ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES

ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER # 01

Formula:
Instruction in mathematical form.
A formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically as in
a mathematical or chemical formula.
A formula is an entity constructed using the symbols and formation rules
of a given logical language.
Quantity:
Quantity is a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude.
Quantities can be compared in terms of "more," "less," or "equal," or by
assigning a numerical value in terms of a unit of measurement.
Quantity is among the basic classes of things along
with quality, substance, change, and relation. Being a fundamental term,
quantity is used to refer to any type of quantitative properties or
attributes of things.
Dependent:
Relying on someone or something else for aid, support, etc.
Conditioned or determined by something else.

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Independent:
Not influenced or controlled by others in matters of opinion, conduct,etc.
Not subject to another's authority or jurisdiction; autonomous; free.

Voltage:
Voltage, electric potential difference, electric pressure or electric
tension .
The voltage between two points is equal to the work done per unit of
charge (against a static electric field to move the charge between two
points and is measured in units of volts), (a joule per coulomb).A
voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage (or potential difference)
between two points in a system.

C=

Q
V

Q= CV
V= amount of work done per unit charge
V=

w
q

Joules
Coulumb

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Charge:
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

Area:
Area is the size of a surface. Area is the quantity that expresses the
extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the
plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a
three-dimensional object.

Influence:
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The capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force onor

produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc.
the action or process of producing effects on the actions, behavior,opinio
ns, etc.
Gravity:
The force of attraction by which terrestrial bodies tend to fall toward the
center of the earth.
On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects and causes the tides.
Gravity is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
The gravitational attraction is approximately 1038 times the strength of
the strong force.
Electric Potential:
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential or
the electrostatic potential) is the amount of electric potential energy that
a unitary point electric chargewould have if located at any point in
space, and is equal to the work done by an electric field in carrying a
unit positive charge from infinity to that point.
Pressure:
The exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc.
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the
surface of an object per unit area over which that force is
distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelledgage pressure) is the pressure
relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure.

Voltage source:
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A voltage source is a two terminal device which can maintain a

fixed voltage.[1] An ideal voltage source can maintain the fixed voltage
independent of the load resistance or the output current. However, a realworld voltage source cannot supply unlimited current. A voltage source
is the dual of a current source. Real-world sources of electrical energy,
such as batteries, generators, and power systems, can be modeled for
analysis purposes as a combination of an ideal voltage source and
additional combinations of impedance elements.

An ideal voltage source is a two-terminal device that maintains a fixed

voltage drop across its terminals.If the voltage across an ideal voltage
source can be specified independently of any other variable in a circuit,
it is called an independent voltage source. Conversely, if the voltage
across an ideal voltage source is determined by some other voltage or
current in a circuit, it is called a dependent or controlled voltage source.

A= I =

q
t

Coulumb
Second

Ampere = Current = Charge per unit

Power:
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In physics, power is the rate of doing work. It is equivalent to an amount

of energy consumed per unit time. In the SI system, the unit of power is
the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honour of James Watt,
the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine.

Power = VI =

w
q

Watt = Power =

.
w
t

q
t

(workdone per unit time)

Ohms law :
Ohm's Law deals with the relationship between voltage and current in
an ideal conductor. This relationship states that: The potential difference
(voltage) across an ideal conductor is proportional to the current through
it. The constant of proportionality is called the "resistance", R.

Ohms law states the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. Introducing the
constant of proportionality.

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VE

IE

RE

()

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the

voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is
the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically,
Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of
the current.
Conductor :
In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of
material that allows the flow of electrical current in one or more
directions. For people , a wire is an electrical conductor that can carry
electricity along its length.
Resistance :
The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is a measure of the
difficulty to pass an electric current through that conductor. The inverse
quantity is electrical conductance, the ease with which an electric current
passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the
notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is
the ohm (), while electrical conductance is measured in Siemens (S).

G=

IE
RE

Siemens

VE
IE

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IE

VE
RE

RE