Divinylbenzene

DVB
Divinylbenzene
Cross-link a variety of materials

for improved thermal, physical,
and chemical properties
Table of Contents
Divinylbenzene ........................................................................................................................... 4
The versatile cross-linking agent for improving material properties
DVB grades
Technical Information ................................................................................................................ 5-7
Properties of styrene/divinylbenzene copolymersheat distortion,
impact strength, tensile strength, hardness
Physical properties
Typical Applications of DVB ...................................................................................................... 8-10
Adhesives, Analytical, Antioxidants, Biological, Catalysis,
Ceramics, Chromatography, Coatings, Combinatorial Chemistry,
Composite Plastics, Elastomers, Electrochemical, Ion Exchange,
Membranes, Optical Applications, Pharmaceutical, Plastics,
Polymer Synthesis, Reprography, Rubber, Specialty Polymers, Star Polymers
Handling and Storage (including inhibitor handling) ................................................................. 11-13
Inhibition of DVB
Standard inhibition levels in DVB
Special cases where inhibitor removal is desired
Other factors affecting inhibitor level
Oxygen requirements of TBC
Polymer analysis and dissolved oxygen
Addition of TBC to stored monomer
Information on Storage Facilities .............................................................................................. 14-21
Tanks, Pumps, Lines and valves, Gaskets, Breathers, Level indicators,
Flexible transfer hoses
Reducing oxidation and side reactions during storage
Containers
Polymerization of stored monomer
Handling runaway polymerization
General Information ................................................................................................................... 22-23
Safe handling practices
Flammability
Fires
Spills
Disposal
Static electricity
Distribution Emergency Response
Toxicity, First Aid, and Industrial Hygiene Measures for DVB .................................................. 24-25
Inhalation
Skin contact
Eye contact
Ingestion
Patents and References Involving DVB ..................................................................................... 26-42
Adhesives, Analytical, Antioxidants, Biological, Catalysis,
Ceramics, Chromatography, Coatings, Combinatorial Chemistry,
Composite Plastics, Elastomers, Electrochemical, Ion Exchange,
Membranes, Optical Applications, Pharmaceutical, Plastics,
Polymer Synthesis, Reprography, Rubber, Specialty Polymers, Star Polymers
Customer Notice ........................................................................................................................ 43
Divinylbenzene
The versatile cross-linking agent
And as little as 0.5% divinylbenzene in
for improving material properties
a styrene polymerization makes the polymer
Divinylbenzene (DVB) is an extremely
insoluble. However, polymers containing low
versatile cross-linking agent that also
amounts of divinylbenzene will swell as much
improves polymer properties. As a result,
as 20 to 40 times their original volumes.
it has been used to manufacture adhesives,
Increasing amounts of divinylbenzene reduce
plastics, elastomers, ceramics, biological
the swelling until it is almost nonexistent at
materials, coatings, catalysts, membranes,
the 10% DVB level.
pharmaceuticals, specialty polymers, and

ion exchange resins.
Dow offers three grades of DVB to best

match your needs
It is also important that just a small amount
Dow recognizes that your requirements for
of DVB is needed to improve both chemical
DVB may not always be the same in every
and physical properties. This efficiency in
application. Thats why we offer three levels of
use allows you to gain selected property
DVB concentration, allowing you to balance
improvements without hindering others.
economy with functionality. For the greatest

economy on an active ingredient basis,
In short, DVB allows you to create materials
DVB-55 is your best choice. DVB-63 and
not otherwise possible and enhance the
DVB-HP (80% DVB) work best when you need
properties of existing materials in many ways.
high levels of dual double bond functionality

to cross-link vinyl polymeric systems with the
For example, when used to cross-link
least amount of material. DVB-HP should also
polystyrene, DVB increases solvent
be considered when higher concentrations of
resistance, heat distortion, impact
ethylvinylbenzene (the major complementary
strength, tensile strength, and hardness.
component in these DVB products) do not

provide any additional benefitseven
though the ethylvinylbenzene will react
with most unsaturated systems.
Technical Information
Typical Chemical Analysis and Structural Formulae1
Structural Formula
DVB-55
DVB-63
DVB-HP
Total Divinylbenzene
56%
63.5%
80%
Meta:Para Divinylbenzene isomer ratio
2.3
2.3
2.3
Total Ethylvinylbenzene
43.0%
35.5%
19%
Meta:Para Ethylvinylbenzene isomer ratio
2.3
2.3
2.3
Diethylbenzene
<0.05%
<0.05%
<0.05%
Naphthalene
<0.04%
<0.04%
<0.04%
Benzene content
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
t-butyl catechol inhibitor
900-1100 ppm
900-1100 ppm
Color (Gardner)
<4
<4
<4
Polymer
< 5 ppm
< 5 ppm
<5 ppm
These typical analyses are intended to serve as a guide only and not as specification limits.
Divinylbenzene CAS #001321-74-0
3
Ethylvinylbenzene CAS #028106-30-1
N.D. Not detectable with current instruments (<50 parts per billion)
2
Heat Distortion
Impact Strength
200
18
190
16
180
14
Impact Strength
(Inch PoundsIzod Test Un-notched
Properties of
Styrene/
Divinylbenzene
Copolymers
Heat Distortion Temperature, C
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
12
10
100
90
80
0
0
10
20
Divinylbenzene, %
30
40
The increase in heat distortion temperature

of styrene/divinylbenzene copolymers is
linear with increasing divinylbenzene content,
and is approximately equivalent to 3.3 C for
each 1% increase in divinylbenzene.
20
40
60
80
Divinylbenzene, %
100
120
Like tensile strength, impact strength

increases with the first few % of
divinylbenzene, and then falls off rapidly.
Copolymers with high divinylbenzene
content are very brittle.
Tensile Strength
Hardness
105
8,000
7,000
100
6,000
Rockwell Superficial
Hardness (15 kg 1/8" Ball W )
Tensile Strength, psi
95
5,000
4,000
3,000
85
80
2,000
1,000
75
70
0
10
20
30
40 50 60
Divinylbenzene, %
70
80
The tensile strength increases with the

first 5% divinylbenzene, and then drops off
rapidly to a very low value.
90
20
40
60
80
Divinylbenzene, %
100
120
Hardness increases steadily with increasing divinylbenzene concentration.
Property
Molecular Weight
Boiling Point, C at 760 mm
Pseudocritical Pressure, Pc atm.
Pseudocritical Temperature, tc C
Vapor Density (air = 1)
Vapor Pressure, mm Hg
Physical Properties
Heat Capacity, cal./(g C)

Density, g/cc (in air)
Density, lb/gal
Flammable Limits, Volume %

in air
Flash Point, C (F), tag closed cup
Auto Ignition Temp., C (F)
Freezing Point, C
Heat of Vaporization, Hv. cal./g
@ Normal b p
Refractive Index, D-Line
Solubility in Water, %
Water in, %
Viscosity, cps
Cubical Coefficient of Expansion,
(g/cc C)
Color
Vapor Pressure
1,000
200
Temp. C (DVB-55)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
25
20
25
30
20
25
30
25
25
25
25
25
20
30
Divinylbenzene
(DVB-63)
(DVB-HP)
130.191
195
34.2
425
4.5
0.07
0.6
3.0
11.7
36.2
93.8
212.4
431.2
801.3
0.42
0.9123
0.9084
0.9044
7.61
7.58
7.55
130.191
197
34.4
427
4.5
0.08
0.6
2.9
11.4
35.0
91.1
207.1
422.3
788.2
0.42
0.9151
0.9111
0.9070
7.64
7.60
7.57
130.191
200
34.9
432
4.5
0.08
0.6
2.8
10.7
33.0
86.3
197.7
406.5
764.8
0.42
.9211
.9167
.9124
7.69
7.65
7.61
0.67-6.1
68 (155)
505 (941)
< 50
101.3
83.8
1.5585
0.0052
0.054
1.0
8.66 x 10-4
8.74 x 10-4
pale yellow
0.64-6.1
69 (156)
494 (921)
< 50
96.9
79.4
0.0052
0.054
1.0
8.66 x 10-4
8.74 x 10-4
pale yellow
0.69-6.2
70 (158)
470 (878)
< 50
94.9
77.4
0.0052
0.054
1.0
8.65 x 10-4
8.70 x 10-4
pale yellow
mm/Hg
100
20
10
0
0
10
20
60
100
140
Temperature, C
180
220
DVB is used to modify the properties of a

wide variety of materials. Listed below are
just a few examples of how DVB can be
applied. New applications continue to be
found for this versatile cross-linking agent.
Typical Applications of
DVB
For an even broader overview of this

monomers usefulness, weve included a
list of patents and references for various
applications of DVB later in the brochure.
Adhesives
DVB has been found to improve the high
temperature strength of adhesives used to
bond aluminum to aluminum. Used in an
acrylic hydrosol to bond Bakelite resin and
polyester film, DVB was found to increase
creep rupture time dramatically. DVB has
found utility in cross-linked styrene/butadiene
polymers used for caulks and mastics for the
construction industry.
Catalysis
DVB has been used to create a hydrophobic
foam for use as a hydrogen-water exchange
catalyst. In another instance, a catalyst was
bonded to a DVB-containing copolymer for
hydroformylation of C2-30 alpha-olefins with CO
and H. DVB has also served as a catalyst for
hydrolyzing nitriles to amides.
Ceramics
In a polymer impregnation system, DVB has
improved both the physical and mechanical
properties of fired clay bodies. Its also been
used as part of a treatment to impregnate and
harden carbonizable material to produce a
composite C material.
Chromatographic Resins
DVB has been used in the production of
reversed-phase packings for liquid
Biological
DVB has been used to produce cell culture
micro-carrier beads. These resulting beads
have capacity comparable to dextran beads
but swell less. They also have a tighter size
distribution and can be regenerated. DVB has
also been incorporated in a hydrogel for slow
nutrient release fertilizer.
chromatography. Highly cross-linked

polystyrene packings have been shown to
function under extreme conditions of high
pressures and temperatures. Ion exchange
chromatography (IEC) is applicable to the
separation of almost any type of charged
molecule, from large proteins to small
nucleotides and amino acids.
Coatings
DVB has been used as part of a system for
bonding a layer of phosphonitrilic polymer to
rubber to improve the surface properties of
rubber goods for biomedical applications. It
has also been used to create a photocurable
protective coating for wood, metal, glass,
and plastic.
Combinatorial Chemistry
Electrochemical
Pharmaceutical
Combinatorial Chemistry involves the rapid
DVB has increased the electron sensitivity of
DVB is used to create polymers for enzyme
synthetic assembly of structural building
photomasks for electron-beam lithography
and coenzyme immobilization and those to
blocks in various possible combinations to
and has been used in a gelation agent for
which biologically active proteins, such as
produce large libraries of compounds for drug
alkaline batteries to improve storage stability.
penicillin acylase, may be bound. In dental
screening purposes. Styrene and DVB have
It has also improved the properties of
cement and prostheses materials, DVB helps
been copolymerized and then functionalized
electrostatic image toners.
increase hardness, abrasion resistance, and
to produce microporous solid phase supports

to which library members or reagents may
bending resistance.
Ion Exchange
be attached.
DVB is used in a wide variety of ion
Polymer Synthesis
exchange materials for the selective recovery
DVB has been used to graft monomers to
or removal of materials from fluid streams.
textiles to produce waterproof fabrics, and to
Composite plastics generally are composed of
It has been used to coat zeolite to improve
enhance the radiation grafting of polymers
a reinforcing glass fiber and a thermosetting
the effectiveness of organic and heavy metal
such as styrene and polyolefins. It is also
resin such as an unsaturated polyester. DVB
removal. And in producing ion exchange resin
used to create the interpenetration polymer
has been used to produce low-shrink, curable,
beads, DVB reduces bead swelling, increases
networks between polyurethane and methyl
fiber-reinforced molding compositions
bead strength, and improves water retention
methacrylate, thereby increasing tensile
(SMC/BMC). Parts produced with these
and capacity.
strength, hardness, and glass transition
Composite Plastics
compositions have been at higher production

rates with exceptional smoothness and
temperature of the network. It is also highly
Membranes
enhanced physical properties.

DVB has been used in the preparation of
Elastomers
efficient in coupling living polymers with

polyvinyl aromatic compounds.
electrolysis diaphragm and piezodialytic

transport membrane materials.
DVB helps promote thermoplastic rubber with

good moldability, heat distortion properties,
Optical Applications
and hardness. It also increases the skidresistance of some rubber compounds and
improves the adhesion of rubber to steel,
organic, or inorganic filaments. DVB has
also been used to improve the adhesive tear
strength and elongation properties of
rubber-based sealants.
Plastics have found wide utility in the

production of ophthalmic lenses. A
growing use is in photochromic lenses.
These lenses darken outside, in the presence
of UV light, and lighten indoors. DVB,
along with other monomers and dyes, have
been used to produce lighter and thinner
photochromic lenses.
Plastics
Star Polymers
DVB is used extensively in the plastics
A star polymer is composed of star macromol-
industry to cross-link and modify materials
ecules which are defined as: macromolecules
and to aid in copolymerization. It can also
containing a single branch point from which
increase stress crack resistance, resistance
linear chains (arms) emanate. DVB has been
to some chemicals, heat distortion, hardness,
used to produce star polymers in a synthesis
impact strength, and surface processibility.
proceeding by the addition of divinylbenzene
DVB helps improve the thermal stability of
to a living cationic polyisobutylene. Such
epoxy resin compositions. In the presence
molecules have found utility as motor oil
of an acid catalyst, it is used to cure phenol-
viscosity modifiers also known as viscosity
formaldehyde resins and in compositions to
index improvers.
seal porous metal castings and make them

chemically resistant to halocarbons.
Reprography
Miscellaneous
When paraffin is cross-linked with
DVB, an additive is created that
Polymeric toners are the dry inks used in
lowers the filterability temperature
the majority of existing copy machines.
of middle distillates such as
DVB has been used in the polymerization
diesel fuel.
of some toner resins, imparting enhanced

melt properties.
A vinyl polymer prepared with

DVB produces a sealer for
consolidating porous subterranean
Rubber
Synthetic rubber is any one of a group of
formations.
Solid makeups containing volatile
man-made elastomers that approximate one
oils have been created using DVB in
or more of the properties of natural rubber
an encapsulating resin.
(polyisoprene). DVB has been used in
A copolymer containing DVB was
Styrene-Butadiene copolymers (SBR) as
used to recover trace uranium from
adhesives and as processing aids in the
sulfuric acid containing organic
extrusion of general purpose rubbers.
matter.
Rubbers used as impact modifiers such as

Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene (MBS) have
been improved with the inclusion of DVB.
DVB added to styrene increases the

rate of radiochemical polymerization in
concrete. In addition, DVB increased the
thermal and mechanical stability of the
resulting concrete.
10
Handling and Storage

(including inhibitor handling)
The prevention of polymer development
TBC is highly recommended as a storage
and runaway polymerization is generally
inhibitor for DVB. It imparts no color, but does
the greatest concern in the storage of DVB.
require a minimum of 15 ppm oxygen in the
Prevention of color formation is also
monomer to make its inhibitory capability
important, but this is normally caused by
effective. DVB is shipped with a TBC level of
contamination such as rust and water.
9001,100 ppm. This level of inhibitor is

normally effective in preventing incipient
The most important factors in maintaining a
polymerization for 30 days at a maximum
long shelf life for DVB are low temperatures,
temperature of 80F, assuming the critical O2
adequate inhibitor levels and oxygen content,
saturation of 2830 ppm is maintained. If
and the use of proper construction materials
longer storage times are required, special
for storage and handling equipment. Good,
precautions will be necessary.
basic housekeeping practices are also

important. Listed below are general
To prevent runaway polymerization of stored
guidelines.
monomer, the inhibitor level, the temperature
1. Conduct regular equipment inspections.

2. Repair leaks immediately.
of the storage facility, and the oxygen

content of the monomer should be carefully
monitored. Oxygen content is the critical
3. Maintain good ventilation.
factor in most situations.
4. Install proper facilities to remove

spills quickly.
The minimum recommended concentration
5. Test pressure equipment periodically.

6. Eliminate all possible ignition sources.
Inhibition of DVB
for TBC in divinylbenzene is between

400600 ppm. This level should be checked
at regular intervals (see table on page 11
for a suggested maintenance schedule).
Additional inhibitor should be added as
Dow adds TBC (4-tert-butylcatechol) to DVB
required to ensure maximum safety and
to inhibit polymer formation and oxidative
storage stability.
degradation during shipment and subsequent

storage. If sufficient oxygen is present, TBC
prevents polymerization by reacting with
oxidation products (monomer peroxy-free
radicals) in the monomer. However, in the
absence of oxygen, polymerization will
proceed at essentially the same rate as if
no inhibitor were present.
11
Suggested Storage Maintenance Schedule for DVB

Checkpoint
Interval
Inhibitor analysis
Monthly Weekly if stored above 80F
Polymer analysis
Monthly Weekly if stored above 80F
Color
Monthly
Monomer temperature
Daily
Storage Tank Polymer

Inspection points for polymer:
1. Air vent
At least quarterly
2. Roof
Yearly
3. Sides
Yearly
4. Floor
Yearly
5. Vacuum pressure relief
At least quarterly
Date of last filling
Running log
Volume before filling
Running log
Volume after filling
Running log
Standard inhibition levels in DVB
Special cases where inhibitor removal
The time required for TBC concentrations to
is desired
fall to a dangerously low level varies greatly
In special cases, you may want to remove
for different storage and handling conditions.
the inhibitor. This can be accomplished by
Most importantly, if the inhibitor has been
running the DVB through a bed of alumina.
depleted and polymerization has already
Contact Dow for further information and
begun, TBC should be added immediately, and
suggested cautions regarding this subject
The Dow Chemical Company or its representa-
for your particular application.
tive should be notified as soon as possible

(call 1-989-636-4400). If unstable monomer
Other factors affecting inhibitor level
is not treated promptly, it may become

unsalvageable and may also cause serious
Other factors that affect the depletion of TBC
consequences (see Polymerization of Stored
are heat, caustic, and exposure to alumina or
Monomer, page 18, for more information).
ion exchange resin beads. In hot climates or

where temperatures greater than 80F are
normally encountered, the monomer bulk
storage installation should be refrigerated.
12
In addition, drums of monomer should not
The polymer deposited under these conditions
Polymer formation can result from insufficient
be kept in the sun. As soon as monomer is
will be discolored, cross-linked, and high in
TBC or insufficient dissolved oxygen. An
received, drums should be placed in a cool,
peroxides, aldehydes, and other oxidation
effective test to determine whether polymer
shaded area. In very hot weather, drums can
products. Deposits of contaminated polymer
is forming in the monomer is ASTM Method
be temporarily cooled by water spray. It is
will eventually produce serious color and
D-2121. This test, used in conjunction with
advisable to keep monomer inventories to a
polymer problems in monomer stored under
the TBC test for inhibitor level, provides a
minimum during hot weather, and to use
air in unlined steel tanks. Therefore, do not
quick means of monitoring monomer condition
drums in the order they are received so
allow mechanical structures in the top part
on site.
that monomer is not stored any longer
of the storage tank as they will collect
than necessary.
these impurities.
Oxygen requirements of TBC
Polymer deposits in tanks also cause difficult
Air presents a very complex problem in

the storage of DVB. TBC is not an effective
inhibitor for DVB in the complete absence
of dissolved oxygen. However, excessive
removal and cleaning problems. If stalactites

are allowed to grow, their weight may even
damage the roof or roof-supporting structure
of large vertical storage tanks.
amounts of oxygen in the storage tank
Addition of TBC to stored monomer

Add additional inhibitor when the level of TBC
falls below the minimum specification level.
The TBC content of DVB in storage should
never be allowed to be depleted below the
400600 ppm level.
The storage tank (or drum) should always be
may lead to other serious storage and
However, the complete elimination of oxygen
recirculated (or mixed) after inhibitor is added.
handling problems.
from the vapor area will lead to depletion of
This action ensures a uniform mixture of TBC
dissolved oxygen from the liquid monomer.
and monomer. The tank should also be
Monomer vapors above the liquid level in
If this dissolved oxygen is not replaced and
aerated as necessary.
the tank are uninhibited. These uninhibited
is allowed to drop below 15 ppm, the TBC
vapors and condensed monomer droplets are
inhibitor will become ineffective and rapid
The relatively small quantities of TBC required
readily oxidized by oxygen from the air. These
polymerizationrunaway polymerization
to raise the inhibitor level in stored monomer
droplets, containing oxidation products, will
may take place (see Polymerization of Stored
can be easily added by using a concentrated
polymerize quite rapidly and will adhere to the
Monomer, page 18).
stock solution in the monomer.
They appear in the form of coatings and
Polymer analysis and dissolved oxygen
A TBC concentrate for use in increasing the
stalactites, or polymer icicles, on the roof
If an inert gas blanket such as nitrogen is
inhibitor level in DVB can be prepared by
and sidewalls above the liquid monomer.
used, aerate the monomer with dry air once
dissolving 704 grams of pure TBC in 1 gal.
The same condition, though less severe,
a week for approximately 30 minutes. The
of divinylbenzene monomer (186 gram/liter).
will also occur in lined tanks.
oxygen level should always be kept at 15 ppm
At this concentration, 100 cc of the above
or greater.
concentration will raise the level of inhibitor
rusted, porous surfaces of unlined steel tanks.
100 ppm in a drum of divinylbenzene having a

net weight of 410 pounds.
13
Information on
Storage Facilities
A specific bulk storage layout must conform
uninhibited condensed vapors back into the
to insurance underwriters codes as well as
liquid monomer, thus reducing the polymer
to local fire and building regulations.
and stalactite problem. The roof and sidewall
Decisions concerning distances to power
openings above the normal liquid level in the
lines, buildings, other tanks, piping, and
tank should be large in diameter, and kept
property lines, as well as diking, and other
to a minimal number. Large diameter
protection requirements, are usually dictated
openings are easily lined and can often serve
by these codes and regulations.
dual-service purposes.
Tanks
Inlet and outlet lines for vertical tanks are
DVB can be stored for relatively long periods

if simple, but carefully prescribed, storage
conditions are met. In addition to the usual
precautions taken with combustible liquids
against fire and explosion hazards, you must
prevent conditions conducive to the formation
of polymer and oxidation products. This can
be accomplished by designing and constructing a bulk storage system that prevents
excessive temperatures and contamination
of the monomer in frequently used lines and
other equipment (see page 15).
Black-iron storage tanks are generally the
most economical for DVB, and vertical storage
tanks are often used for large-volume storage.
Horizontal tanks are also satisfactory for bulk
storage, but these are generally used for
smaller installations.
A self-supporting, dome-type roof is recommended for vertical storage tanks. This type
of construction simplifies the installation of
linings, and also permits rapid drainage of
14
usually located near the bottom. If you use

external refrigeration, good mixing can be
accomplished if the inlet and outlet lines are
kept as far from each other as possible. In
addition, an elbow on the inlet line inside the
tank helps to direct cooled fluid upward for
better temperature control of the stored DVB.
The discharge should always be below the
liquid level to prevent static buildup. Eddy
currents induced by temperature differences
between the chilled monomer and the stored
monomer lead to relatively uniform mixing.
Tank linings work well to control or reduce
polymer and stalactite formation. A tight,
nonporous, non-wettable, and smooth tank
lining prevents retention and attachment of
the condensed uninhibited monomer droplets.
As a result, the monomer drains quickly back
into the pool of inhibited liquid monomer
before polymerization can take place.
Monomer Storage Installation
15
Baked phenolic, modified epoxy, and catalyzed
Totally enclosed, fan-cooled pump motors are
epoxy linings are all satisfactory. These
acceptable. Their associated switching gear
coatings are nonconductive, however, and it
should be of an approved type as listed in
is recommended that the bottom and lower
the National Electrical Code, with particular
six to eight inches of vertical storage tanks
attention given to articles 250, 500, 501, and
be coated with inorganic zinc silicate linings
515, and sections covering Class 1, Division 2,
to provide electrical grounding.
locations. All metal should be properly

grounded to avoid the danger of static
Although other equivalent or comparable
charge buildup.
coatings are available, it is suggested that you

check their resistance characteristics and
Installation design should allow for complete
obtain information on their performance for
drainage of the storage system, and recircula-
monomer storage from the manufacturer.
tion of the monomer through the system. This
Rubber-based linings should never be used.
is especially important when equipment is in

intermittent service or where monomer is
Pumps
stored for extended periods.
Pumps made of most materials are suitable
Lines and valves
for DVB, except those made of copper or

plastic. Centrifugal pumps with enclosed
impellers and mechanical seals are the most
widely used, but displacement pumps are
also satisfactory.
Make sure that pumps are not allowed to
run when valves are closed. The heat evolved
by pumping against a deadhead may be
enough to polymerize monomer in the pump
and cause contamination.
16
Thermal expansion in blocked DVB lines

exposed to the sun and without relief
protection can cause high pressures which
can result in failures of gaskets, pump seals,
and pump housings. Lines should also be laid
out to allow for complete drainage and should
be blown out with air after material transfers.
The lines may be constructed of iron or
All valves below liquid level should be
galvanized pipe. Do not use copper or bronze.
steel or ductile iron to prevent breakage from
Oxidation products of these metals can
freezing or mechanical stress. Lubricated
interfere with polymerization. Transfer lines
plugcocks and non-lubricated ball-type valves
are typically joined by welded joints or
are satisfactory. Plugcocks and ball valves
flanges, but threaded joints are also
lined with Viton fluoroelastomer give
satisfactory. Pipe dope can be dissolved
excellent service with stainless steel balls
by monomer, causing discoloration and
and are highly recommended for DVB service.
contamination. You can avoid this by

wrapping the pipe threads with plastic
tape coated with Teflon resin.
You can fill the storage tank from the bottom
or top with a line extending to the bottom
(DVB should not be allowed to fall through
free air space in the tank due to the possibility of static buildup). The inlet line should
always be at the opposite end of the tank
from the outlet line. This will facilitate
thorough mixing in the storage tank when
new monomer or inhibitor is added.
Thorough mixing is further assisted by
directing the flow of the incoming monomer
up into the monomer body.
You should also include separate drain
linesproperly valved and closedto
allow for complete drainage when necessary.
Drainage from horizontal tanks can be
assisted by sloping the tanks toward the
drains. Floors of large vertical tanks can be
tilted toward a small built-in sump with a
bottom drain.
Gaskets
Manhole covers for cleaning or sampling
should have gaskets made of Viton
fluoroelastomer or Teflon resin. In addition,
Dow recommends all gaskets used in handling
DVB be made of these materials. Listed below
are pump seals and gaskets which have
proven satisfactory in DVB service. Similar
materials from other manufacturers may work
equally well.
Pump Seals:
John Crane Type 9T
Teflon resin V wedge with carbon
face seal
Runs against carbon seat
Stainless steel hardware
Gaskets:
Flexitallic 304SS flanged joint spiral wound
with asbestos filler and inner ring. Flexitallic
Gasket Co., 151 Heller Place, Bellmawr, NJ
08031. Phone: 609-931-2500.
Unilon BS2815 Grade A BS1832,
1/16-inch compressed. James Walker Mfg.,
511 West 195th Street, Glenwood, IL 60425.
Breathers
Air-blanketed, non-pressurized DVB storage
tanks should be fitted with approved vents
according to local codes. You should also
install additional venting facilitiesfor both
pressure and vacuum reliefto protect
the tank in case there is a sudden pressure
buildup, or open vents are plugged. Frangible
safeties or vacuum-pressure safety relief
valves are recommended for this purpose on
smaller units. On larger storage facilities, both
manhole emergency relief venting for pressure
and a vacuum-pressure relief valve are highly
recommended to assure protection against
tank collapse. In addition, inspect all vents at
least every six months for polymer plugging.
John Crane Type 8IT

Viton fluoroelastomer O-ring with
carbon face seal
Runs against tungsten carbide seat
John Crane Type 20R

Glass-filled Teflon resin with
carbon face seal
Runs against tungsten carbide seat
17
Level indicators
Float-type, dial-reading gauges are acceptable,
but for remote readings, flange-mounted
differential pressure transmitters are
recommended. All storage tanks should
contain either a local temperature indicator,
or a temperature sensor for remote reading.
Flexible transfer hoses
Never allow monomer to stand in any of the

composition hoses. Monomer can attack the
interior of the hose, shortening hose life and
causing monomer contamination. Completely
remove all residual monomer and thoroughly
clean all transfer lines in intermittent service
to prevent this source of potential contamination. Preventive maintenance for flexible
transfer lines is recommended. These lines
should be carefully inspected to determine
Composition hoses, which are static-conductive,
their structural condition and cleanliness
and flexible metal hoses are widely used.
before being used in DVB service.
Flexible metal hoses (woven-metal type) are

the most satisfactory, but require more care to
Of course, all transfer lines and hose
keep them properly cleaned. They also require
connections should be adequately grounded
added attention to prevent damage or
to discharge static electricity safely.
breakage during use.

Hoses made of Viton fluoroelastomer give the
best service and are the most widely used of
the composition hoses. Neoprene elastomer
synthetic hoses do not have sufficient aromatic
resistance for DVB service.
18
Additional comments
on storage
All polymer buildup on the inside of a storage
Refrigeration: Large aboveground tanks
tank should be removed. This can be done
with a low throughput or turnover rate should
by draining the tank completely and then
be insulated and cooled by external refrigera-
discharging live steam into the open tank for
tion. If refrigeration is used, circulation of the
four to five days. The condensate water must
storage tank contents is required.
be removed from the tank during the heating

process to ensure that all tank surfaces are
Reflective Painting: Painting exterior
adequately heated. This will harden polymer
storage tanks with either white or some other
formations so that they can be removed by
light-reflecting paint also minimizes the
mechanical means.
absorption of sunlight, thereby reducing heat

gain.
NOTE: The tank must be tested and found to

be free of harmful or flammable vapors before
Shading: Slatted shade in an open area
entry is made.
where ventilation is assured has proved

satisfactory for the protection of small
Copper-containing alloys should never be
aboveground tanks, pumps, filters, and other
used in tank storage and handling equip-
handling equipment.
mentoxidation products from copper alloys

can interfere with normal polymerization.
Rubber parts also should be avoided because
monomers are solvents for natural rubber
and most synthetic rubbers.
Reducing oxidation and side reactions

during storage
To reduce oxidation and hold side reactions
Containers
The type of container in which DVB is shipped
and stored is very important to monomer
purity and stability. Lined and unlined black
iron, aluminum, and stainless steel containers
are all satisfactory, and typically used to store
and transport DVB. Avoid copper and copper-
bearing alloys such as brass and Monel alloy.
to a minimum, stored monomer must be kept

cool. Depending on the storage location,
The oxidation products of copper are picked
various methods can be used, including
up by DVB and by the organic oxidation
refrigeration, reflective painting, and shading.
products present in the monomer. This

action yields soluble copper salts which
can interfere with the polymerization. The
presence of copper salts can be detected by
the greenish-blue color they sometimes
impart to the stored monomer.
19
Some common reagents such as sulfuric
Drums of monomer should not be kept in the
acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, iron
sun. As soon as monomer is received, it
chloride, and other metallic halides catalyze
should be placed in a cool, shaded area. In
a violent polymerization reaction of DVB.
very hot weather, drums can be temporarily
Before refilling used containers, make sure
cooled with water spray. It is advisable to
they are inspected and cleaned to remove
keep monomer inventories to a minimum
reagent residues, or old monomer-containing
during hot weather, and to use drums in the
polymer and oxidation products that could
order they are received so that monomer is
cause contamination or reaction.
not stored any longer than necessary.
The importance of storage temperature
Recommended shelf life
Other factors that affect the depletion of
The table below gives the approximate shelf
TBC are heat, caustic soda, and exposure to
life of DVB under maximum ambient storage
alumina and ion exchange beads. Tempera-
temperatures, assuming TBC and dissolved
ture in the monomer storage area should not
oxygen concentrations are maintained above
be allowed to exceed 80F for DVB. In hot
the minimum levels. Refrigerated storage will
climates or during hot seasons where
significantly extend the shelf life of DVB.
temperatures exceed these limits, the

monomer bulk storage installation (or
stored drums) should be refrigerated.
Recommended shelf life of DVB (all grades)
20
Storage Temperature
Storage Time
Aerate Within
<40F
4050F
5060F
6070F
12 months
8 months
4 months
2 months
6 months
6 months
4 months
2 months
7080F
1 month
1 month
The shelf life of stored DVB can also be
Thus, most of the difficulty with high excess
extended with timely aeration. A 510
temperature occurs near the middle of the
minute air sparge is recommended on a
polymerization cyclespecifically, between
monthly basis for drums and pails stored
the 30% to 60% conversion level. Of course,
at temperatures between 70F and 80F.
the temperature of polymerization, purity of
DVB containers stored at temperatures from
the monomer, and other physical and
40F70F need to be aerated according to
chemical factors all influence the duration of
the table. With aeration and maintenance
polymerization and the extent to which the
of p-tert butylcatechol (TBC) level above
storage temperature will rise.
Handling runaway polymerization

Runaway polymerization can occur
spontaneously in storage tanks. Depending
on the quantity of material in storage,
serious consequences may result.
Premature polymerization of stored
monomer can be prevented by closely
monitoring the temperature, inhibitor level,
and oxygen content of the monomer.
400600 ppm the clock is effectively reset

to the recommended storage times.
However, the polymerization process is

autocatalytic in natureany temperature
Polymerization of stored monomer

During the first stages of polymerization,
the monomer is sufficiently fluid to remove
excess heat by convection. But further
polymerization increases viscosity and
reduces convective heat transfer, allowing
temperatures to build. Toward the end of
polymerization, the rate of heat evolution
decreases because monomer is depleted.
rise accelerates the rate of polymerization

which, in turn, increases the rate of heat
evolution. Eventually the reaction may
become explosive, especially in closed
Appropriate action will be an on-site

decision, and will be determined by the stage
of polymerization. For specific information,
call the Dow Emergency Response Group at
1-989-636-4400.
containers where the vapor pressure of the

monomer builds up rapidly. In addition to the
hazards involved, the molecular weight or
viscosity grade of the resulting polymer will
be lower than that anticipated from the
average ambient temperature.
21
Flammability Properties of Divinylbenzene

Material
Property
Value
DVB-55
Flash point, tag closed cup
155F (68C)
Autoignition temperature
941F (505C)
Flammable limits in air1:

Lower limit
0.67 volume % at 185F (85C)
General Information
and atmospheric pressure

Upper limit:
6.1 volume % at 248F (120C)

DVB-63
156F (69C)
921F (494C)
Flammable limits in air :

Lower limit
0.64 volume % at 185F (85C)

Upper limit:
6.1 volume % at 248F (120C)

DVB-HP
157F (70C)
878F (470C)
Flammable limits in air :

Lower limit
0.69 volume % at 185F (85C)

Upper limit:
6.2 volume % at 248F (120C)

For other operating conditions, consult The Dow Chemical Company.
Safe handling practices
Fires
Safe handling of DVB requires consideration
Fires involving DVB can be safely extinguished
of hazards inherent to hydrocarbons.
with foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide

extinguishers. Water is not an effective
Flammability
DVB will burn. Exercise the same precautions
against fire and explosion hazards that are
commonly applied to other combustible
and flammable liquids. The flammability
properties of DVB are given in the table above.
22
extinguishing agent for use on these

water-insoluble monomers.
When burning, DVB can give off toxic
by-products such as carbon monoxide gas.
Wear approved respiratory equipment to
avoid breathing any fumes or smoke.
Spills
Disposal
Distribution Emergency Response
Spilled monomer can be removed safely
Incinerate the collected monomer in a properly
Distribution Emergency Response (E/R) is the
for disposal by covering it with a suitable
designated furnace. Comply with federal, state, Dow system for advising and assisting anyone
adsorbing agent such as sand or ground
and local regulations. Call The Dow Chemical
confronted with an emergency which occurs
corncobs. However, some adsorbing agents
Company for additional recommendations.
in the distribution of Dow products. E/R, a

part of Dows commitment to Product
such as untreated clays and micas may cause

an exothermic reaction which might ignite the
monomer. To be absolutely safe, adsorbing
agents should be tested for their effect on
polymerization of the monomer before they are
used on spills. If the spill is on a hard surface,
the area should be scrubbed with soap and
Static electricity
DVB, with its high-volume resistivity, can pick
up and hold a static charge during transfer
from a tank truck to a storage tank. Always
make sure that the storage tank and tank truck
are well-grounded.
water after the bulk of the monomer has

been removed.
If the spill is contained by a permeable barrier
(such as with an earthen dam), you should 1)
limit the area of exposure, 2) get water under
the spill (DVB floats on water so this will
prevent the monomer from soaking into the
ground and allow it to be skimmed and
pumped off later), and 3) put fire-fighting foam
Operators wearing rubber-soled shoes,

especially on certain composition floors made
of good insulating materials, can pick up
considerable static electricity, and should
exercise appropriate caution.
Stewardship, can provide essential help to

protect human health and environmental
quality in chemical emergencies.
Distribution Emergencies and Chemical
Emergencies Involving Exposures, Leaks,
or Spills call: 1-989-636-4400.
Or call CHEMTREC (day or night)
Toll-free 1-800-424-9300 (U.S.A., except
Washington, D.C.)
1-202-483-7616 (Washington, D.C., and
outside U.S.A.)
Observing the above precautions will help

reduce problems with static electricity.
over the spill to control odor and prevent fire.

Use of a non-permeable barrier, such as a
concrete dike, is recommended. If the spill is
contained in such a non-permeable barrier,
the use of water is not necessary and may
be detrimental. Dikes around tanks are
commonly sized to hold the contents of the

tank and the addition of water may cause
the dike to overflow.
23
Extensive experience has shown that
Vapor concentrations should be maintained
divinylbenzene can be handled safely if its
below these guidelines. In the absence of proper
toxicological properties are clearly understood
environmental control, wear an approved,
and proper precautions are practiced.
organic vapor-type respirator. In emergencies

and other conditions where the guidelines are
Toxicity, First Aid,

and Industrial Hygiene
Measures for DVB
Material Safety Data Sheets for divinylbenzene
greatly exceeded, wear a positive-pressure,
are available from Dow to help customers meet
self-contained breathing apparatus.
their own safe handling and disposal needs.

Request and study this information before
Applications which require heating of DVB
working with the monomer.
increase the likelihood of attaining hazardous

vapor conditions. Exercise additional caution
A brief summary of basic safe handling
when working with DVB at elevated temperatures.
precautions for this monomer follows.

The precautions recommended are, of
If a person is accidentally overcome by monomer
necessity, general in nature, because specific
vapors, or experiences any ill effects caused by
recommendations can be made only when
breathing the vapors of these materials, move
the actual conditions are known.
him/her immediately to fresh air, and keep him/

her quiet and warm. Obtain medical attention
Inhalation
Inhalation of DVB can cause respiratory irritation
and, at higher concentrations, anesthetic and
narcotic effects. The ACGIH (American
Conference of Governmental and Industrial
Hygienists) Threshold Limit Value/Time
Weighted average concentration (TLV/TWA)
and the OSHA permissible exposure limit
(PEL) for DVB are 10 ppm.
24
immediately. If breathing stops, administer

artificial respiration.
Skin contact
Ingestion
Brief skin contact with DVB (five minutes or
DVB is low in acute oral toxicity. Although DVB
less) usually causes no irritation. However,
should never be ingested, if it is accidentally
prolonged contact may cause irritation and
swallowed, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING,
possibly some swelling of the skin or even a
because there is the danger that upcoming
burn, depending upon the severity of the
stomach fluids may be aspirated into the lungs,
exposure. Blistering of the skin can occur when
causing systemic effects. Medical attention
clothing or shoes wet with DVB are worn, and
should be obtained immediately.
skin rashes may result from repeated exposure.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Because rapid

Wear clean, body-covering clothing and
absorption may occur through the lungs if
Neoprene rubber gloves if hand contact is likely.
aspirated, causing systemic effects, the

decision of whether or not to induce vomiting
If skin contact occurs, wash the affected area
should be made by an attending physician. If
immediately with plenty of water. Never use
lavage is performed, endotracheal and/or
solvents to remove monomer from skin. Any
esophageal control is suggested. Danger of
injuries or irritation should receive prompt
lung aspiration must be weighed against
medical attention.
toxicity when considering emptying the

stomach. If skin burns are present, treat as
Eye contact
any thermal burn after decontamination.
DVB is irritating to the eyes. Contact will be

quite painful and can cause irritation of the
conjunctival membranes that shield the eyes.
Wear safety glasses as minimum eye protection
for divinylbenzene. If the eyes are contaminated,
flush immediately for 15 minutes with plenty of
water, and obtain medical attention as quickly
as possible.
25
Adhesives
Analytical
1. Electron beam curing improves high temperature
1. Biologically Active Reagents Prepared from
strength of vinyl ester adhesives
Carboxy-Containing Polymer, Analytical Element
Campbell, Francis J.; Rugg, Barry A.; Brenner, Walter
and Methods of Use, Richard C. Sutton, (to Eastman
Nav. Research Lab.
Kodak Company), US 5,147,777 (1992).
Washington, D.C., USA
Patents and References

Involving DVB
Natl. SAMPE Symp. Exhib.,

22(Diversity-Technol. Explos.), 59-63
2. Acrylic hydrosols
Yoshikawa, Takao; Wada, Shintaro; Sakai, Isoji;
So. Isao
Nitto Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Japan
2. Sensor Devices, Michael G. Clark, (to The General

Electric Company), US 5,194,133 (1993).
3. Styrene-Divinylbenzene Copolymer and Stabilization
and Enhanced Dilution of Standard Turbidity/
Nephelometry Test Samples, James A. Patterson,
US 5,906,772 (1999).
4. Process for the Purification of Virtually Anhydrous
Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 60/202731 A2
Organic Liquids, Annie Commarieu, (to Elf Atochem),
{85/202731}, 14 Oct 1985, 7 pp.
US 6,123,850 (2000).
3. Laminates of propylene polymers with metals
5. Water-Wettable Chromatographic Media for Solid
Tokuyama Soda Co., Ltd.,
Phase Extraction, Edouard S. P. Bouvier, (to Waters
Japan
Investment Ltd.), US 6,468,422 B2 (2002).

{83/67445}, 22 Apr 1983, 6 pp.
4. Modified polypropylene as cross-linkable
adhesives for metals
Tokuyama Soda Co., Ltd.
Japan
Antioxidants
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Ohlmann, (to The Dow Chemical Company),
US 2,665,312 (1954).
2. Spandex Fibers Stabilized with Condensates of
Substituted Phenols and Divinyl Benzenes, Oliver
{83/67743}, 22 Apr 1983, 6 pp.
Larry Hunt, (to E.I. du Pont de Nemours and
5. Process for Adhering Rubber to Rubber or Metal

with Halogenated Terpolymer of Ethylene-Olefin-non-Conjugated Diolefin, Junji Furukawa,
Company), US 3,553,290 (1971).

3. Stable Polyurethaneurea Solutions, Shingo Ito,
(to DuPont Toray Co. Ltd.), US 6,225,435 B1 (2001).
(to Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd.),

US 3,657,046 (1972).
4. Stabilized Spandex, Yuji Uemura, (to DuPont Toray

Co. Ltd.), US 6,372,834 B1 (2002).
6. Adhesive Composition, George W. Feeney,

(to The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company),
US 4,172,860 (1979).
5. Process for Making Melt-Spun Spandex, Masao

Umezawa, (to DuPont Toray Co. Ltd.), US 6,399,003
B1 (2002).
6. Process for the Manufacture of Spandex and the
Spandex Made Thereby, Shingo Ito, (to DuPont Toray
Co. Ltd.), US 6,403,712 B1 (2002).
26
Biological
1. Cell culture microcarriers based on the
polymerization product of an aromatic
monovinyl hydrocarbon
10. Method of Purification of Physiological Liquids of

Organism, Vadim Davankov, (to Renal Tech
Watanabe, Yoshihiro; Yamahara, Takeshi;
International LLC), US 6,159,377 (2000).
Inokuma, Shun; Tokumaru, Tooru
11. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Polymerization of Biological
Hoefs, Cornelis Adrianus Maria, Magre,
Oils and Resulting Polymeric Materials, Richard C.
Eduard Pieter
Larock, (to Iowa State University Research
AKZO N. V.
Foundation, Inc.), US 6,211,315 B1 (2001).
Neth.
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 109124 A2, 23 May 1984 14 pp.
Designated States: BE, DE, FR, GB, IT, NL, SE
12. Surface Modified Polymer Beads, Robert M. Strom,

(to The Dow Chemical Company), US 6,238,795
B1 (2001).
2. Fertilizer
Heller, Harold; Schaepel, Dietmar; Hentschel, Claus;
13. Method of Producing Devices for Blood
Dahm, Manfred Bayer A.-G.
Purification, Vadim Davankov, (to RenalTech
Fed. Rep. Ger.
International, LLC.), US 6,408,894 B1 (2002).
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 46896 Al, 10 Mar 1982,

38 pp. Designated States: AT, BE, CH, DE, FR, GB,
IT, NL, SE
3. Synthesis of Peptide Amides, Takashi Enkoji,
(to Armour Pharmaceutical Company),
US 4,089,821 (1978).
14. Surface Modified Polymer Beads, Robert M. Strom,

B2 (2002).
15. Device for Removing Toxins from Blood or Plasma,
Robert M. Strom, (to The Dow Chemical Company),
US 6,423,024 B1 (2002).
4. Resin-Linker Combination for the Solid-Phase

Synthesis of Peptides and Intermediates, Monika
Catalysis
Mergler, (to Bachem Feinchemikalein A.G.),
1. Hydrogen-water exchange catalyst
US 4,914,151 (1990).
5. Synthetic Polystyrene Resin and its Use in Solid
Phase Peptide Synthesis, Hans Rink, (to Ciba-Geigy
Corporation), US 5,004,781 (1991).
6. Material for Purification of Physiological Liquids of
7. Method of Producing Material for Purification of
Nakane, Ryohei; Isomura, Shohei; Morishita,
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.

Japan
Ger. Offen. SE 2429269, 20 Mar 1975, 26 pp.
5. Polymer-Bound Alkyl Diarylphosphinite Catalyst
Compositions and Processes for Making Same,
William J. Boyle, (to Allied Corporation),
US 4,581,415 (1986).
6. Alkylation Catalyst Regeneration Utilizing
Polyvinylpyridine and Amine Substituted Styrene
Divinylbenzene Copolymer Contact Materials,
Alan D. Eastman, (to Phillips Petroleum Company),
US 5,306,859 (1994).
7. -Cyanoalkylsilane Preparation Using
Divinylbenzene/4-Vinylpyridine Copolymer Resin as
Catalyst, Howard M. Bank, (to Dow Corning
Corporation), US 5,326,894 (1994).
8. Method for Extending the Activity of Acid Ion
Exchange Catalysts, Michael J. Cipullo, (to General
Electric Company), US 5,414,152 (1995).
9. Method to Treat an Ion-Exchanger Catalyst for the
Teizo; Noda, Shigeyuki Institute of Physical and
Process of Bisphenol-A Synthesis, Maciej Keidik,
Chemical Research;
(to Instytut Ciezkiej Syntezy Organicznej
Hikari Kogyo Co., Ltd.
Blachownia; Zaklady Chemiczne Blachownia),
Japan
US 5,502,016 (1996).
Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 55/28704

{80/28704}, 29 Feb 1980, 5 pp.
2. Selective hydroformylation
Love, Richard F.; Kerr, Edwin R.; Knifton, John F.
Physiological Liquids of Organism, Vadim
Texaco Inc.
Davankov, (to Renal Tech International LLC),
USA
US 6,127,311 (2000).
U.S. US 4147730, 3 Apr 1979, 10 pp.
8. Method of Purification of Physiological Liquids of
4. Acid amides and catalyst for use in preparing them
3. Additional by redox catalysis of carbon
tetrachloride to monomers with two
nonconjugated double bonds
10. Organic Carrier Supported Metallocene Catalyst for

Olefin Polymerization, Gazuo Soga, (to Samsung
General Chemicals Co., Ltd.), US 5,610,115 (1997).
11. Process for Conducting Etherification Reactions
Using as Catalysts Strong-Acid, Cation-Exchange
Resins Prepared Under High Temperature
Conditions, William Harris, (to The Dow Chemical
Company), US 5,663,455 (1997).
Corallo, Marcel; Pietrasanta, Yves

9. Material for Purification of Physiological Liquids of
Lab. Chim, Appl., Ec. Natl. Super. Chim. Montpellier

Montpellier, Fr.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C.,
283(5), 187-90
27
12. Process for the Preparation of Organic Disulphides

and Polysulphides in the Presence of Polystyrene-
Chromatography
1. Process for Purifying Blocked Synthetic Peptides,
Divinyl-Benzene Possessing Primary Amine Groups,
Edward l. Smithwick, Jr.), (to Eli Lily and Company),
Emmanuel Arretz, (to Elf Aquitaine), US 5,786,511
US 3,857,829 (1974).
(1998).
2. Cross-linked Polystyrene and Substituted
13. Method for Making Bis-Xylenols Containing Acid
Moieties, Geert-Jan Willems, (to General Electric
Polystyrene Compositions, Edward l. Smithwick,

(to Eli Lily and Company), US 3,956,219 (1976).
Company), US 5,969,180 (1999).

3. Manufacture of Polymers of Net-Shaped Structure,
14. Synthesis of Organic Disulphides and
Polysulphides, Georges Fremy, (to Elf Atochem),
Walther Burchard, (to BASF Aktiengesellschaft),

US 3,975,339 (1976).
US 6,020,529 (2000).
4. High Performance Ion Exchange Composition,
15. Carbonylation Catalyst Supported on a Carbonized
Polysulfonated Divinylbenzene-Styrene Copolymer,
Hamish Small, (to The Dow Chemical Company),

US 4,101,460 (1978).
Joseph Robert Zoeller, (to Eastman Chemical

Company), US 6,235,673 B1 (2001).
5. Method and Apparatus for Chromatographic

Quantitative Analysis, James S. Fritz, (to The
16. Process for Preparing Bisphenol-A, Katsuhiko
United States of America represented by the
Sakura, (to Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd.), US
United States Department of Energy),
6,329,556 B1 (2001).
US 4,272,246 (1981).
17. Carbonylation of Lower Alkyl Alcohols and Their
6. Gel Permeation Chromatographic Packing and
Derivatives Using Metals Supported on Carbonized
Process for Producing Same Utilizing Suspension
Polysulfonated Divinylbenzene-Styrene Copolymers,
Polymerization, Yasuyuki Tamaka, (to Asahi Kasei
Joseph Robert Zoeller, (to Eastman Chemical
Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha), US 4,338,404 (1982).
Company), US 6,452,043 B1 (2002).

7. Special Solvent Column for GPC and GPC Method
Ceramics
1. Ceramic-polymer composites. III. Improvement of
the physical and mechanical properties of fired clay
Using the Same, Yoshiyuki Mukoyama, (to Hitachi

Chemical Company, Ltd.), US 4,353,801 (1982).
8. Filling Composition for Use in Liquid Chromatogra-
bodies by polystyrene impregnation
phy, Masaki Nakao, (to Kureha Kagaku Kogyo
Sato, Katsunobu; Hirano, Toru; Maruyama, Toshihiko
Kabushiki Kaisha), US 4,416,784 (1983).
Hokkaido Ind. Res. Inst.

Japan
Yogyo Kyokai Shi, 83(8), 388-93
9. Liquid Chromatography Column Packing Material,

Yoshiyuki Mukoyama, (to Hitachi Chemical
Company, Ltd.), US 4,505,818 (1985).
2. Manufacture of composite carbon material

Oda, Ryotaro
Taihei Co., Ltd.
Comprising Non-Porous, Nondisperse Polymeric
Japan
Packing Material, Marsha D. Bale, (to Eastman
Kodak Company), US 5,043,062 (1991).
{86/186262}, 19 Aug 1986, 3 pp.

3. Process for the Production of Porous Ceramics
Using Decomposable Polymeric Microspheres
and the Resultant Product, Birol Sonuparlak,
(to Washington Research Foundations),
US 4,777,153 (1998).
28
10. High Performance Affinity Chromatography Column
11. Packing for Liquid Chromatography and Method of
3. Resin-impregnated wood manufacture
Manufacturing Thereof, Hiroshi Ichikawa, (to
Yasuda, Kimio; Morishita, Keigo;
Nippon Carbon Co. Ltd.), US 5,270,280 (1993).
Tachibana, Yoshiharu; Nakahara, Makoto
Yu-Zhong Zhang, (to Molecular Probes, Inc.),
Sanken Kako Co., Ltd.
US 5,786,219 (1998).
12. Multimodal Chromatographic Separation Media

and Process for Using Same, Jean M. J. Frechet,
(to Cornell Research Foundation Inc.), US 5,431,807
(1995).
13. Covalently Bonded Coatings, Noubar B. Afeyan, (to
Purdue Research Foundation; PerSpective
Biosystems, Inc.), US 5,503,933 (1996).
14. Pore-Size Selective Modification of Porous
Material, Jean M. J. Frechet, (to Cornell Research
Foundation Inc.), US 5,593,729 (1997).
15. Hydrophilic Polystyrene Divinylbenzene Based
Combinatorial Chemistry
1. Microspheres with Fluorescent Spherical Zones,
Japan
(85/149402), 6 Aug 1985, 3pp.
2. Synthesis of Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives,

Christopher David Floyd, (to British Biotech
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.), US 5,932,695 (1999).
4. Aqueous resin preparation cross-linkable

by oxidation
Nakayama, Yasuharu, Aihara Tetsuo
Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
Japan
Ger. Offen. DE 2816944, 26 Oct 1978, 24 pp.
5. Water-Swellable Cross-linked Microgel Particles
and Aqueous Dispersions of Organic Film-Forming
Matrixes for Chromatography, Yan-Bo Yang,
Resins Containing the Same, Chandrasen Gajria,
US 6,039,876 (2000).
(to Celanese Corporation), US 4,539,348 (1985).
3. Universal Linker for Combinatorial Synthesis, Gi Li,

(to Pharmacopeia, Inc.), US 6,008,321 (1999).
4. Polymerizable Cyclodextrin Derivatives,
Rafael L. Bowen, (to American Dental Association
Health Foundation), US 6,180,739 B1 (2001).
5. Rapid Purification by Polymer Supported Quench,
Gary L. Bolton, (to Warner Lambert Company),
US 6,306,959 B1 (2001).
6. Rapid Parallel Determination of Non-Volatile
16. Zwitterionic Ion-Exchangers in Liquid Chromatogra-
6. Coating Barriers Comprising Ethyl Cellulose,
phy. Nesterenko, Pavel N.; Haddad, Paul R.;
San-Laung Chow, (to Fisons Corporations),
Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov
US 4,959,219 (1990).
Moscow State University, Analytical Sciences,

June 2000, Vol. 16, 565-574.
17. Process for Removal of Quaternary Ammonium
Salt, James Manio Silva, (to General Electric
Company), US 6,214,235 B1 (2001).
Coatings
1. Article having organo-phosphonitrile rubber
coating bonded to natural or synthetic rubber
Leong, Koon Wah
Kendall Co.
USA
7. Proton Transfer Bis-Benzazole Flours and Their Use

in Scintillator Detectors, Joel M. Kauffman,
(to Nanoptics Incorporated), US 5,298,189 (1994).
8. Sulfonamide Bonded Hydrophilic Coatings, Noubar
B. Afeyan, (to PerSpective Biosystems, Inc.),
US 5,389,449 (1995).
9. Hollow Polymer Latex Particles, Do I. Lee, (to
The Dow Chemical Company), US 5,521,253 (1996).
10. Covalently Bonded Coatings, Noubar B. Afeyan,
Analyses in Complex Combinatorial Samples,

Radislav Alexandrovich Potyrailo, (to General
Electric Company), US 6,362,006 B1 (2002).
7. Organosilicon Compounds and Uses Thereof,
Younghee Lee, (to Northwestern University),
US 6,416,861 B1 (2002).
8. Methods and Apparatus for Synthesizing Labeled
Combinatorial Chemistry Libraries, John Cargill,
(to Discovery Partners International),
US 6,417,010 B1 (2002).
9. Compositions Containing N-Amino- and
N-Hydroxy-Quinazolinones and Methods for
(to Purdue Research Foundation; PerSpective
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Biosystems, Inc.), US 5,503,933 (1996).
(to Sepracor Inc.), US 6,429,311 B2 (2002).
11. Non-Subliming Mid-UV Dyes and Ultra-Thin
10. Process for the Electrochemical Production of a
U.S. US 4311736 A, 19 Jan 1982, 4 pp.

Cont. -in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 21,336, abandoned.
2. Protective coatings
Organic ARCS Having Differential Solubility, Jim D.
Carbon-Containing Material Whose Surface is
Meador, (to Brewer Science, Inc.),
Modified with Organic Groups, and Use of the
US 5,688,987 (1997).
Modified Material, Olivier Fagebaume, (to Centre
Japan
(84/177168), 6 Oct 1984, 4 pp.
National de la Recherche Scientifique),

12. Coating Composition for Hydrophilization and
US 6,435,240 B1 (2002).
Method for Hydrophilization, Yasuhiko Haruta,

(to Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.), US 5,813,452 (1998).
13. Process for Preparing Aqueous Polymer
Dispersions, Hans-Peter Weitzel, (to WackerChemie Gmbh), US 6,441,082 B1 (2002).
29
11. Rapid Characterization of Polymers for

Combinatorial Analytical and Process Control
Elastomers
1. Thermoplastic rubber blends for injection molding
Applications, Adam Safir, (to Symyx Technologies
Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Ltd.
Inc.), US 6,475,391 B2 (2002).
Japan
12. Halogenated Wang Resins for Combinatorial

Chemical Synthesis, Sung Eun Yoo, (to Korea
Research Institute of Chemical Technology),
US 6,482,898 B1 (2002).

{80/71738}, 30 May 1980, 12 pp.
2. Improvement of properties of polyurethane
by simultaneous polymerization of vinyl monomers
Odaka, Fumio; Fujii, Yoshihiko; Watabe, Yoji;
Composite Plastics
Iseda, Yutaka
1. High Buffing Vinyl Aromatic Resin-Wood
New Prod. Dev. Div., Bridgestone
Composites, Duane L. Kenaga, (to The Dow
Tire Co., Ltd.
Chemical Company), US 3,787,344 (1974).
Tokyo 187 Japan
2. In-Mold Coating, David Cobbledick (to The General

Tire & Rubber Company), US 4,508,785 (1985).
3. Cross-linkable Polyester Compositions with
Improved Properties, Carrol G. Reid, (to Union
Carbide Corporation and Plastics Technology
Corporation), US 5,202,366 (1993).
4. Resin Composition for Artificial Marble, Bulk
Molding Compound and Sheet Molding Compound
Using the Same, and Process for Preparing
Artificial Marble Using the Same, Koki Harada, (to
Hitachi Chemical Company), US 5,356,953 (1994).
5. The Use of Divinylbenzene Monomer for Improved
Fiber-Reinforced Composites, Atkins, K.E.; Gandy,
R.C.; Reid, C.J.; Seats, R.L. Proceeding of the
International Composites Expo 97.
6. Heat-Resistant Unsaturated Polyester Resin
Composition and Heat-Resistant Fiber-Reinforced
Composite Material, Koji Yamamoto, (to Kabushiki
Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho), US 5,614,299 (1997).
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, 53(11), 701-5

3. Sanitary rubber articles
Taikyo Gomu Seiko K. K.
Japan
{81/20038}, 25 Feb 1981, 4 pp.
4. Thermoplastic elastomers
Japan
{82/78434}, 17 May 1982, 8 pp.
5. Thermoplastic elastomers
Japan
{82/61038}, 13 Apr 1982, 8 pp.
6. Asphalt composition modified with a
rubbery polymer
Uffner, William E.
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
USA
U.S. US 4332705 A, 1 June 1982, 5 pp.
7. Composite of rubber and a metal reinforcement
Mowdood, Syed Khawja
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
USA
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 73174 A1, 2 Mar 1983,
15 pp. Designated States: DE, FR, GB
30
8. Increasing the reactivity of coupling of
14. Waterproof sheets
19. Vulcanizable compound
block polymers
Yonekura, Katsuyoshi; Uchiyama, Akira;
Yamada, Itsuo; Kodama, Takashi
Carson, William George
Matsuda, Akira
Osaka Soda Co., Ltd.
Japan
USA
Japan
Japan JP 50/25500 {75/25500}, 23 Aug 1975, 5 pp.
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 83576 A2, 13 Jul 1983,
23 pp. Designated States: DE, GB, NL
{85/231748}, 18 Nov 1985, 6 pp.
9. Cross-linking PVC seals
15. Method of producing 1, 2-polybutadiene
20. Light-resistant ethylene-propene-diene rubbers

Fujio, Ryota; Kataoka, Nobuyuki;
Kitayama, Motozumi; Fukabori, Yoshihide;
Nisshin Electric Co., Ltd.
Podolnyi, Yu. B.; Zolotarev, V. L.;
Anzai, Shiro
Japan
Kamenev, Yu. G.; Rabovskaya, R. V.; Krol, V. A.;
Bridgestone Tire Co., Ltd.
Arest-Yakubovich, A. A.; Anosov, V. I.; Golberg, I. P.;
Japan
{83/208372}, 5 Dec 1983, 3 pp.
Diner, E. A.; et al
Japan Kokai JP 50/103548
USSR
{75/103548}, 15 Aug 1975, 6 pp.
10. Partial vulcanization of olefin

rubber polypropylene blends
Japan
U.S.S.R. SU 1255625 A1, 7 Sept 1986

From: Otkrytiya, Izobret. 1986, (33), 112
16. EPDM rubber-based sealing compositions
21. High modulus ethylene-propylene copolymer

rubber compositions
Fujio, Kyuta; Kataoka, Nobuyuki;
Yamamuro, Okimasa
Kitayama, Motozumi; Fukabori, Yoshihide;
{83/152023}, 9 Sept 1983, 9 pp.
Anzai, Shiro
Japan
Japan
11. Emulsion polymerization using monobasic

alkali metal phosphate
Bell, Anthony J.; Beyersdorff, Leland E.
{79/28346}, 2 Mar 1979, 4 pp.

17. Effects of sulfur on the peroxide cure of
22. Polyurethane compositions

Odaka, Fumio; Fujii, Yoshihiko;
USA
EPDM and divinylbenzene compounds
Iseda, Yutaka
U.S. US 4435554 A., 6 Mar 1984, 5 pp.
Fujio, R.; Kitayama, M.; Kataoka, N.;
Anzai, S.
Japan
Res. Div., Bridgestone Tire Co., Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan
{75/98996}, 6 Aug 1975, 14 pp.
12. Heat-vulcanizable treads for the wearing surfaces

of pneumatic tires for motor vehicles
Nordsiek, Karl Heinz; Tornau, Johannes; Wolpers,
Juergen
Chemische Werke Huels A.-G.
Rubber Chem. Technol. 52(1), 74-83

18. Cross-linking of cis-1,4-polybutadiene for
Fed. Rep. Ger.
improved tear resistance
Ger. DE 3414657 Cl, 20 Dec 1984, 10 pp.
Kataoka, Nobuyuki; Fujio, Ryota;
13. Monomer grafting to butyl rubber and

reclaimed butyl rubber
Sebenik, Anton; Skofic, Ivan; Osredkar, Uci;
Vizovisek, Ivan
Kem. Inst. Boris Kidric
Ljubljana, Yugoslavia
Hem. Ind., 38 (Suppl. 4), 81-3
Anzai, Shiro
Japan
23. Thermoplastic Elastomer, Shizuo Shimizu, (to Mitsui

Petrochemical Industries), US 5,310,800 (1994).
24. Cross-linked Thermoplastic Elastomers, Tsu-chia
Shieh, (to Surprenant Cable Corp.),
US 5,539,052 (1996).
25. Photosensitive Elastomer Composition and
Photosensitive Rubber Plate, Takao Suzuki,
{76/33141}, 22 Mar 1976, 5 pp.
(to Nippon Zeon Co. Ltd.), US 5,830,621 (1998).

26. Olefin Thermoplastic Elastomer Sheet,
Makoto Makino, (to Sumitomo Chemical Company
Limited), US 5,902,674 (1999).
31
27. Organosilane Cured Butyl Rubber/Polypropylene
6. Novel Cationic Membranes, Oronzio deNora,
TPV, Donald S. T. Wang, (to Advanced Elastomer
(to Oranzio deNora Impianti Electrochimici),
Systems, L.P.), US 6,147,160 (2000).
US 4,295,952 (1981).
28. Thermoplastic Elastomers of Good Dyeability and
7. Electrochemical Process, Robert A. Cipriano,
High Strength and Elasticity as well as Impact-
(to The Dow Chemical Company),
Resistant Polymer Blends Produced Thereof,
US 4,652,350 (1987).
Manfred Raetzsch, (to Borealis GmbH),

US 6,310,140 B1 (2001).
29. Resin Composition, Polymer, and Process for
Producing Polymer, Yoshiki Nakagawa,
(Kaneka Corporation), US 6,479,854 B1 (2002).
Electrochemical
8. Electrolysis of Alkali Metal Sulfates,

Wolfgang Habermann, (to BASF
Aktiengesellschaft), US 5,258,106 (1993).
9. Polymer Solid-Electrolyte Composition and
Electrochemical Cell Using the Composition,
Paul Stonehart, (to Masahiro Watanabe),
US 5,523,181 (1996).
1. Electrolithographic process for improving

the sensitivity of masking resins
10. Electrochemical Device, Yukihiro Nitta,
Gazard, Maryse; Dubois, Jean Claude
(to Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.),
Thomson-CSF S. A.
US 6,262,879 B1 (2001).
Fr.
Fr. Demande FR 2389922, 1 Dec 1978, 9 pp.
2. Prepreg sheets
Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.
Japan
{81/32526}, 2 Apr 1981, 5 pp.
3. Alkaline battery
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Japan
{84/189568}, 27 Oct 1984, 4 pp.
4. Preparation of toners for electrostatic
image development
Canon K. K.
Japan
{85/57855}, 3 Apr 1985, 7 pp.
5. Anionic Membranes, Oronzio deNora,
Ion Exchange
1. Recovering carboxylic acids
Kawabata, Nariyoshi; Yasuda, Shinichi;
Yamazaki, Takeshi
Koei Chemical Co., Ltd.
Japan
Ger. Offen. DE 3043766, 4 Jun 1981, 22 pp.
2. Synthesis of divinylbenzene-cross-linked terpolymer
consisting of heminstyrene-(1-vinyl-2-methylimidazole)
as cyanide ion exchanger
Kokufuta, Etsuo; Saito, Kiyoshi
Inst. Appl. Biochem., Univ. Tsukuba
Sakura 305, Japan
Polym. Bull. (Berlin), 14 (1), 93-8
3. Advanced treatment of industrial
wastewater using unutilized mineral resources.
(II).
Treatment of wastewater containing various
organic substances
(to Oranzio deNora Impianti Electrochimici),
Itabashi, Osamu; Goto, Tomio; Ikushima, Yutaka
US 4,221,642 (1980).
Gov. Ind. Res. Inst., Tohoku

Sendai 983, Japan
Kogyo Yosui, (327), 23-7
32
4. Cross-linked polymers with homogeneous
14. Remineralizing Material for Orgnomineral Tissues,
8. Ion Exchange Polyethylene Membrane and
structures
Manuel Valiente Malmagro, (to Sociedad Limitado
Process, Larry Y. Yen, (to Millipore Investment
Popov, G.; Schwachula, Gerhard
para el Desarrollo Cientificio Applicado),
Holdings), US 4,531,899 (1996).
VEB Chemiekombinat Bitterfeld E. Ger.
US 6,413,498 B1 (2002).
Ger. (East) DD 124304, 16 Feb 1977, 10 pp.

5. Ion Exchange Resins Having Carbodithioate
Groups, Gilles J. Aresenault, (to Polysar Rubber
9. Device for Sequestration and Concentration

15. Cross-linked, Non-Swellable Ampholytic Base
of Polar Organic Chemicals from Water,
Resins, Martin Grendze, (to Reilly Industries, Inc.),
Jimmie D. Petty, (The United States of America
US 6,420,439 B1 (2002).
represented by the Secretary of the Interior),
Corporation), US 5,118,716 (1992).
US 6,478,961 B2 (2002).
Membranes
6. Preparation of Ion Exchange and Adsorbent

Copolymers, William I. Harris, (to The Dow
7. Process for the Recovery of
Cyclohexanedicarboxylic Acids, (to Eastman Kodak
1. Electrolysis diaphragm
Bachot, Jean; Grosbois, Jean
1. Halogen-Containing Lens Material, Teruo
Rhone-Poulenc Industries S.A.
Sakagami, (to Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki
Fr.
Kaisha), US 4,578,445 (1986).
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 33262, 5 Aug 1981, 13 pp.

2. High-Refractive Index Plastic Optical Material,
Company), US 5,278,339 (1995).

2. Piezodialytic transport across charge-mosaic
8. Phosphonic Acid Based Exchange Resins,
Optical Applications
Teruo Sakagami, US 5,288,844 (1994).
membranes
E. Philip Horwitz, (to Arch Development Corp.),
Blazejewska-Wisniewska, G.; Winnicki, T. Pol.
US 5,449,462 (1995).
Desalination, 38/(1-2-3), 461-71.
3. High Temperature Plastic Light Conduit and

Composition of Matter Thereof, Jamshid J. Zarian,
(to Lumenyte International Corporation),
9. Porous Copolymers Having a Cellular Structure
3. Cation-exchange membrane
Suitable for Preparing Ion-Exchange Resins and
Kiyota, Toru; Asami, Shunichi; Shimizu, Masahiko
Adsorbents, Tom N. Demopolis, (to The Dow
Toyo Soda Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Japan
10. Process for Preparing Ion Exchange Resins by

Chloromethylation of Cross-linked Styrene
Copolymers in the Presence of Saturated
Japan. Kokai JP 52/151684 {77/151684},

16 Dec 1977, 6 pp.
4. A Method for Making Laminated Cation Exchange
Hydrocarbons Swelling Agents, Cheng Q. Song,
Membranes, Jon L. Elsenmann,
(to Sybron Chemical Holdings Inc.),
US 3,607,706 (1971).
US 5,523,327 (1996).
5. Macroporous Polymeric Membranes for the
11. Phosphonic Acid Based Ion Exchange Resins,
Separation of Polymers and a Method of Their
E. Philip Horwitz, (to University of Tennessee
Application, Frantisek Svec, (to Ceskoslovenska
Research Corporation; Arch Development Corp.),
Akademive ved and Akademia Nauk SSSR),
US 5,539,003 (1996).
US 4,923,610 (1990).
12. Site Selective Ion Exchange Resins Templated for
6. Porous Membranes and Production Process
Lead (II) Ion and Methods and Devices for Their
Thereof, Hajime Itoh, (to Mitsubishi Rayon Co.,
Use, George M. Murray, (to University of Maryland,
Ltd.), US 4,961,853 (1990).
US 5,298,327 (1994).
4. Manufacturing Method of a Polymer GRIN Lens
Using Sulfonation, Sang-Don Jung, (to Electronic
& Telecommunications Research Inst.),
US 5,567,363 (1996).
5. High Refractive Index Photochromic Ophthalmic
Article, Charles R. Coleman, (to PPG Industries,
Inc.), US 5,708,064 (1998).
6. Process for Production of Photochromic Cured
Product, Satoshi Imura, (to Tokuyama Corporation),
US 5,910,516 (1999).
7. Temperature Stable and Sunlight Protected
Photochromic Articles. Frederic Henri Florent,
(to Corning Incorporated), US 5,973,039 (1999).
8. Optical Resin Composition, Robert A. Smith,
(to PPG Industries Ohio, Inc.), US 5,917,006 (1999).
Baltimore County), US 5,814,671 (1998).

7. Electrolysis of Alkali Metal Sulfates, Wolfgang
13. Process for the Preparation of Very Acidic Cation
Exchangers, Reinhard Bachmann, (to IAB
Habermann, (to BASF Aktiengesellschaft),
9. Optical Resin Composition, Michael O. Okoroafor,

(to PPG Industries Ohio, Inc.), US 5,976,422 (1999).
US 5,258,106 (1993).
Ionennaustauscher GmbH Bitterfeld),

US 6,228,896 B1 (2001).
33
10. Optical Fiber Cable Assembly, Mikhail M. Girgis,

(to PPG Industries, Inc.), US 6,004,676 (1999).
11. Photochromic Organic Materials, David Henry,
(to Corning Incorporated), US 6,034,193 (2000).
Pharmaceutical
1. New polymer containing aminoalkyl group and its
application to enzyme- and coenzyme-support
Narita, Tadashi; Hirano, Tsuneo
Dep. Environ. Technol., Saitama Inst. Technol.
12. Optical Fiber Cable Assembly and Method of
Osato 369-02, Japan
Reducing Water Wicking in the Same,
Polym. Prepr., Am. Chem. Soc., Div.
Mikhail M. Girgis, (to PPG Industries Ohio, Inc.),
Polym. Chem. 20(1), 878-9
US 6,051,315 (2000).
2. A comparative study of the mechanical-physical
13. Method for Producing a Shaped Piece Suitable for
properties of some acrylic resins with
Optical Purposes, Bert Braune, (to Institut fuer
copolymerizable additives
Neue Materialien Gemeinnuetzige GmbH),
Pop. Marioara; Ciopor. Rozalia; Secosan, E.;
US 6,162,853 (2000).
Krasti, Fr.; Pop. A Fac. Chim. Macromol.
14. Organic Photochromic Materials, Frederic H.

Florent, (to Corning Incorporated), US 6,221,284
B1 (2001).
15. Preparation of Organic Pieces of Optical Quality
and Especially Organic Lenses, David Henry,
(to Corning S.A.), US 6,248,285 (2001).
Timisoara, Rom.
Rev. Chir., Oncol., Radiol., ORL,
Oftalmol., Stomatol., Stomatol., 26(4), 299-304
3. Biologically active proteins bound to copolymers
Batkai, Laszlo; Kovacs, Anna; Horvath, Istvan;
Inczefi, Istvan; Li, Valentina; Marmarosi, Mrs. Tamas
Chinoin Gnogyszer es Vegyeszeti Termekek
Gyara Rt.
Photochromic Articles, Frederic Henri Florent,
Hung.
(to Corning Incorporated), US 6,262,155 B1 (2001).
Hung. Teljes HU 16597,
17. Polymerizable Compositions Based on Difunctional

Monomers, Resins, and Ophthalmic Articles
28 May 1979, 14 pp.

4. Dental filling compositions
Containing Same, David Henry, (to Corning S.A.),
Nakaji, Osamu; Murata, Yoshichika;
US 6,329,482 B1 (2001).
Shibatani, Koichiro

Photochromic Articles, Frederic Henri Florent,
(to Corning Incorporated), US 6,399,682 B2 (2001).
19. Monomer Composition for Optical Plastic Optical
Material, Optical Plastic Material, and Lens,
Yasumi Koinuma, (to NOF Corporation),
US 6,417,273 B1 (2002).
Kuraray Co., Ltd.

Japan
Japan Kokai JP 52/121996 {77/121996},
13 Oct 1977, 5 pp.
5. Vinylbenzyl ester of an N-BOC amino acid
Harris, Nicholas D.
Morton-Norwich Products, Inc.
USA
U.S. US 4033998, 5 Jul 1977, 3 pp.
6. Pharmaceutical Composition with Prolonged
Broncholytic and Tocolytic Activity, Annemarie
Siegl, (to Chemie Linz Aktiengesellschaft),
US 4,344,933 (1982).
34
7. Pharmaceutical Compositions Consisting or
3. Cross-linked copolymers
9. Radiation-cross-linked plasticized
Consisting Essentially of Liposomes, and Processes
Ivanov, V. I.; Khrapov, V. S.;
PVC pipes
for Making Same, Luigi Moro, (to Farmitalia Carlo
Terteryan R. A.; Dushechkin, A. P.;
Hell, Z.; Ravlic, M.; Bogdanovic, L; Males, J.;
Erba S.p.A.), US 4,460,577 (1984).
Pervushina, N. M.; Senakhov, A. V.;
Dvornik, I.; Ranogajec, F.; Ranogajec, M.;
Repina, E. V.
Tudoric-Ghemo. J.
USSR
Jogivinil PVC Ind.
U.S.S.R. SU 829636, 15 May 1981
Kastel Sucurac, Yugoslavia
From: Otkrytiya, Izobret., Prom. Obraztsy, Tovarnye
Radiat. Phys. Chem., 22(3-5), 619-25
8. Resinate of a Substituted Carboxylic Acid, the

Preparation and Use Thereof, and Pharmaceutical
Compositions Containing It, Satish C. Khanna,
(to Ciba Geigy Corporation), US 4,510,128 (1985).
9. Pharmaceutical Compositions Consisting or
Consisting Essentially of Freeze-Dried DrugCarrying Liposomes, Luigi Moro, (to Farmitalia
Carlo Erba S.p.A.), US 4,746,516 (1988).
10. Polystyrene Anion Exchange Polymer
Znaki 1981, (18), 109-10

4. Control polymerization of addition polymerizable
Japan
difunctional monomers
Cave, Burdette Bernard; Roe, James Myron
{83/983241}, 11 Jun 1983, 5 pp.
The Dow Chemical Company

USA
Jaxa-Chamiec, (to Smith Kline & French
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 28394, 13 May 1981, 21 pp.
11. Heterogeneous synthesis of Azepinones from
5. Blends of poly(p-methylstyrene) with a

polyfunctional monomer
Esters, Daniel E. Martin, (Merrell Dow
Arbit, Harold A.
Pharmaceuticals), US 5,250,680 (1993).
Mobil Oil Corp.

USA
12. Blood Cholesterol Reducing Pharmaceutical

Composition, Robert Kunin, US 5,840,339 (1998).
Plastics
1. Compositions containing polypropylene, glass
U.S. US 4281083, 28 Jul 1981, 3 pp.

Cont. in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 971,179, abandoned.
6. Polyester foams
Toray Industries, Inc.
fibers and an ethylenically unsaturated compound
Japan
Locatelli, Jean Louis
Rhone-Poulenc Indutries S. A.
{82/142}, 5 Jan 1982, 10 pp.
Fr.
Fr. Demande FR 2432033, 22 Feb 1980, 15 pp.
2. Copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate-methyl
7. Fire-resistant polymer compositions

Dainichi Nippon Cables, Ltd.
Japan
methacrylate-divinylbenzene in cyclohexane
Mizutani, Yukio; Kusukoto, Koshi; Kagiyama,
{82/109856}, 8 Jul 1982, 15 pp.
Yasuhiro
Kansai Kogyo Co., Ltd.
monomers with small amounts of nonconjugated
Pharmaceutical Composition, Albert A.

Laboratories Limited), US 5,230,885 (1993).
10. Expandable polyolefin composite sheets
8. Manufacture of ethylene polymer moldings
Toluyama Soda Co., Ltd.
Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Toluyama 745, Japan
Japan
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 26(1), 271-6
11. Modification of polypropylene

Japan
{84/93711}, 30 May 1984, 6 pp.
12. Polypropylene compositions
Japan
{84/93709}, 30 May 1984, 8 pp.
13. Fireproof polyolefin foams
Japan
{84/115340}, 3 Jul 1984, 5 pp.
14. Impact-resistant vinyl chloride polymers
Wintzer, Ruth; Gerecke, Jochen; Thiele,
Klaus; Wulff, Dirk; Munkett, Hildegard;
Kuenzel, Adelheid; Rolle, Klaus
VEB Chemische Werke Buna
Ger. Dem. Rep.
Ger. (East) DD 160573 T, 15 Jan 1983, 8 pp.
{82/209911}, 23 Dec 1982, 4 pp.
35
15. Polypropylene molding compositions
21. Cross-linked vinyl chloride resin foams
Nemoto, Norihisa; Ushiki, Masaki;
Japan
Yamane, Toshihiro; Higuchi, Yukio
Meiwa Industry Co., Ltd;
A2 {84/223740}, 15 Dec 1984, 7 pp.
16. Propylene polymer molding compositions

Showa Denko K. K.
Japan
{85/55012}, 29 Mar 1985, 13 pp.
17. Cross-linked polyolefin moldings
Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
Japan
{85/72926}, 25 Apr 1985, 4 pp.
18. Cross-linked propylene polymer prefoamed beads
Kuwabara, Hideki; Sudo, Yoshimi;
Hirozawa, Kuninori
Nippon Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.
Japan
{85/186533}, 24 Sep 1985, 6 pp.
19. Heat-curable epoxy resin composition
Corley, Larry S.
Shell Oil Co.
USA
U.S. US 4544732 A, 1 Oct 1985, 7 pp.
20. Epoxy resin compositions
Kameyama, Masao; Tominaga, Kaoru;
Takeda, Nobuyuki; Iwata, Tadao
Japan
{85/195119}, 3 Oct 1985, 5 pp.
Japan
{85/195133}, 3 Oct 1985, 9 pp.
22. Thermoplastic mixture with
polyfunctional compound
Bussink, Jan; Van der Meer, Roelof
General Electric Co.
USA
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 177988 A1, 16 Apr 1986,
17 pp. Designated States: DE, FR, GB, IT, NL
23. Propylene polymer compositions
Kobayashi, Takeshi; Tone, Fumihiro; Akiyama, Koji
Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
Japan
{86/85462}, 1 May 1986, 5 pp.
24. Optical disks
Ikeno, Shinobu; Usui, Hiroaki; Nakamura,
Masashi; Takanaga, Tetsuya
Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd.
Japan
{86/142551}, 30 Jun 1986, 6 pp.
25. Modification of propylene polymers
Kobayashi, Takeshi; Tone, Fumihiro; Akiyama, Koji
Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd.
Japan
{86/152754}, 11 Jul 1986, 4 pp.
26. Curing of phenol-formaldehyde resins
Starks, Charles M.
Conoco, Inc.
USA
U.S. US 4200706, 29 Apr 1980, 4 pp.
36
27. Impregnated castings chemically resistant
33. Polyethylene foams
39. Process for Producing Modified Styrenic Polymer
to contact with halocarbon refrigerant
Tanaka, Takashi; Sakai, Masao; Takahashi,
Beads for High Strength Foamed Articles,
Gainer, Gordon C.; Luck, Russell M.
Toshimasa
Adolph V. DiGiulio, (to Atlantic Richfield Company),
Westinghouse Electric Corp.
US 4,665,103 (1987).
USA
Japan
U.S. US 4172178, 23 Oct 1979, 9 pp.
Japan Kokai JP 50/130866 {75/130866},
28. Fire-resistant electric insulators

Katayama, Shitomi; Tanaka, Fumio; Jin,
16 Oct 1975, 5 pp.

34. Film-forming polymers
Kiyoshi
Eliseeva, V. I.; Khandozhko, E. N.;
Nihon Hatsujo K. K.
Karapetyan, N. G.; Boshnyakov, I. S.
Japan
Margaryan, A. S.; Zhamkochyan, S. G.;
Ter-Grigoryan, O. V.; Zhuganova, N. V.;
{79/21487}, 17 Feb 1979, 14 pp.
Margulis, I. A.; Kutovskii, M. Ya.
29. Poly(diorganosiloxane) composition

hardenable by radiation
Colquhoun, Joseph Adams; Kalinowski,
Robert Edward
Dow Corning Corp.
USSR
40. Thermoplastic Resin Compositions Having

Excellent Impact Resistance, Weather Resistance
and Moldability, and Process for Preparing the
Same, Kazuo Kishida, (to Mitsubishi Rayon Co. Ltd.),
US 4,912,162 (1990).
41. Polyesters Modified with Polyorganosiloxane/
Polyvinyl Based Graft Polymers, James l. Derudder,
(to General Electric Company), US 4,968,746 (1990).
42. Polyorganosiloxane/Polyvinyl Based Graft
U.S.S.R. SU 478019, 25 Jul 1975
Polymers, Process and Thermoplastic Compositions
From: Otkrytiya, Ozobret., Prom.
Containing the Same, (to General Electric
Obraztsy, Tovarnye Znaki 1975, 52(27), 72
Company), US 5,045,595 (1991).
35. Laminated printed-circuit boards
43. Polyphenylene Ether or Polyphenylene Ether/
USA
Kamikita, Masakazu; Oizumi, Masayuki;
Polystyrene with Polyorganosiloxane/Polyvinyl-
Ger. Offen. DE 2651009, 24 Nov 1977, 34 pp.
Fushiki, Yasuo; Itsushiki, Minoru
Based Graft Polymer Modifiers, Muhanad A.
Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Alsamarraie, (to General Electric Company),
Japan
US 5,047,472 (1991).
30. Thin polyolefin cross-linked films

Norjiri, Akio; Shiina, Naonori
Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd.
Japan
Japan. Kokai JP 52/73948 {77/73948},
21 Jun 1977, 4 pp.
31. Polymeric phenolic antioxidants
Dale, James A.; Leonard, William J.
Dynapol Corp.
USA
U.S. US 4028342, 7 Jun 1977, 7 pp.
Division U.S. 3,930,047
32. Binder, containing novolak and resol
phenol-formaldehyde resins, for
glass-fiber-reinforced plastics
Milotskii, V. V.; Gurnitskaya, A. L.;
Morozov, V. I.
USSR

{80/46970}, 2 Apr 1980, 4 pp.
44. Polyphenylene Ether Foams Low I.V. Polyphenylene

Ether Expandable Miroparticles, Richard C. Bopp,
36. Press material based on nonwoven

glass fiber fillers
(to General Electric Company),

US 5,064,869 (1991).
Zaslavskii, N. N.; Morozov, V. I.;

Milotskii, V. V.
USSR
Khim. Prom-st., Ser.: Proizvod, Pererab.
Plastmass Sint. Smol, (1), 31-3
37. Dimensionally stable polyester bottles
Yazaki, Jinichi; Sakano, Kozaburo
Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd.
Japan
45. Method and Organopolysiloxane/Organic

Polymeric Compositions Obtained Therefrom,
Ann Marie Hellstern, (to General Electric
Company), US 5,106,900 (1992).
46. Impact Modification of Polyimides,
AnnMarie Hellstern, (to General Electric Company),
US 5,200,465 1993).
47. Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene Graft Polymer
and Its PVC Blends Having Low Yellowness, Good
{86/104938}, 23 May 1986, 11 pp.
Clarity, and Improved Impact Strength,
38. Polyacetal Resin Composition Excellent in Heat
U.S.S.R. SU 540893, 30 Dec 1976
Stability and Surface Processibility and Process
From: Otkrytiya, Izobret., Prom. Obraztsy,
for Surface Treating Same, Yoshihiro Hattori,
Tovarnye Znaki 1976, 53(48), 76-7
(to Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha),
I-Chung W. Wang, (to General Electric Company),

US 5,268,430 (1993).
US 4,464,435 (1984).
37
48. High Impact and Low Crease Stress Whitening
5. Copolymerization of 1,1-diphenylethylene with
ABS Blends, Seldon L. Dotson, (to General electric
m- and p-divinylbenzene and grafting the
Company), US 5,430,100 (1995).
copolymers with methacrylates
49. Styrene Base Random Copolymer and Process

for Producing the Same, Satoshi Nakagawa,
(to Sumitomo Chemical Company),
US 5,854,366 (1998).
50. Method of Improving the Weatherability and Color
Retention Performance of Styrene Copolymer
Compositions, Gary J. Kogowski, (to BASF
Corporation), US 6,482,893 B1 (2002).
Polymer Synthesis
1. The reactivity of polydiene anions
with divinylbenzene
Hatada, Koichi; Okamoto, Yoshio;

Kitayama, Tatsuki; Sasaki, Shigeru
Fac. Eng. Sci., Osaka Univ.
Toyonaka 560, Japan
Polym. Bull. (Berlin), 9(4-5), 228-35
6. Use of polyfunctional monomers as additives
in accelerating the radiation grafting of styrene
to polyolefins
Ang. Chye H.; Garnett, John L.;
Levot, Ronald
Dep. Chem., Univ. New South Wales
Kensington 2033, Australia
Org. Coat. Appl. Polym. Sci. Proc., 46, 356-7
Martin, M. K.; Ward, T. C.; McGrath, James E.

Chem. Dept., Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ.
Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
ACS Symp. Ser., 166(Anionic Polym.), 557-80
7. Copolymerization of styrene with divinylbenzene

at initial stages
Markovskaya, R. F.; Alekseeva, E. S.;
Elagin, G. I.; Yanchuk, A. N.; Savenkov, V. I.;
2. Hydrophobic properties of textile materials

produced by grafting of various monomers
by ionizing radiation
Ilichev, S. N.
USSR
Plast. Massy, (8), 5-7
Trbojevic-Gobac, Slobodanka
Ekon. Fak.
8. Oil-soluble, star-branched, hydrogenated polymers
Zagreb, Yugoslavia
and their use as oil additives
Tekstil, 30(11), 649-53
Eckert, Rudolf Josef Albrecht

Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij
3. Polyfunctional monomers as additives for

enhancing the radiation copolymerization of
styrene with polyethylene, polypropylene, and PVC
B.V.
Neth.
Ger. Offen. DE 3428402 Al, 21 Feb 1985, 17 pp.
Ang. Chye H.; Garnett, John L.; Levot, Ronald;

Long, Mervyn A. Sch. Chem.,
9. Attempt to use Melasil for production of
Univ. New South Wales
wood-polymer composites
Lawniczak, Maciej; Kruczek, Jolanta
J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 27(12), 4893-5
Akad. Roln.
Posnan 60-637, Pol.
4. Accelerated radiation-induced grafting of styrene

to polyolefins in the presence of acid and
polyfunctional monomers
Ang, C. H.; Garnett, J. L.; Levot, R.; Long,
M. A. Sch. Chem., Univ. New South Wales
J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Ed., 21(4), 257-61
38
Pr. Kom. Technol. Drewna, Poznan. Tow.

Przyj. Nauk, 11, 81-94
10. Kinetics of the suspension copolymerization of
16. Tin chloride complexes with nucleophilic
22. Phenylene-containing organosilanes
ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile and divinylbenzene
compounds as catalysts and regulators of the
Panster, Peter; Kleinschmit, Peter
Krejcar, Emil; Seidl, Josef; Matejicek, Alois
reaction rate of the cationic copolymerization of
Degussa A.-G.
Forschungsinst, Synth. Harze and Lacke Pardubice,
styrene and divinylbenzene
Fed. Rep. Ger.
Czech.
Dukhnenko, E. M.; Yankovskii, Yu. N.; Goldshtein,
Ger. Offen SE 3518878 A1, 27 Nov 1986, 16 pp.
Plaste Kautsch., 33(7), 245-7
V.V.; Lyadov, B.S. USSR
11. Synthesis and characterization of telechelic liquid

polymers and their multi-phase copolymers. IV.
Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 51(1) 226

17. Investigation of the radical copolymerization
23. Recovery of trace uranium in dilute aqueous

sulfuric acid containing organic matter Power
Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corp.;
Semi and fully interpenetrating polymer networks
of styrene and divinylbenzene
Koei Chemical Co., Ltd.
based on polyurethane/methyl methacrylate
Okasha, R., Hild, G.; Rempp, P.
Japan
Chen. Zhongxiao; Wei, Xureong; Bian, Xinsheng;
Cent. Rech. Macromol., CNRS
Nie, Qian; Guo, Fengchun;
Strasbourg 67083, Fr.
{82/111244}, 10 Jul 1982, 5 pp.
Zhang, Qingyu
Eur. Polym. J., 15(1), 975-82
Changchun Inst. Appl. Chem., Acad. Sin.

Changchun, Peop. Rep. China
18. Filterability additives for middle distillates
24. Impregnant for densifying articles with carbon

Lysenko, E. K.; Kolupaeva, D. I.; Tkachev, A. L.;
Artiguebieille, Marie J.; Sillion, Bernard
Loktionov, Yu. D.
Institut Francais du Petrole, des Carburants et
USSR
Lubrifiants;
U.S.S.R. SU 897826 A1, 15 Jan 1982
under the action of organolithium initiators
Entreprise de Recherches et dActivites Petrolieres
From: Otkrytiya, Izobret., Prom. Obraztsy,
based on styrene and divinylbenzene
Fr.
Tovarnye Znaki 1982, (2) 119
Pakuro, N. I.; Rogozhkina, E. D.; Polyakov, D. K.
Fr. Demande FR 2262102, 19 Sept 1975, 12 pp.
Yingyong Huaxue, 3(5), 34-8

12. Synthesis of bifunctional isoprene oligomers
Nauchno-Issled, Fiz.-Khim. Inst. im.

Karpova
Moscow, USSR
Vyskomol. Soedin, Ser. B, 29(3), 201-3
13. Coupled hydrocarbon polymers
Naylor, Floyd Edmond
Phillips Petroleum Co.
USA
19. Consolidating porous formations using vinyl
25. Sorptional purification of water-alcohol solutions

Lutskaya, B. P.; Chernyaga, B. S.; Avakyants, S. P.
polymer sealer with divinylbenzene cross-linker
USSR
McLaughlin, Homer Charles
Pishch. Prom-st., Ser. 12 (Nauchno-Tekh. Ref. Sb.),
Halliburton Co.
(4), 26-8
USA
U.S. US 4070865, 31 Jan 1978, 12 pp.
20. Polymeric pseudocrown ethers. 1. Synthesis and
26. Effect of vinyl monomer additives on the rate

of radiation-induced polymerization of styrene
in concrete
complexation with transition metal anions
Kapustina, I. B.
Warshawsky, Abraham; Kalir, Rami; Deshe,
Inst. Yad. Energ.
Abraham; Berkovitz, Hedva; Patchornik, Abraham
Minsk, USSR
novel condensation polymerization.
Dep. Org. Chem., Weizmann Inst. Sci.
Vestsi Akad. Navuk BSSR, Ser. Fiz-Energ.
Comparison with theory
Rehovot, Israel
Navuk, (4) 28-31
Kronstadt, Michael; Dubin, Paul L.; Tyburczy,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 101(15), 4249-58
Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 2012, 30 May 1979, 34 pp.

14. Molecular weight distribution of a
James A.
Dynapol
21. Solid makeups containing encapsulated volatile oils
27. Use of gel permeation chromatography to

determine the structure and polymerization
Kumagai, Shigenori; Yoneyama, Toshio;
mechanism of branched block copolymers
Hatao Masato
Ambler, Michael R.
Shiseido Co., Ltd.
Japan
Akron, OH, USA
a starting material for biomedical polymers
Chromatogr. Sci., 19(Liq. Chromatogr. Polym. Relat.
Tsuruta, Teiji; Narita, Tadashi
{86/60605}, 28 Mar 1986, 4 pp.
Mater. 3), 29-77
Palo Alto, Calif., USA

Macromolecules, 11(1), 37-40
15. New monomer possessing dialkylamino group
Fac. Eng., Univ. Tokyo

Tokyo, Japan
Jpn.-USSR Polym. Symp., {Proc.}, 2nd,
111-18, Soc. Polym. Sci., Jpn.: Tokyo, Japan
39
28. Properties and structure of polymerconcrete

composite material with divinylbenzene as a
cross-linking agent
Zeldin, A. N.; Kukacka, L. E.; Fontana, J.; Carciello, N.
Dep. Energy Environ., Brookhaven
Natl. Lab.
Upton, NY 11973, USA
Polym. Compos., 2(1), 1-7
29. Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Cross-linked Terpolymers,
Robert Baeskai, (to Chevron Research Company),
US 3,720,637 (1973).
30. Acrylic Copolymers, Alain Ribba, (to Manufacture
de Produits Chimiques Protex), US 3,966,687
(1976).
31. High Efficiency Absorbent Articles for Incontinence
Management, Gerald A. Young, (to The Proctor &
Gamble Company), US 5,147,345 (1992).
32. Star Block Copolymers of Vinyl Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Polydimethysiloxane and
Method of Synthesis, Ronald J. Hoxmeier,
(to Shell Oil Company), US 5,276,095 (1994).
33. Shaped Articles from Orientable Polymers and
Polymer Microbeads, Larry K. Maier,
(to Eastman Kodak Company), Re. 34,742 (1994).
34. Low Temperature Toughening of Polyesters with a
Modified Block Copolymer, Michel J. Modic,
35. Low Temperature Conversion of Polymerized
(to Tonen Corporation), US 5,502,114 (1996).

39. Anionic Polymerization Process Using
Functionalized Initiators, James A. Schwindemann,
(to FMC Corporation), US 5,567,774 (1996).
40. Thermoset Interpolymers and Foams,
Kevin W. McKay, (to The Dow Chemical Company),
US 5,869,591 (1999).
41. Linear Copolymers of Alpha-Olefins and
Divinylbenzene Having Narrow Molecular Weight
Distributions and Process for Preparing Same,
Tze-Chiang Chung, (The Penn State Research
Foundation), US 6,096,849 (2000).
42. Polyolefin Graft Copolymers Derived from Linear
Copolymers of Alpha-Olefins and Divinylbenzene
Having Narrow Molecular Weight Distributions
and Process for Preparing Same,
Tze-Chiang Chung, (The Penn State Research
Foundation), US 6,265,493 B1 (2001).
43. Method for Producing Copolymers in the Presence
of a Chain Transfer Agent, Jose M. Sosa,
(to Fina Technology, Inc.), US 6,353,066 B1 (2002).
44. Modified Polystyrene Spherical Resin and Process
for Decontaminating Wastewater by Using the
Same, Yoon Sik Lee, (to Beadtech Inc.),
US 6,369,169 B1 (2002).
45. Potentially Hydrophilic Resins and Compositions
Comprising the Same, Minoru Takizawa,
Esters, Donn A. DuBois, (to Shell Oil Company),
(to Dainichiselka Color & Chemicals Mfg. Co., Ltd.),
US 5,338,802 (1994).
US 6,465,595 B1 (2002).
36. Process for Producing Cross-linked Monodispersed

Polymeric Particles, Kathryn L. Longley,
37. Concentrates of a Highly Branched Polymer and
Functional Fluids Prepared Thereof, Frederick C.
Loveless, (to Mobil Oil Corporation),
US 5,484,866 (1996).
40
38. Terminal-Modified Polyolefins, Naomi Murakami,
Reprography
1. Aromatic Diolefinic Compounds, Aromatic Diethyl
Compounds and Electrographic Photoconductors
Comprising One Aromatic Diethyl Compound,
13. Resin Composition for Electrophotographic Toner,
25. Acrylic Resins as Binders for Gravure Printing Inks,
Katsuru Matsumoto, (to Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals
Richard C. Houser, (to Westvaco Corporation),
Incorporated), US 5,502,110 (1996).
US 6,020,401 (2000).
14. Conductive Composite Particles and Processes for
26. Polymerizable Ink Composition, Matthias D.
Tomoyuki Shimada, (to Ricoh Company, Ltd.),
the Preparation Thereof, Michael F. Cunningham,
Kemeny, (to Idea Development Company),
US 4,886,846 (1989).
(to Xerox Corporation), US 5,516,619 (1996).
US 6,126,731 (2000).
2. Process for the Preparation of Cross-linked
15. Process for Preparing Conductive Polymeric
27. Process for Preparing an Ink Jet Ink,
Copolymers, Michael K. Georges,
Particles with Linear and Cross-linked Portions,
Charles E. Romano, (to Eastman Kodak Company),
Hadi K. Mahabadi, (to Xerox Corporation),
US 6,210,474 B1 (2001).
3. Semisuspension Polymerization Process,

US 5,043,404 (1991).
4. Processes for the Preparation of Toners,
US 5,164,282 (1992).
5. Conductive Composite Particles and Processes for
US 5,575,954 (1996).
16. Aqueous Compositions Useful as Printing Vehicles,
Serge Tavernier, (to Xelkon, N.V.), US 6,238,835
US 5,616,364 (1997).
B1 (2001).
17. Toner Resin, Hirokazu Ito, (to Mitsubishi Rayon

Company Ltd.), US 5,674,962 (1997).
18. Toner for Electrophotography and Process for
Producing the Same, Koji Nakayama, (to
Tomeogawa Paper Co., Ltd.), US 5,629,121 (1997).
Enhancing Additive Particles, Eugene F. Young,
19. Conductive Polymers, Michael F. Cunningham,

Ronald F. Ziolo, (to Xerox Corporation),
Manufacture, Wei-Hsin, (to Copytele, Inc.),

US 5,869,558 (1999).
US 5,322,756 (1994).
21. Toner Compositions and Processes Thereof,
8. Dry Carrier Coating and Processes, Hadi K.
Mahabadi, (to Xerox Corporation),
Beng S. Ong, (to Xerox Corporation),

US 5,896,215 (1999).
US 5,330,874 (1994).
22. Method to Media Mill Particles Using Cross-linked
9. Binder Resin Used in a Toner, Yoshihiko Hiyousu,
(to Canon Kabushiki Kaisha), US 5,321,091 (1994).
10. Toner for Developing Electrostatic Image and
Polymer Media and Organic Solvent,

Dennis E. Smith, (to Eastman Kodak Company),
Particles for Carrier Coatings, Thomas E. Enright,

Rubber
1. Organo-Dilithuim Initiator for Anionic
Polymerization, a Novel Polyisoprene, and
Strecker, (to The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy),
US 3,862,251 (1975).
2. Ethylene-Propylene Copolymer Rubber Composition
Having High Modulus, Ryota Fujio, (to Bridgestone
Tire Company Limited), US 3,931,097 (1976).
3. Insoluble Chloroprene Polymer, Chojiro Kitagawa,
(to Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha),
US 3,933,754 (1976).
4. Organic Reinforcing Fillers for Rubber,
23. Toner for Developing Electrostatic Images and
Image Forming Method, Akira Hashimoto,
11. Photosensitive Compositions and Elements for
Flexographic Printing, Milton Farber, (to Chase
24. Carrier, Hadi K. Mahabadi, (to Xerox Corporation),
12. Polyesters Based on Hydroxyl-Containing
Polymerization Process for Making Submicron Sized
US 5,902,711 (1999).
Process for Production Thereof, Kiyoko Tsuchiya,
Elastomers Corporation), US 5,496,684 (1996).
29. Surfactant Free Semi-Continuous Emulsion
Processes for Production Thereof, Ruediger A. H.

20. Black Electrographic Particles and Method of
7. Magnetic Fluids and Method of Preparation,
Linear Polymer, A Cross-linked Polymer and a Wax,
Brenda A. Cleary, (to Henkel Corporation),
the Preparation Thereof, Hadi K. Mahabadi,
6. Magnetic Toner Compositions Containing Charge
28. Toner Particles Containing a Mixture of a Modified
Frederick C. Schawb, (to Mobil Oil Corporation),

US 3,972,963 (1976).
5. Rubber Compositions of Polyisoprene -Methyl
US 5,998,076 (1999).
Styrene, Divinylbenzene and Dialkylperoxide,

Ryota Fujio, (to Bridgestone Tire Company Limited),
US 3,981,943 (1976).
Prepolymers of Olefinically Unsaturated Monomers

and Their Use as Binders for Electrophotographic
Toners, Georg Meichsner, (to BASF
Aktiengesellschaft), US 5,494,964 (1996).
41
6. Acrylic Rubber, Acrylic Rubber Composition and

Cured Rubber Article Thereof, Toshio Ohhara,
(to Japan Synthetic Rubber Co., Ltd.),
US 4,912,186 (1990).
7. Butyl Rubber/Polypropylene Elastoplastic,
Keith J. Robinson, (to Polysar Limited),
US 4,916,180 (1990).
8. Antifouling Organometallic Polymer Rubber
Coverings, Vincent J. Castelli, (to The United States
of America as represented by the Secretary of the
Navy), US 4,966,925 (1990).
9. Thermoplastic Rubber Compositions, Toshiaki
Kobayashi, (to Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.),
US 5,057,566 (1991).
10. Methacrylate-Butadiene-Styrene Graft Polymer and
Its PVC Blends Having Low Yellowness, Good
Clarity, and Improved Impact Strength,
3. Lube Oil Additive, Rudolf J. A. Eckert, (Shell Oil

Company), US 4,358,565 (1982).
4. Process for Forming Oil-Soluble Product,
Michael K. Martin, (Shell Oil Company),
US 4,409,120 (1983).
5. Dispersant-VI Improver Product, Michael K. Martin,
(Shell Oil Company), US 4,427,834 (1984).
6. Modified Dense Star Polymers, Donald A. Tomalia,
(1989).
7. Modified VI Improvers, Arie Van Zon, (to Shell Oil
Company), US 4,970,009 (1990).
8. Oil Compositions Containing Modified Star
Improvers, Robert J. Sutherland, (to Shell Oil

Company), US 5,486,563 (1996).
16. Star-Branched Polymers and Functional Fluids
Prepared Therefrom, Wan-Li Liu, (to Mobil Oil
Corporation), US 5,489,649 (1996).
17. Star Polymers of Dienes, Vinylarenes and Alkyl
Methacrylates as Modified Viscosity Index
Company), US 5,496,898 (1996).
18. Multifunctional Initiator for Obtaining Star-Shaped
Polymer by an Anionic Route, Process for Its
Manufacture and Corresponding Star-Shaped
Polymers, Process for Their Manufacture and Their
Polymers, Robert B. Rhodes, (to Shell Oil
Application, Pierre Lutz, (to Elf Atochem S.A.),
Company), US 5,035,820 (1991).
US 5,633,323 (1997).
9. Preparation of Modified Star Polymers,
19. Coupling to Produce Inside-Out Star Polymers with
I-Chung W. Wang, (to General Electric Company),
Arie Van Zon, (to Shell Oil Company),
Expanded Cores, Ronald James Hoxmeier,
US 5,268,430 (1993).
US 5,141,996 (1992).
11. Rubbery Blend Having Low Permanent Compression
10. Antioxidant Dispersant Antiwear VI Improver
20. Functionalized Polymer Produced with
Set, Hung D. Ngoc, (to The Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Additive and Lubricating Oil Composition
Functionalized Initiators by Anionic Polymerization,
Company), US 5,362,787 (1994).
Containing Same, Mummaya K. Mishra,
James A. Schwindemann, (to FMC Corporation),
(to Texaco Inc.), US 5,264,139 (1993).
US 5,792,815 (1998).
12. Process for Producing High 1,2-Enriched

Polybutadiene Latices, Dwain M. White,
13. Process for Producing Modified Cross-linked
Polymer Particles, Nobuyuki Ito, (to Japan Synthetic
Rubber Co., Ltd.), US 5,773,519 (1998).
14. Continuous Polymerization Process, Jean Steininger
Clites, (to Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company),
US 5,995,537 (1999).
11. Star Polymers of Dienes, Vinylarenes and Alkyl
Star Polymers
1. Hydrogenated Star-Shaped Polymer, Rudolf J. A.
Eckert, (Shell Oil Company), US 4,116,917 (1978).
2. Hydrogenated Star-Shaped Polymer, Rudolf J. A.
Eckert, (Shell Oil Company), US 4,156,673 (1979).
21. Functional Telechelic Star Polymers,
Methacrylates as Modified Viscosity Index
Robert J. Letchford, (to FMC Corporation),
US 5,919,870 (1999).
Company), US 5,344,887 (1994).

12. Multi-Arm Cationic Star-Polymers,
Joseph P. Kennedy, (to The University of Akron),
US 5,395,885 (1995).
13. Star Polymer Viscosity Index Improver for Oil
Compositions, Robert B. Rhodes, (to Shell Oil
42
15. Process for Making Dispersant Viscosity Index
Company), US 5,458,791 (1995).

Compositions, Robert B. Rhodes, (to Shell Oil
Company), US 5,460,739 (1995).

Compositions, Robert Barnett Rhodes,
(Shell Oil Company), US 6,034,042 (2000).
23. Process for Improving Linking Efficiencies in the
Synthesis of Star Polymers, Roderic Paul Quirk,
(to FMC Corporation), US 6,107,408 (2000).
Dow encourages its customers and potential

users of Dow products to review their
applications of such products from the
standpoint of human health and environmental quality. To help ensure that Dow products
Customer Notice
are not used in ways for which they are not

intended or tested, Dow personnel will assist
customers in dealing with ecological and
product safety considerations. Dow product
literature, including Material Safety Data
Sheets, should be consulted prior to use of
Dow products. For information or assistance,
contact The Dow Chemical Company at
one of the numbers listed on the back of
this brochure.
43
DVB
Divinylbenzene
Cross-link a variety of materials
for improved thermal, physical,
and chemical properties
To learn more
In the U.S. and Canada,
call 1-800-447-4369 or fax 989-832-1465
In other areas of the world,
call 989-832-1560 or fax 989-832-1465
www.dow.com
NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one
location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are
appropriate for Customers use and for ensuring that Customers workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other
governmental enactment. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.
Published January 2003
Printed in U.S.A.
*Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company
Form No. 503-00002-0103AMS

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DVB

Cross-link a variety of materials

The versatile cross-linking agent

And as little as 0.5% divinylbenzene in

for improving material properties

a styrene polymerization makes the polymer

Divinylbenzene (DVB) is an extremely

insoluble. However, polymers containing low

versatile cross-linking agent that also

amounts of divinylbenzene will swell as much

improves polymer properties. As a result,

as 20 to 40 times their original volumes.

it has been used to manufacture adhesives,

Increasing amounts of divinylbenzene reduce

plastics, elastomers, ceramics, biological

the swelling until it is almost nonexistent at

materials, coatings, catalysts, membranes,

the 10% DVB level.

pharmaceuticals, specialty polymers, and

Dow offers three grades of DVB to best

It is also important that just a small amount

Dow recognizes that your requirements for

of DVB is needed to improve both chemical

DVB may not always be the same in every

and physical properties. This efficiency in

application. Thats why we offer three levels of

use allows you to gain selected property

DVB concentration, allowing you to balance

improvements without hindering others.

economy with functionality. For the greatest

In short, DVB allows you to create materials

DVB-55 is your best choice. DVB-63 and

not otherwise possible and enhance the

DVB-HP (80% DVB) work best when you need

properties of existing materials in many ways.

high levels of dual double bond functionality

For example, when used to cross-link

least amount of material. DVB-HP should also

polystyrene, DVB increases solvent

be considered when higher concentrations of

resistance, heat distortion, impact

ethylvinylbenzene (the major complementary

strength, tensile strength, and hardness.

component in these DVB products) do not

Meta:Para Divinylbenzene isomer ratio

Meta:Para Ethylvinylbenzene isomer ratio

t-butyl catechol inhibitor

Heat Distortion Temperature, C

The increase in heat distortion temperature

Like tensile strength, impact strength

Tensile Strength, psi

The tensile strength increases with the

Hardness increases steadily with increasing divinylbenzene concentration.

Heat Capacity, cal./(g C)

Flammable Limits, Volume %

DVB is used to modify the properties of a

For an even broader overview of this

chromatography. Highly cross-linked

Combinatorial Chemistry involves the rapid

DVB has increased the electron sensitivity of

DVB is used to create polymers for enzyme

synthetic assembly of structural building

photomasks for electron-beam lithography