tage consis in ibe towering fon both dee th tae hile Keeping the sop between he one ip the lom pt of se ‘ie this root conte wee velesed, tea wuld cape coy co Lae eles, which lo mared [can os ide words oa word ound, nd the rst can be ether abe or &now-pae ater ene and fend Caen 30 en 1% 26 Arion dau of ier lee "7 Variations of place of artieaation ‘nd sevens; 2 sound my ndueno One iat follows, at wit pion ae Peeeeereesercccreecesoeneeceseeaaaa$8 English phonetics for Spanish speakers ne preceding ita wit length. Place of artcultion may sho be condoned bythe phonetic emuionment The ics (.} and [are ned phone Atari to dat rontrand taker varia, pete theron (Glitreserse exe for dent arnt, We shal note only the flowing 1 The velar /hg ae arcuate futher fon the mouth when ollowed by toot vowel ot i and farther back when followed by 2 bach sows Bel ee oem ir ie Sewers get) In) esd by peseding vows ening song Csino8- 2 The alvols /t, .1/ ae atest dentally when followed by /8 8/ tnd in the pstalvoistregon when, Yl al he tert Eo aot ihe masa n,m ae normally artcaedtabio-denaly when /f w/ follow the rvulting variant snapne the ymel heb. nowy and eae [ey toys sm ‘ith bc man alophones Each poner wb sed a arcuate Long/sbort consonants and lta stops are not neta he bt al: ‘ore than one feature ae Inte only nce] sve, bat eof lope variants wer ttf, spy meats thatthe tealzatons do nat devise mos from label hen, andar thertore ©) Praise Warn sf SE ipl etnias igen. eee: Recemea ee a into a De ony Ne es oan teiecies sc Peceersn ae tere wanrk rr ‘The English consonants $9 eld) voiced sei avec sine (avs er sy [ghsecied dead medicine, of dy [Joh on-site and delayed les: fottac, ol jb: bebime {a} wth sal lease: garden, adie {bt Iter lease! medal side He [dient hundredth a these (pomavearne-raebad dream ‘Suk, wll fort vel plosive siete card sour, nim, arne, ae, gute [kvweaky spied and unspated ter why {k pth nomad and delyed release: baked, pcre: ck cole [chen wot veeme.tktoes pesca Tne rel key. gneve [lps slr soc even 6 fg) wiced-ei velar poe. Ta)vned: pain exam ge [Sldewied sn, ea-shlofe st {3} ul on te! ee eh. oct [eipre-elr geese araie Tappestselr apo, pengla i) Afra TM) vocelsfots platoacolar ase labo: lager, enjoy nana > (ash: [devoted jy, mide, veeabe 10 1ae/_siced-eni pot alveolar arate (aso adden hundred federal (ajtdevoned dem, busier, ity Prcatce T2Gi¥)_ olen abode ree Iv-toted ing iver, Seven [pidevoued vale, love song rot view 13/8) oie dental ri v Tabviced rather, although southern {phdevied heb, ne hen60. English phonetics or Spanish speakers 15/6) volte tors shece ctv {6G sokedsen svelte. [abo bay, clumsy, pe Ueedevted on, nebo T7G/I) icles forts plto-aeoa ete IBLI9/ voeed.en passat rst, Ta}soied mesure, isn, eats [Bheroze pee bee 9 Ihy votes ot cate, Ihpoteen wh lg {ioe bend pshap, okt e) Naval 20a) vice isl nasa. [impsoiced: memory, hy Us devosed el hips, hab ipa dena omits 2/n/_ seed aot es Inyoie own decon, sadder {a}aabty deol pom fates eal, ton [bfdentasyntess i ene {0} poate wee ndhop.eney ' (yatta 22a) vind velar ps Tires king rang [ahposteln ong. mong (©) Late 2G voiced solr tera Alea (before vows and /): vey, all-out, ety (hdc tctore consonants, pases nd ioe woot edewicea ase, ce sea eh sgh (61) Aprosiment r Yr oiced post aeotsaproxinant {akappronineot many betore and betwen vw: romd erst ay ted ae ates fave, sy 4 {a} ste (especialy ater fore pose) pis, trues ery (Ghatveotr ap ater a tre ent The Engloh consonants 6) 284) oled pat ero (jploced yes bon mesic [evied pare, oe, age ements 9 Allophontc transcription and the Spanish learner te to man ol of pone trminon: to how i detered ty the Phones eave, wel those in fe varincion, an onthe other hands fet» raphe compares of ‘he phone ales of Engl snd mathe on, ‘Allophonsanscipion may vary int dep fnrrownst. Wht phonetic features it shoul econ or mil depend on the angunges ting empresa race ts at reer o vetoadourntaton ty making etune eeg {© both angen: the ate Eapaaad Spench hee asad "uk pe: and potwlrartcaatons, vowel maheaton, std ther fers 1% ave nat tale int onsiertion, uch spr rounding of soon a, ‘ext 1 tipounded sous (eg aoe wel [thug wet) Siar tos 'umcetry to account for miner vow! Quliy variant, wel es ae te vacinion eg ptazed sors tnd diferent ealtns of Seales ‘By marking wnt tears oly, me hal be ng lon nse sal finforcemen the tahing of ronan Below ae two samples of alophonictscpion i) dptiyng al the phonetic information gen oar, nd li more plied one ecmmnded forte by he Sant eres. @ Cat "Wat ay speoky Tigh fad b) emt on, tn Aaminety 1 fo Tenay“amtineg iy ae Jo at wey eis tng oy 86 Moen Sangh be (fo aed 20 aman f2'be ream mt | wat ped op 2 ‘ate ov 49 ens | fot Yar meldgsbiat pata’ se hod inrputevo a sein | mex bok arkyramnt) 10. te English. Spanish consonant systems he consonant ystems of English and Spanish wil now be contonted on he foowing points 0) phonemic oppositions, phone enue, il eqeesy of ecurencs, i) dato, () sabe sacs nd el sig sees (© Ancvamiation othe phone ae jpg 2 shows te oon fs es, Engin makes we of wentyait Somanant opoatons, Spenck sah Seventeen rnceen asoringf the saray spoken, Seco hes Engh sew pis of ateate and our psa ste phonemes, pana see eereeeorereceececceeceseeceseesA | {62 English phones far Spanish speakers Is one sale siete and fee (or fou) eagle Heten Tiny, ht me Engl phonemes le tice) ae normaly arculted in he tear ion ‘suis only sx i Spanish. Lay. nt ten (or even) athe ten Englsh phonemes have sina Spanuh ons 19 corrpond. Yh KS th porte (8) A confrontation a he phones lvl reves that only aan Plt Seventy Ena alophones stdin chapter? tection 8 hve ete soe, ‘fner-qulaen Spunk ons to corespond. Thx proportion would be eae lower if we took Ino consideration regional ferences cg foe awalinn scutonly in certain vate of Spanth ~ and ther veicnons ast itutina which wil be dealt with ter “Te ellowing prin general arclted ith weaker muscular tnion {hts tier English counterparts (8,9, yar the sommonet eletonsot 8p. /b dg snd not natal of fp 8) a {@) Spann consonans re a general shart oun foe aglnh one. Desde, acnions of lout in Spanish do not coniate o ently consort al shy nin Bog fled ee (6) The Spanish lens consonants sre orm deoied in he same cicum acess Englh ons; the sence occurence fal pion ocak ae ‘evosng before pases posible nly in (OL c. ua (@) Aspiration of Sp ip, K/ negli, an Tor practi purposes oosiere non-eisen Ic) Span plosives donot ox yee Yery teguety;tetfore, nn ibe pasald teral psf release aro xcetoal curt, ie he ever appeacing inthe same slab, sh none ttm ial pion, 1 /pt/ and it, ain a, ae, te the oly ermpes of mona ease ‘n Spanish: whenever lens ploive Intervene ealad tren (Oy) and [88 arin Edger abc 2 [sk the ony so plans wine cn pv ne clean cart Span, nico, ner i falar sje, hough, these eure te to eae (6 and yn or on rexpectiely Preps! enone bosons fate, 0] and [ym] st ar Sop, lyn ars few fans eg a, n-sum, the umber of possibile of leat yes in hen eng es ean cerraeies meee a ul {0 The velar and /n, mare niece by the phonetic xvronment inthe tame way In Engh ad Spann, ter ging to peal poaredah Sed labial ariulations, respect; dentition off when lacs sible oly in Canian, though notin Latin Ameen Span ost acta eins dont normally scer Spas The English consonants 63 a0) The trogen cout D-B Fry (1947 aa Ts ‘ow the towing te: tora. 33% ) ‘Ketan Spm s/o ue nen tgs 1073) Ene Ara nae calm pnemer ‘Te shove fr el conan oc te mie ed ph thon Spun ee caper con 10) On te ete ade ‘Sonnet pe arena Epa We Se aig ogi pe hve a crest it over 20% 5 tx 15 Sah poe Se Sf ae eed sven nove fot nda or approimes inthe ‘Te dtl le of he Enh consonan:ponenes sow ny GB Cmpiyson ot otal ef seventeen be ld a Justa few fon word ei, neve) = =p Ta ES =| “hte The dino lo gh comsonttponemes. hs tab ie tom te Spi oe, we cou inthe conapon open emma botngige oh Spanish(64 English phonetics for Spanish speakers tors, We woul tn that more thea al the resoiag able remained empty ‘This would be particulary otceabe in fal stone where tere a he sou twenty empty so whet eas tha Spansh word endo endinvorel (Some ot tests cold led in with ew on words) Ba this compari only phonemic. and therfore ifn Yo revel import dstbutonal festiins which osu atthe Mlophonc lee. A frie cononton “Thefolowng i Isto dstibutonalestrctons etingallphones common (a) Sp fb dy a/ are reales featies ~ Le. [Rv 8 ¥] — oF thie corresponding approximants, betwen vows (eg. abated (085 Yabo and ‘etneen a vowel and /¢/ eg, ob Popes). They are relied a pens ater ‘sual (eg cambio [kam jap). nil poston lene and plosve Satins ate i re variation. Sp / fal telnd me poive ater I, {nd ative in al poston (eg. maldad (mal a). In Eagle, onthe ‘thea 70 a ar eed owes, b/s te a (0) Sp, kum ae of extremely rare ocurtencein a poston. (6S. dah an allophone a canbe heard mos equely aera. Snpage kondgoe) En. 1/8 of mach reer outs “ah Sp. [) & oxmaly dropped in grecsonaial and al poston in Argentina, Cie and Central Arica etaced by (6)Sp. (oan alloone of J wed by some sates (eg. Colombian, ‘Castin), occurs ony before vlcedcomtonans fe. mmo (mizmeDy Bog Jal sof mc rear occurrence. (0 Sp. to analophone of occur oy before ease. hago ong, 1s occurrence witout the intervention of yr I sted oso Andoos nd Cental Ameren ational; Eng //ocars medil Bally, th (@) Sp.//elheraeaaror dena reaze aa cl variety inal postions; ng. Ue lar onl preceding veel (8) Spf ours before all owes excep). an Sp. (0, belore all voels except ol; Eng, are ound before mon vowel, cluding ns, $0, A canton a the rte he Engh and Spay ee (s) The simplest lal stuctarein both Engl and Spanish V tone wel bye bat whereas the Enlh sabe may tke up othe consonants [fore the vowel, and pt fou ter Spanish can only take to consonants fore, and one ~ exceptionally ewe ~ fe, Tis canbe enressed fallow Engle (CCOWICCCE) ei sry tents Spanish sable: “(CCIMICC) "meg none (©) Psat 1965: 4 slate types, whieh sow ves the following wre forthe four mont regent Spans clea fvour the CV pe The English consonants 65 ee ve ey ce Spanish 19 '3I% Sem 102 (0, Wherein Engh there na predominate of sed yes Le. te in ra peut soap fv open aie ethan Svs. a) The umber pombe of consonant ses in word itl and oa seston te to ones" cv. cccv- vee -veee -veoce ewig SS meat. oes (on cpter 3, etn 6 e dc the eo so hh cnt nce tne nt ie Te pt its ker re ‘Novels exept or aten cress a Engen gute empty {.contomt sound Ost of tol of et 24000 mrs ape CPD, tec re tou 300s como jxt over 00 of ti crrapond tend pT eb Exp oars atone aya con te ‘rood ]These fous sronan acto ond mrds pronounced ittnton (ote! or cao font comated perch howe, Apes frst any consonant wo some ie Se lame ons (0H A confrontation of seling systems for consonants shows that whereas Spanish bs tweny-ik (or wentyvel pling represents nineteen or Seventeen) phones Engh ar 120 apelings for Ws tvetary of tents ‘onemes Of tet; about ro hid ca be cnsred of eglroccarene [Ktthe top ofthe it we nd a hes Asto set ees Spans ‘ae not more than fou, eig the ony common one: Eras on the other and hase total of fourteen set ltrs, ow of which ae O eteely ‘Soman occurrence Se haper 7. sees 12) 11 Teaching problems [A sein diference between Engh an Spanish i in which element re ‘open for reioal vats, In Engish 5 mniny vowels that ary trom Une regional yrey anther, whereas Spanish ts many consonants. This {act mast be borne a mind shew dacsing esching problems coneing osonants snc diferent phone and ever phone ivenones win the ‘Stet he Sapeating mo a eh ire Pe her wil teefre hve to mae elective ef te duc, notes a wang Sed prope that low “aTgereral procedure forthe teaching of both sods and fetues such ss devising, tlese ps, et. shoul be Tieng and Ghriminaton Te seevereoesorpeoveserereseeeeeeteneeEnglish phonetics for Spanish speakers before tackling renting ‘be produced with ome Pele nc wocgs car ii pices Sack coaches enc oe mal rene a Meant ris neh acm dete wil be 0 ae the pronunciation poblens a pene ature, ‘nd Inter those acting iia sou Tete of baer in rot of his mouth, which wil fap attr any ees Heras ake car however. oot tompiae henna eS oes at resu of hypercrrcion anda eo toscond eae soc the equentyactaimlaecmty ein {0 rove cas fr the Wetton of connate a te The Engh consonants 67 ‘oundcrininationmechanin which wil operat diferent om bs Spanish ‘ne: For instance, in Span be wil ing fy trom Teter bythe ‘pesitin vied ~ voll, or ponte What prepa Sue oes '8 Engl speaker se odtingsh /p rom Tn tees of ope-= re, the mace wil be vows gh and pou tal efocemon Pp 8 esiy of tricaton if expla). In pay hay the only iret, ‘the wi be tpaton In plor=bit te dchcton it be mode ecg ‘Gay sopping ~ sobbing wl lng ofthe poner atthe perp ‘eI could be atgod thats student mil seldom be requied to staged ‘etveen minal pas such a the shore in bot, and tat I eoneced ‘asc the context will make the mening saceny cet, even i they te Pronounced cereal. Tae fare face, bow Teasoning at a cro ou es Eng Types of reese Jn spite ofthe ow occurrence ofthe various ype of eles In Spanish hie ‘mastery fury saghforar since they vole atialstrynoverent hich am be fl. The fture teacher must always be aware of thete movements, $0 tat when imitation proves toe sulin, he wil beable to provide sarat i aasory Instucions. ne sow-mion echnsqu mentum ane ca be of us in the il stags, when pactsng non-aute sles, The ost iat ypes forthe Spanish carer ae asl relate nvlvng the aes, ‘nd lateral lease, when ether ofthese conte single sable, Fi 27 ct be wed a ial ai fo show thatthe tonguetp mut ot separate mn the lvela ridge when going fom the love fo the natal n/n ee extreme ‘ses a uen! can be encouraged inher tt oma api fnew ge ‘by pressing it with 3 pens sto voi th nto vowels prop ea salon tay ity Place and manner (a) Aleta. deset ‘A common problem concerning olae of tation i he eoninon of the Engl alveolar td with Spensh dental ed). Though afeciag oy two sounds, the misae is exremely noticeable du tothe high fcgueny of occu Fence of the Engh st The actual rengntion end prooction thea oun ‘snot diel, since the students aezutomed fo ming an avcla cure {or Spo which ean be taken point of reference Pigs 28 tod 29 untae ‘he alveoli denal artulon. The difcuy lis athe nthe unonsiou,8 English phonetics for Spanish speakers uc we hse sob in nine peer. Consane PACS ig se ‘Specialy reared for hs paren the slot ee oO Fem Aboot Fie Denal/. (8) Stop fear Th reo of the Eat ek stoped! tne or ita bays the Spans speaker of Enplsh OF the the/4=8) confon i ‘he most complex, ease ao consttes probe of phone saa hae Intererig it ncliiy (wordy woty, te). The Gacy proved oy English spelng for /@,9/(s fr byw) seldom provide the ial sk ont ‘onl expect them ethogh the sould be puted Ou at cable lcs to [romnciatin® The exence ofa thee sdunde ae Powe tran Spanish, which imple ther uaconou eng, indicts thatthe probs ‘ithe tne of election By means of eating toa rie te stent (6). The bans nd 0) ‘The mani ney ih ng. 3 tingihing atween ps of Mrcates and apf rates, Ths especialy natcesbein hove nso {eg Chilean, Argentine) which we some o all tthe as opti alas Eng. dg ab fen replced byte Spi pl ane /p between ‘owes Se Figs 3031 and 2) Petia dacrmination nd production enero ic requrd nha spec the pe of wicunto of cnstned te eS) [As othe fest of te Engh sins, the Latin American and Anda vaskty of are testable sausets for Enlah s!. Whereas theo) Pronounced Inthe fet of Span sail, Le. the cre mae withthe fonnueip and the lvoe ta, the Enlsh one mae with he ne, Sor gs 3 and St) Sie he pel has pt ght ee /empeson “The prolem of Eng. /2/ nt general oe of aresition, but fis fee occurence. Boies, pling nota lle tt fo when shoud he wed ‘The English consonants 69 (See chapter 7 seton 12) The Spanish speaker not wed to producing» ‘ay ofits nd ths kes ifr him fo pronounce wore nd Dass containing more than one bat, cnn, oct Te 30 troc wher J defo them, in osond ers, ote. The SP Yh sed n mt of Spin makes a acepatieegiaien for Eng 9 (See YS) SS) (0) Tre porate areas he mney od god ftoducton to earning. Staring tom ‘he toneve postr forthe ome, he tonave mst he erase apd baled, st scon In Fg 36, Futhermre, whenever the afriests come fpether in Tint arent le ehange mi lounge cha. oS) 36 onan er le). Te eelarnasal {The fal pais anther probe conring phonic ai (sn ~ sin), {in ao daibtion, Spec tenon mst be put by thee speaketh ireqanty we fol att common reuston ot Sp /n/ wep Pesan, | ae ea Ver (P. Ceerand dak th exert pono the aden ol stat by omen Ea [ths nt bee the nag he pnt or Th ssp a Sralion ce chapter seston 3) Kepng th posto, he soul cle ‘ee (Bg 39 and 40, Words somnning the sequence [oP nfl. ‘rth vowes sin quays aru may be wed for practi, ore [ong ov to sequenos such aun fer elt ce, Futerore, te ent sould ceceseoeeeeeseoceneneeeeccoce cece70 English phonetics for Spanish speakers ‘cep in mind theese estos of [a RP, which ate nt the sme oN) Fe 9 cerl eo Duets (2) Te arporimen i) “Th it tp the learner mast ak ito dist Fa. (2]- the commonest {ealation of /r fom a onsonatke sound, encouraged 8 the Selig, fd tha of approximant which to stat rom fo) tnd slowly reponse for many mispomarcatns must nt total pton The roan spears <—\ et Approxinan() (iy Tre slot! frceive fi Inorder to pronounce (hand not [x] —the wa Spank mistake the ater ‘Mu be made to completely deve & vowel qual ofthe pe wht alows Tn) tor example, har st bs pacts wu te aly ine cas er (ea, huge can th ctv ne be esl of kre nthe mouth. 0) Dre sequncs fief an mo ‘The dilenty of these sequescen, ceted by drbutionl esscios in Spanish lens the stadent to pronounce mode auch a oo a [ok and woman [07 [yus]or [ee] To bein the rt sequen eon a the oagae mast Se aed {Bthe coe are of and pide qusy oan opener quit. heen ‘se the stent must begin the sequence Wi Song -roundig. and the tek ofthe tongue mast ae fos very coe [) guys ro here he shod ia uk te an once wy Bo rb rtd in “Tse mast cnstate e faltge ithe teacing of Engh consonant Delors they are taco the student mut have mastered the promncaon The Englsh consonants 7. ‘ach init consonus, and ao features sich at length, devin and. fm nd to avid she dion of «vow hare any af he ee 'eioning ih, tbs shoul te paced Sr withouthe ssn, the tn slow motion wih a ong is, euskal and eal sb An ‘tsa proiem wl ars when ster conan reed the word incon ‘ected speach 3 shi Inthe eno hl ters 2g echnge {o begin with words containing ore nal consonant and eradualy lp 4 luster trom i eg: Jem k=l gi ook. The at ‘Syst chateau acer mount seecton an ecm necey amples ory common asics re thon cuss conning abe oosonans, ach she contacted fos dda supine (e)_ Sipe and eneralnal cononant markers Cerin cmon sounds ae alo i soe degre, pone fr stand {coeratonn deren For esnite, Ue ial cfosement of fos ps Aesbed in caper 7. section 6 becoming neg freuen in RE, and ‘hough ot on indpenae etre, can aly be adopted Putermore thee tf] tetore vmelrs eintey preferable to], hic thgh tl ocastnay beard from sme Ens peter, can no loge be coniered festa ot General RP, Flotation: between io da are repo or ith generates td Sst thanges A careful conserttve RP speaker wou fener tae the sat alternative, beens Younger peer wold tend Yo we the second (Fora dead dscusion se caper 8) & preys marker, wich the {oregnletme shouldbe aware without tempting o=dop the weakening ‘ot uncestd plosives fo the pit of Becuming reais In th ce, {leet of ponanciton, we stony adit intent ma Porapae aie etary eons foe tc ety and nat fo mode is Engh on oe are speaker Hie eons {to what to adopt fom Mom boa eye Be pled by hit knowledge of ‘he tem of Engl Ponets (61) Alteration and spelling ‘The stasomny bemeeheomonant ever and cononane sound retaey| Simple compared it atc wonel, snd consequent the peling. ‘ronancton les re fone Frequent though, ti mare praca remem ‘erthe exception thas he ue Fortune, he rly ht inte teens ‘Vé-double consonant the vowel element generally «pure vowel (ater lee) te exceptions Yo thru ate sce, and elt only Yo the Speliags fod seg. ol, polyols, sol swaen, el, bas (ied), res: ‘Seater nave bee oman pe ecm 2 we taco bac ‘tah po Tes oe xargs72 English phonetis for Spanish speakers (Consonant alterations ho provide sll cust pronunciation: /alssiat Info) fron fn} sont confusion south” southern tuna utr fase fison oth serthern yon hymn spervse sierison wrth worthy” conde condemnation {che Seuure breath reathe solemn solemnity dose closure bath” bathe damn” Jamnebie AZ Spelings [A in chapter 6, section 12, eglar common splings, and obvious derivatives wil ot be dal with Key vo sym" sands fr any consonant letter," foray vorel eter, and # for an ternative ponuncaton. 1A) Spling h nly in dscotbegue, tyme; Antony, Esther, Thalland, MA. Spting coy in cet, concen, 2 Bvceptionalspelings Czech, uch, ‘/83L Spelling ch only in such, spinach: Greenwich, Hariche, erwshe, ‘AL Spetiog th ony in ugh, dang, enough, ag ‘owe Js) Spline ph only in nephew: Stephen ‘sf 1. Spling sin some nouns ad jeter abe coe lise exes, house, ue. When these word function eral ae pronounced ith 2 Eaceptions fase supe, nay with asda, crease, 2 Tn ed to, when it means “acustomed’; with /x/ whe empoyed 3 Speling base, as, chase, purchase cee, cee, eee ‘nce partie practise presse: dose; pore Ione noon; foxes Imowe; dense, ne conclave, sun, exclave, expensive; com {ation euisnoce. 4 Bplng ony in ecemn, quart, rity, waka Switzerland oun tu Jd 1 Sting only in dessert, disove, use, hr, poses, srs, Misour 2. Spling «malay in Xerox, slope, 3 Speling se diese, ens, ers, phate, phate; thei; advertise, ‘ue despise, digi oe, praise reve, aie ite, sre ie noe, done, expr, os, ls, nove; eppe,Prpr, sess, ‘hone arose, bluse, cure, confuse pause depen deel dose, sin, desi, dimer, hesitate, hous, miserble sueun, mone, hyn postive, poston. president, rte eign ea eon, wy ah wf ‘The English consonants 73 ‘esl, tows, visible, ist; us.com, diy, fete, lousy husband, ‘Tueday, Thuy; coun, learnt, poo, pete rion eon, 1 Spelngs Cin and ton, eg. expulsion, tension, version, ssson, fon cation, omit exception equations, wanstion 2 Spling sk mani i sehdule scale the, Sehwepne 3 Exceptional selig: ella 1 Spellings -Vson, Vaare and -Vawil eg confson, osu, aa 2 Spelng gin French anwords, eg. camoutae, collage, eponare, tage aborge beige, ruge; pen; genre, gl, 1 Spelling -t- in French loanwords, nly abut, hams, cho, memo, pert, ero 2. Exceptional spelig’ on, ase, “Te owing ers san or more tm one pronunciation, and consequently tend eure dial oe ng (pas tense and past parties of repr vert Tf wen telat sound of theif orm sa vowel, o bg 45.¥. 8,2 3mm hil, eg owed, ribbed, dpe, loved, bathed, ‘Seancd, aged 2 Part te lat und /9 6 ened, ated, ‘ached, laud, rated 3. Takes teat ound s/t de ste, aed (plage cae, hr person singular and reed fom of i and fas 1 Fad when he ast sound of he nouns singular, 8 vowel ot /, (41a vs mma sc eo calm candy, sos ai Ts, tonnes, es 2s nen sundae 23 Poa! when te ts sound is Ud. 5.2 3/4 ences, changes, ‘ate oe, alge 1 (te whan ie flowed by an wtccnted vows sense ey ‘rgpen, ton Main exception fasion, Prosi, relation, ‘uation, totedo, extol [ge shen + followed by an tcented vowel, eg, exc, extn, "example, est crt, Possible exception: ele ‘Fn sos, compleo, lary, oxous sexu ‘gg in ararant, harte, hans (57 maint Nero, slopbone {ai fol potion, eg kng, wrong, young, and in infected forms, ‘hanger singe, winger: longsh stg, raping. loin bang eeeececereeescoeeeoeereceeoceonese‘14 English phonetics for Spanish speakers 2 sq/m meal pouon, eg. ange, finger, hunger, engage, ‘monger, inguin te compares so sapere of fmg, fone and youn. en lng. nase 23 Pa) singe hang, danger mgs, strange) Fil there re a aber of lent eters. ove which dono represent ny sound eae ‘In mb and -b, eg. bomber, conb oat se {© Incorpusi,musce; Connecticut indi vital). Note ch inchs, yah 45 in-gmog and gm eg dapragm, phlegm: aig, camps, cologne, forte ele, sowie’ eth st ‘in sir, hme, honour, how: i rh, ett, sheumatom, rar, ‘yt, Gidea ns6 tm annie, onhome, vehement, vlad fe oper names in sham, eg Durbar, Fuku, raha, 1 Inknr es tae, know kot, kit Note ok in chard 1 in tk and -in chalk, fl, sak tlk, yok; anon, alm, Holmes, ‘Malo, palm, salmon so inl cl, shoud wold 1 insmn.e4 stuns, clams, condemn, dan ym, sl, 1 incoup, cupboard, espe, rei. Note sin corps. 4+ im ale, apropos, chassiy, debs, demeane, Mp, alan, ie, Lous wecoust. 1 inte, sen eg poste, caste, hate, msteoe, oe, hte; chasten, ‘hse, taser, stn, hasten, moisten, ato i Peach Ioanvors bracara beet tlle cabaret, dcbuapport ate so morgue eens, Postpone, ud hin sta lawn whe wrap, wee, wring. ris wrong who, while whom, whore, shout in proper mines in wisn, vip Derwaky Rewscy Waris ‘Greene Norwich ex. Ipswich) a naar so sme thumb, tom’; debion), 13 Alternative promonciatons ‘The number of aerative pronunciation, concerning contonant sods ‘ppeating i CPD ~ out 300 the fon" Snsdcray wert ta of wel ie chapter 6, secon 13) OF thse, te tre largest area of Yarnton corejond to the hole betwen th lot lenis opponion, Balled enon palatalzed form, tnd an des sone contenant fe, The mia tendencies ae 1 biter (a) Words ending in -s .ndhesive, vain, espa, esate, ‘The Bnplish consonants 75 (0) Words beginning with ane taser, esr, rssion ans {evr sbsra,sovertsement, tty, gee.) fe~it (a) Words bepinning wih ean 4 tanestn, tans, transom tank Inet. (b) hus, Joseph opposite, ete, age, > Matas (2) Ai, conversion, exanion, magi, Pers, veson, 3 fof~i0) (3) abcess, acne, bolt, absorb bed For cua aalie on pated eed noel ate 1h Aneran/gh dency tornae rcae / 8e pcate Sige eesti Sa anes lop eens ere A ed ce 0 yn lt dk nd SAT TAS th mtr a ye we ‘et wot ni tt ofthe oa See eS TA 9 ad no 0h as ennet he ten nemo i Spa 7 Secor Slay a4 onan Pb foteoniog 5 Furey aur etre an gun fr Sone Wels & Calon Osan Sida here eee se gen ere8 Features of connected speech 1 ‘Sofarwe have been mainly concerned wit ow sounds behave within he word, We ave sen how Engi phonology sexes ome combination of sounds, am how Spanish accepts others Our net sep willbe to exami the problems that the Spanish speaker Incr hen Inking word together in connected rpeesh, Took int the processes by wich the phonamic ptters of words may beard, fnduce what he sine tmpcatons thee shange are 2 Linking fata Sometines the inking proces wil egure modieton tthe beginnings and Ir which coasts in pronouncing word-nal speling r when the next word ‘ene with a vowe! (et eta/~ ler "on AbSough it possible to fad lute where Engi speakers omit ning //, the foreign learner shoul do since ts a essential character of fae spech in RP. mst e noted, However tht whens pau separates word al spelng soma mod iii yorel th ik ot mae, Wha more Fie i= Wha's mv pase) 1s aso possible or x/ whe pronounced when nr appes in the pling This so-aled iste [the test of & proc 3fanlogy a Hot of tenon ofthe liking // ale stetons whee Ie not preset in the fpeling For intanc, word Sina s/f general the veut of speting Via in Tether dat, bt when i the rent of speling in sf any Eagih pehere tend to net Jin ene sucha ofa tad hate Paror oe {neon Flowing the same pert av i fr ard mer Yr 98 "ado). But by sea and land would take no itr jr Deut thee 20 fue of analogy, ine no Engh nord ends ini) represented by Vr The ‘uestion as (0 whether this conver feature of RP shouldbe adopted by the foreign leaner, Soul depend on wheter comes tral t hit © 0, Tis not indspeanbe, but tt aconecins we willbe a mak of progress nt ‘ronceney inna ‘her inking processes require no modietions athe eds of words Yet they ae teal forthe Spanish lene, becuse they vole conn equences to which he uoacestomed. In caer whee One Mord cade in Features of connected speech 77 consonant luster and he next ane besos with vowel, he student end 0 ‘Smt ie fal commas So ato avn the omaon efor tance, fl Sra) im Be spped and oked around, sod He ahd out and hanged the suden should be encourage to hk ofthe trans reorsanied o/b “sop tae uk 1Yeund) J tao an lands dt. A note of warnig, ‘howe, should prevent in from siping word ial. XI these intact. There ese pases, however which the asration af mars the lot of word boundries agin no at all Coot» at). ran ae (> eR Praha foto ef Paath ‘When fal cuter elm yan cnsonant or consonant ser, erin inplications ake plas, hich wl be ested below a SOM an cis anc ee asad peg oarerpe Zo eee ea noae Seas ame eee Foeemse vaca eae ee ena Sees akon ee oaneay Sieeae cee ov ais oo soeney nres seroma Sear eee eae csr acres eer ees eee any lass aes ome FE ig it ws Ce Soon mare te Sasser seesecceoreossearesesereresorerasee78 English phones for Spanish speakers 4. Word intemal phonemic variations i eguagespronaniton ina conan ate of evan, bog or thelist few hundred ers Englsh pling as ot eee these hanger Many words have undergone process of elton. stmiason and compres, and There evidence 10 thnk that some modern apelin stand Yor ld poe ncitios Cas of elsion are tobe seen nthe words comb, hw en, rev, scr mal sina eon le ete werd eo ean fate ac, ec: However ins toune of tia Type we ae ot oncered with te dts of thee hit hanes but withthe language Spoken ody by the present woo te generaionr Th soatin ot vane Spl though, beau man xa eaton form resin fo ars {ory spittin ace lative recent and sl or completely conaiate ‘An oa ertnt Engi cert sets pot em eur ‘ve, aerate lec! procunitions of these word ay ext oma Tuned Le. the tdonl form lee. smi Pte edcaon {eaio kay, ecnaly eke), adore wih cons ome eal reset Internal phonemic varios he. ene, age, eit) ti tre. = esc promuny dco sich CPD on these, 350 corespond to eer vel or simnant rion, aed the est fo onsonanasimiaton. A descipive roncuningdeonry sch at EP, on ‘he other hands erste rn ded pomancaton, ut wich re ‘sotswayeaf common we. The suds should lee sound penn a roncitions with an alse d 2) geneally epreent he speech pial of hetdrgnartion,and/ora mores sehcform cope Te yoest eernontend op cdc, sci and compre ors which eld fen be conser nepgent by thleeldere Phonemsvnon fae words therefor, help to determin iret general ait of RP, a sis ‘loey connected with sles of ronuaiaion lex oom contin cons ‘atone compressions repent ess eal se eves © wil eo alvaye meet nih cones of opon among pooner, do 0 he fat that trays oot tml ore the sto he ferent ye arias nd (we of hese pronation the EFL lune should ado. ‘The lane il theetre, come aro the unimpies forme hte wor, tin dionare ann the seach of wme mae pear The ean why ‘rerecommend te at of tse cng fom seinn St ‘Boilie to peeralzes tendency meng Speihlcancs tote prosunaoes ‘hich sound over forma snd conserve by fling to ae areatry ‘euctions Fr ary spears of general RP ih or ies conta the Oy Features of connected spech 79 see eran oc he wk cna ont sof when hy secede and flowed by oon Umceted Wiles, The moa ‘alin vel elses seu wc he flown oon! co {CE lalowine amis AOL Jen) 2 fame! 3 edgy 4 faa id eee ee Cnet Tim! tine) 92m ie Lda Sh pa =n Se cS = Se Sm Tonemonarm amen: Seema Foon en redundant, bmi, ane: bentnce; aE Lt lly Li! Rial 8 tm oS ee oe “The only exception ain group 2 with owns enig infil 8 poke onl wich away be‘80 English phonetics for Spanish sneakers © /-Cu/~/-CW Sybil retained when the sli ty is ded ia heseucnes h/t s/h). andthe ly pay ‘scaly. normal, xemal, vat Bul ae fee ee Te ‘ni itera ot rcommendel inthe eqince Le base ee ‘ent elded fom sdb word cel 4h DCW /Cn on low te oman of tea {ant sry, ery of ay eed oe be a ‘ic iting wow seater yan se a Feel. wae ony resonate he cy sa a x ener, Slay bt ate ike ee Copenh er (il/ mia ems) cao vb! Url ery St Snead coal Sovermental Par ment/ procaine ‘fcooontts ina munber ot words gi nn nny romeeaiabty ttn corte neous oil fomfomabe — detintey ene setae ‘cntable pene Speine Eton of omtontsinsie wordkmny afl solr epi when ‘receded and fotos by other comonantye'hendsme hes pogo pp nt oats ese prin Pr te ‘oral clded ite cation orm the wands wn ner wanda deiy Instinct) exhation Sandon rein: /q/ lation Steir men, ung pete ess whe te oowagsscgsegs ene est thing cathe them tered inks soci Sad wo foals Wostjoke ——Salday ec ford ued oxble bed wn 1 i the sauces (oon Oe pt hh ih very ten ead we ae? Ba eater of connected serch Wi led cet, oni he, hit ra), Hin se), hae has ‘ha sometime, Geog a se fer mice [us atsna tthe preceding word ends in optional ‘ihe hy jf most te cede Pe Mel mb 6 Aviation Wit Hda~ fay A= sh Caran Totes glace ‘aon pera nthe folowing ates, the amid forms ae the only reommendtion ay se w iramen’ frre aul appreciate ‘Sewuny Straten rasta) tacate teat” ues Seen Uy A vrd bomdary ‘The Engh comonntsunde mot cay ifuancl by ace sound ogee speech ae the el 2 {a7 oy be sumed to preety andr the sence the tbs ps meg ht plon mp pm oud eter ab by ice a yar tt, bknd you ohn (0 ad way be samated wea! eapeciedy hen hi llow he ‘i sock inane etn po fess or fg |e /s he's oo iat Ph) ashe nwa (ayy be tite oe 99 reply hen Dee a caer ho est soul a fo Wl ‘son ee won’ 8 oh Acorn tthe rector fhe che min shell wand of word se he fl Peeeecororerecevecesesecsces=~----82 English phones for Spanish speakers se 99 cle hace |: 9 ein, when noun te Seoul att i apf ea Sea SRS esti mth sre soon Egle pe tse Fartermore timo sje co tence |e far mote common than those concerning manner. i 7 Compression 0 Wid eet “he fvms wit her (oof ff intend fn) in he cently ot ay, aly ad alae Sot he pr san fare fr as Speake‘ an pps wor seh elon fue al isola to). ranch ae tha cold ei ores mre ceca i wr nh mo ene lM, fnivion mans, egston aka for may sean he compel iGo noms kal ronenaten UD) At word bomdary In a css the ompesed forms denote sot ws, the ape of my eye ojepisy mal) a 8 Styles of pronunclation We do ao aly son in he me wy at adapt eustes ostaton by ‘ing diferent yes For iste, we vary our shtce of vocabulary tnd "ramet rctts depending on he forty onto of he ea ‘ines, Like emake series of ponte adusinens wh nce 5 {Feat compenity of etre sch at tempo (or seed of deer) yt for Fegulaity of prorainent sates and wor) cinta fr pace an ength ef Data maar non i he fra testy ncn Weakesing ft word compres, son nd ata. Of tee ‘nly the lao aod gratin ave ado roceiedssematc Vestn ‘mana of Phonetic, portant chingeshave bees aking pace ovr he sty yearn the mater ‘of tle of pronncation, One othe mow doh the fat hat Engh Seon bythe rat eee prety ct tor td nected speech eve, than tat of prevows generations. Waemeead rad ‘nd television bona, and incening infra im pubis poking and ‘oc behsour ave undoabtaycntiued a thspeedng vo and eit [A comparizon of old and sew version of pronouncing dinar, td ‘coring of news bln an meet oa post, (cine hg othr wh th tae ure nc afte rw Seren se of pronation, This 8 whypoctcans who he sempied Featre of comected spech 3 tedovoforeaching purposes dost ana inde nti views Fa practic ee earn Eamal Uber Callog and Ifa Clog 0) room Characered by sow tao, este ation, nd ih Oa ret esl ver spate ern ch gw ue rh rete Te ue ew ooo sent ht ay se racer ncn rong ipaeaeah cater gaara eee ete ne in en et a ea mapas haweser mt ot pint th ae I) 2 fae oars igre ‘Getto acentd words Apr on the ins a satiny pone oe os aw wc eer meme er tne (o) samunton a dof to, ma tore fm, miner /m rma (oak vowe, under yours Pend 0 tl me a ear tat im ases other than those mentioned in ape 8 (© Sere See me wee el wen of at lone wih Sta sve alte ending eon un fee foe ie 1 violations of the rules governing syllable cpm = 1 reNSure at cation level such a impousbe’cstrs and sl oe erga8 Enplh phonetics fr Spanish speakers ‘sons emmy ly 6 Somorenioet oe nd) tan 6 bmy len a tte esha a 6) Soe empress eh hia ape tn, Wontar hw ree ah {) eatewng fons a eng roi ema bb mas one W0M “wan} oro? “wun oe (0) mann of rer pvc lent of suns o tan, ‘enter Ces) mst ° Of the ses of pronuncition refered to, we ae mainly concerned with the Som semana oc, De the yo ng + Se ‘sik Ushi Cotta atone ead, ad afr Clog! the hc. ‘hte however, anni umber eset, pring ‘emen them ‘Newaender for example, have noadaye adopted 2 very norma: cny sl, whe tsi wiia the UK. bt Sigh move formal Se foe ‘tees ransmisions, An Engin cur adesing acs ef Epi tess ‘ald pratt se» vey sformal se, which forsgn student oad fod hard tunderstand tft: the ame lecareratesingt cl of Sosa speakers of Engi na foreign eoustey might uncoscuny make sme cn ‘Ess fo his anc, by ang ee nora ye ode be Soave feices af Eas amet nary an he nts Cote soeinall tations. Tape couse nied st the EFL fare have wags bee eored inthis se, bee pete let stundand fr fetes ‘alan cast repeatable mode although very ely hear om nate speakers perso ain, com pre > compare ee Spas speakers mst so be aware of he presence and pag of sendy see Ao ey ay xt soe fn Span dy {Eoin Empah ep eo bene™voner naan. The exer of cope word {eldom protes hela Ia sccentation, ct. supemaret ape cado, \ mosphere =a afer, comfortable ~ con Yel Ata tea ears never accent! breaks a vowel sequence Int separate sable ain "ate eon sar? ato, where the leaner tends te tghtnongee th vows ‘avences Lz rosoune je Intend te Thapar ‘lbs wth iernt prominence. Span earners wil genraly have Tile ‘Woable In recopning lates made prominent y diphthongs eg. moe «dig ba wld diay when theespablscontaipure vowel epeiy ‘her they have maneredEnglih vowel weakening econ Popa "Th rls Evers the soled acenulelumations pone sme ls sch ay hlp the learner pred scrawl patra sample wdc Ride bay + agioast abiomacy i ie oe democet —demoency emacs. polis polite pote in = eng ince incon ‘Sik Gervaion froeet—epetton Wsabsouseft forthe etre to remember the accent tndencies produced bythe aon of certain sue ine sree hem ata he ea owed Uhemscies, whether see to preceding syne Inte Yerpet may ‘bees forthe enna to emember he eeepons, 1 The suaes rand te att the ace toward commie equ, omelet. 2 The endings ic and le ris the sscent tthe smelly seceding ‘Mini, Min exceptions: “Ape rbmet, eae, nate, pelt "hen le, eligi nelle Main exception1 104 English phonetics for Spanish speakers 29. Thesis ue eect te acento the antepenshinat tbe Eaceptons state) em ob dace 4 Some derivatives ow the patente wot rom which hey are dvd faeces ending in sable Mala exceptions “admiae sonpesbe, “eee, pub ‘Tefollowing luc gv some ination a oth cng of secondary sce 5 tn words of three oF more ales primary accent ae gery seprned from secondaty ones by one, two, and exrpuonaly tee ten ‘ert ner dent cational aon (When the acs wd dee metn ‘0 do gt’ and io ands repel, ‘ey carry asesondry scent n-Yom “Yom sen Boe the dent must he caefl nat to ater the nfomton he eae PRE a dak ms drt rom) no pode toner eae 4 raiing ‘sick would imply a ck that & walking, meted we ‘compound waking), | Ther ar two farther pins which py both o snp and compound words. Toefistone des wihgeertionldecoesinacommmioesetaaceed | wolves a seconaty pos my) som have become the ft or dappened siogetber eg epee he ‘superseded ‘espa, an toshay punt has pares Sen oe [The second one deals with diferences brought shot by RP sed Cosel Amevitnwage ea a oA GA (ol ste, and dite srt a at, don (Mo) (9) bale ef ch, dtl, gargs précis (oA) Gch cients mapacne (Sc) (0.0) “eater (ecm) taney 9.) advertisement (So) “tortor, (Uy Accnt in comecedspech In he nt stogs te eater tend to over acceatut, dnt el Asc wdgnorane fhe cet tne emcee etn Eno {nite ofthe fact tht these are, onthe whole, die ser oepach ee word order provides further dial for stance We leo eae Accentuation 105, Accentuate the lat word in ie me and Who ae you wring 1? bce inthe is ase Spanish penonal pronouns in foal onan ae oly ted “mph andar therefore acented eg. "Damas a sand ithe seo ‘Sse, beente Spe sentences Gono rma ed in yepontons, Arties eonmon pole sae rom the fet that Spi sur vere tend Tobe ‘cone, wheres Enlsh ones do of Tar eta tonds dawson "Ait medteiom of he acentuaton rl ie hve conesng thm, ‘sage and empharis const neve reser dc, wich ever edad ‘Muda alto mater Tn theese oft thee il ae adapt ‘itecacas ge Spt to nel tn Bote creo tad ea) meee Conan Sees re perhaps ease eat, ince hey flow soupy simi Lede ‘Spans ‘Oning othe fet that moet secentution rules in Engh are x cle, we ‘vn larers 1 ry alot et the feel of he potions ts wl eae sm kay irl ei wor be cn ‘uation soul be dat with rom he creat age o langage cening this we aps the selection f goed models contr and seat Tseng 'o Engl and prance in estan ofthese modes mth qucson of ‘ccenuntinin min, Fre rece an beobaned ceding sod par from phot reders | ones 1 mt compete war on rose ht of D. Cryst (989. User Mon em heuer puch Sestom she pe aloe, scaly, nd unde pore gst em ee seaes eae {aoe quasi eg ap hea ee teh ae ‘may Scie the at te pay cot neste ‘oven pat atone Ringo ft tonsa ade ‘Srinath he reer as opal a eee ae ees 1 Bee eetngeee oe eee eas b LSSeepdeyraisstin neon bw anne amine ey + Rep ft 9 Flame Tem SSE Stebosiemermersaees, ne EES ee eg ee cr106 English phonetics for Spanish speakers 1 Tee to roca tne wish he yh mons re Aap rom P. Date (1965, 9 See EL Tit (196, 1963), N.€,Sst (945), 6. Arnal & A.C Gimson {0515),6, Frama 0 M Toe 9711972) and) D-O'Cennar 1971, 1738) 10 Gradation 1 ‘An examination ofthe phonemic composition of plyslaic content words ‘reveals that about cight out of every tm unacented syllables consi either 3 vowel ofa centralized quality (Le. /3, 1, Ut, uo), oF nove a all, Histone ‘evidence pointe out that many of thes ellablee orginally contained strong hangs, which has een ging on fr entries, is known se gradation, nd txemplifed ia words sich at fstument estrumont/, porecain i, fetous Peni), sual Pogo ‘Graton ir plainly evident in few ces where words ext on thei own = cg man, board head, at par~and at the sme tine form part of compound, i geneman }igentlnon, cupboard [esbod, forehead [Tora breakfast ‘oreo saucepan /'Sxpon|” Many English place names provide further txamples ofthis process, ep Phau pls), Seoand kaon, Oxford Poked 2 Wealsform words ‘A aroup of about fy stractral words presenting a very blah fequeny of ecurrence inthe Enaish language ave nso sutlect to pradation. ‘There however, an inportantdiference between gradation in cotent and structural swords, Forms such a "Yond and /'envs/ which have underpone aso process af gradation, remain unchanged no mater whether they ae accented {Sr unucented in an uterance The goup of structural words which ea undergo Edition, on the other hand, preset diferent phonemis patterns depending o> ‘Scentuation o prominence, ad in some eases, poston nthe race. These Fructral words which we hall eak-form mod, are therefor sito ave fone or more neakorms which wil aways be unteented oF nom-pomient fn utterance, anda srongform which wil always be scented or prominet Sine structural words are seldom prominent or ascented or used insolation, ‘the weak-forms are the most equent pronunciations ofthese woes, Weak form Tndfor clon af vowel oa consonant. 3 The essental weak-forms “The following lst inludesthote wesk-orm pronuciatons whch stadent. smut ioorporat into thei spech ther Englsh so sound natural Keone108 English phonetics for Spanish speakers thy seven word representing thity-ight erat em her appara bow sjectne and pronoun), totaling frst weak form (The Seven Adjectoal Words Word“ Weak-Form Not and Examples sean ‘Used before consonant sounds and semivowel, a fens ‘An fond ‘man ith 9a) heard ep ‘Univ edboreconsocamtounde and semi-vonel, The (80/‘na the (‘eax and the /8a) wee ‘Used when i means an indent quatty of The ‘conform /sum/ i sed when contested with he ‘tera and abo when sed t's pronoun, o {sow some fam! cohen wo hoe a. ‘Some fxm ‘hliten ‘came are Not used afte a pause ore ¥ pronoun, ep Hre'cane nhs ft ar “Arey arn of is Ie? Not sed itera pause Tel ej her fs smother neds her Only wad before mene St/s0/"Andow anda the ther sins fi some /sm/ he yey hee fof si pay i) The Ste Pronouns he Not wed ater a past, eg Hei ‘said he 5) wl im amy ‘Abel hms her fn Asin bere Ry sed alter let in suggestions, at not with the meting of allow, (OoK. he's porch Pease, leu oo. fo [Not ed ates wih the ani of Seaton them omy Also in thomscnes tere) Used aniptoily before the vers be, but never san adver of pice eg There /83) was nobody there [0 Ul) The Fie Confantins and Jon? ‘Gener wed after vowel sounds iat (Gener sed ater J) anda kines, eg "You and jan ‘ean takePee and Ja Mery lay A oom ar pone, bu Pty 1X Butt wa there any beer? B: Nowhing bub eer fan anf "Moreen han ot | 7 ee Gradation 109 demonstrative, 28 Me explained that [801 “hat 0 an wa the Yew sow hat pao (io) The Fee Prepositions ait, Tbe a wrk a en occ foe fer Fi "beter or for won fiom rom) A'month from day, per ‘an old fend of min. ole ‘At in int. No ted efor vowel sounds ‘Atte a) stand ens sel strong form, The man 1 was talking t/t ‘eked me where E ‘canon tom thd what ws loking at. efor unaccented pesonl pronouns they may aotake the ston frm, He ad ite 1) 0 me (©) The Ffteen Anomalous Pater tm da ‘Only used ater I. sn Used before ‘ am [hee ns a Jas) Fate? ere Litter owesrunde andar end onronats xcept the slants, Not wed afer passe, eg. "This i) ours and tat one 2) ue ah "Roser are Yd le ares vs wou! at Patho ma again were Jay There were wo who mere ready heel Used ater Je, you, they ad generally ater vowel ‘hase 7 bee heb Yor. pow red cewbere, on You should hase y/o me oe! nya ater apna, es eset Youbet ere teap the nts Not eed fer a psec Sob has [af aeepe, ba Peer her 2 fe feat Only wed ae tients, “Geo has eave oe! Only aie ater pause ea: ar fe) be phoned?110 Engh phones for Spanish speaters tad fa) Used ter Fhe, we ou they, and general ser owe sound Wed a ards sa Unehenboe The pape had a8 Benen. ‘mot)——Oniy ed ater peo ‘Had Pn heey he fo (ts) sed tore conmna sound ‘Hom Go aj Thnow? ow dos) "youkrow? fans tens narenn? oS sat fay ? sy pote, After i teomes (a), hn i a, dP wil snow ae ks) Wha I ay must moa ——_Not woul before unstressed Ae. You must [os enswer it maa /mast/ hae seen woud /4/ ‘Used ate rhe, she We ou ty. ‘Wien any of he teen anomalous fies osu in nl postion, si shot answers they take the strong form, whether scented or noes Of cone Fen hea “hey aio tae the sono when ed a mai verbs a oped 0 tuxiliaries, The only exception is the verb w be, ep. a was foe) sey, 20 Thad Ine! some de ther general pons 0 remember ate 1 West formsconiting sf ingle cmsonat sound ike te whi yf hasbeen dropped are nt to be wad at the begining of seems o fee pauses the compres form J. 3 The word not hat no been ide in he it because ts frm wi only swede prorat normaly ane form hich oe be etd 4 Sone ofthe wesk-forms given may sue farther reductions es we move towards the normal exreme a i sale of prnuncation oles Cas {80}, that 704), was fw, ete. ces Sitar some them a sn undergo sinition, and oe 29/ & ‘lst fa you and me, Jou ond Ken 80 Pak >> 4 Other weak-forms Apart rom he st of essen! weak fom, there exist Tener need not adopt, eer becase hele ptons here whish the frsian or bcase they are Gredation 111 ‘typi ofthe Informal Colloquia se of pronsncaion. The ist roup includes ‘wor uch could, shoul, would, which can be pronounced with either /3/ ‘r/o, the inter beige « common pronunciation even i tain speech. The ‘Sime ca be tof tend promounced eer / wade) OFF “Kmong the weakforms type! of rapi informal speck se /a/ them amon [tus [ju gone Pesan) you 8] English c,Spanish vowel weakening Both in English an Spanish vowels are weakened ia unaccented syllables. The ‘epee ef stscurton, however, exremely diferent nthe to langubes. Athogh ite more nseeabe fn some vrites of Spanish (eg. Mevien) than in ater, vowel weakening in general negiibe and does nat go beyond the toponic level i ths ngage we compare the stan Ie vowel nS. ‘auc for inte, they ae sil enly ecopizable mx blonging to the same {al phoneme In Engith, 0 the other hand, vowel weakening much mare Iran so ai tee ece of wk fom, can even modly the phoneme Dusters of wordk® 6 Teaching problems Fale 10 prodace cnet cet vows qin an yaie consonants i Cont wo hone ofthe a it ang oe ae Ea. {lsc of pan narer canbe cic by eting the comparon of cpaes ‘Shas memorandum Eng. nems'repdan~Sp memorandum; sey, Banana, Amanda, “Artreturl wordy te mt ftong-orms where mek forme equed can make student Eaglsh sound ot oly foreign, but abo overformal ot ‘fected, and cae obetutfoeney and sometimes even vndertanding, The sts Sweat form words pen by diferent EFL ponetcans vat) considered, Beenuse they do bot dating between eae) and epins forms ot eon difeen ser of pronuocnion. A gaol ren for making 8 Sinton te fat tat te nome oes ay very wel be ignored, ‘ithout cusing ay ofthe probiens menoned above, and that the estental ‘neste racer ithe sent aiing ata Unurid Coll te SOShEEem th in mehr Bc te a a ons wha dr nd) an with 7th ems of he per. oP, which ae {5 elound a ney al the crn ats, domo conte an estenia enure “apohen Engh an thrive usd tb chown na phones ot Trein he Uored Coq se The adopton ef hese form ad ier no esenta ones eg besa tha) can beet tothe nance age tua td proces a ng. scan Be sep apie an gato, i oe comenton svi acrnteation, st beh rm he eal tgs olga ening. ‘Teachers must note fem fo peak arial noon” Eaglsh, by wing ‘trong form nan efit fo make hemmcves dee On the corey sles142 English phonetics for Spanish speakérs fw cnn ost et sigh dn Sa eeesiores beet eect din teeing rnd ent Me MAEM ATE en sn 1 Sesser Ange tt Yet * Sith SeeP bette 90h Idina a dney teen it Eeelh a > emer tape pte pr nen Shee re ene nays iy Se eae ae 11 Rhythm “We hve alien examined he lementewbich make cetinparisofanterance ond out wy espest others, We ate nom ping othe a oer ook at the ‘ey in wich thee pea of prominence” are dtibted i the aera 0 ‘hat one ofthe bse princes governing Engh shyt ithe fat that the ‘remedies tend tobe separated fom ech thet Dy uacented oes = ‘Shape 9, seton 1 tendency wich also ers in plsyale wor 2 English rythm, ‘Althogh it poe to nd English aterances ofthe type at Neo Son's ook vback, whore every sabe abe tobe accented his pattern onstues tn excep rater than the norm. A pers of more fequent ‘Srourence the pe und in Later Mite 'suied Milingo's "ancien cook Shop we were anew age cle #0 repent an ace sible, and 2 CEOn © 107,010; ©. ® OO Qo0Qco Oo Oe Both ptiers (a) an () show that the large cices are separated by eau titonces trom each her epetv ofthe presence or atsece of uratented Stes serine the seemed one. Thik mol spear to ide that ‘Sint speech te stented sable are sepurted from each oer by eal {is ime on more esis erm, that he time beatae chrono "This ausate anehrony daplajd i the examples wil seldom be found in seal pech rl beni detest octron) i carefully organi owing ‘Shtence, partclry a eiding slow, but # wile ares evident ina jerky Tis erefore more chat tay hae Emp hyn shows a tendeney owasM4 English phonetics for Spanish speakers Iushrony. Furthermore, teases (an (pay the maim ube of Scents poule which mens tat they have bee sid sm, delberate fije We coud however, esuce te mumber feces oy aun te tempo, @ Qo cO00Ov0 000 0 Eachacened ai costes the pakt prominent ina thie oun swich mayor may not nce ther oracented yates Ie) df) one heh eeceried sabi mars the bepaning sf «tytn rou. Bours {einen hem ar ot slvaye senate rometimes vacated lst could Uoeguly sted othe end fone poupor the bepinaag of the ext They tre mae cay denne whon fey snide with» deft grammatical ound “Aatrer concept of yi sroup i the one bel by some phonetics sho hae then he or athe ai of English yt, each fot alwys starting ‘Misoascentdsyinbe We have prefered hemor ese ntion of rythm [Foun estar i rept for natural rarmatial boca serve ee {aii where pane sul be mae 3 Spanish ryt ‘Spanish yt has some caret in comon wth Enh As xpnined ‘ory ey uth the tame types of words conten, opposed to strstr Telit o be nsnte in Spanah The eds oes enable othe ‘pou ench one conning av szete sable who Wibout the son rameseted ons Furthermore, the numberof scents in an trance ca be ‘oced attempo sguckene, aca be Sen @ Qo00000000000 @ Oo00000000000 (One of he deren betwees Engh and Spi yh es inthe fc ‘na Sponsh vol neshenng ter us aN Qunny ery ek pared with Engh A furtber ference can be seen in Spanish pols ‘rd wich ay eke ca sree parr thse hat wou normally Or {he tation form, ths posing an ested or empha iti, © Oo00000000000 Rhythm 118 4 Stressed slable timed rythm 1948 KL Pike seine the tre een nd yen t9 “asin ro tre pes asta, Enph bar ered hy bea the accede en tooo sti repr iteras When bro acest ‘bc reputed y unacente Ones these ter fo Ye sompresed and ‘iene, ota in ime bewcea ech btw be approximately te me Since ten yo concn scented slate. Ths meus tht bese etn aceens mines ace oh ‘etme mount a ton, ahah (bar seven ena unaccented sae. SSuny ramets ogc than Br, hough bo he ee eer fala) as moe arent ne: (Yea Cais pot od the eter atone (5) Tate thought ka pin tobe pted though Span yt alo determined by tytn best Sc rence ola eprom Englsh, Spanish canbe sal tava abletimed ‘Sym bras tbh aes, either scene or uacented hich en 0 | CROP reo eer nema The time takes f0 produce» Spneh } ‘event oi be propos othe mero sable, soni, ce ttl eee yh steed and weakened a fx that at | sca'Sunah iim tobe kendo the nace ete moshing. ‘Tu ca'be seen when comparing @) with (Below which Rave the sme sen Medora ndestr show Spnh baccented Sie ® Qee00 2 QoveQ ‘ ® Qo0000000000 Beet winter tollow each oer lo the wterance. For purpose of Saya nyse cy le {sll depend on he owcurene of bets or yal ther ie 8 mre ¥ Techn se et semen: From te auditory point of view thes ct | TEnguoge can be dented at overall imgresion case by the prominent | Geto pole para andthe maya whieh hey saree eh ter an Tra of gli sys ent on ated ones bese he procnt and nonprominest pr Te fresco of sabe ih ae116 English phonetics for Spanish speakers mde prominent hy oe orl four of the elements deeb in chap 9 scton pach movergentasrong owe gua lengthapdstess Asimolied before Englh aie engt natal speech governed by much pore complexes than those gen in chapter 5, setion 3. Fr example in ort 1 comply With the tendency of Enh byt towards isohon. slate length wil be ety Seermined by the number of sylbles forming pat of yim rou. TOS, thesylable cindy) wl become shore swe Bo Wom 0 © aihomeot rind OQ tm) ts tongnte eater One “The way in which the phonemes af langue combine topster ako helps toshape the rythm ofa language. The posible ccretee of forts 00s alone tr inchistr and tha igrtsng tendency tobe pot enforce eae foal poison thas alwing sabes to end abroply. aekes Enpsh rythm und jerky othe Spanish xe "The non promise, comprested pars cont of lbs aching one oral {our ofthe elements Soerived above. Their este of compreson sl dep that from the number af mon-rominentsylables inthe rythm O80 Preceding hen ae normaly ever tes promineat shore sued tan those folowing i and consequently more diel to disentangle for the Spanish lene t is alo the non-pfominen lbs where phonetic ad phonemic Imodication (ve. elim ttiiaions, and compression) tend fo occ ‘ores ave atclated so weakly fo become featven catives te very “ll reaized a approximants and diphthongs ate normaly monophongized ‘Xranhie presentation ofthe satence Bor fn Ropw oat doom? na) ‘pou ok ike th 0d 6 Closely connected with rythm pause,» festre which may either be gram ‘matically prediabe, and wil thereto tia natural withthe rhythmic rou, fc iay break them up In wopredicabe placer partclsly in spontaneous ‘eech Predict panes, sch as thse requted fo the speaker take breath, trforthe separation af erammatial uns le tentenes, nome ten fase {ic} il coincide wt ethic oup bounds. The unpredictable ones sch tho produced by entation ole starts te may ces a anyplace in the eran, Either fype of pe maybe led with some kin of sound = normaly {vowel ofa cena qu, or the lengthening of sound ~ or may coat of Rhythm 117 7 Teaching problems ‘Sine Ens shythm constitutes the meting pace of seis of features icin omerienly be teed Hom two anges On the one ng, stents shout Dreinuly hve dled and mastered sep by step each oe of the component ‘lments bac syle Tenth, accentuaon and vowel weakening ~ ahd ‘nthe oter they sould have been expesed fo the lygage ava whole from ‘he inl stages oat fo have become aceatomed fos overall auioy ee. ‘on their aural bili, oar for ange “accentution i perhaps the most important prerequisite, which he stent should ealy come fel alsost pha. Ts hy any kind of accom anving movement, sachs taping or estar to the tthe beat of an Uterance stu A pood fecha fo learn to como! tmiag the Pe ‘ot exeree to be fund in Append B, where the etme i required to repeat, {rem tterance ith detent bythmic piers Spunsh speakers fd special “ain roduing sternces introduced by several non prominent ab ‘Reading slow isanndpensable sil forthe ure teacher t develop. Good ‘nganiation it tytn poupe and coret placing of pues ae ecemary Imvordr t acirePacnoy im this respect. In spotancous speech on he ‘ter hand the sadent mat lar ola his pases with the coveetEnglsh ‘don nae such), fs nm, endnote pia Spans one. See. Abercrombie 964,164,147 a oer Posen othe Eda SSSoiarPtons ce MA. Hay 08419691990, Seahorse 2 See KL Pte (45:34) 3) See EL Tibi (967 inroduton 196) Dany 78h ang Wincor Con cece ener see eneeeeeesebeesseeesesee12 Intonation Spoken angnge arrange il into thee main ater whic unto sin neous. We have aedy seat with the phonemic and fythm uterine 3 Engah and Spas Our soacern nth nt chapter wil be a exniation ‘Oning othe facta toon not oly haat of ech nes, blo ofthe mony varies thin ea ngewe shall Se oe it the scope of ut Empat Span comparson oan strtie expe hen ‘tng ith teshing problems. Oss therfore open sm ocction toe ym apni lpi se th ae Intonation has tadonaly Deen detain terme he sand a the ‘ice in speech" sity pone etn, whch ony tae oo account oes td acy. A wie ew of itn dos ot define interme ter flan aur ony ta complexof fester onsng dierent Prosodic ystems, mainly pch movement owes, yc ad emp. 3 The intonation system of English In chapter 9, section 3, we point out hat pth movement cn be ied by Doan accented nd voeninet sibs. aiuph ay the forme cam eta {ntatrs ot. The rl et of mathe we tave bots nes fr 40 Ident pith movement taken te trout det ony eligi level tout conmring how we the mvement fA more Sema

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