TOPIC 1: Network Addresses

Network (IP) Address

3.

Internet Protocol (IP) Address

the number used to uniquely identify a

device on the network
consist of four sections
each section is 8 bits long
Each section can range from 0 to 255
Example: 10.1.1.1

4.

5.

1st Octet Decimal Range: 128191

1st Octet High Order Bits: 10
Class C
used for small networks
1st Octet Decimal Range: 192223
1st Octet High Order Bits: 110
Class D
used specifically for multicasting
1st Octet Decimal Range: 224239
1st Octet High Order Bits: 1110
Class E
used for experimental testing
1st Octet Decimal Range: 240254
1st Octet High Order Bits: 1111

How to check if an IP address is valid for

commercial use?
IPv4 vs IPv6

IPv4 is 32-bit long: 4 sections and

each sections is 8 bits. 4 x 8 = 32
IPv6 is 128-bit long: 8 sections and
each sections is 16 bits. 8 x 16 = 128

If each section is separated by dots:

o Invalid: 128-35-0-72
If first or last octet is greater than 0
and less than 255.
o Invalid: 150.100.24.255
No leading zeroes:
o Invalid: 111.56.045.78
Out of Range:
o Invalid: 75.45.301.14
Non-Commercial: Class D, Class E and
Reserved IPs.
o Invalid: 224.156.217.73
o Invalid: 127.34.25.189

How to determine the class of an IP address?

Five Classes of IP Addresses:

1.

2.

Class A
used for governments or large
networks
1st Octet Decimal Range: 1-126
1st Octet High Order Bits: 0
Class B
used for medium-sized
companies

If the 1st Octet ranges from 1-126, it is

Class A.
o Ex. 123.1.1.15 (first octet 123
is within 1 126 range)

If the 1st Octet ranges from 128-191, it

is Class B.
o Ex. 150.127.221.224 (first
octet 150 is within 128 - 191
range)

If the 1st Octet ranges from 192-223, it

is Class C.
o Ex. 194.125.35.199 (first octet
194 is within 192 223 range)

If the 1st Octet ranges from 224-239, it

is Class D.
o Ex. 224.156.217.73 (first octet
150 is within 224 239 range)

If the 1st Octet ranges from 240-254, it

is Class E.
o Ex. 243.143.252.207 (first
octet 243 is within 240 254
range)

Subnetting and Subnet Masks

Subnetting

process of dividing a network into

smaller network sections

Solution: Determine the Class.

1st Octet 126 is in the range 1-126
which means it is Class A.
Therefore, the default subnet mask is
255.0.0.0.
DHCP and DNS
Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)

protocol that automatically assigns IP

addresses to the clients in a computer
network

Subnet Mask

property used to set or assign a logical

network within a network

a subnet mask allows users to identify

which part of an IP address is reserved
for the network and which part is
available for host use.

for two computers to communicate,

they should be in the same
subnetwork.

Domain Name Server (DNS)

responsible for mapping

out and

navigating hosts on the

Internet based on names

Default Subnet Masks:

255.0.0.0 Class A; the first octet is

the network portion.
255.255.0.0 Class B; the first two
octets are the network portion.
255.255.255.0 Class C; the first
three octets are the network portion

TOPIC 2: Connecting Devices

Transmission Media

How to determine the Default Subnet Mask of

an IP address?

First, determine the Class (A, B, or C)

of the IP address.
Class A = 255.0.0.0.
Class B = 255.255.0.0
Class C = 255.255.255.0

Example:
1.

Given the IP address 126.123.23.1,

determine its default subnet mask.

Wired
Twisted Pair Cable
most commonly used
transmission medium
composed of four pairs of
wires twisted to protect
against crosstalk
can either be Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP) or
Unshielded Twisted
Pair (UTP)


Coaxial

STRAIGHT THROUGH A

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Side A
(Color)
White
Orange
Orange
White
Green
Blue
White Blue
Green
White
Brown
Brown

Side B
(Color)
White
Orange
Orange
White
Green
Blue
White Blue
Green
White
Brown
Brown

Cable
Tester
Results

2
3

2
3

4
5
6
7

4
5
6
7

Wireless
using some
form of
technology
to transfer
information
over a
distance
without the
use of
physical
media such
as copper
or fiber
cables.
Ex. Radio

Frequencies (RF) or Infrared

(IR) waves
Cable
composed of a solid-core
copper wire covered by a
layer of insulation
bandwidth of 10Mbps

Common Networking Problems

1. Attenuation signal loss due to
length of signal travel

CROSSOVER CABLE B

Pin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Side A
(Color)
White
Orange
Orange
White
Green
Blue
White Blue
Green
White
Brown
Brown

Cable
Tester
Results

Side B
(Color)
White
Green
Green
White
Orange
White
Brown
Brown
Orange
Blue
White Blue

2
3

6
1

5
6
7

8
2
4

2. Noise an
unwanted electric
signal that
interferes with
data signal
3. Delay the time
difference
between sending
and receiving of
data
4. Cross-talk interference
caused by cables
that intersect
each other

5. EMI
Electromagnetic
Interference; an electrical or electronic
disturbance.

Network Cabling Standards

1. Straight-Through A (T568A)

Fiber Optic Cable

digital data signals are
carried in the form of
modulated pulses of light

2. Straight-Through B (T568B)

3. Crossover Cable A

4. Crossover Cable B

STRAIGHT THROUGH B

Side A
Side B
(Color)
(Color)
1
White
White
Green
Green
2
Green
Green
CABLE
3 CROSSOVER
White
White A
Orange
Orange
4
Blue
Blue
Pin White
SideBlue
A
SideBlue
B
5
White
(Color)
(Color)
6
Orange
Orange
1
7
White
White
Orange
Green
Brown
Brown
2
Orange
Green
8
Brown
Brown
3
White
White
Green
Orange
4
Blue
Blue
5
White Blue White Blue
6
Green
Orange
7
White
White
Brown
Brown
8
Brown
Brown

Cable
Tester
Results

Pin

2
2
3Cable3
Tester
Results
4
4
5
5
6
6
1
3
7
7
2
8
3

6
8
1

4
5
6
7

4
5
2
7