Structural Analysis and Design Lectures PDF

Lecture 10 Column Base Plates
Columns must transmit vertical loads to the concrete footing. An intermediary

steel base plate is used to distribute this column load without crushing the
concrete.
Applied load P
Steel column
Anchor rods (4 min. per OSHA)

See AISC p. 14-9
Steel base plate
Base Plate
thickness
Concrete resistance to crushing
The design of steel base plates is based on the following:
AISC Spec. Chapter J8 (p. 16.1-70)

AISC Part 14
Lecture 10 - Page 1 of 6
The design of a base plate involves the following steps:

Pp = Nominal bearing strength of concrete
= 0.85fcA1
Design Bearing strength of concrete:
cPp where c = 0.60 LRFD
Pp
where c = 2.50 ASD

c
where: fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, KSI
A1 = area of steel base plate concentrically loaded on conc, in2
= BN (where B and N use whole inches if possible)
B
bf
See AISC p. 14-5

m
0.95d
m
n
m=
n=
0.80bf
N 0.95d
2
B 0.80b f
2
tmin = minimum base plate thickness per AISC p. 14-6:

t min = L
2 f pu
t min = L
0 .9 F y
where: f pu =
Pu
BN
3.33 f pa
Fy
where: f pa =
Pu = factored axial load, kips
Fy = base plate steel yield stress
Pa
BN
Pa = service axial load, kips
Fy = base plate steel yield stress
L = larger of
L = larger of
n
LRFD
ASD
Example (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W14x82 A992 column has a factored axial load Pu = 700 KIPS. It
bears on a steel base plate using A36 steel. The footing has concrete fc = 3000
PSI.
REQUIRED: Design the column base plate.
Step 1 Determine required base plate area, A1 to avoid conc. crushing:
cPp = Design bearing strength of concrete

= 0.6Pp
= 0.6(0.85fcA1)
Re-arranging to solve for A1:
A1 =
Pu
0.6(0.85 f ' c )
700 KIPS
0.6(0.85(3KSI ))
A1 = 457.5 in2
Step 2 Determine Optimized base plate dimensions:
0.95d 0.8b f
d and bf from properties p. 1-22
2
0.95(14.3" ) 0.8(10.1" )
2
= 2.75
N
A1 +
457.5in 2 + 2.75"
24.14
TRY N = 24 and B = 20 (Area = 480 in2 > 457.5 in2)
Step 3 Determine m and n:

m=
N 0.95d
2
24"0.95(14.3" )
2
= 5.2
B 0.80b f
n=
2
20"0.80(10.1" )
2
= 5.96
Step 4 Determine minimum base plate thickness, tmin:
t min = L
2 f pu
0 .9 F y
where: Pu = factored axial load, kips

= 700 Kips
f pu =
Pu
BN
700 Kips
= 1.46 KSI
(20" )(24" )
m = 5.2
L = larger of
n = 5.96
t min = 5.96"
2(1.46 KSI )
0.9(36 KSI )
use
Base plate yield stress
= 1.79 use 1 thick plate
Step 5 Draw Summary Sketch:
20
W14x82 A992
col. centered
on plate
24
7
1 " thick A36 steel base plate
8
Lecture 12 Bolted Connections

Below is a typical bolt and the terms given to the parts of a bolt:
Bolts used in structural steel fasteners fall within 2 categories see AISC Table
2-5 p. 2-41:
1) Carbon steel bolts These bolts achieve their total strength from shear
(or tension) strength across the diameter of the bolt. They are
relatively low-strength and are used primarily for low-load applications
such as for anchor rods. The typical carbon steel bolt used in
structural steel buildings is ASTM A307 and F1554 for use in anchor
rods.
2) High-strength bolts These bolts are used for high-load connections
and obtain their total strength from the shear strength across the
diameter of the bolt PLUS the friction developed between the nut and
joined steel surfaces. In order to achieve the friction capacity, these
bolts are tensioned to 70% of the ultimate tensile strength of the
material according to the table below. ASTM A325 and A490 bolts are
typically used.
The LRFD references the design of bolted connections in the following:
AISC Spec. Chapter J3 (p. 16.1-102)

AISC Part 7
AISC Part 9
AISC Part 10
Possible Bolted Shear Failure Mechanisms:

There are 4 basic types of failure mechanisms for bolted connections under
shear:
1) Bolt Shear:
This is probably the most obvious failure mode. It occurs when the
applied load exceeds the shear capacity through the bolt. The
design shear strength is dictated in AISC Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104 and
AISC Table 7-1 p. 7-22. Possible remedies include using a larger
diameter bolt, higher grade of bolt or more bolts.
Result
Bolt shear failure
2) Edge Tear-Out:
This occurs when the bolt is located too close to the edge of the
plate in the direction of load. A minimum required edge distance, Le, is
dictated in AISC Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107. Possible remedies include
increasing the edge distance or reducing the bolt diameter.
Le
Edge Distance failure
3) Bearing Failure:
This type of failure occurs when one of the plates is too thin or not
strong enough for the applied loads. The design bearing strength at
bolt holes is dictated in AISC p. 16.1-111 and AISC Table 7-5 p. 7-28
and AISC Table 7-6 p. 7-30. Possible remedies increasing the plate
thickness, use a higher grade of steel or using larger diameter bolts.
Thin plate
Bearing failure
4) Net Section Failure:

A net section failure occurs when there are too many bolt holes
perpendicular to the line of action resulting in too little material to
carry the load. Think of Swiss cheese. The minimum spacing of
bolts is dictated in AISC J3.2 p. 16.1-106 as not less than 2 times
the nominal bolt diameter, preferably 3 times the bolt diameter.
Usually 3 is used as the nominal bolt spacing for bolts < 1 in
diameter.
Net section failure
Types of Bolted Connections

1) Bearing-Type Connections:
A bearing-type connection is the most common type of bolted
connection. It is used in most simple-shear connections and in
situations when loosening or fatigue due to vibration or load
fluctuations are NOT design considerations. In these connections,
bolts are tightened to the snug-tight condition, as defined as the
tightness attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or the full
effort of an iron worker using an ordinary spud wrench. The design
strength of bearing-type fasteners is per AISC Eq. J3-1 p. 16.1-108.
2) Slip-Critical Connections:
A slip-critical connection is one in which loosening due to vibration or
load reversals are to be considered. Also, holes that are oversize or
slotted shall be designed as slip-critical connections. Bolts that are
used in slip-critical connections must be pre-tensioned per AISC Table
J3.1 p. 16.1-103. In addition, the design strength of the connection
must be checked in accordance with AISC J3.8, J3.9 and J3.10 p.
16.1-109 thru 111. As an alternative, AISC Table 7-3 and 7-4 p. 7-24
thru 27 can be used.
See AISC Table J3.3 p. 16.1-105 for hole dimensions
Design Strength of Bearing-Type Fasteners

From AISC J3.6 p. 16.1-108, the design tension or shear strength of a
high-strength bolt or threaded part is:
Design strength of bolt = Rn LRFD
Allowable strength of bolt =
Rn
ASD
where: Rn = FnAb
= 0.75 LRFD
= 2.00 ASD
Fn = nominal tensile or shear stress of fastener, KSI
= from Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104
Ab = x-sect. nominal area of unthreaded body of bolt, in2
Shear Plane:
The shear plane is the plane in which the various connected parts
are in contact.
Threads Not excluded

from shear plane N
Threads eXcluded from
shear plane X
Single-shear
Double-shear
Load
Load
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A diameter ASTM A325-N bolt in single-shear is subjected to a
factored load of 14 KIPS.
REQUIRED: Determine the design shear strength of the bolt considering bolt
shear ONLY, and comment if the bolt is acceptable.
dia. A325-N bolt
Pu = 14 KIPS
Step 1 Determine design shear strength of bolt:
Design shear strength = Rn
where: = 0.75
Rn = nominal shear strength of fastener
= FnAb
Fn = from Table J3.2 p. 16.1-104
= 48 KSI (threads Not excluded)
Ab = nominal area of unthreaded body of bolt, in2
=
D2
(0.75" ) 2
= 0.44 in2
Design shear strength = (0.75)(48 KSI)(0.44 in2)
Design shear strength = 15.8 KIPS > 14 KIPS Acceptable
Example 2 (LRFD)
GIVEN: Same as Example 1
REQUIRED: Determine bolt design shear using AISC Table 7-1 p. 7-22.
Step 1 Refer to Table 7-1:
ASTM A325
Thread condition = N
Design shear strength = 15.9 KIPS
Loading = S (Single shear)
Bolt Diameter, db =
Lecture 13 Bolted Connections (cont.)

In the previous lecture, we looked at general strength considerations of bolted
connections. In this lecture we will look at a typical all-bolted beam-to-girder
shear connection to see practical bolted connection considerations.
K
Beam
Cope
Lev
S
S
Girder
Connection angles
Angle gage g from AISC p. 1-46
= Leh
where: Cope = cut distance of beam flange necessary to clear girder
flange and K distance, usually 1, 2 or 3
K = distance between top of flange to edge of start of flat web
= from beam properties AISC Part 1
Lev = required minimum vertical edge distance in direction of load
= from AISC Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107
S = bolt center-to-center spacing from AISC J3.3 p. 16.1-106
= 2 times nominal bolt diameter (minimum)
= 3 times bolt diameter (preferred)
= 3 (typical for bolts up to 1 diameter)
Example (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W16x40 A992 steel beam A frames into a W18x55 A992 steel girder
B. The applied floor Service DL = 80 PSF and the applied floor Service LL =
100 PSF. Use diameter A325-X bolts with standard bolt holes and doubleangle A36 L3x3x connection angles. The beam is coped at top flange only.
REQUIRED: Design the all-bolted beam-to-girder connection and provide a
summary sketch.
W16x40 Beam A
4 @ 6-0 = 24-0
W18x55 Girder B
30-0
Step 1 Determine factored beam end reaction:

wu = 1.2[6(80 PSF) + 40 PLF] + 1.6[6(100 PSF)]
= 1584 PLF
= 1.6 KLF
Beam weight
Beam end reaction =
wu L
2
1.6 KLF (30'0" )

2
= 24 KIPS
Step 2 Use AISC Table 10-1 All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections, p. 10-22:
These tables incorporate all design considerations for typical allbolted double-angle connections.
Bolts
See Step 3
See Step 9
W16x40
Beam
See Step 5
See Step 7
See Step 5
See Step 8
Step 3 Check Bolt and Angle Design Strength:

From Table above,
ASTM A325
Bolt and angle design strength =
76.4 KIPS > 24 KIPS
Thread Cond. = X
Angle thickness =
Step 4 Determine minimum required cope:

The minimum required vertical edge distance must be greater than
the K distance for either the girder or the beam.
W18x55 girder Kdet = 1
5
" from AISC p. 1-18
16
Use cope = 1
W16x40 beam Kdet = 1
3
" from AISC p. 1-20
16
Step 5 Determine vertical edge distance, Lev:

For compactness, use Lev = 1 (See Table J3.4 p. 16.1-107)
Step 6 Determine angle gage for L3x3x = Leh:
From AISC p. 1-46 g1 = Leh = 1
Step 7 Check Beam Web Design Strength:
From Table above,
Hole Type = STD
Leh = 1
Beam web design strength = 200 KIPS

per inch thickness
Lev = 1
The web thickness, tw of a W16x40 = 0.305 from AISC p. 1-20
W16x40 web design strength = 0.305(200 KIPS/inch)
= 61 KIPS > 24 KIPS OK
Step 8 Check girder Support Design Strength:

From Table above,
Support Design Strength per Inch Thickness = 526 KIPS
The web thickness, tw of a W18x55 = 0.390 from AISC p. 1-18
W18x55 web design strength = 0.390(526 KIPS/inch)
= 205 KIPS > 24 KIPS OK
Step 9 Determine bolt spacing S:
Preferred bolt spacing S = 3 x bolt diameter
= 3()
= 2
Use S = 3 from Table above > 2 OK
Step 10 Draw summary sketch of connection design:
W16x40 Beam
W18x55
Girder
Cope = 1
Lev = 1
S = 3
S = 3
1
2 - L 3x3x x 8 long A36

connection angles with 9 -
A325-X bolts in STD holes
Angle gage = 1
Lecture 14 Welded Connections

Welding is a procedure that involves fusing two pieces of steel together by
melting a sacrificial flux electrode to two pieces, thereby joining the
pieces permanently together. They have some distinct advantages over
bolted connections including:
Welded joints are more rigid than bolted joints

Can directly connect pieces without the need for connection plates
Welds do not create holes in member (i.e., no need to check
fracture on net area)
Can join odd-shaped pieces together
Welds also have some disadvantages which may preclude their use,
including:
Welds are brittle, not ductile like bolted connections

Very labor intensive
Skilled labor required
Quality control is difficult to inspect
Potential fire hazard in areas of welding
Fillet Welds:
The most common type of weld for structural steel connections is the
fillet weld. This type of weld joins 2 pieces with flat faces at 900 angles.
Some examples of fillet welds and their weld symbols are shown below:
A closer inspection through the fillet weld itself is shown below to indicate
some of the dimensions of a weld:
The most common type of fillet welding process is Arc welding, or sometime
called stick welding. This process involves running an electric current through a
sacrificial electrode creating an arc of extremely high temperature that fuses the
steel pieces together. The electrode (stick) has a coating called a flux that,
when subject to heat, produces a cloud acting as a barrier to impurities in the air
entering the molten metal. A diagram of arc welding process is below:
Some examples of other welds are shown below:
Minimum & Maximum Size of Fillet Welds:

Below is a table relating the minimum size of fillet weld to the
thickness of material to be welded per AISC Table J2.4 p. 16.1-96:
Material thickness of the
thicker part joined:
Up to inclusive
Over to
Over to
Over
Minimum size of fillet weld:

1/8
3/16
5/16
Maximum size of a fillet weld = See AISC p. 16.1-96 paragraph 2b

= Thickness of thinner part up to thick
= Thickness 1/16 over thick
Design SHEAR Strength of Fillet Welds:

From AISC p. 16.1-98
Weld available strength = Rn
= FwAw
LRFD Design Strength = Rn

R
ASD Allowable strength = n
where: = 0.75 for shear from AISC Table J2.5 p. 16.1-100

= 2.00 for shear from AISC Table J2.5 p. 16.1-100
Fw = nominal strength of weld electrode, Table J2.5
= 0.60FEXX
FEXX = weld electrode strength
= 70 KSI for E70XX electrodes
Aw = effective cross-sectional area of weld, in2
= cos(450) x (Weld Size) x (Weld Length)
Example (LRFD)
GIVEN: Two thick A36 steel plates fillet welded as shown below. Use
E70XX weld electrodes.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored load, Pu, that can be
applied based on shear strength of the welds.
Pu
3/16
Step 1 Determine total length of fillet welds:

Total length = 2(4)
= 8
Step 2 Determine design shear strength of welds:
Weld design strength = Rn
where: = 0.75 for shear from AISC Table J2.5
Rn = FwAw
Fw = nominal strength of weld electrode
= 0.60FEXX
FEXX = weld electrode strength, Table 8-3 p. 8-65
= 70 KSI for E70XX electrodes
Aw = effective cross-sectional area of weld, in2
= cos(450) x (Weld Size) x (Weld Length)
Weld design strength = 0.75(0.60(70 KSI))(cos(450)(3/16)(8))
Weld design strength = Pu = 33.4 KIPS
Lecture 15 Welded Connections (cont.)

The design of a typical all-welded double-angle simple shear connection will be
investigated. Similar to an all-bolted connection, the AISC manual makes use of
a one-stop-shopping design aid Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for all design considerations.
An example design of a typical all-welded double-angle simple shear connection
is as follows:
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W21x44 A992 girder with a factored end reaction = 87 KIPS has 2
L3x3x3/8 connection angles shop-welded to the girder web and field-welded to
the W12x58 A992 column flange as shown.
REQUIRED: Design the connection and provide a summary sketch.
W21x44 Girder
Minimum Web
thickness
L=?
W12x58
Column
Weld A
3/16
2X weld
size
L2x2x erection
angle shop-welded to
col. flange
L=?
2 L3x3x3/8
connection angles
Weld B
Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for design info:
See Step 2
See Step 5
See Step 4
See Step 3
Step 2 Determine minimum length L by checking Weld B strength:

From Table above, using a weld, choose a length L such that
Rn > 87 KIPS
Use Lmin = 12 Rn = 99 KIPS > 87 KIPS OK
Step 3 - Determine minimum length L by checking Weld A strength:
From Table above, using a 3/16 weld, choose a length L such
that Rn > 87 KIPS
Use Lmin = 7 Rn = 92.9 KIPS > 87 KIPS OK
Step 4 Check minimum required column flange thickness for Weld B:
The flange thickness, tf for a W12x58 column = 0.640
From Table above, using a weld, the required minimum support
thickness = 0.190 < 0.640 OK
Step 5 Check minimum girder web thickness for Weld A:
The web thickness, tw for a W21x44 beam = 0.350
From Table above, using a 3/16 weld, the required minimum web
thickness = 0.286 < 0.350 OK
Step 6 Determine angle length:
Since the minimum length of Weld B = 12 which is greater than the
minimum length of Weld A use 12 long angles.
Step 7 Draw summary sketch:

W21x44 Girder
1
12
W12x58
Column
Weld A
3/16
2() =
L2x2x erection
angle shop-welded to
col. flange
12
2 L3x3x3/8
connection angles
Weld B
Eccentric Loading on Weld:

Table 10-3 assumes that the loading is approximately concentric. In other words,
there is no moment acting on the weld.
In industrial or other situations, connections are applied eccentrically to a column
which creates moment on the column as well as the connection. AISC Tables 84 thru 8-11 can be used for design of eccentrically-loaded welded connections.
Pu
Pu
Concentric Load on Weld Group
Eccentric Load on Weld Group
Example 2 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A plate is welded to the flange of a column as shown below. This
plate carries a cantilevered factored load of 25 KIPS.
REQUIRED: Determine if the weld is adequate to carry the eccentric loading.
Pu = 25 KIPS
16
Column
flange
L = 8
Plate
Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 8-5 p. 8-72:
See Step 3
See Step 2
See Step 4
See Step 3
Step 2 Determine coefficient k:

Since L = 8
kL = 4
k(8) = 4
k = 0.5
Step 3 Determine coefficient a:
Since L = 8
aL = 16
k(8) = 16
a = 2.0
Step 4 Determine coefficient C:
k = 0.5
Use C = 0.821
a = 2.0
Step 5 Determine maximum permissible Pu:

From Table above
Lmin =
Pu
CC1 D
ERROR in AISC Manual!!!
Rearranging and solving for Pu:
Pu = LCC1D
where: = 0.75
C = 0.821
C1 = 1.0 (AISC p. 8-65)
D = 4 - 1/16ths
= (8)(0.75)(0.821)(1.0)(4)
Pu = 19.7 KIPS < 25 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE
Lecture 16 AISC Code of Standard Practice

Design, fabrication, and erection of steel-framed buildings should incorporate
provisions of the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and
Bridges and is found in AISC Spec. Section 16.3 and also online at
www.AISC.org. It was first published in 1924 and is now in its 6th edition, dated
March 7, 2005.
It provides a useful framework for the understanding of the acceptable standards
for the construction of structural steel structures. It is useful for owners,
architects, engineers, contractors, fabricators, construction managers and
anyone else involved with construction using structural steel.
The Code also serves as a basis for technical project specifications, typically CSI
Specification Section 05100 Structural Steel (see Lecture 17).
A summary of the Code of Standard Practice is given below.
GLOSSARY
Definitions and abbreviations of relevant terms used throughout the Code.
Some important, (but often vague) definitions include:
AESS Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel

Contract Documents
Design Drawings
EOR Engineer-of-Record
Erection Drawings
Erector
Fabricator
Inspector
Owner
Owners Designated Representative for Construction
Owners Designated Representative for Design
RCSC Research Council on Structural Connections
RFI written Request for Information
SER Structural Engineer-of-Record
Shop Drawings
Specifications
SSPC Society for Protective Coatings (formerly Steel Structures
Painting Council)
Steel Detailer
Structural Steel
Section 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1 Scope
The Code shall govern the fabrication and erection of structural steel
(unless otherwise noted in Contract Documents).
1.2 Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards
AISC Manual of Steel Construction

AISC Seismic Provisions
AISC Specification
ASTM (lots of referenced standards)
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code
RCSC Specification Specification for Structural Joints using
ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council
1.3 Units
Either U.S. customary or metric units will be used. Each system shall
be independent of the other.
1.4 Design Criteria
The AISC Specification shall be used in the absence of other design
criteria.
1.5 Responsibility for Design
If the Owners Designated Representative for Design provides

the design, the Fabricator and Erector are NOT responsible for
building code conformance of the design.
If the Owner enters a contract with the Fabricator for

design/build, then the Fabricator IS responsible for building
code conformance of the design.
1.6 Patents and Copyrights

The EOR is responsible for obtaining patents and copyrights of design.
1.7 Existing Structures

Demolition, protection, field dimensions and/or abatement or removal
of hazardous are NOT the responsibility of the Fabricator or Erector.
1.8 Means, Methods and Safety of Erection
Erector is responsible for erection of frame.

SER is responsible for structural adequacy of completed
project.
Section 2 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Structural Steel shall consist of the following typical elements:
Anchor Rods that will receive structural steel

Base Plates & bearing plates
Beams
Bracing (permanent)
Columns
Connections
Fasteners for connecting structural steel
Girders
Hangers
Lintels
Shear stud connectors
Trusses
Section 3 DESIGN DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Structural Design Drawings and Specifications
Structural design drawings shall consider design loads and forces
in the completed project.
Drawings must show:
Size, section, location and material grade of all members

Geometry and working points necessary for layout
Floor elevations
Column centers and offsets
Camber requirements for beams (if required)
Permanent bracing, stiffeners, reinforcement
Connection details or data that can be used by fabricator for
design including ASD or LRFD methodology
Data relating to non-Structural steel elements that interact
with frame
Painting requirements of Structural steel
3.2 Architectural, Electrical and Mechanical Design Drawings

Other trades design drawings may be used to show structural steel
elements for purposes of defining detail configurations and other
construction information, however, ALL STRUCTURAL INFO.
MUST BE SHOWN ON STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS.
3.3 Discrepancies
Discrepancies discovered in the Contract Documents shall

be resolved by the EOR in a timely manner so as not to
delay the Fabricators work.
Discrepancies between:
Design Drawings
Specifications
Scaled graphic drawings Written info in drawing
Arch., Elect., Mech.
Structural Drawings
Drawings
Which Governs:
Design Drawings
Written info in drawings
Structural Drawings
3.4 Legibility of Design Drawings

Design Drawings must be legible and drawn to a scale of not
smaller than 1/8 = 1-0 (unless clarity of the drawing is carefully
considered), larger as necessary to convey detailed information.
3.5 Revisions to Design Drawings and Specifications
All revisions must be communicated either by issuing new Design
Drawings and Specifications or by re-issuing existing Design
Drawings and Specifications. Revisions must be clearly and
individually indicated, dated and identified by a revision number.
These revised sketches become amendments to the Contract
Drawings.
3.6 Fast-Track Project Delivery
Release of structural Design Drawings and Specifications shall
constitute a release for construction, regardless of the status of
the architectural, electrical, mechanical, or any other trades
documents.
Section 4 SHOP AND ERECTION DRAWINGS

4.1 Owner Responsibility
The Owner shall furnish the complete structural Design Drawings
and Specifications to the Fabricator in a TIMELY MANNER.
4.2 Fabricator Responsibility
Fabricator shall produce Shop Drawings and Erection Drawings.
Fabricators are permitted to use the services of independent
detailers.
4.3 Use of CAD and/or Copies of Design Drawings
Fabricator shall NOT reproduce any part of the Design Drawings
as part of the Shop or Erection Drawings without the express
written permission of Owners Designated Representative for
Design.
4.4 Approval
Shop and Erection Drawings must be submitted to Owners
Representative for Design for review and approval and returned to
Fabricator within 14 calendar days.
Section 5 MATERIALS
5.1 Mill Materials
Fabricator is permitted to order materials upon receipt of Contract
Documents that have been issued for construction.
If mill materials do not meet ASTM A6 tolerances, Fabricator is
permitted to make corrective procedures.
5.2 Stock Materials
Fabricator may use stock materials if they meet with required
ASTM specifications. Certified mill test reports are used as
evidence of record of quality of material.
Section 6 SHOP FABRICATION AND DELIVERY
6.1 Identification of Material
Materials used for special requirements shall be marked by the
supplier as specified by ASTM A6 prior to delivery to Fabricators
shop or point of use.
6.2 Preparation of Material
Thermal cutting of material is permitted. Surfaced specified as
finished shall have a roughness in accordance with ANSI/ASME
B46.1 that is less than or equal to 500.
6.3 Fitting and Fastening
Projecting elements of connection materials need not be
straightened in the connecting plane. Backing bars and runoff tabs
shall be used to produce as required to produce sound welds, and
do not need be removed unless specifically designated in the
Contract Documents.
6.4 Fabrication Tolerances

The following tolerances are to be used:
Member Type:
Both ends finished for contact bearing
Members < 30-0
Members > 30-0
All members
Beam length < 50-0
Beam length > 50-0
Tolerance Variation:
Length = 1/32
Length = 1/16
Length = 1/8
Straightness < 1/1000 axial length
Camber variation = 0
Camber variation = 0 + 1/8 per
10-0 additional length beyond 50-0
6.5 Shop Cleaning and Painting

Structural steel that does not require shop paint shall be cleaned of
oil, grease, dirt and any foreign material.
Structural steel requiring shop painting shall be free of oil, grease,
dirt and any foreign material; as well as meeting the requirements
of SSPC-SP2.
6.6 Marking and Shipping of Materials
Erection marks shall be painted to all structural steel members.
Connection members shall be shipped in separate closed
containers according to grade, length and diameter.
6.7 Delivery of Materials
Steel shall be delivered in a sequence that will permit efficient and
economical fabrication and erection.
Section 7 ERECTION
7.1 Method of Erection
Structural steel shall be erected using methods and a sequence
that will permit efficiency and economy.
7.2 Job-Site Conditions

Owners Representative for Construction shall provide the
following:
Access road for deliveries and movement of materials

Adequate obstruction-free space for operation of Erectors
equipment
Adequate storage space
7.3 Foundations, Piers and Abutments

Owners Representative for Construction shall be responsible for
accurate location, suitability and access to all foundations, piers
and abutments.
7.4 Building Lines and Bench Marks
accurate location of building lines and benchmarks and shall furnish
the Fabricator with a plan containing such information.
7.5 Installation of Anchor Rods and Other Embedded Items
setting in accordance with Embedment Drawings. The variation in
location shall be as follows:
Item:
Centers of any 2 anchor rods within an
anchor rod group
Centers of adjacent anchor rod groups
Elevation of tops of anchor rods
Accumulated variation between centers
of anchor rod groups
Variation in Dimension:
< 1/8
<

< per 100-0
not to exceed a total of 1
7.6 Installation of Bearing Devices

All leveling plates, nuts, washers and bearing plates that can be
handled without crane are set to line and grade by the Owners
Representative for Construction (otherwise set by Erector).
7.7 Grouting
Grouting shall be the responsibility of the Owners Representative
for Construction. The usual method for supporting columns during
erection is by use of leveling nuts and washers or shims.
7.8 Field Connection Material

Fabricator shall provide field connection details consistent with
Contract Documents.
7.9 Loose Material
Unless otherwise noted, loose structural steel items that are not
connected to the steel frame by the Owners Representative for
Construction without assistance from Fabricator.
7.10 Temporary Support of Structural Steel Frames
The Owners Designated Representative for Design shall identify
the following:
Lateral load resisting system and connecting diaphragm

elements providing stability in the completed structure
Any special erection conditions that are required by the
design concept, such as use of jacks, shores, etc.
7.11 Safety Protection

The Erector shall provide floor coverings, handrails, walkways and
other protection for the Erectors personnel in accordance with all
applicable safety regulations. Unless otherwise specified, the
Erector is permitted to remove such safety protection form areas
where the erection operations are completed.
Safety protection for other trades that are not under the direct
employment of the Erector shall be the responsibility of the Owners
Representative for Construction.
7.12 Structural Steel Frame Tolerances
The accumulation of the mill tolerances (Section 6.4) and
fabrication tolerances shall not cause the erection tolerances
(Section 7-13) to be exceeded.
7.13 Erection Tolerances

Erection tolerances are referenced from Work Points and Work
Lines defined as:
Members other than horizontal members, the member work

point is the actual center of the member at each end of the
shipping piece.
Horizontal members work point shall be the actual centerline
of the top flange or top surface at each end.
Work line is defined a s a straight line that connects the
member work points.
Member:
Column tolerance deviation from plumb
Individual straight piece (other than
column) connecting to column
Adjustable members
Erection Tolerance:
1/500 distance between work points
not to exceed 1 total for first 20 stories
+ 3/16
- 5/16
3/8
7.14 Correction of Errors

Correction of minor misfits by means of reaming, grinding, drawing
of elements into line by drift pins, welding or cutting shall be
considered normal erection operations. Errors that cannot be
corrected by these means must be promptly reported to the
Owners Designated Representative for Design and Construction.
7.15 Cuts, Alterations and Holes for Other Trades
The Fabricator or the Erector may NOT cut, drill or otherwise alter
their work to accommodate other trades unless work is specified in
the Contract Documents.
7.16 Handling and Storage
The Erector shall take reasonable care in the proper handling
and storage of structural steel during erection to avoid excess dirt
and foreign matter. However, it is not the Erectors responsibility to
remove dirt or other foreign material that may accumulate during
normal erection procedures.
7.17 Field Painting

The Fabricator or the Erector is NOT responsible to paint field
bolts, or to touch-up abrasions of the shop coat, or to perform any
field painting.
7.18 Final Cleaning Up
Upon completion and acceptance, the Erector shall remove any of
the Erectors falsework, scaffolding, rubbish and temporary
structures.
Section 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE
8.1 General
The Fabricator shall maintain a quality assurance program to
assure that the work is performed in accordance with this Code.
8.2 Inspection of Mill Material
Certified mill test reports shall constitute sufficient evidence that the
mill product satisfies material order requirements.
8.3 Non-Destructive Testing
As per Contract Documents.
8.4 Surface Preparation and Shop Painting Inspection
As per Contract Documents.
8.5 Independent Inspection
Fabricator and Erector shall provide the Inspector with

access to all places where work is being performed, and a
minimum of 24 hours notice must be given prior to
commencement of work.
Inspector shall inspect work at shop as much as possible.
Field inspections should be performed as promptly as
possible.
Deficiencies discovered by Inspector shall be reported to
Fabricator and Erector as soon as possible.
The Inspector shall NOT approve of any deviations from the
Contract Documents without written approval from the
Owners Designated Representative for Design and
Construction.
Section 9 CONTRACTS
9.1 Types of Contracts
Lump sum price

Price per pound
Price per item
Unit price
9.2 Calculation of Weights

Weight is determined by calculation of gross weight of materials as
shown on the Shop Drawings. This does NOT include shop and
field weld metal or protective coatings.
Deductions shall not be made for holes, copes, drilling or other
removals for connections.
Steel unit weight = 490 lb/ft3.
9.3 Revisions to Contract Documents
Revisions to Contract Drawings shall be confirmed by change order
or extra work order, and shall constitute authorization by the Owner
that the revision is released for construction.
9.4 Contract Price Adjustment
When the scope of work and responsibilities of the Fabricator and
the Erector are changed, an appropriate modification to the contract
price shall be made.
Requests for contract price adjustments shall be presented to the
Owner and approved/disapproved in a timely manner.
9.5 Scheduling
The contract schedule shall state when the Design Drawings will be
released for construction so that erection can start at the
designated time and continue without interference or delay.
9.6 Terms of Payment
Terms of payment shall be outlined in the Contract Documents.
Section 10 ARCHITECTURALLY EXPOSED STRUCTURAL STEEL

The rapidly increasing use of exposed structural steel as an aesthetic
design medium has prompted the use of additional requirements that
apply to these members. Typically they call for closer dimensional
tolerances and smoother finished surfaces than for ordinary structural
steel.
10.1 General Requirements
When members are specifically designated in the Design Drawings
as Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel, the requirements in
Sections 1 through 9 shall apply as modified in Section 10.
10.2 Fabrication
Permissible tolerances shall conform to ASTM A6.
All copes, miters and cuts in surfaces exposed to view shall

be made with uniform gaps of 1/8.
All welds exposed to view shall not project more than 1/16
above the surface.
Seams of hollow structural sections (HSS) shall be oriented

away from view.
10.3 Delivery of Materials

Fabricator shall take extra care and precautions to avoid bending,
twisting or otherwise damaging the structural steel.
10.4 Erection
Erector shall take extra care and precautions to minimize damage
during handling and erection procedures.
Unless otherwise noted, AESS members shall be plumbed, leveled
and aligned to a tolerance that is that of non-AESS members.
Lecture 17 Structural Steel Specifications

Project-specific construction documents generally consist of two items:
Design Drawings
Specifications
The Design Drawings graphically present the specific design of the structure.
However, they do not indicate the specific requirements relating to:
Materials
Submittals
Job conditions
Testing & inspection
Execution of work
CSI Construction Specifications Institute

The CSI was founded in 1948 in an effort to organize trade-specific
specifications into a uniform, industry accepted format. It developed the
MasterFormat, a breakdown of all construction-related activities into 16
divisions as follows:
Division 1 General Requirements
Division 2 Site Construction
Division 3 Concrete
Division 4 Masonry
Division 5 Metals
Division 6 Wood and Plastics
Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 8 Doors and Windows
Division 9 Finishes
Division 10 Specialties
Division 11 Equipment
Division 12 Furnishings
Division 13 Special Construction
Division 14 Conveying Systems
Division 15 Mechanical
Division 16 Electrical
05050 Basic Metal Materials

05100 Structural Steel
05200 Metal Joists
05300 Metal Deck
05400 Cold-Formed Metal Framing
05500 Metal Fabrications
05600 Hydraulic Fabrications
05650 Railroad Track & Accessories
05700 Ornamental Metal
05800 Expansion Control
05900 Metal Restoration & Cleaning
Each division has been further refined into multiple sub-divisions (as
shown for Division 5 above). To obtain samples of specifications, go to
http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/dnc/generalInfo/masterspecdefault.htm
In addition to technical specifications, the CSI MasterFormat is used by
most of the construction industry for purposes of cost estimating,
contractor qualifications, product research and supply ordering.
Section 05100 Structural Steel

PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1
WORK INCLUDED
A. Labor, materials, equipment, services and transportation required to
complete structural steel work on the Drawings, as specified herein or
both. Structural steel work is that work defined in AISC Code of
Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, dated March 7,
2005, plus work listed below and shown on structural drawings.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.2
Structural steel beams, columns, girders, trusses, and other main

structural components and systems.
Furnishing and installation of bracing (temporary and permanent),
struts, brackets, stiffeners, anchors, support angles for metal deck,
hangers, shear studs, and all other miscellaneous steel support
members necessary to complete this Section.
Design, fabrication and installation of bolted and welded
connections and splices.
Furnishing and installation of column base plates and bearing
plates.
Furnishing and installation of anchor rods and loose leveling plates.
Furnishing and installation of openings (unreinforced and
reinforced) in structural steel required to accommodate mechanical,
plumbing, and electrical work.
Furnishing and application of shop primer, paint, including finish
coat(s) when required, and field touch-up paint for designated
structural steel items.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Comply with latest editions of:
1. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Publications:
a. Manual of Steel Construction: Includes "Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD)", "Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and
Bridges", "Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325
or A490 Bolts".
b. Building Code of New York State by New York State
Department of State Division of Code Enforcement and
Administration.
2. American Welding Society, Inc. (AWS): AWS D1.1 "Structural
Welding Code - Steel".
3. American Hot Dip Galvanizers Association, Inc.; Zinc Institute Inc.:
"Inspection Manual for Hot Dip Galvanized Products".
4. Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC): "Surface Preparation
Specifications".
5.
Exposed Structural Steel: All exposed structural steel is classified

as Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS) as defined by
AISC. Comply with AESS quality requirements for all exposed
structural steel.
B. Qualifications for Welding Work

1. Qualify welding processes and welding operators in accordance
with AWS Standards.
2. Provide certification that welders to be employed in the Work have
satisfactorily passed AWS qualification tests to perform the type of
welding within previous 12 months.
C. Qualifications for Fabricator and Erector
1. Fabricator and erector of structural steel shall have not less than 3
years experience in fabrication and erection of structural steel.
2. Submit written description of ability.
1.3
TESTING SERVICES
A. The Contractor shall employ a testing laboratory acceptable to Architect
to perform the following tests:
1. Visual inspection of all welds according to AWS.
2. Magnetic particle inspection according to ASTM E709 for 10
percent of all shop and field welds.
3. Ultrasonic inspection according to ASTM E587 for all shop or field
full penetration welds.
4. Inspection of field-assembled high-strength bolted connections.
5. Inspection of erected columns for plumbness within tolerances
specified.
6. Inspection of headed studs.
7. Visual inspection of all erected steel for damage.
B. Weld Inspector shall be certified in accordance with AWS.
1. Submit resumes of technicians who will perform work showing
evidence of one year minimum experience on similar work.
1.4
SUBMITTALS
A. General: Review of submittals will be for general consideration only.
Compliance with requirements for materials, fabrication, erection and
dimensioning of structural steel shall be Contractor's responsibility.
B. Connections: Submit proposed connection types for review before
preparing detailed shop drawings.
C. Shop Drawings - Submit detailed drawings showing: (NOTE: Design
drawings shall NOT be used as shop drawings)
1. Column layout plans.
2. Floor and roof framing plans.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Shop erection details including cuts, copes, connections, holes,

bolts and other pertinent information.
Welds with size, length and type.
Anchor bolt locations.
Location of shop welded masonry anchors. Coordinate with
Division 4.
Shop finishing information.
D. Material Data: Submit laboratory test reports and other data as

required to show compliance with Specifications. Submit producer's or
manufacturer's specifications and installation instructions for the
following products.
1. Structural steel, including certified copies of mill reports covering
chemical and physical properties.
2. High-strength bolts including nuts and washers.
3. Unfinished bolts and nuts.
4. Structural steel primer paint.
5. Welding electrodes.
1.5
JOB CONDITIONS
A.
B.
C.
D.
Store material in horizontal position on supports above ground.

Protect from elements and keep free of dirt and debris.
Handle material carefully so as not to bend or mar.
Repair or replace damaged materials.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1
MATERIALS
A. Rolled Steel Plates, Angles, Channels, M shapes, HP shapes and Bars:
ASTM A36.
B. W Shapes: ASTM A992.
C. HSS Steel Rectangular, Square and Round: ASTM A500, Grade B.
D. Steel Pipe: ASTM A53 Grade B.
E. Unfinished Bolts, Nuts and Washers: ASTM A307, Grade A.
F. High-strength Bolts, Nuts and Washers: ASTM A325 or A490.
G. Direct Tension Indicating Washers: ASTM F959-85.
H. Headed Studs: ASTM A108, Grades 1015 1020, minimum field = 50
KSI.
I. Anchor Rods, Nuts and Washers: ASTM F1554.
J. Non-Shrink Bedding Mortar for Bearing and Base Plates: CRD-C 621,
Type D Masterflow 713 from Master Builders (or equivalent).
K. Neoprene Bearing Pads: ASTM D412; 70 Durometer Hardness, 2500
PSI Tensile.
L. Weld Electrodes: E70XX and in accordance with AWS.
M. Expansion Bolts: Diameter stainless steel with ultimate capacities in
4000 PSI concrete of 16,000 lbs. in shear and 16,000 lbs. in tension;
minimum embedment of 6 Kwik Bolt II from Hilti Corp. (or equivalent).
N. Steel Primer Paint: Fabricator's standard rust-inhibitive primer.

or
None. Bare steel only except where exposed items to be primed are
identified on Drawings.
or
Series 10-1009 grey primer by Tnemec or accepted equal.
O. Hot Dipped Galvanizing: Hot-dip galvanize after fabrication in
accordance with ASTM A123. Restraighten members after galvanizing,
if necessary, to be square and true.
P. Weld-on Masonry Anchors: No. 317 continuous weld-on anchor rod by
Heckmann Building Products for columns and No. 315 anchor rod for
beams, plain steel or accepted equal.
Q. Below Grade Coating: #46H-413 coal tar epoxy by Tnemec or
accepted equal.
R. Cold Galvanizing: Galvilite Cold Galvanizing Compound by Z.R.C.
Products Company or accepted equal.
2.2
FABRICATION
A. Fabricate structural steel in strict accordance with reviewed shop
drawings and referenced standards.
B. Fabricate and assemble structural material in shop to greatest extent
possible.
C. Provide camber as indicated on Drawings. Where no camber is
indicated, fabricate steel with mill camber up.
D. Provide holes for securing other work to structural steel framing. Cut,
drill or punch holes perpendicular to metal surfaces. Do not flame cut
holes or enlarge holes by burning. Drill holes in base and bearing
plates.
E. Finish and weld column bases to column base plates.
F. Anchor Rods: Furnish anchor rods, leveling plate and/or other devices
necessary for setting anchoring rods required for securing structural
steel to foundation, concrete or masonry.
G. Hot dip galvanize all lintels in exterior masonry work or as noted on
drawings.
2.3
SHOP PAINTING
A. Shop paint only structural steel work which will be exposed to view and
finish painted. Do not paint steel embedded in concrete or mortar or
receive a spray on fireproofing. Do not paint surfaces which are to be
welded, including metal deck. Do not paint contact surfaces of highstrength bolted connections or finished bearing surfaces such as
bearing plates and column base plates.
B. For steel to be shop primed and not exposed to view, remove loose rust
and mill scale by mechanical means in accordance with SSPC-SP3
"Power Tool Cleaning". For steel to be galvanized or primed and finish
painted, remove all dirt, grease, rust and loose mill scale in accordance
with SSPC-SP6 Commercial Blast Cleaning, unless recommended
otherwise by paint manufacturer.
C. Immediately after surface preparation, apply structural steel primer
paint in accordance with manufacturer's instructions but not less than a
uniform dry-film thickness of 2 mils. Use painting methods which will
result in full coverage of joints, corners, edges and exposed surfaces.
D. Apply below grade coating to column bases and columns to be placed
below top of finished floor.
E. Apply two coats of cold galvanizing compound to achieve a minimum
dry-film thickness of 3 mils. in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations.
2.4
CONNECTIONS
A. Weld or bolt shop connections.
B. Bolt field connections as shown on drawings.
C. No one-sided or other eccentric connections will be permitted, unless
shown on Drawings.
D. Minimum Capacity of Beam Connections: For connections not detailed,
provide connection capacity of the nominal full section shear capacity
Vn for the given steel member as dictated in AISC Steel Construction
Manual. A minimum factored shear capacity of 10 kips shall be
provided for all secondary beams. For beam and girders with shear
studs, provide a connection capacity of at least 125 percent of uniform
load values unless indicated otherwise on drawings.
E. Provide snug-tight unfinished threaded fasteners for bolted bearing
connections of secondary framing members to primary members;
including, but not limited to, girts, door framing systems, roof opening
and other framing systems taking only nominal stresses and in no way
reacting in stress on primary members.
F. Provide high-strength fasteners for all principal bolted connections,
unless otherwise indicated.
G. Provide bearing bolt (X) fastener for all structural connections.

H. Use only connections which are published by AISC. Do not modify
published connection details unless accepted by Engineer.
I.
Use AISC Single-Plate Shear Connections for beam connections to

face of tubes and column flanges which have a width of 6 inches or
less.
J.
Use AISC Framed Beam Connections for beam connections to face of

tubes and column flanges which have a width greater than 6 inches,
and for beam-to-beam connections.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1
INSPECTION
A. Examine conditions under which work shall be erected. Do not proceed
until all unsatisfactory conditions are corrected.
3.2
ERECTION
A. Set structural frames accurately to lines and elevations indicated. Align
and adjust various members forming part of a complete frame or
structure before permanently fastening.
B. Clean bearing surfaces and other surfaces before assembly that will be
in permanent contact after assembly.
C. Perform necessary adjustments to compensate for discrepancies in
elevations and alignment. Level and plumb individual members of
structure within specified tolerances.
D. Splice members only where shown or specified.
E. Maintain work in a stable condition during erection.
F. The use of gas cutting torches in field to correct fabricating errors is
prohibited.
G. Tighten bearing bolt (X) connections to snug-tight condition.
3.3
TOLERANCES
A. Tolerances shall be within limits in AISC "Code of Standard Practice".
B. Fabrication and mill tolerance shall be within limits in AISC Standard
Mill Practice.
3.4
TOUCH-UP PAINTING
A. After erection is complete, touch-up paint damaged shop priming coats
and welded areas. Remove weld slag before applying touch-up paint.
B. Touch-up below grade coatings to all portions of structural steel
embedded within concrete slabs on grades.
3.5
TEMPORARY SHORING AND BRACING

A. Provide temporary shoring and bracing members as required, with
connections of sufficient strength, to bear imposed loads.
B. Remove temporary members and connections when permanent
members are in place and final connections are made.
C. Provide temporary guy lines to achieve proper alignment of structures
as erection proceeds.
3.6
PROTECTION
A. Do not use members for storage or working platforms until permanently
secured.
B. Do not exceed load capacity of members with construction loads.
END OF SECTION
Lecture 18 Open Web Steel Joists

Open web steel joists, or Bar Joists are very efficient structural members
commonly used to support roofs, and to a lesser degree, floors.
Roof construction of Clark Field House facility at SUNY Delhi

Steel joists are NOT considered structural steel. As such, they are manufactured
as proprietary structural members by various manufacturers. The Steel Joist
Institute, SJI, is an organization founded in 1928 that was established to set
standards for manufacture, design and construction of joists. It recognizes
manufacturers who comply with their standards. Some of the larger SJI
recognized manufacturers include Vulcraft, Canam Steel Corp. and SMI Joist
Company.
K-Series Joists
The most commonly-used joist style is the so-called K series. It has a
depth ranging from 8 up to 30 and is used economically to span up to
60-0. A typical K series joist is as shown below:
A typical designation is 18K3

Actual depth
in inches
Section Number = Relative

size of members
K series
Steel joists are fastened to its supporting members usually by fieldwelding as shown below:
Unlike structural steel beams, steel joists must use bridging placed
perpendicular to the span to obtain its stability. This bridging can be one
of 2 types:
Horizontal Bridging
Diagonal Bridging
Bridging requirements are shown in the Vulcraft Joist Catalog p. 9 and 35

and is a function of the Section Number and span.
Joists using horizontal bridging is shown below:
LH and DLH Series Joists

The LH series joists have depths ranging between 18 and 48 and are
suitable for spans up to 96-0. The DLH series joists have depths ranging
between 52 and 72 and are suitable for spans up to 144-0.
They are not as commonly used as K series joists, but provide an
inexpensive alternative to spanning longer distances than the K series
joists. One difference between K series joists is the required end bearing
width and height are 6 and 5 respectively for the LH and DLH (vs. 4 and
2 for the K series).
A typical designation is 32LH10

Actual depth
in inches
Section Number = Relative

size of members
LH series
Joist Girders
Joist girders are designed to carry the end reactions from equally-spaced
joists applied to the panel points. Typical depths of joist girders range
from 20 up to 96 with spans of 100-0 or more.
A typical joist girder connection to steel column is shown below:
Example 1
GIVEN: A roof framing bay is as shown below. The service loads are as follows:
Service Dead Load = 16 PSF

Service Roof Live Load = 25 PSF
Service Snow Load = 35 PSF
Service Wind Uplift = -12 PSF
REQUIRED: Design the K series joists assuming the maximum joist spacing =
6-0 (based on metal roof deck). Assume the joist + accessories weighs 10 PLF.
36-0
60-0
Step 1 Determine joist orientation and spacing:

It is best to orient the joists in the short direction for strength.
For economy, use a joist spacing = 6-0 giving 10 even spaces.
Step 2 Determine maximum uniformly distributed total service load:

Utilizing the 6 allowable stress design load combinations from the
IBC Section 1605.3.1:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
D
D+L
D + L + (Lr or S or R)
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R)
0.6D + W
0.6D + 0.7E
where: D = Dead Load
= 6(16 PSF) + 10 PLF
= 106 PLF
Lr = Roof Live Load
= 6(25 PSF)
= 150 PLF
S = Snow Load
= 6(35 PSF)
= 210 PLF
W = Wind Load
= 6(-12 PSF)
= -72 PLF
Check all 6 load combinations and select worst case total load:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
D = 106 PLF
D + L = 106 PLF
D + L + (Lr or S or R) = 106 + 150 = 256 PLF
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) = 106 + 210 = 316 PLF
0.6D + W = 0.6(106) + (-72) = -8.4 PLF

0.6D + 0.7E = 0.6(106) = 64 PLF
Use
Step 3 Select lightest joist from Vulcraft K series Load Table p. 12:
Total Load = 316 PLF
Live Load = Total Load Dead Load
= 316 PLF 106 PLF
= 210 PLF
Span = 36-0
Possibilities:
Joist Size:
24K8
26K7
28K6
30K7
Total Load:
346
340
330
395
Live Load:
222
240
252
323
Wt/ft:
11.5
10.9
11.4
12.3
Select 26K7 joist as the lightest from the list above

Step 4 Select lightest joist from Economical Joist Guide p. 109:
For length = 36, start at the top of the list and read down until Total
load > 316 PLF and Live load > 210 PLF
Select 28K6 Total load = 330, Live load = 252
Use 28K6 Joist for Final Design

Step 5 Determine Bridging requirements, assume horizontal bridging:
From Vulcraft p. 9 Section Number = 6
Joist spacing = 6-0
From Vulcraft p. 35 Section Number = 6

Span = Over 29 thru 39
Use 1 x 7/64 equal

leg angle bridging,
good for up to joist
spacing = 6-3
Use 3 Rows of
Bridging
Step 6 Draw Summary Sketch of Roof Framing Plan:
28K6 @ 6-0
3 rows of L1x7/64 horizontal

bridging equally spaced
36-0
10 spaces @ 6-0 = 60-0
Example 2
GIVEN: The roof framing bay from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight 60-0 span joist girder.
28K6 @ 6-0
Joist Girder
36-0
10 spaces @ 6-0 = 60-0
Step 1 Determine 28K6 joist end reactions:

Joist end reaction =
wL
2
(316 PLF )(36'0" )

2
= 5688 LBS.
= 5.7 KIPS USE 6 KIPS
Step 2 Select joist girder depth from Vulcraft p. 87:
Girder span = 60-0
Joist Spaces = 10N @ 6.00
Load on Each Panel Point = 6 KIPS
Select 72 girder
depth wt. = 35 PLF
Use 72G 10N 6.0K Joist Girder
Lecture 19 Steel Deck

Steel deck, or sometimes called metal deck is used in steel framed construction
as an intermediate structural system to distribute floor and roof loads to
supporting beams. Decking is typically fastened to the steel supporting
members by either puddle welds or powder-actuated fasteners. Although made
of steel, it is NOT considered to be structural steel. Decking is corrugated having
a typical cross-section resembling:
Top flute
Deck height
Bottom flute
Panel width = 24 36
The Steel Deck Institute, SDI, was established in 1939 in an effort to regulate the
design, manufacture and installation of steel deck. Manufacturers complying with
SDI specifications include Vulcraft, Canam Steel Corp. and United Steel Deck,
Inc.
Types of Steel Deck
There are 3 general types of steel deck roof deck, non-composite floor
deck and composite deck.
1. Roof Deck
Roof deck is used primarily to carry lightweight roof construction. It
is characterized by having relatively narrow bottom flutes so that
there is a wider top flute to maximize the surface contact with rigid
insulation. It comes in heights ranging from 1 up to 3 and in
thicknesses ranging from 24 gage (thinnest) up to 16 gage
(thickest). Depending on the section, roof decking can span as
much as 15-0. Acoustical deck is available to control sound
transmission through the decking. It is used for auditoriums,
schools, etc., and is obtained by adding fiber sound-absorbing batts
between the vertical webs of the decking. In addition, roof deck is
available as cellular deck for use in placing electrical services or
exposed underside. Data relating to roof deck may be found in the
Vulcraft catalog p. 3 18.
Built-up roof membrane

Rigid Insulation
Roof Deck screwed or
puddle-welded to top
chord of steel joist
Roof Deck Fastened to Steel Bar Joist
2. Non-Composite Floor Deck

This type of deck essentially acts as a form to carry the concrete
slab. It offers no additional strength to the structural steel beam
as composite construction would. It ranges in height from 5/8 up
to 3 and thicknesses of 26 gage up to 16 gage with spans up to
15-0. It is also available as acoustical deck or as cellular deck.
Data relating to roof deck may be found in the Vulcraft catalog p. 19
- 40.
Welded wire
mesh in
concrete slab
3. Composite Floor Deck

Similar to non-composite deck, except composite deck is used for
composite steel construction. Typically, the decking has built-in
perforations that aids in the bonding to concrete.
Composite Floor Deck with headed shear studs welded to beams
Roof Deck Example

GIVEN: A 1 Type F (intermediate rib) roof deck is to be used in a 3-span
condition with a 7-0 span. The SERVIVE roof loads are as follows:
SERVIVE roof Dead Load = 15 PSF

SERVICE roof Live Load = 20 PSF
SERVICE roof Snow Load = 40 PSF
SERVICE roof Wind Load = -8 PSF (uplift)
REQUIRED: Design the lightest-weight 1 Type F roof deck using the

Vulcraft catalog.
Steel roof deck
Steel support beams
7-0
7-0
7-0
3 spans (min.)
Step 1 Determine maximum unif. load on deck:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
D
D+L
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R)
0.6D + W
0.6D + 0.7E
= 15 PSF
Lr = Roof Live Load
= 20 PSF
S = Snow Load
= 40 PSF
W = Wind Load
= -8 PSF
Check all 6 load combinations and select worst case total load:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
D = 15 PSF
D + L = 15 PSF
D + L + (Lr or S or R) = 15 + 20 = 35 PSF
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R) = 15 + 40 = 55 PSF
0.6D + W = 0.6(15) + (-8) = 1 PSF

0.6D + 0.7E = 0.6(15) = 9 PSF
Use
Step 2 Refer to the Vulcraft Catalog page 4 for 1 Type F deck:
7-0 span
3 span
From Table above, use Vulcraft 1 Type F 19 Gage Roof Deck

Allow. Load = 59 PSF > 55 PSF
Non-Composite Floor Deck Example

GIVEN: A floor framing plan for an office building is as shown below. The slab is
5 normal-weight concrete over 2.0 C Conform non-composite 2 deck as
manufactured by Vulcraft. The superimposed SERVICE live load = 50 PSF and a
total superimposed SERVICE dead load (excluding slab weight) = 38 PSF.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight 2.0 C Conform non-composite deck
assuming 3-span condition.
4 @ 6-0 = 24-0
Step 1 Determine the uniform load on the decking:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
See Vulcraft
catalog p. 28 for
slab wt.
D
D+L
D + (W or 0.7E) + L + (Lr or S or R)
0.6D + W
0.6D + 0.7E
= Slab wt. + Superimposed Dead Load
= 51 PSF + 38 PSF
= 89 PSF
L= FloorLive Load
= 50 PSF
Using Load Combination 2 from above:

Total Uniform Load = D + L
= 89 PSF + 50 PSF
= 139 PSF
Step 2 Refer to Allowable Uniform Load table from Vulcraft p. 29:

No. of Spans = 3
Clear Span = 6-0
Total Uniform Load = 139 PSF
Use 2C20 Allowable

unif. load = 173 PSF > 139
PSF
Step 3 Refer to Reinf. Conc. Slab Allow. Loads table Vulcraft p. 28:
Total Slab Depth = 5
Clear Span = 6-0
Superimposed Unif. Load = Total Load Slab Wt.
= 139 PSF 51 PSF
= 88 PSF
Use 6x6-W2.1xW2.1
W.W.F. Allow. load =
107 PSF > 88 PSF
5 conc. slab over 2 - 20 Gage

non-composite metal deck reinf.
with 6x6-W2.1xW2.1 W.W.F.
Steel support beam
Lecture 2 Steel properties and ASD & LRFD principles

General Steel Properties:
Structural steel used in buildings uses carbon steel. It is a mixture of
mostly iron (98%+) and carbon (0.15% - 0.59%), as well as a percentage
of other alloys used to enhance certain properties. Some of the alloys
used include silicon, manganese, nickel, sulfur and phosphorus.
Different steels exhibit stress-strain relationships as shown below:
As designers of structural steel, we are most interested in the following 3

properties:
a) Modulus of elasticity = 29,000 KSI
b) Yield stress = Fy
c) Ultimate stress = Fu
Typical structural shapes: (ref. AISC p. 1-3 thru 1-8)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
I shapes are categorized into 4 groups W, M, S, and HP

Channels C and MC
Angles L
Structural Tees cut from I shapes, WT, MT and ST
Hollow Structural Section HSS rectangular and round
Steel pipe
Refer to AISC p. 1-10 thru 1-115 for dimensions and structural properties
of the above-noted structural shapes and combination of shapes.
Refer to AISC Table 2-3 (page 2-39) for a list of appropriate structural
steel ASTM designations for various structural shapes. In general, the
following ASTM designations are commonly used:
ASTM
Designation
A36
A572
A992
A53
A500, Gr. B
A500, Gr. B
A588
Fy (KSI)
Fu (KSI)
36
50
50
35
42
46
50
58
65
65
60
58
58
70
Applicable structural shapes

M, S, C, MC, L, plates
HP
W
Pipe
HSS round
HSS rectangular
Corrosion-resistant for all rolled shapes
Advantages of Steel-Framed Structures:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
High-strength
Excellent quality control, predictability
Ductility
Speed of erection
Lightweight
Can be easily modified
Disadvantages of Steel-Framed Structures:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Fireproofing
Corrosion
Need for bracing
Semi-skilled labor (ironworkers, welders)
Subject to vibration
Temperature effects - brittle below -600F
- rapid reduction of E above 7000F
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) see AISC p. 2-6 and 16.1213 thru 217
The LRFD was developed in the 1980s as an alternative design method to

the tried-and-true Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method. It is based on a
limit state philosophy. A limit state is a term used to describe a condition
in which the structure ceases to perform as intended. A strength limit
state defines the safety against failure due to loading and a serviceability
limit state is a functional requirement such as deflection, drift or vibration.
In general, the LRFD method uses a statistical approach in determining
factored loads that are compared against ultimate member strengths. In
other words:
iQi < Rn
where: I =load factor
Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16)
= reduction factor, see AISC p. 2-10
= 0.90 for limit-states involving yielding
= 0.75 for limit-states involving rupture
Rn = nominal resistance strength of member
If plotted on a probability graph, 2 bell curves would emerge, one being
the probability of loads and the other being the probability of a members
strength being realized.
Probability of
loads, Qi
Probability of
member strength, Rn
Overlap = failure
LRFD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-8

The following 6 load factors are used to obtain the most severe factored
loads:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E)
where: D = service dead loads

L = service floor live load
Lr = service roof live load
S = snow load
R = rainwater load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
Example 1
GIVEN: A flat roof is framed with 24-0 long W18x40 beams spaced 8-0
o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25 PSF and the applied service
roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The service wind load on the flat
roof is -8 PSF (uplift).
W18x40
W18x40
W18x40
wu
24-0
24-0
Beam Loading F.B.D

Roof Framing Plan
8-0
Typ.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum LRFD factored uniform load on the beam, wu.
2) Determine the maximum LRFD factored moment on the beam, Mu.
Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF:

D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt.
= 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF
= 240 PLF
Lr = LL(Trib. Width)
= 20 PSF(8 ft)
= 160 PLF
W = -8 PSF(8 ft)
= -64 PLF
Step 2 Determine maximum FACTORED uniform load, wu:
1) 1.4D
1.4(240 PLF) = 336 PLF
2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(240 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 368 PLF
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (0.5L or 0.8W)
1.2(240 PLF) + 1.6(160 PLF) = 544 PLF USE
4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(240 PLF) + 1.6(-64 PLF) + 0.5(160 PLF) = 266 PLF
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S
1.2(240 PLF) = 288 PLF
6) 0.9D + (1.6W or 1.0E)
0.9(240 PLF) + 1.6(-64) = 114 PLF OR 318 PLF
Step 3 Determine maximum FACTORED moment on beam, Mu:
wu L2
Mu =
8
=
(544 PLF )(24'0" ) 2

8
= 39,168 ft-lb
Mu = 39.2 kip-ft
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) See AISC p. 2-7 and 16.1-216 thru 217
The Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method is based on the concept that
the stress levels in a component do not exceed established specific
allowable stresses under service loads. For any single component, there
may be several different allowable stress limits that must be checked.
The basic design equation for ASD is as follows:
Qi
Rn
where: I =load factor

Qi = working or service load (see IBC ch. 16)
Rn = nominal resistance strength of member
= safety factor, see AISC p. 2-10
= 1.67 for limit-states involving yielding
= 2.00 for limit-states involving rupture
1.5
=
ASD Load Factors: see AISC p. 2-9

The following 7 load factors are used to obtain the most severe loads:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
D
D+L
D+(Lr or S or R)
D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R)
D+(W or 0.7E)
D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R)
0.6D+(W or 0.7E)

L = service floor live load
S = snow load
R = rainwater load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
W18x40
W18x40
W18x40
Example 2
GIVEN: Similar to Example 1, a flat roof is framed with 24-0 long
W18x40 beams spaced 8-0 o.c. The service applied roof dead load is 25
PSF and the applied service roof live load = 20 PSF (per IBC ch. 16). The
service wind load on the flat roof is -8 PSF (uplift).
8-0
24-0
Roof Framing Plan
Typ.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum ASD service uniform load on the beam, w.
2) Determine the maximum ASD service moment on the beam, Mmax.
Step 1 Determine D, Lr and W in terms of PLF:
D = DL(Trib. Width) + Beam wt.
= 25 PSF(8 ft) + 40 PLF
= 240 PLF
Lr = LL(Trib. Width)
= 20 PSF(8 ft)
= 160 PLF
W = -8 PSF(8 ft)
= -64 PLF
Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE uniform load, w:
1) D
240 PLF
2) D+L
240 PLF + 0 = 240 PLF
3) D+(Lr or S or R)
240 PLF + 160 PLF = 400 PLF USE
4) D+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R)
240 PLF + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 360 PLF
5) D+(W or 0.7E)
240 PLF + (-64 PLF) = 176 PLF
240 PLF (-64 PLF) = 304 PLF
6) D+0.75(W or 0.7E)+0.75L+0.75(Lr or S or R)
240 PLF + 0.75(-64 PLF) + 0 + 0.75(160 PLF) = 312 PLF
7) 0.6D+(W or 0.7E)
0.6(240 PLF) + (-64 PLF) = 80 PLF
0.6(240 PLF) (-64 PLF) = 208 PLF
Step 3 Determine maximum SERVICE moment on beam, Mmax:
Mmax =
wL2
8
(400 PLF )(24'0" ) 2

=
8
= 28,800 ft-lb
Mmax = 28.8 kip-ft
Lecture 21 Reinforced Concrete Properties

Reinforced concrete structures are typified by their strength, beauty, bulk and
longevity. It is the material of choice for many structures where these
characteristics are required. Concrete-framed structures have many desirable
advantages over other construction materials including:
Concrete can be molded to form almost any imaginable shape

The entire building can be made of concrete walls, floors, structure
Concrete frames are inherently stable (vs. steel & wood)
Concrete structures are heavy excellent for wind-prone areas
Concrete is a readily-available material
Concrete is very fire-resistant
Weather-resistant (if built properly)
Relatively inexpensive material
However, reinforced concrete structures have several shortcomings which may

preclude it as a building material, including:
Very labor-intensive
Quality control
Formwork
Longer construction schedule due to curing time
Much larger, heavier member sizes (vs. steel-framed)
Poor insulation values
Concrete Materials:
Concrete is a mixture of the following materials:
1. Portland Cement The active ingredient that glues the other
materials together, conforming to ASTM C 150-99a. The raw
materials used in portland cement consist mainly of limestone, and
clays & shales. Different types of Portland cement include:
a) Type I General purpose
b) Type II Moderate sulfate protection and lower heat of
hydration
c) Type III High-early strength
d) Type IV Low heat of hydration used for massive concrete
structures such as dams
e) Type V High sulfate resistance
2. Water Water is necessary to create the chemical reaction of
hardening the cement called hydration. It should be clean and free
from any impurities (i.e., potable).
3. Aggregates Fine (sand) and coarse (gravel). Conforming to
ASTM C 33.
4. Admixtures Other ingredients added to enhance properties:
a) Air Entrainment Tiny bubbles used to reduce cracking in
concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles. Conforming to
ASTM C 260 with an air content of 4% - 8% by volume.
b) Superplasticizers Also called High Range Water
Reducers, used to increase concretes flow (workability)
instead of adding water. Conforming to ASTM C 494 Type F.
c) Retarders Used to slow the hydration process.
Conforming to ASTM C494 Type D.
d) Accelerators Used to speed-up the curing process,
conforming to ASTM C494 Type C or E.
e) Insulating beads Increases the R value, but diminishes
strength.
f) Fly Ash The byproduct of coal-burning electric generating
plants. Used to decrease the amount of portland cement
required. Conforming to ASTM C 618 Class F.
g) Colors Can be mixed to produce any desirable color.
Reinforced Concrete Properties:

1) Compressive Strength
The specified concrete compressive strength, fc, is actually a stress. It
is the most important structural property of concrete and is VERY
DEPENDENT upon the water-to-cement ratio. This is the ratio of the
weight of water divided by the weight of cement. A low w/c ratio = high
fc and high w/c ratio = low fc. A low w/c ratio is very stiff and difficult to
work with, therefore necessitating the need for superplasticizers.
Normal concrete has w/c ratios ranging from about 0.23 (very strong)
up to a maximum of about 0.50 but preferably should not exceed 0.45.
Values of fc are based on 28 days of curing. Typical ranges of fc are:
fc = 3000 PSI (slab-on-grade, footings, foundation walls)
= 3500 5000 PSI (beams, framed slabs)
= 4000 14000 PSI (columns)
The condition in which concrete cures affects the ultimate strength of
the hardened concretes fc. Allowing the freshly-placed concrete to
have continuous moisture applied will significantly increase the
strength, fc. Conversely, subjecting the freshly-placed concrete to
constant air will decrease the fc. See the graph below:
Affect of moist curing on concrete strength
2) Tensile Strength
Concrete is a brittle material and has very small tensile strength (about
10% of fc). It is usually assumed that concrete has zero tensile
strength.
3) Modulus of Elasticity Determined by formula below:
Econc = 57000
f 'c
where fc = concrete specified compressive stress in PSI

Example:
GIVEN: Concrete with fc = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Determine Econc
Econc = 57000
f 'c
= 57000 4000 PSI

= 3,605,000 PSI
Econc = 3605 KSI
4) Reinforcing Bars Used to carry ALL of the tension in a concrete

member, as well as helping to carry shear and compression. The steel
uses for bars is typically new billet steel having the usual modulus of
elasticity E = 29,000 KSI. The size of a bar refers to its diameter in
1/8ths. For example a #5 bar is in diameter (see table below). Rebar
should conform to ASTM A615 for deformed (ribbed) bars. Typical
grades include:
a) Grade 60 Has a yield stress Fy = 60 KSI, used for all bars
b) Grade 40 Has a yield stress Fy = 40 KSI, used for low-strength
applications only
Bar Size:
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
Diameter:
1
1
1
1
Area (in2):
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
The following diagram shows the typical markings on a deformed

reinforcing bar:
Epoxy-coated reinforcing bars are regular bars with a shopapplied coating of epoxy. These bars have exceptional resistance
to corrosion and are used in situations where there is high
water/salt exposure (such as road bridge decks, marine structures,
etc.). They are smooth to the touch and usually green in color.
Codes allow the placement of epoxy-coated bars to be closer to the
surface than regular bars because of the increased resistance to
corrosion. This usually results in a thinner, lighter concrete beam
or slab. Unfortunately, the epoxy coating is often scratched or
damaged during construction, leaving exposed bare steel. This
exposed bare steel is ripe for allowing moisture and salt deposits to
enter and actually INCREASING the propagation of corrosion.
For this reason, many state Departments of Transportation do not
allow epoxy-coated reinforcing bars for use in bridge decks.
Bridge deck constructed with epoxy-coated reinforcing bars
Reinforcing bars are placed a certain minimum distance away from

the edge of the member to ensure that it will not be susceptible to
water/salt infusion. This is referred to as cover distance. The
cover distance requirements shown below are obtained from ACI
318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.
Required minimum
cover distance
Concrete member
Reinforcing bars
Required minimum
cover distance
Minimum Concrete Cover Over Reinforcing Bars

Condition:
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth
Concrete exposed to earth or No. 6 through No. 18 bars
weather
No. 5 and smaller bars
Concrete NOT exposed to
Slabs, walls No. 14 &
earth or weather
& joists
No. 18
No. 11 and
smaller
Beams,
Main reinf.,
columns
stirrups,
ties, spirals
No. 6 and
Shells,
larger
folded
plates
No. 5 and
smaller
Minimum cover:
3
2
1
1
5) Slump Fresh concrete uses a slump test to determine the workability

of the concrete as per ASTM C 143. It is, however, not a very useful
measure of the concretes strength. It is possible to get very workable
concrete with high slump (i.e., very fluid) with the use of
superplasticizers.
The test involves taking a cone-shaped mold and pouring a sample of
concrete into it. Next, the cone is removed upward and the vertical
displacement of the concrete is measured.
Technicians performing a slump test on fresh concrete
Recommended Slumps for Various Types of Construction

Type of Concrete Member:
Foundation walls & footings
Beams and walls
Columns
Pavements and slabs
Mass concrete
Slump:
Maximum
Minimum
3
1
4
1
4
1
3
1
2
1
Lecture 22 Introduction to ACI 318-02

The American Concrete Institute (ACI) is the governing agency for all concrete
construction in the U.S. It was established in 1904 to serve and represent user
interests in the field of concrete. The ACI publishes many different standards,
but the most commonly referenced standard used by architects and engineers is
the ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. It is updated
every 7 years and the latest version is ACI 318-02 updated in 2002.
Almost all Building Codes, including the IBC, refer to ACI 318 as the basis for
structural design of concrete members.
Contents:
PART 1GENERAL
CHAPTER 1GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................318-9
CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS........................................................................ 318-19
PART 2STANDARDS FOR TESTS AND MATERIALS
CHAPTER 3MATERIALS.......................................................................... 318-27
PART 3CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

CHAPTER 4DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS............................................ 318-41
CHAPTER 5CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING .................318-47
CHAPTER 6FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS .............. 318-63
CHAPTER 7DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT........................................ 318-69
PART 4GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 8ANALYSIS AND DESIGN - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................318-85
CHAPTER 9STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................................318-95
CHAPTER 10FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS............................................318-109
CHAPTER 11SHEAR AND TORSION....................................................... 318-139
CHAPTER 12DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT ..............................318-187
PART 5STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
CHAPTER 13TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS............................................ 318-213
CHAPTER 14WALLS.............................................................................. 318-233
CHAPTER 15FOOTINGS........................................................................ 318-241
CHAPTER 16PRECAST CONCRETE .................................................... 318-249
CHAPTER 17COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS ........ 318-257
CHAPTER 18PRESTRESSED CONCRETE........................................... 318-261
CHAPTER 19SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS...................... 318-289
PART 6SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER 20STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES.......................... 318-297
CHAPTER 21SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN................318-303
PART 7STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
CHAPTER 22STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE ....................................318-343
COMMENTARY REFERENCES......................................................318-353
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX ASTRUT-AND-TIE MODELS ..................................................318-369
APPENDIX BALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS ..............................................318-385
APPENDIX CALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS................318-393
APPENDIX DANCHORING TO CONCRETE.................................................318-399
APPENDIX ENOTATION................................................................................318-427
APPENDIX FSTEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION ............................318-437
INDEX.................................................................................................................318-439
Analysis and Design General Considerations

Design Basis:
Similar to the LRFD method in steel, concrete is designed on the basis
of Ultimate loading. This is often referred to as Strength design.
Factors are applied to service loads in accordance with ACI 318
Section 9.2. These factored loads are used to determine maximum
factored moments, shears and other effects which are then compared
to the strength of the member. Strength of member is reduced by a
strength reduction factor.
Factored Load Effects < ()Member Strength
Load Factors:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
1.4(D + F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
L = service live load
S = snow loads
W = wind loads
R = rainwater loads
E = earthquake loads
F = fluid loads
H = soil loads
T = Temperature, creep, settlement, shrinkage loads
Strength Reduction Factors,

Member Type:
Tension member
Compression member
Spiral reinforced
Tied reinforced
Flexural members (beams)
Shear and torsion
Bearing
0.90
0.70
0.65
0.85
0.75
0.65
Example 1
GIVEN: The interior column of a 2-story concrete-framed building has the
following applied service loads to the 1200 ft2 tributary area as shown:
Roof live load = 20 PSF
Snow load = 45 PSF
Roof superimposed dead load (not including 8 thick slab) = 16 PSF
Roof wind uplift = -8 PSF
Floor live load = 100 PSF
Floor superimposed dead load (not including 10 thick slab) = 42 PSF
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored load, Pu, at the bottom of the 20
x 20 square column.
Trib. area = 1200 ft2
Step 1 Determine the total service loads on the roof:

a) Service roof live load, Lr = Trib. area(Roof PSF)
= 1200 ft2(20 PSF)
= 24,000 lbs.
= 24.0 KIPS
b) Service snow load, S = Trib. area(Floor PSF)
= 1200 ft2(45 PSF)
= 54,000 lbs.
= 54.0 KIPS
c) Service wind uplift load, W = 1200 ft2(-8 PSF)
= -9,600 lbs.
= -9.6 KIPS
d) Service roof dead load, Droof = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.)
= 1200 ft2(16 PSF) + 1200 ft2 8" (150 PCF )
12
= 19,200 lbs. + 120,000 lbs.

= 139,200 lbs.
= 139.2 KIPS
Step 2 Determine the total service loads on the 2nd floor:
a) Service floor live load, L = 1200 ft2(100 PSF)
= 120,000 lbs.
= 120.0 KIPS
b) Service floor dead load, Dfloor = (Superimposed loads) + (slab wt.)
= 1200 ft2(42 PSF) + 1200 ft2 10" (150 PCF )
12
= 50,400 lbs. + 150,000 lbs.

= 200,400 lbs.
= 200.4 KIPS
Step 3 Determine the total service dead load of the concrete column:
20" 20"
3
Column dead load, Dcolumn =
(28 ft ) 150lb / ft
12
12
= 11,667 lbs.
= 11.7 KIPS
Step 4 Sum all service dead loads together:

Total service dead load, D = Droof + Dfloor + Dcolumn
= 139.2 KIPS + 200.4 KIPS + 11.7 KIPS
= 351.3 KIPS
Step 5 Check all 7 load factors, select worst case:
1) 1.4(D + F)
1.4(351.3) = 491.8 KIPS
2) 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(351.3) + 1.6(120.0) + 0.5(54.0) = 640.6 KIPS USE
3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W)
1.2(351.3) + 1.6(54.0) + (1.0(120.0)) = 628.0 KIPS
4) 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) + 1.0(120.0) + 0.5(54) = 553.2 KIPS
5) 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
1.2(351.3) + 1.0(120) + 0.2(54.0) = 552.4 KIPS
6) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
0.9(351.3) + 1.6(-9.6) = 300.8 KIPS
7) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
0.9(351.3) = 316.2 KIPS
From above, Pu = 640.6 KIPS
Example 2
GIVEN: The cantilevered floor balcony beam/slab as shown below. The service
superimposed dead load (not including concrete) = 14 PSF and the
superimposed service live load = 75 PSF.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum factored moment, Mu on the cantilevered
beam.
14-0
18
5 slab
10
Beam
16-0
wu
14-0
Side view of cantilevered beam
Step 1 Determine service dead load, D acting on beam:

Since there are 2 beams, each supports of the balcony:
5 slab
18
10
8-0
18 5 slab
16-0
10" 13"
150lb
5"
(8' )( ) + ( )( )
3
12 12
12
ft
= 635.4 PLF
Weight of concrete (shaded area) =
Superimposed dead load on beam = 8(14 PSF)

= 112 PLF
Total dead load acting on beam, D = 635.4 PLF + 112 PLF
= 747.4 PLF
Step 2 Determine service live load, L acting on beam:

Live load acting on beam = 8(75 PSF)
= 600 PLF
Step 3 Determine factored uniform load on beam, wu:
By inspection, use load factor 1.2D + 1.6L
wu = 1.2(747.4 PLF) + 1.6(600 PLF)
= 1857 PLF
= 1.9 KLF
Step 4 Determine maximum factored moment on beam, Mu:
wu L2
For a cantilevered beam, Mmax = Mu =
2
=
(1.9 KLF )(14'0" ) 2

2
Mu = 186.2 KIP-FT
Lecture 23 Flexural Members

Flexural members are those that experience primarily bending stresses, such as
beams. A typical reinforced concrete beam is shown below:
Depth to steel d
Hanger bars
(#4 or #5 bars)
Stirrup bars (used
to prevent diag.
tension cracks)
spaced at d/2
apart
Concrete cover
= 2 as
per ACI reqmts.
Height h
Width b
Tension bars As
Section A-A
Sometimes, 2 (or more) rows of main tension bars are necessary. It is

important to provide minimum adequate cover around all reinforcing bars
so that these bars can properly bond with the concrete. ACI 318 dictates
that the minimum spacing between bars is 1.5 times the maximum
concrete aggregate size. Typical concrete batches use a maximum
aggregate size of diameter, so then the minimum bar spacing = 1.5()
= 1.
Height h
Depth to centroid of steel d
Below is a sketch of a typical concrete beam with 2 rows of tension bars:
Min. bar
spacing
Tension bars As
Min. bar
spacing
As = Total cross-sectional area of all tension bars, in2

d = depth to center of tension bars, inches
= h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.)
fy = yield stress of reinforcing bars
= 60 KSI for ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars
actual = actual ratio of tension steel to effective concrete area
A
= s
bd
min = minimum allowable ratio of tension steel per ACI 318
200
=
where fy = PSI
fy
Example 1
GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam is similar to the one shown above.
Use the following:
Height h = 20
Width b = 12
Concrete fc = 4000 PSI
Concrete cover =
All bars are A615 Grade 60 (fy = 60 KSI)
Stirrup bar = #3
4 - #7 Tension bars
REQUIRED:
1) Determine total area of tension bars, As.
2) Determine depth to center of tension bars, d.
A
200
3) Determine actual = s where min =
and state if it is acceptable.
bd
fy
Step 1 Determine area of tension bars, As:
As = 4 bars(0.60 in2 per bar)
See Lect. 21 notes
As = 2.40 in2
Step 2 Determine depth to tension bars, d:
= 20 ()
d = 18.44
Step 3 Determine actual and min :
actual =
As
bd
min =
2.40in 2
(12" )(18.44" )
200
fy
200
60000 PSI
min = 0.0033
actual = 0.0108
Since actual > min beam is acceptable
A basic understanding of beam mechanics is necessary to study concrete beam

behavior. Consider a simply-supported homogeneous rectangular beam loaded
by a uniformly-distributed load as shown below:
Applied loads
Span L
Taking a section through the beam at any place along the length reveals the
following stress distribution about the cross-section of the beam:
Compression
Neutral
Axis
The stress distribution

varies linearly from zero
stresses at the neutral
axis, to a maximum tensile
or compressive stress at
the extreme edges.
Homogeneous Beam
Tension
In a reinforced concrete beam, the stress distribution is different. Above the

neutral axis, the concrete carries all the compression, similar to the
homogeneous beam. Below the neutral axis however, the concrete is incapable
of resisting tension and must rely on the reinforcing bars to carry all the tension
loads.
Compression
Neutral
Axis
The actual stress distribution

in the compression side
varies non-linearly from zero
stresses at the neutral axis,
to a maximum compressive
stress at the extreme edge.
Reinforced Concrete Beam

Tension = T
Reinforcing bars
Looking at a side view of the stress distribution of the reinforced concrete beam:
C
Neutral
Axis
(a)
0.85fcb
a = 1C
Whitney stress block
d
Moment arm = Z
T = Asfy
Actual Stress Distribution
T = Asfy
Idealized Stress Distribution
Assuming an idealized beam, tension equals compression:

Tension = Compression
Asfy = Area of Whitney stress block
Asfy = 0.85fcab
Solve for a:
a=
As f y
0.85 f ' c b
= 1C
1 = 0.85 for fc < 4000 PSI

= 0.80 for fc = 5000 PSI
= 0.75 for fc > 6000 PSI
C = depth to neutral axis from extreme compression edge
Mn = Nominal moment capacity of concrete beam
= Asfy(Moment arm)
= AsfyZ
a
= Asfy(d - )
2
Mu = Usable moment capacity of concrete beam
= Mn
= 0.9Mn
a
Mu = 0.9(Asfy(d - ) )
2
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
bal = balanced ratio of tension steel reinforcement

0.851 f ' c
=
fy
87,000
87,000 + f
y
where fy = PSI
max = maximum allowable ratio of tension steel reinforcement per ACI 318
= 0.75bal
Example 2
GIVEN: The concrete beam from Example 1 is used to support the loading as
shown below.
REQUIRED:
1. Determine the maximum factored applied moment, Mmax.
2. Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu, and determine if
it is acceptable based on Mmax.
3. Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max.
Factored uniform load wu = 3000 PLF (incl. beam wt.)
20-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored applied moment, Mmax:

Mmax =
wu L2
8
(3KLF )(20'0" ) 2
8
Mmax = 150 KIP-FT

Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
where act = 0.0108 (see Ex. 1)
(0.0108)(60 KSI )
= 0.9(2.40 in2)(60 KSI)(18.44)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 2161.4 KIP-IN
Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT
Since Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT > Mmax = 150 KIP-FT beam is acceptable
Step 3 Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max:
= 0.75bal
0.851 f ' c
=
fy
87,000
87,000 + f
y
where fy = PSI
where 1 = 0.85 since fc = 4000 PSI
87,000
0.85(0.85)(4 KSI )
=
60 KSI
87,000 + 60000 PSI

= 0.0285
max = 0.75(0.0285)
max = 0.0214 > act = 0.0108 beam is acceptable
Lecture 24 Flexural Members (cont.)

Determining the usable moment capacity, Mu, of a rectangular reinforced concrete
beam is accomplished by using the formula below: (see Lect. 23)
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
Designing a beam using the equation above is much more difficult. Assuming the
material properties and dimensions are known, the equation above still has 2
unknown variables As and act. Therefore, design of steel reinforcement for a given
beam is largely one of trial-and-error.
Beam Design
Design of concrete beam members is often one of trial-and-error. Its difficult
to directly solve for all the variables in a reinforced concrete beam. Usually,
material properties are known as well as maximum applied factored moment,
Mmax.
The following Table is useful to get a trial beam size:
Minimum Suggested Thickness h of Concrete Beams & One-Way Slabs
Member:
End Conditions
Simply
One end
Both ends
Cantilever
supported continuous
continuous
Solid one-way slab
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
Beam
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
Span length L = inches
Beams are usually rectangular having the width typically narrower than the
height. The diagram below shows typical beam aspect ratios:
b
h 1.5b 2.5b
Beam Design Aid

It is still difficult to directly design a reinforced concrete beam even if
dimensions and material properties are known. The use of design aids are
commonly used to streamline the design process instead of laboriously using
a trial-and-error approach.
Mu
bd 2
are in units of PSI. It can be used to directly solve for act knowing factored
actual moment Mu, fc, fy, b and d.
The design aid shown below is used for design or analysis. Values of
Table 1 - Concrete fc = 3000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Table 2 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Example 1
GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam with dimensions is shown below (stirrup bars
not shown). Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and grade 60 bars.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using formula.
2) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2.
b =12
d = 18
3 - # 7 bars
Step 1 Determine usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using formula:

act =
As
bd
3(0.60in 2 _ per _ bar )

(12" )(18" )
act = 0.0083
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.0083)(60 KSI )
= 0.9(1.80 in2)(60 KSI)(18)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 1621 KIP-IN
Mu = 135 KIP-FT
Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2:
From Table 2:
At = 0.0083
Mu
= 461.4 PSI
bd 2
Solving for Mu:

Mu = 461.4 PSI(bd2)
= 461.4 PSI[(0.9)(12)(18)2]
= 1,614,531 LB-IN
= 1615 KIP-IN
Mu = 134.6 KIP-FT
NOTE: This answer is the same as in Step 1.
Example 2
GIVEN: The concrete beam below. Use the following:

Steel grade 60
Concrete cover =
#8 bars are to be used for main tension bars
#3 stirrups
REQUIRED: Design the rectangular beam such that h 1.5b and act (max).
wu = 2 KLF
28-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax:

Mmax =
wu L2
8
(2 KLF )(28'0" ) 2
8
Mmax = 196 KIP-FT

= 2352 KIP-IN
= 2,352,000 LB-IN
Step 2 Select values from Table 2:

a) Select act = (max)
= (0.0214)
TRY act = 0.0107
b) At = 0.0107
Mu
= 581.2 PSI
bd 2
Step 3 Solve for b and d by substituting Mmax for Mu in above equation:

Mu
= 581.2 PSI
bd 2
where: Mu = Mmax = 2,352,000 LB-IN

= 0.9
d = 1.5b
2352000
= 581.2 PSI
(0.9)(b)(1.5b) 2
Solve for b:
2352000
= 581.2 PSI
(0.9)(2.25b 3 )
b=3
2352000
(0.9)(2.25)(581.2)
b = 12.6 Use b = 12
d = 1.5b
= 1.5(12)
d 18
Step 4 Select beam dimensions:

From above, use b = 12 and d 18
#8 main bar dia. = 1
#3 stirrup bar dia. = 3/8
h = d + conc. cover + stirrup bar dia. + (main bar dia.)

= 18 + + 3/8 + (1)
= 19.625 Use h = 20
Revised d = 20 (1)
= 18.375
Step 5 Determine required area of main tension bars:
From above, act = 0.0107 =
As
bd
Solve for As:

As = 0.0107(b)(d)
= 0.0107(12)(18.375)
As = 2.36 in2
Step 6 Determine number of #8 main tension bars:
No. of bars =
As
Area _ of _ one _ bar
2.36in 2
=
0.79in 2 _ per _#8 _ bar
= 2.99 bars USE 3 - #8 bars
Step 7 Check beam height with Minimum Thickness of Beams Table:

From Table:
Member type = Beam
End Condition = Simply-supported
L
16
L
16
(28'0" )(12" / ft )
16
h 21 which is approximately = 20 as designed

Step 8 Draw Summary Sketch labeling all information necessary to build it:
12
2 - #4 hanger
bars
20
#3 stirrup bars
@ 9 o.c.
concrete cover
3 - #8 main bars
Section A-A
Notes:
1) Concrete fc = 4000 PSI normal-weight
2) All bars ASTM A615 Grade 60
Lecture 25 T- Beams
Concrete beams are often poured integrally with the slab, forming a much stronger
T shaped beam. These beams are very efficient because the slab portion
carries the compressive loads and the reinforcing bars placed at the bottom of the
stem carry the tension. A T-beam typically has a narrower stem than an ordinary
rectangular beam. These stems are typically spaced from 4-0 apart to more than
12-0. The slab portion above the stem is designed as a one-way slab spanning
between stems (see Lecture 26).
Slab
Main tension bars

at bottom of stem
A typical T-beam has the following dimensions and notations:
b = Effective flange width
Overhang
width
bw
Clear distance
hf = Slab
thickness
bw
NOTE: Stirrups in T-beam

are required (not shown in
this sketch)
Assuming T-beams are symmetrical, the following design dimensions are used:
8hf
or
Overhang width = smaller
(Clear distance)
(Beam span)
b = smaller
or
(2 x overhang width) + bw
T-Beam Analysis
T-beams are analyzed similarly to rectangular beams, except the
compression area is a narrow strip usually located in the slab.
a = Effective conc.
compressive
thickness
b = Effective flange width
hf
Z = (d Ac = Shaded area
= Effective concrete
compression area
= (a)(b)
bw
a
)
2
As = Total area of
main tension bars
Mu = Usable moment capacity of T-beam

= TZ
where: = 0.9
T = Tension force developed in main bars
= Asfy
Ac = Effective concrete compression area
T
=
0.85 f ' c
a = Effective concrete compressive thickness
A
= c
b
Z = Moment arm distance between center of
compression to center of tension
=d-
a
2
Example 1
GIVEN: A commercial building has T-beams spaced 6-6 (center-to-center) with a 4
concrete slab as shown in the framing plan and cross-section views below. Use the
following information:
Superimposed service floor dead load (NOT including conc. wt.) = 40 PSF
Superimposed service floor live load = 100 PSF
ASTM A615 Grade 60 bars
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum factored moment, Mmax, on the T-beam.
2) Determine the usable moment capacity, Mu, for the T-beam.
T-beam span = 20-0
T-beam
6-6
Perimeter girder
Typ.
Framing Plan
Column
6-6
4
16
2 - #9 bars
Section A-A Thru T-Beams
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax, on T-beam:

Determine area of T-beam = Slab area + Stem area
= (6.5)(0.333) + (1)(0.666)
= 2.83 ft2
Determine service weight of T-beam = Area of T-beam x Conc. unit wt.
= 2.83 ft2(150 lb/ft3)
= 425 PLF
Det. factored uniform load on T-beam wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Service Dead Load
Service Live Load
= 1.2[(6.5)(40 PSF) + 425 PLF] + 1.6[(6.5)(100 PSF)]

= 822 PLF + 1040 PLF
= 1862 PLF Use wu = 1.9 KLF
Det. Maximum factored moment, Mmax =
wu L2
8
(1.9 KLF )(20'0" ) 2
8
Mmax = 95 KIP-FT
Step 2 Determine effective concrete slab width b:

8hf = 8(4) = 32 USE
Overhang width = smaller
or
(Clear distance) = (78 8) = 35
(Beam span) = (20-0 x 12/ft) = 60 USE

b = smaller
or
(2 x overhang width) + bw = (2 x 32 + 8) = 72
Step 3 Determine effective conc. compression area Ac:

T = Tension force developed in main bars
= Asfy
= 2 bars(1.00 in2 per #9 bar)(60 KSI)
= 120 KIPS
Ac = Effective concrete compression area
=
T
0.85 f ' c
120 KIPS
0.85(3KSI )
= 47.1 in2
Step 4 Determine usable moment capacity, Mu for the T-beam:

a = Effective concrete compressive thickness
A
= c
b
=
47.1in 2
60"
a = 0.79
Z = Moment arm distance between center of
compression to center of tension
=d-
a
2
= 16 -
0.79"
2
Z = 15.6
Mu = TZ
= 0.9(120 KIPS)(15.6)
= 1685 KIP-IN
Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT
NOTE: Since Mu = 140.4 KIP-FT > Mmax = 95 KIP-FT, Tbeam is ACCEPTABLE.
Heavily-Reinforced T-Beams
T-beams with a lot of tension reinforcement may have a portion of the effective
concrete area located within the stem as shown below:
b
hf
Ac = Shaded area
= Effective concrete
compression area
bw
As
The location of the centroid of the effective concrete compression area is

found by methods discussed in AECT 210 Structural Theory (see Lecture 5).
After the location is found, analysis is exactly the same as ordinary T-beams.
Similar to ordinary rectangular reinforced concrete beams, the ACI 318 limits
the amount of tension steel in T-beams so that the steel will yield prior to
concrete compression failure. The maximum area of steel, As is shown in the
table below.
Maximum Tensile Steel Permitted in T-Beams

Concrete and Steel Properties:
Steel fy = 40 KSI
Steel fy = 60 KSI
Steel fy = 40 KSI
Steel fy = 60 KSI
Formula (As = in2)

As max = 0.0478[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)]
As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]
As max = 0.0638[bhf + bw(0.582d hf)]
As max = 0.0425[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]
Example 2
GIVEN: The T-beam from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum area of tension steel permitted, As max:
Step 1 Determine As max:
From Example 1:
Steel fy = 60 KSI
b = 60
hf = 4
bw = 8
As max = 0.0319[bhf + bw(0.503d hf)]
= 0.0319[(60)(4) + 8(0.503(16) 4)]
As max = 8.7 in2
NOTE: This area of tension steel As = 8.7 in2 is a LOT!! In order
to supply this much steel the beam would require 9 - #9 bars, 15
- #7 bars or 20 - #6 bars! It would be far better to change the
beam dimensions than to try to squeeze this many bars into the
beam.
Lecture 26 One-Way Slabs

A one-way slab is supported by parallel walls or beams, and the main
tension reinforcing bars run parallel to the span. It looks like the following:
Tension rebar
(parallel to span)
Slab thickness
Shrinkage bar
spacing
Tension bar
spacing
Wall (or beam)

Shrinkage rebar
(perpendicular to
span)
Slab span
The slab is designed as a series of 1-0 wide beam strips. The analysis
is similar to rectangular beams, except the width b = 12 and the height is
usually on the order of 4 10. The main tension bars are usually #4, #5
or #6 bars. There are no stirrups in slabs, however, additional bars are
placed perpendicular to the main tension bars to prevent cracking during
the curing process. These bars are referred to as shrinkage or
temperature bars and are also usually #4 or #5 bars.
Spacing reqd. for moment
Maximum spacing between main tension bars = smaller of
or
3 x slab thickness
or
12
Spacing reqd. by analysis
Maximum spacing between shrinkage bars = smaller of
or
5 x slab thickness
or
18
Design of Main Tension Bars:

As previously mentioned, slabs are designed as a series of 1-0 wide
rectangular beam strips as shown below:
Slab strip
Support
beam
d
Span
b = 12
Tension bars
Assuming the slab strip is a rectangular beam, then:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
where: Mu = Usable moment capacity of slab strip

As = Area of tension bars per 1-0 width of slab
fy = yield stress of rebar
fc = specified compressive strength of concrete
A
act = s
bd
Alternatively, the Design Aid Tables 1 and 2 from Lecture 24 may be
used for analysis OR design.
Example 1
GIVEN: A one-way slab has a simple span = 8-0 and the following materials
and loads:

#4 Grade 60 main tension bars and shrinkage bars
Concrete cover =
Superimposed floor SERVICE dead load = 38 PSF (not incl. slab wt.)
Superimposed floor SERVIVE live load = 125 PSF
REQUIRED: Design the slab, including thickness, main tension bars & shrinkage
bars.
Slab strip
Support
beam
h=?
d
Span = 8-0
b = 12
Tension bars
Step 1 Determine slab thickness h based on Table below:

Member:
End Conditions
Simply
One end
Both ends
Cantilever
continuous
Solid one-way slab
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
Beam
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
h=
L
20
8'0" (12" / ft )
20
= 4.8 USE 5 Thick Slab
Step 2 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax, on slab:

Factored uniform load wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(superimposed dead load + slab wt.) + 1.6(live load)
= 1.2(1(38 PSF) + (5/12)(150 PCF)) + 1.6(1(125 PSF))
= 120.6 PLF + 200 PLF
= 320.6 PLF
= 0.32 KLF
wu L2
Maximum factored moment Mmax =
8
(0.32 KLF )(8'0" ) 2
=
8
Mmax = 2.56 KIP-FT
= 30.72 KIP-IN
= 30,720 LB-IN
Step 3 Determine depth to tension bars d:
d
b = 12
d = h conc. cover (Tension bar dia.)

= 5 (4/8)
= 4
NOTE: No stirrups are
required in slabs
Step 4 Using Design Aid Table 2 (see Lecture 24), determine As:
Determine the corresponding from
Mu
:
bd 2
Mu
30,720 LB IN
=
2
bd
(0.9)(12" )(4" ) 2
= 177.8 PSI
Use act = min = 0.0033
act =
As
bd
Solve for As:

As = act(b)(d)
= 0.0033(12)(4)
= 0.16 in2 per 1-0 width of slab
Step 5 Determine #4 bar tension bar spacing reqd. for moment:
A _ per _ one _ bar
Bar spacing reqd. = 12 s

As
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 12
0.16in 2
= 15 apart
Step 6 Determine MAXIMUM tension bar spacing requirements per ACI-318:
Spacing reqd. for moment
Maximum spacing between main tension bars = smaller of
= smaller of
Use #4 Tension bars @ 12 o.c.

Step 7 Determine Shrinkage bar requirements by analysis:
Shrinkage bar As = 0.0020bh
= 0.0020(12)(5)
= 0.12 in2 per 1-0 width
A _ per _ one _ bar
Bar spacing reqd. = 12 s

A
s
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 12
0.12in 2
= 20 apart
or
3 x slab thickness
or
12
15 (see prev. page)
or
3 x 5 = 15
or
12 USE
Step 8 Determine MAXIMUM shrink. bar spacing requirements per ACI-318:

Spacing reqd. by analysis
Maximum spacing between shrinkage bars = smaller of
= smaller of
or
5 x slab thickness
or
18
20 (see prev. pages)

or
5 x 5 = 25
or
18 USE
Use #4 Shrinkage bars @ 18 o.c.

#4 Tension rebar
placed at bottom
of slab
5
#4 Shrinkage bar
spacing = 18 o.c.
Tension bar
spacing = 12 o.c.
Wall (or beam)

#4 Shrinkage rebar
placed in center of
slab
Slab span = 8-0
Continuous (Mult-span) Slabs

Concrete structural members are typically poured integrally together.
Beams and slabs often span multiple supports and are not simplysupported as steel and wood framed beams are. As discussed in AECT
210 Lecture 15, these concrete beams and slabs are continuous and have
both positive moments and negative moments.
The location of tension bars in the members is related to the location of
moment:
Tension bars are located in the BOTTOM for Mpos
Tension bars are located in the TOP for Mneg
2- Equal Span Condition:
Bars at top
w
R1
L
M pos =
R3
R2
9
( wL2 )
128
M pos =
9
( wL2 )
128
0.375L
0.375L
1
M neg = ( wL2 )
8
Moment
Diagram
3- Equal Span Condition:

Bars at top
w
R2
R1
R4
R3
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
Mpos = 0.025(wL )
0.4L
0.4L
0.5L
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
0.5L
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
Rebar Placement:
At the transition between the Mpos and Mneg zones, a minimum overlap of
bars is required per ACI 318. These overlaps are required for developing
the full bar strength in tension. The friction developed between the
concrete and the ribs of the rebar must equal the tensile strength of the
bar. The necessary length of the bar embedment to achieve this friction
force is called the Development Length, Ld, and is specified as a multiple
of bar diameters. For example, the Ld for a Grade 60 rebar and concrete
fc = 4000 PSI = 38 x bar diameter.
Tensile Strength
Rebar Tensile strength = Friction force

Ld
Friction force
Below are schematic cross-sections of required overlap dimensions for

bar placement in continuous slabs (beams are similar):
Example 2
GIVEN: A 1-0 wide strip concrete slab that is 6 thick and a 3-span condition
is shown below. All loads shown are already factored and includes slab weight.
Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and Grade 60 bars. Use d = 5.
REQUIRED: Determine if the slab reinforcing steel is adequate for both the
positive moments and negative moments.
#4 @ 8 o.c.
bars at bottom
of slab
#5 @ 10 o.c.
bars at top of
slab
wu = 1.0 KLF
6
R2
R1
L = 9-0
L = 9-0
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
0.4L
R3
L = 9-0
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
Mpos = 0.025(wL )
0.4L
0.5L
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
0.5L
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
Step 1 Determine maximum factored POSITIVE moment, Mpos:

From above, Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
= 0.08(1.0 KLF)(9-0)2
= 6.48 KIP-FT
Step 2 - Determine maximum factored NEGATIVE moment, Mneg:
From above, Mpos = -0.1(wL2)
= -0.1(1.0 KLF)(9-0)2
= -8.1 KIP-FT
Step 3 Determine usable moment capacity of slab in POSITIVE moment:
The slab is reinforced with #4 @ 8 o.c.:

d = 5
6
8
b = 12
#4 @ 8 o.c. at
BOTTOM of slab
We must get the reinforcement As in terms of 12 width of slab:
A _ per _ bar
As per 1-0 width = 12 s

Spacing
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 12
8"
As = 0.30 in2 per 1-0 width of slab

Determine act =
As
bd
0.30in 2
(12" )(5" )
= 0.005
Determine Mu by formula:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.005)(60)
= 0.9(0.30 in2)(60 KSI)(5)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 77.4 KIP-IN
Mu = 6.45 KIP-FT Mpos = 6.48 KIP-FT ACCEPTABLE
Step 4 Determine usable moment capacity of slab in NEGATIVE moment:
The slab is reinforced with #5 @ 10 o.c.:

6
d = 5
10
b = 12
#5 @ 10 o.c. at TOP
of slab
We must get the reinforcement As in terms of 12 width of slab:
A _ per _ bar
As per 1-0 width = 12 s

Spacing
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar
= 12
10"
As = 0.37 in2 per 1-0 width of slab

Determine act =
As
bd
0.37in 2
(12" )(5" )
= 0.0061
Determine Mu by formula:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.0061)(60)
= 0.9(0.37 in2)(60 KSI)(5)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 94.5 KIP-IN
Mu = 7.88 KIP-FT < Mneg = 8.1 KIP-FT NOT ACCEPTABLE
Lecture 27 Two-Way Slabs

Two-way slabs have tension reinforcing spanning in BOTH directions, and may take
the general form of one of the following:
Types of Two-Way Slab Systems
The following Table may be used to determine minimum thickness of various twoway slabs based on deflection:
Minimum Suggested Thickness h for Two-Way Slabs

Two-Way Slab System:
Minimum Thickness h:
Flat plate
Ln/30
Flat plate with spandrel beams
Ln/33
Flat slab
Ln/33
Flat slab with spandrel beams
Ln/36
Two-way beam-supported slab
Ln/33
Ln = clear distance in long direction
Flat Plates
Flat plates are the most common type of two-way slab system. It is commonly
used in multi-story construction such as hotels, hospitals, offices and
apartment buildings. It has several advantages:
Easy formwork
Simple bar placement
Low floor-to-floor heights
Direct Design Method of Flat Plates per ACI 318-02

Two-way slabs are inherently difficult to analyze by conventional methods of
statics because of the two-way bending occurring. Accurately determining the
moments on a two-way slab is typically accomplished by finite element
computer analysis.
Computer analysis of two-way slab
The ACI 318 code allows a direct design method that can be used in most
typical situations. However, the following limitations apply:
1. Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction.
2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to
shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not
greater than 2.0.
3. Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than
1/3 of the longer span.
4. Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction
of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
5. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not
more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0).
Design Strips
a) L1 > L2:
L2/4 L2/4
Column
(typ.)
Exterior Column Strip
Middle Strip
L2
Interior Column Strip
Middle Strip
L2
L2/4
L1
b) L2 > L1:
Exterior Column Strip
Middle Strip
L2
Middle Strip
L2
L1
L1/4
L1/4 L1/4
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns

Slab
End Span
Interior Span
Moments
1
2
3
4
5
Exterior
Positive
First
Positive
Interior
Negative
Interior
Negative
Negative
Total
0.26Mo
0.52Mo
0.70Mo
0.35Mo
0.65Mo
Moment
Column
0.26Mo
0.31Mo
0.53Mo
0.21Mo
0.49Mo
Strip
Middle
0
0.21Mo
0.17Mo
0.14Mo
0.16Mo
Strip
Mo = Total factored moment per span
End Span
1
Mo =
wu L2 Ln
8
Interior Span
3
where Ln = clear span (face-to-face of cols.)in the direction of analysis

Bar Placement per ACI 318-02

The actual quantity of bars required is determined by analysis (see Example
below). However, usage of the Direct Design Method prescribes bar
placement as shown below:
Example 1
GIVEN: A two-way flat plate for an office building is shown below. Use the following:
Column dimensions = 20 x 20
Superimposed service floor Dead load = 32 PSF (not including slab weight)
Superimposed service floor Live load = 75 PSF
#4 Grade 60 main tension bars
Concrete cover =
REQUIRED: Use the Direct Design Method to design the two-way slab for the
design strip in the direction shown.
L2 = 16-0
L2 = 16-0
L2 = 16-0
20-0
Ln
20-0
20-0
L2/4 L2/4
Middle strip
= (16 Col. strip)
Col. strip
Middle strip
= (16 Col. strip)
Design Strip = 16
Step 1 Determine slab thickness h:

Since it is a flat plate, from Table above, use h =
Ln
30
where Ln = clear span in direction of analysis

= (20-0 x 12/ft) 20
Column size
= 220 = 18.33
h=
220"
30
= 7.333
Use 8 thick slab
Step 2 Determine factored uniform load, wu on the slab:
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
Slab weight
= 1.2[(32 PSF) + (8/12)(150 PCF)] + 1.6[(75 PSF)]

= 278.4 PSF
= 0.28 KSF
Step 3 Check applicability of Direct Design Method:
1) Must have 3 or more continuous spans in each direction. YES
2) Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of the longer span to
shorter span(measured as centerline-to-centerline of support) not
greater than 2.0. YES
3) Successive span lengths in each direction must not differ by more than
1/3 of the longer span. YES
4) Columns must not be offset by more than 10% of the span (in direction
of offset) from either axis between centerlines of successive columns.
YES
5) Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored live load not
more than 2 times the unfactored dead load (L/D < 2.0). YES
Step 4 Determine total factored moment per span, Mo:

Mo =
wu L2 Ln
8
(0.28KSF )(16' )(18.33' ) 2

8
Mo = 188 KIP-FT
Step 5 Determine distribution of total factored moment into col. & middle strips:
Design Moment Coefficients for Flat Plate Supported Directly by Columns

Slab
End Span
Interior Span
Moments
1
2
3
4
5
Exterior
Positive
First
Positive
Interior
Negative
Interior
Negative
Negative
0.70M
0.26M
=
48.9
0.52M
=
97.8
0.35Mo = 65.8 0.65Mo = 122.2
o = 131.6
o
o
Total
Moment
0.26Mo = 48.9 0.31Mo = 58.3 0.53Mo = 99.6 0.21Mo = 39.5 0.49Mo = 92.1
Column
Strip
0
0.21Mo = 39.5 0.17Mo = 32.0 0.14Mo = 26.3 0.16Mo = 30.1
Middle
Strip
Mo = Total factored moment per span = 188 KIP-FT
Step 6 Determine tension steel bars for col. & middle strips:
a) Column strip for region 1 :
Factored NEGATIVE moment = 48.9 KIP-FT (see Table above)
= 586.8 KIP-IN
= 586,800 LB-IN
b = 96
8
d = 8 conc. cover (bar dia.)

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu
586,800 LB IN
=
2
bd
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 138.6 PSI
From Lecture 24 Table 2:
Use min = 0.0033

=
As
bd
Solve for As:

As = bd
= (0.0033)(96)(7)
= 2.22 in2
Number of bars required =
As
As _ per _ bar
2.22in 2
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 11.1 Use 12 - #4 TOP bars
b) Column strip for region 2 :

Factored POSITIVE moment = 58.3 KIP-FT (see Table above)
= 699,600 LB-IN
b = 96
8

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu
699,600 LB IN
=
2
bd
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 165.2 PSI
Use = 0.0033
As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above)
Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
c) Middle strip for region
2 :
Factored POSITIVE moment = 39.5 KIP-FT (see Table above)

= 474,000 LB-IN
b = 96
8

= 8 (4/8)
= 7
Mu
474,000 LB IN
=
2
bd
(0.9)(96" )(7" ) 2
= 112.0 PSI
Use = 0.0033
As = 2.22 in2 (see calcs. above)
Use 12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
Use 6 - #4 Bottom bars at each Middle Strip
Step 7 Draw Summary Sketch plan view of bars:
16-0
16-0
16-0
Col. strip for region 1

12 - #4 TOP bars
Middle strip for

region 2
6 - #4 BOTTOM bars
20-0
Col. strip for region 2

12 - #4 BOTTOM bars
20-0
20-0
4-0
Middle strip = 4-0
4-0
Col. strip
16 0
Middle strip = 4-0
Example 2
GIVEN: The two-way slab system from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Design the steel tension bars for design strip shown (perpendicular to
those in Example 1).
16-0
16-0
20-0
Middle strip = 6-0
20-0
16-0
Col. strip = 8-0
Middle strip = 6-0
20-0
20-0
Lecture 28 Shear in Beams

Heavy loads on concrete beams produce diagonal shear cracks as shown below:
Shear cracks in areas

of high shear
Column
(typ.)
Cracking in beams is normal and indicates the tension bars are actually working.
Excessive cracking needs to be controlled by additional bars called stirrups
placed perpendicular to the cracks as shown below:
Stirrup bars spanning

crack
Stirrup bar spacing, s
Stirrups may take the shape of the following typical configurations:
Design for Shear in Concrete Beams

Vertical shear is carried by the concrete shear capacity and the shear
capacity provided by the stirrups. In other words:
Vu (from shear diagram) < Vc + Vs
where: Vu = factored vertical shear determined at a distance
d away from the face of support
= 0.75
Vc = shear strength of concrete
= 2 f ' c bw d
fc = concrete strength, PSI
bw = width of beam
Vs = shear strength provided by stirrups bars
=
Vu Vc
d
2
If Vs < 4 f ' c bw d
then Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
or
24
If 4 f ' c bw d < Vs < 8 f ' c bw d

then Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
d
4
or
Stirrups are required when Vu > (Vc)
12
If stirrups are required,

s=
Av f y d
Vs
< Smax
where: Av = area of stirrup bars crossing crack

fy = yield strength of stirrup bar (i.e., 60 KSI)
d = depth to center of tension bars
Example
GIVEN: A simply-supported concrete beam having the following: (Assume the
beam is adequate based on flexure)

#3 Grade 60 U-shaped stirrup bars
REQUIRED: Determine stirrup requirements along the length of the beam.
wu = 5.6 KLF
(includes beam wt.)
Conc.
column
12 x 20 concrete
beam
20-0
12
#3 U-shaped
stirrup bars
d = 18
Beam Cross-Section
h = 20
Step 1 Determine maximum factored shear Vu at d away from face of support:
Simply-supported beam end reaction =
wu L
2
(5.6 KLF )(20'0" )

2
= 56 KIPS
d = 18
= 1.5
Vu at distance d from face of support = 56 KIPS 1.5(5.6 KLF)

= 47.6 KIPS
wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
0
d = 1.5
Step 2 Determine shear strength of concrete Vc:
Vc = 0.75( 2 f ' c bw d )
= 0.75( 2 4000 PSI (12" )(18" )
= 20,492 Lbs.
= 20.5 KIPS
Shear
Diagram
Step 3 Determine range where stirrups are required:

(Vc) = (20.5 KIPS)
= 10.25 KIPS
wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
(Vc) = 10.25 KIPS

0
-47.6 KIPS
-10.25 KIPS
Stirrups
required
d = 1.5
Stirrups not required
Stirrups
required
Step 4 Determine shear strength provided by stirrups, Vs:

=
Vu Vc
47.6 KIPS 20.5KIPS

0.75
Vs = 36.1 KIPS
d = 1.5
Step 5 Determine stirrup spacing, s:

a) Check if Vs < 4 f ' c bw d
36.1 KIPS < 4 4000 PSI (12" )(18" )
36.1 KIPS < 54,644 Lbs. YES
d
18"
=
= 9
2
2
Then:
Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
or
24
b) Check spacing requirement:
Av f y d
s=
Vs
Av = 2(0.11 in2 per #3 bar)

= 0.22 in2
Assumed shear
crack
< Smax
#3 U-shaped
stirrup bars
2 - #3 bars
spanning crack
(0.22in 2 )(60 KSI )(18" )

36.1KIPS
= 6.6 round down to 6 o.c.

6 < 9
Use #3 Stirrup bars spaced 6 o.c.
Step 6 Determine number of stirrups assuming only ONE spacing:

wu = 5.6 KLF
Vu = 47.6 KIPS
56 KIPS
(Vc) = 10.25 KIPS

0
-47.6 KIPS
-10.25 KIPS
d = 1.5
Stirrups
required
Stirrups not required
Stirrups
required
d = 1.5
Dis tan ce _ where _ stirrups _ required

+ 1
Number of stirrups required =
Stirrup _ spacing
47.6 KIPS 10.25KIPS
12" / ft
5.6 KLF
+1
=
6" o.c.
= 14.3 stirrups round up to 15 stirrups

Use 15 - #3 U-shaped stirrups @ 6 o.c. ea. end of beam
20-0
15 - #3 U-shaped stirrups
at ea. end of beam
Stirrup bar spacing = 6 o.c.
12
15 - #3 Grade 60 Ushaped stirrup bars @

6 o.c. at each end of
beam
20
Beam Cross-Section
Lecture 29 Shear in Beams (cont.)

As a continuation of our discussion of shear in concrete beams, lets look at an
example of a concrete girder with point loads.
Example
GIVEN: The 20 x 34 concrete girder as shown below. Use the following:

#3 Grade 60 U-shaped stirrups
REQUIRED: Determine the stirrup bar requirements. Assume only one spacing
for the beam.
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
Conc.
column
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
40-0
20
d = 32
#3 U-shaped
stirrup bars
Beam Cross-Section
h = 34
Step 1 Draw shear diagram:

25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
Conc.
column
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
40-0
74
64.4
29.8
39.4
4.8
NOTE: All
loads are in
Kips
-4.8
-29.8
-29.8
-39.4
Step 2 Determine Vu at distance d from face of support:

Vu = 74 KIPS -
32"
(1.2 KLF )
12" / ft
= 70.8 KIPS
Step 3 Determine shear capacity of concrete Vc:
Vc = 0.75( 2 f ' c bw d )
= 0.75( 2 4000 PSI (20" )(32" ))
= 60,716 Lbs.
Vc = 60.7 KIPS
-74
Step 4 Determine range where stirrups are required:

(Vc) = (60.7 KIPS)
= 30.4 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
25 KIPS
wu = 1.2 KLF
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
8-0
Vu = 70.8
74
64.4
39.4
(Vc) = 30.4
29.8
4.8
Shear Diagram
-4.8
-29.8
32
-29.8
-39.4
-74
Stirrups reqd.
Because of symmetry Same

condition on right side of beam
as left side of beam
Distance X =
39.4kips 30.4kips
1.2kips _ per _ foot
= 7.5 feet
= 90
Step 5 Determine shear strength provided by stirrups, Vs:

=
Vu Vc
70.8KIPS 60.7 KIPS

0.75
Vs = 13.5 KIPS
Step 6 Determine stirrup spacing, s:
a) Check if Vs < 4 f ' c bw d
13.5 KIPS < 4 4000 PSI (20" )(32" )
13.5 KIPS < 161,900 Lbs. YES
d
32"
=
= 16
2
2
Then:
Max. stirrup spacing smax = smaller of
or
24
Use
b) Check spacing requirement:
Av f y d
s=
Vs
Assumed shear
crack
< Smax
2 - #3 bars
spanning crack
Av = 2(0.11 in2 per #3 bar)

= 0.22 in2
#3 U-shaped
stirrup bars
(0.22in 2 )(60 KSI )(32" )

13.5KIPS
= 31.3 > 16
Use #3 Stirrup bars spaced 16 o.c.
Step 7 Determine number of stirrups required:
Dis tan ce _ where _ stirrups _ required

+ 1
Number of stirrups required =
Stirrup _ spacing
(96"32" ) + ( Dis tan ce _" X " )

=
+1
16" o.c.
(96"32" ) + 90"
=
+1
16" o.c.
See shear
diagram
= 10.625 stirrups round up to 11 stirrups

Use 11 - #3 U-shaped stirrups @ 16 o.c. ea. end of beam
40-0
11 - #3 U-shaped stirrups
at ea. end of beam
Stirrup bar spacing = 16 o.c.
20
11 - #3 Grade 60 Ushaped stirrup bars @

16 o.c. at each end of
beam
34
Beam Cross-Section
Lecture 3 Tension members

Steel tension members are perhaps the simplest members to design. There is
no compressive, bending, shear or other stresses involved. Typical structural
members that are under tension loads are:
Trusses
Bracing
Hangers
The design of steel tension members is found in the following locations in the
LRFD Manual:
AISC Part 5
AISC SPEC Chapter D p. 16.1-26
AISC SPEC Chapter D p. 16.1-249
There are 2 types of failure mechanisms for tension members. The first is
yielding on the gross area and the second is fracture on the net section.
Yielding on Gross Area
Yielding on the gross area refers to stretching of the gross crosssectional area of the member:
The LRFD design strength for yielding on gross section in tension = tPn
P
The ASD allowable strength for yielding on gross section in tension = n
where: t = 0.90 (LRFD)

= 1.67 (ASD)
Pn = nominal strength of member
= FyAg
Fy = yield stress of steel (see AISC p. 2-39)
Ag = gross cross-sect. area (see AISC Part 1)
Fracture on Net Section

Fracture on the net section refers to breaking the section perpendicular
from the direction of force through the reduced cross-sectional area of a
member, typically across the bolt holes.
Bolt holes
Material
thickness
Hole dia. + 1/16

Ag = Gross area of angle
An = Net area of angle
The LRFD design strength for fracture on net section in tension = tPn
P
The ASD allowable strength for fracture on net section in tension = n
where: t = 0.75 (LRFD)

= 2.00 (ASD)
Pn = nominal strength of member
= FuAe
Fu = ultimate stress of steel (see AISC p. 2-39)
Ae = effective net area
= AnU
An = net area (see AISC p. 16.1-14)
= Ag [No. of holes{(hole dia. + 1/16)(matl. thk.)}]
U = reduction factor considering shear lag
= See AISC Table D3.1 p. 16.1-29
= 1.0 if tension load is transmitted directly to each
element by means of fasteners or welds
x
= 1 if tension load is transmitted to some but
l
not all of the elements by use of fasteners or welds
where: x = connection eccentricity, inch

l = length of connection in the direction of
loading, inch
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: The double-angle L4x4x A36 bracing member as shown below is
under a FACTORED tensile load of 54 kips. The angles are bolted to the steel
gusset plate using 2 diameter bolts.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine if the angles are acceptable based on yielding on gross area.
2) Determine if the angles are acceptable based on fracture on net area.
l = 3
FACTORED
Step 1 Determine LRFD design strength of member considering yielding:
Design strength = tPn

= 0.90(FyAg)
= 0.90(36 KSI)[2 angles(1.94 in2 per angle)]
= 125.7 KIPS
Since 125.7 KIPS > 54 KIPS member is acceptable
Step 2 Determine LRFD design strength considering fracture on net area:
Design strength = tPn

= 0.75(FuAe)
Ae = AnU
Taking a cross-section perpendicular through the double-angle:
N.A.
N.A.
x
An = Ag [No. of holes{(hole dia. + 1/16)(mat. th)}]

= (2)(1.94 in2) [2 holes{( + 1/16)()}]
= 3.47 in2
x
U = 1
l
where x = 1.08 see properties AISC p. 1-43
l = Connection length
= 3 (see sketch above)
1.08"
= 1
3"
= 0.64
Ae = AnU
= 3.47 in2(0.64)
= 2.22 in2
Design strength = 0.75(58 KSI)(2.22 in2)
= 96.6 KIPS
Since 96.6 KIPS > 54 KIPS member is acceptable
In the design of steel tension members the AISC recommends a maximum

L
< 300 for members other than rods, straps or
permissible slenderness ratio,
rmin
HSS (see AISC p. 16.1-26). This is not so much for structural strength rather
to provide some stiffness to reduce the undesirable effects of lateral movement.
Also, since truss members and other tension members may see some loadreversal and experience some compressive loads, it is to reduce the likelihood of
buckling.
Example 2 (ASD)
GIVEN: The bottom chord of the truss is to be designed using a single A992 W8
member. The truss has welded connections, so there is no need to check for
fracture on the net area.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight W8 member checking:
1) Slenderness ratio is not exceeded
2) Yielding on gross area
W8 Bottom chord
15-0
22-0
22-0
SERVICE load = 100 Kips

Step 1 Determine rmin such that slenderness ratio is not exceeded:
L
rmin
300
L = 22-0(12 per ft)

= 264
Rearranging and solve for rmin:
264"
rmin
300
Required rmin > 0.88 in. looking at AISC p. 1-27, the smallest
W8 that will work is W8x18 with ry = 1.23 in. > rmin of 0.88 in.
Step 2 Determine SERVICE tensile load on member:

By simple truss analysis, the force in the member is:
VertForce
HorzForce
=
VertLength HorzLength
100 KIPS HorzForce
=
15'0"
22'0"
Horz Force = 146.7 KIPS
Step 3 Design lightest W8 member considering yielding on gross area:
ASD Allowable strength for yielding =
Fy Ag
> 146.7 KIPS
where: = 1.67
Fy = 50 KSI (see AISC p. 2-39)
Solve for Ag:
Ag >
>
146.7 kips()
Fy
146.7kips(1.67)
50 KSI
Ag > 4.9 in2
AISC p. 1-26
Use W8x18 Area = 5.26 in2 > 4.9 in2

Step 4 Determine the maximum allowable tensile yielding load on W8x18:
ASD Allowable strength for yielding =
Fy Ag
(50 KSI )(5.26in 2 )

1.67
ASD Allowable strength for yielding = 157.5 Kips
Step 5 Determine the allowable tensile yielding load on W8x18 using AISC Table 5-1:
From AISC p. 5-13:
ASD
W8x18
Allowable yielding
SERVICE tensile
load = 157 Kips
Lecture 30 Development of Reinforcement, Splices, Hooks

Reinforcing bars must be embedded a minimum distance into the concrete in
order to achieve the full tensile capacity, T of the bar. This length is referred to
as Development Length, Ld.
Concrete
Rebar
T = Asfy
Ld
The development length is based upon the BOND between the rebar and the
concrete. Factors affecting this bond include the following:
Type of ribbing on the bar

Presence of epoxy (or other ) coating
Concrete quality
Distance between bar and edge of concrete
Type of end anchorage into the concrete
Determining Ld for Tension Bars:

a) #6 and smaller bars:
Ld =
d b f y
25 f ' c
b) #7 and larger bars:

Ld =
d b f y
20 f ' c
where:
db = diameter of bar
fy = yield strength of bar, PSI
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, PSI
= alpha
= Bar location factor
= 1.3 for top reinforcement
= 1.0 for all other locations
= beta
= Coating factor
= 1.5 for epoxy coated bars
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
= lambda
= Lightweight aggregate factor
= 1.3 for lightweight aggregate
= 1.0 for normal weight aggregate
Example 1
GIVEN: A #6 rebar under tension force. Assume the following conditions:

Normal weight concrete ( = 1.0)
ASTM A615 Grade 60 rebar
#6 rebar ( = 0.8)
Uncoated bar ( = 1.0)
Bar location is bottom of beam ( = 1.0)
REQUIRED: Determine the development length, Ld to achieve full tensile

strength of the bar.
Step 1 Use the formula above to determine Ld:
Ld =
d b f y
25 f ' c
6
(60,000 PSI )(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
8
Ld =
25 4000 PSI
Ld = 28.5
Concrete
#6 Rebar
Ld = 28.5
Assuming normal conditions, the following table may be used to determine

development lengths of bars in tension:
Development Length Ld of Grade 60 bottom bars in normal weight concrete
Condition
Clear spacing of
bars > db, clear
cover > db
All other cases
Concrete fc
3000 PSI
4000 PSI
5000 PSI
3000 PSI
4000 PSI
5000 PSI
No. 6 and smaller

bars
44db
38db
34db
66db
57db
51db
No. 7 and larger

bars
55db
47db
42db
82db
71db
64db
Example 2
GIVEN: The same information as Example 1.
REQUIRED: Using the table above, determine the Ld for a #6 bar.
Step 1 Use table above to determine Ld:
Clear spacing of bars > db, clear cover > db
Ld = 38db
= 38(6/8)
Ld = 28.5
Determining Ld for Compression Bars:

The development length of bars in compression is not as large as the
development length in tension because of the absence of tension cracking
in the concrete.
Ldc = Development length in compression
Ldc = 0.02
= larger of
db f y
f 'c
or
Ldc = 0.0003dbfy
Example 3
GIVEN: A #6 bar in compression. Use fc = 4000 PSI and Grade 60 bars.
REQUIRED: Determine the Ldc for the bar.
Ldc = Development length in compression
Ldc = 0.02
= larger of
db f y
f 'c
6
(60,000 PSI )
8
= 0.02
= 14.2 Use
4000 PSI
or
Ldc = 0.0003dbfy = 0.0003(6/8)(60,000 PSI) = 13.5
Ldc = 14.2
Lap Splices of Bars

Bars are generally fabricated to lengths of about 60-0, but transportation,
workability and other concerns often require bars to be less than about
40-0 long. For long walls, beams, slabs and other situations requiring
long lengths of bars, lap splicing is commonly used. It is good practice to
place laps at regions of small tension, i.e., low moment.
Concrete
Ls
Ls = Length of lap splice

= 1.0Ld for Class A splice if the area of reinforcement
provided through the splice > twice that required by analysis
and not more than 50% of the total reinforcement is spliced
within the lap length
= 1.3Ld for Class B splice if reinforcement does not
meet Class A requirements
Hooked and Bent Bars

Hooks are used in concrete members where there is not sufficient straight
length to achieve the full development length Ld.
The following is a diagram showing the required lengths of bends and
hooks:
Ldh = Lhb
Where: Lhb = Basic development length of hook in tension

= 1200
db
f 'c
= 1.0 unless otherwise specified below:

fy
if using other than Grade 60 bars
=
60,000
= 0.7 if side concrete cover > 2 or end cover > 2
= 0.8 if ties or stirrups spacing < 3db
= 1.3 if lightweight concrete
=
Re quired _ As
Pr ovided _ As
Example 4
GIVEN: A #5 Grade 40 bar is in tension as shown below. Use LIGHTWEIGHT
concrete with fc = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Determine the min. required hook dimensions X, Y and Z.
Z = Ldh
Side cover = 1
End cover = 1
Critical section
Step 1 Determine dimension X:

X = 12db
= 12(5/8)
X = 7
Step 2 Determine dimension Y:

Y = 4db since it is a #6 bar
= 4(5/8)
Y = 2
Step 3 Determine length of hooked bar, Lhb:
Lhb = 1200
db
f 'c
5
8"
= 1200
4000 PSI
= 11.9
Step 4 Determine total development length, Z = Ldh:
Ldh = Lhb
Where: = 1.0 since side cover = 1 < 2
= 1.3 since lightweight concrete
=
fy
60000 PSI
40000 PSI
= 0.67
60000 PSI
Ldh = Lhb
= 11.9(1.0)(1.3)(0.67)
Ldh = 10.4
Lecture 31 Serviceability
Serviceability refers to the structural performance of the finished building under
service loads.
Beam deflection
Lateral drift
Vibration
We will be focusing our discussion on beam deflection. The ACI 318-02 Code
dictates that the deflections be checked on the basis of effective moment of
inertia, Ie, under service loads. Before we can determine the value of the
effective moment of inertia, we must first have an understanding of the gross
moment of inertia, Ig, and the cracked moment of inertia, Icr.
Gross Moment of Inertia Ig:
The gross moment of inertia is not appropriate for reinforced concrete
beams because the concrete under the neutral axis is in tension and is
ineffective. Since tension is carried by the steel rebar, the beam becomes
composite and therefore must be analyzed as such (See AECT 210
Lecture 6). The calculated value of gross moment of inertia is higher than
what is actually present.
b
Ig = Gross moment of Inertia

=
bh 3
12
Cracked Moment of Inertia Icr:

The cracked moment of inertia takes into consideration the composite
action between the concrete and steel rebar. This assumes that the
concrete in the tension zone is totally ineffective, which is overly
conservative. However, the cracked moment of inertia is far closer to
predicting the actual moment of inertia of a reinforced concrete beam than
the gross moment of inertia.
b
y
N.A.
nAs
Icr =
by 3
+ nAs (d y ) 2
3
Where: n = Modular ratio

E
29,000,000 PSI
= steel =
E conc
57,000 f ' c
As = Area of steel rebar in tension, in2
bd
nAs 1 + 2
1
nAs
y=
b
Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie:

The effective moment of inertia is typically used to determine the section
property of the member at a specific point along the moment diagram. In
most cases, the effective moment of inertia is used to determine the actual
deflection of the member when comparing to Code-dictated maximums.
M
Ie = cr
M a
3
M
I g + 1 cr
M a

I cr I g

where: Mcr = moment that would initially crack the section

fr I g
=
yt
fr = modulus of rupture for the concrete
= 7.5 f ' c
yt = dist. from N.A. of uncracked cross-section
to extreme tension fiber
=
h
2
Ma = maximum unfactored moment at specific

location along the moment diagram
Ig = gross moment of inertia

Icr = cracked moment of inertia
Example 1
GIVEN: A simply-supported rectangular beam is shown below. The loads
indicated are SERVICE loads. Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and grade 60 bars.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the gross moment of inertia Ig of the beam.
2) Determine the cracked moment of inertia Icr of the beam.
3) Determine the maximum allowable mid-span deflection of the beam
assuming allow = L/360.
4) Determine the actual mid-span deflection of the beam using Ie.
Wservice = 1500 PLF
25-0
12
2 - #4 hanger
bars
20
#3 stirrup bars
@ 9 o.c.
concrete cover
3 - #8 main bars
Section A-A
d = h conc. cover stirrup bar dia. (main tension bar dia.)

= 20 (8/8)
= 18.375
Step 1 Determine gross moment of inertia Ig:
bh 3
Ig =
12
=
(12" )(20) 3
12
Ig =8000 in4
Step 2 Determine cracked moment of inertia Icr:
Icr =
by 3
+ nAs (d y ) 2
3
Where: n = Modular ratio
E
29,000,000 PSI
29,000,000 PSI
=
= steel =
E conc
57,000 f ' c
57,000 4000 PSI
= 8.04
As = Area of steel rebar in tension, in2
= 3 bars(0.79 in2 per #8 bar)
= 2.37 in2
bd
nAs 1 + 2
1
nAs
y=
b
(12" )(18.375" )
1
(8.04)(2.37in 2 ) 1 + 2
2
(8.04)(2.37in )
=
12"
= 6.2
Icr =
by 3
+ nAs (d y ) 2
3
(12" )(6.2" ) 3
+ 8.04(2.37in 2 )(18.375"6.2" ) 2
3
Icr = 2904 in4

Step 3 - Determine the maximum allowable mid-span deflection of the
beam assuming allow = L/360:
allow =
L
360
(25'0" )12" / ft
360
allow = 0.83
Step 4 - Determine the effective moment of inertia Ie:
fr = modulus of rupture for the concrete
= 7.5 f ' c
= 7.5 4000 PSI
= 474.3 PSI
Mcr = moment that would initially crack the section
fr I g
=
yt
=
(474.3PSI )(8000 PSI )

20"
2
= 379,473 Lb-In
= 379.4 KIP-In
= 31.6 KIP-FT
Ma = maximum unfactored moment at specific

location along the moment diagram
=
wL2
8
(1.5KLF )(25'0" ) 2
8
Ma = 117.2 KIP-FT
M
Ie = cr
M a
3
M
I g + 1 cr
M a

I cr

31.6 3
31.6 3
4
4
=
(
8000
in
)
+
(2904in ) I g
1
117.2
117.2
Ie = 3004 in4
Step 5 Determine actual mid-span deflection using Ie:
5wL4
act =
384 E conc I e
1500 PLF
4
5
(25'0" x12" / ft )
12
=
384(57000 4000 PSI )(3004in 4 )
act = 1.22
Since act = 1.22 > allow = 0.83 member is NOT acceptable
Lecture 33 Columns
Concrete Columns:
Concrete is good at resisting compression but poor in resisting tension.
So, it might make sense that concrete would be the material of choice for
columns. It is true that concrete IS used for compression members such
as columns, piers, bearing walls and pedestals. Members under pure
compression could then (theoretically) be unreinforced. These members
are often subject to additional forces such as moment that would put some
tensile forces into the member and would thus necessitate the addition of
tension reinforcement.
Most columns have combined compression and bending. They are
essentially a beam-column. The compression capacity of a reinforced
column is reduced by the bending stresses on the column and vice-versa.
A graph of the axial load capacity of a column vs. the moment capacity of
a typical column is shown below:
Axial compression capacity
Pure compression
Pure bending
Bending moment capacity
Types of Concrete Columns:

There are two types of reinforced concrete columns tied and spiral
and refer to the type of confining bars used to contain the interior core of
concrete. It has been shown that unconfined concrete core will carry
MUCH LESS load than a confined core as shown below:
Load
Load
Concrete & vert. bars

explode outward
Unconfined core
Insufficient ties
A confined concrete core will carry substantially more load and will NOT
explode outward like the unconfined concrete section will.
Load
Load
Minor concrete
spalling, core
remains intact
Confined core
Tied Column:
A Tied concrete column is one in which individual rebar ties are used to
wrap completely around the vertical bars to confine the interior core.
These ties are usually #3 or #4 bars spaced per ACI requirements:
Least column dimension
Tie Spacing = smaller of
16 x Vert. Bar Dia.

48 x Tie Bar Dia.
Additionally, the ACI dictates that there must be a minimum of 4 vertical

bars having a minimum area of 1% of the column cross-sectional area
and a maximum of 8% of the column cross-sectional area. From a
constructability standpoint, 4% is the upper maximum that can be readily
achieved because of rebar congestion.
A typical tied concrete column looks like the following:
Vertical bars (4
minimum)
Tie bars
Tie spacing
Concrete
Spiral Column:
A spiral column has a single rebar wrapped around the vertical bars in a
spiral and is stronger than a comparable tied column. It is more laborintensive to build than a tied column. The ACI requires a minimum of 6
vertical bars, with the same minimum and maximum areas of steel as a
tied column.
Concrete
Pitch =
1 3
Spiral rebar
Spiral columns have greater ductility than a tied column. This means that
a spiral column is capable of sustaining larger strain before failure than a
tied column. For this reason, spiral columns are used in areas with
high seismicity to prevent brittle failures. The stress-strain curve below
shows the relative yield strength of a tied column and a spiral column are
similar, however the strain capacity of the spiral column is much greater
than that of a tied column.
Spiral column
Yield
Stress
Fracture
Fracture
Tied column
Strain
Column Load Capacity Small eccentricity:

The ratio of applied moment to the applied axial load is its eccentricity. A
small eccentricity e means small moment, where a large eccentricity
means large moment.
Pu = applied factored axial load
Pu
Side view of
column
Concentric load (e = small)

Mu = Pue
Eccentric load (e = large)

Mu = Pue
= Small
= Large
1) Tied columns with small eccentricity:

Small eccentricity if
e
0.10
h
Pn = Usable axial strength of tied column, KIPS

= 0.80c[0.85fc(Ag-As)+fyAs]
where: c = strength reduction factor for column
= 0.65 for tied columns
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of column, in2
As = total area of vertical steel bars, in2
= minimum of 4 vertical bars
= 0.01Ag 0.08Ag
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, KSI
fy = yield strength of vertical steel bars, KSI
2) Spiral columns with small eccentricity:
e
0.10
h

where: c = strength reduction factor for column
= 0.70 for spiral columns
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of column, in2
As = total area of vertical steel bars, in2
= minimum of 6 vertical bars
= 0.01Ag 0.08Ag
fc = specified concrete compressive strength, KSI
fy = yield strength of vertical steel bars, KSI
Spiral requirements:
Ag
f'
1 c
Ac
fy
s = 0.45
s=
4 As (d c d b )
sdc2
where: s = ratio of spiral bar to gross area
s = spacing of spiral bends (pitch), in
Ag = gross area of column, in2
Ac = area of core, in2
= area measured out-to-out of spiral
As = area of spiral bar, in2
dc = diameter of core measured out-to-out of spiral
db = diameter of spiral bar
Example 1
GIVEN: A 16 x 16 square tied concrete column has an applied factored axial
load Pu = 300 KIPS and an applied factored moment Mu = 35 KIP-FT. In
addition, use the following:

8 - #7 grade 60 vertical bars
#3 individual tie bars
Concrete cover = 1
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the eccentricity e and state whether or not it is considered to
be small eccentricity.
2) Determine the required tie spacing.
3) Determine if the vertical bars are acceptable based on ACI requirements.
4) Determine the usable axial strength of the tied column, Pn, and state
whether or not it is acceptable.
16
16
8 - #7 vertical bars
Step 1 Determine eccentricity and whether it is small.
Eccentricity e =
M u (12" / ft )
Pu
35 KIP FT (12" / ft )
300 KIPS
e = 1.4
Small eccentricity if e/h < 0.10
e/h = 1.4/(16)
e/h = 0.0875 it is small eccentricity
Step 2 Determine the required tie spacing:
Least column dimension = 16

Tie Spacing = smaller of
16 x Vert. Bar Dia. = 16() = 14 USE

48 x Tie Bar Dia. = 48() = 18
Step 3 Determine if vertical bars are acceptable based on ACI:

8 vertical bars are used > 4 bars OK
As = 8 bars(0.60 in2 per #7 bar)
= 4.8 in2
Min. As = 0.01Ag = 0.01(16 x 16) = 2.56 in2 < 4.8 in2 OK
Max. As = 0.08 Ag = 0.08(16 x 16) = 20.48 in2 > 4.8 in2 OK
Step 4 - Determine the usable axial strength of the tied column, Pn:
Since e/h < 0.10 then the formula can be used:

where: c = 0.65 since it is a tied column
Ag = 16 x 16
= 256 in2
= 4.8 in2
= 0.80(0.65)[0.85(4 KSI)(256 in2 4.8 in2) + (60 KSI)(4.8 in2)]
Pn = 594 KIPS
Since Pn = 594 KIPS > 300 KIPS column is acceptable
Example 2
GIVEN: A 14 diameter spiral column has a factored axial load Pu = 400 KIPS
and a factored moment = 45 KIP-FT. In addition, use the following:

6 - #9 grade 60 vertical bars
#3 spiral bar
Concrete cover = 1
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the eccentricity e and state whether or not it is considered to
be small eccentricity.
2) Determine the required spiral pitch.
3) Determine the usable axial strength of the spiral column, Pn, and state
whether or not it is acceptable.
Step 1 Determine eccentricity and whether it is small.

Eccentricity e =
M u (12" / ft )
Pu
45 KIP FT (12" / ft )
400 KIPS
e = 1.35
e
< 0.10
h
e
1.35"
=
h
14"
e/h = 0.096 it is small eccentricity
Step 2 Determine the required spiral pitch s:
f'
Ag
1 c
fy
Ac
s = 0.45
where: Ag =
(Outside _ Dia ) 2
Pitch
(14" ) 2
Ag = 153.9 in2
Ac =
(Core _ Dia ) 2
(11" ) 2
Ac = 95.0 in2
f'
Ag
1 c
fy
Ac
s = 0.45
4 KSI
153.9in 2
1
2
60 KSI
95.0in
s = 0.45
s = 0.0186
Pitch = s
s=
4 As (d c d b )
sdc2
3
4(0.11in 2 )(11" " )
8
s=
(0.0186)(11" ) 2
Pitch s = 2.08
Use pitch = 2
Step 3 - Determine the usable axial strength of the spiral column, Pn:
Since e/h < 0.10 then the formula can be used:
Pn = Usable axial strength of spiral column, KIPS

where: c = 0.70 since it is a spiral column
Ag = 153.9 in2
= 6.0 in2
= 0.85(0.70)[0.85(4 KSI)(153.9 in2 6.0 in2) + (60 KSI)(6.0 in2)]
Pn = 513 KIPS
Since Pn = 513 KIPS > 400 KIPS column is acceptable
Lecture 34 Columns (cont.)

In the previous lecture, we talked about columns having small eccentricity (i.e.,
small applied moment). While this may be the case for interior columns with
offsetting moments, the majority of concrete columns do experience applied
moments.
Concrete framed buildings typically have columns that are poured monolithically
with beams and slabs, thus creating a statically-indeterminate frame such as the
one shown below:
The analysis of such a frame is usually quite complex and requires computer
software such as STAAD or approximate analysis methods such as the Portal
Method and others discussed in AECT 210 Structural Theory Lecture 17.
Axial compression capacity
The compression capacity of a reinforced column is reduced by the bending

stresses on the column and vice-versa. A graph of the axial load capacity of a
column vs. the moment capacity of a typical column is shown below (from
Lecture 33):
Pure compression (no

applied moment)
Pure bending (no

applied axial load)
Bending moment capacity
Determining points along the curve is quite laborious and typically not done using
hand calculations. Instead, computer programs or design guides are used to
perform column analysis and design.
Below are some Column Interaction Diagrams that are used for column
analysis and design.
Rectangular TIED Column Interaction Diagrams
Circular SPIRAL Column Interaction Diagrams
Short Column Design:

Short columns are not considered to be susceptible to the
effects of buckling as are long columns. The ACI dictates that
short columns satisfy the slenderness ratio as shown below:
Short column IF
KL
22
rmin
Where: K = end fixity factor
L = unbraced length in inches

rmin = least radius of gyration, inches
= 0.3h for rectangular or square columns
= 0.25dout for circular columns where dout = outer dia.
Example
GIVEN: A 20 x 20 square interior tied column is shown below. Use concrete fc
= 4000 PSI and 8 - #8 grade 60 vertical bars and #3 ties. Concrete cover = 1.
All loads are factored and includes beam weight. Assume the moment from the
2
w L
beams acting on the column is u n where Ln = clear span of attached beam,
12
and wu = factored unif. load.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the applied factored axial load, Pu on the middle column. Be
sure to add column weight. Assume the loads from the roof above are
75% of the floor load.
KL
2) Determine the slenderness ratio
using K = 0.7 and determine if
rmin
column qualifies as short.
3) Determine total factored moments Mtotal applied to the column.
4) Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column Interaction
Diagram.
22-0
46 K
46 K
wu = 2.5 KLF
wu = 1.7 KLF
14-0
30-0
Beam 1
Beam 2
20 x 20 Middle
column
Step 1 Determine the total factored axial load, Pu on the middle column:
a) Beam 1:
End reaction = (46 K + 46 K + 1.7 KLF(22-0))
= 64.7 KIPS
b) Beam 2:
End reaction = (2.5 KLF(30-0))
= 37.5 KIPS
c) Column weight:
Weight =
20" x 20"
(14'0" )(150 PCF )
144in 2 / ft 2
= 5833 Lbs.
= 5.8 KIPS
Total Pu = 1.75(64.7 KIPS + 37.5 KIPS + 5.8 KIPS)
Total Pu = 189 KIPS
Step 2 - Determine the slenderness ratio
KL
using K = 0.7:
rmin
(0.7)(14'0" x12" / ft )
KL
=
rmin
0.3(20" )
KL
= 19.6
rmin
Since KL/rmin < 22 it is a short column
Step 3 Determine total factored moment Mtotal applied to the column:

a) Beam 1:
22-0
46 K
46 K
wu = 1.7 KLF
Ln = 20.33
w L
To determine Mmax = u n we must convert point loads into
12
equivalent uniform load wu. From AISC LRFD Manual p. 5160:
wu = wuniform + wpoint
= 1.7 KLF +
fP
L
= 1.7 KLF +
2.667(46 KIPS )
22'0"
= 7.3 KLF
Mmax =
wu Ln
12
7.3KLF (20.33' ) 2
12
MBeam 1 = 251 KIP-FT

b) Beam 2:
30-0
wu = 2.5 KLF
Ln = 28.33
w L
Mmax = u n
12
=
2.5KLF (28.33' ) 2
12
MBeam 2 = 167 KIP-FT

c) Determine Mtotal:
Since these moments are offsetting each other,
Mtotal = MBeam 1 MBeam 2
= 251 167
Mtotal = 84 KIP-FT
Step 4 - Determine if the column is acceptable based on Column

Interaction Diagram.
a) Determine e/h ratio:
e = eccentricity
=
M total (12" / ft )
Pu
84 KIP FT (12" / ft )
189 KIPS
e = 5.33
e 5.33"
=
h
20"
e
= 0.27 > 0.10 CANNOT use small eccentricity formula
h
b) Determine :
h = 20
X
20
8 - #8 vertical bars
X = concrete cover + stirrup dia. + (vert. bar dia.)
= 1 + + (8/8)
= 2.375
h = 20 (X + X)
= 20 (2.375 + 2.375)
= 15.25
(20) = 15.25
= 0.76 USE = 0.75
c) Use Interaction Diagram R4-60.75:
Pn
Ag
Pn
Ag
Pn
Ag
Pu
Ag
189 KIPS
20" x 20"
= 0.47 KSI
e Pu e
x
=
h Ag h
= (0.47 KSI)(0.27)
Pn
Ag
e
= 0.13 KSI
h
g =
As
Ag
2
= 8 _ bars (0.79in _ per _#8 _ bar )
20" x 20"
g = 0.016 > 0.01 col. is acceptable

Lecture 35 Wall Footings

All structural load-bearing walls must bear on footings. These footings in turn
distribute the loads to the soil. If the loading on the soil exceeds the soil bearing
capacity, undesirable settlement will occur, resulting in cracked walls, uneven
floors, or potentially structural failure in extreme overloading.
Wall Footing Requirements:
1) Must distribute the loads evenly to the soil.
2) Bottom of footing must be deeper than the frost penetration or else frost
heave will occur.
3) Must be well-drained to prevent wash-out.
4) Must bear on undisturbed (or engineered) soil.
Typical Allowable Soil Bearing Values per IBC Table 1804.2

Allowable Soil Bearing (qa)*:
Soil Type:
Bedrock
Sedimentary and foliated rock
Sandy gravel and/or gravel
12,000 PSF
4,000 PSF
3,000 PSF
Sand, silty sand, clayey sand, silty gravel, clayey gravel
2,000 PSF
Clay, sandy clay, silty clay, clayey silt, silt, sandy silt
1,500 PSF
Organics, peat, top soil
NOT Recommended for use
as footing bearing
* = An increase of one-third is permitted when using alternate load combinations in
IBC Section 1605.3.2 that include wind or earthquake loads.
Example
GIVEN: An 8 wide load-bearing poured-in-place concrete wall is to bear on a
wall footing with the following:
Service dead load on wall (incl. wall weight) = 8000 PLF

Service live load on wall = 6000 PLF
Allowable soil bearing = qa = 3000 PSF
Depth to frost = 3-0 below finished grade
Soil unit weight = 110 PCF
Main steel tension reinforcing = #5 grade 60 bars
Longitudinal shrinkage/temperature bars = #4 grade 60 bars
Concrete cover = 3 per ACI
REQUIRED: Design the wall footing, including dimensions, and bar

requirements.
Step 1 Determine preliminary thickness of footing:
Preliminary footing thickness 1(Wall width)
1(8)
12
TRY Preliminary footing thickness = 12
Step 2 Determine effective soil bearing, qe:

qe = effective soil bearing
= reduced soil bearing capacity resulting from weight of footing
and weight of soil above footing (overburden)
= (Allowable soil bearing) (weight of footing) (weight of soil)
= qa ftg. wt. soil wt.
Soil overburden
2-0
1-0
Depth to frost = 3-0
Finished grade
qe
qe = qa (ftg. wt.) (soil wt.)
= 3000 PSF (1-0 thick(150 lb/ft3)) + ((2-0 thick(110 lb/ft3))
= 3000 PSF 150 PSF 220 PSF
qe = 2630 PSF
Step 3 Determine required width of footing, wf:
Ptotal = PDL + PLL

= 8000 PLF + 6000 PLF
= 14,000 PLF
qe = 2630 PSF
Footing width = wf
Footing width = wf =
wf =
Ptotal
qe
14000 PLF
2630 PSF
wf = 5.32 feet
USE footing width = 5-6
Step 4 Determine soil bearing pressure for strength design, qu:

qu = Factored soil bearing pressure acting on footing
=
1.2( PDL ) + 1.6( PLL )

wf
1.2(8000 PLF ) + 1.6(6000 PLF )

5.50 ft
qu = 3490 PSF
Step 5 Determine minimum depth of footing, dmin based on shear:
Footing
thickness
#5 bar
d = footing thickness concrete cover (Bar dia.)
= 12 3 (5/8)
= 8.69
w f Wall _ Width d
Vu = qu

2
2
2
8.69"
8"
5.5' 12" / ft 12" / ft

= 3490 PSF
2
2
2
Vu = 7170 Lbs.
dmin = Minimum depth to reinforcement based on shear

=
Vu
(0.85)2 f ' c (12" )
7170 Lbs.
(0.85)2 3000 PSI (12" )
dmin = 6.4 < 8.69 OK

Step 6 Determine factored soil pressure moment, Mu at face of wall:
Footing overhang = 2.42

0.67
Point A
qu = 3490 PSF
Isolate footing
overhang and treat
as if it were a
cantilevered beam
Footing width = 5.5 ft.
MA = Moment at point A
Footing _ overhang
= qu(Footing overhang)
2.42'
= 3490 PSF(2.42)
2
MA = 10,219 FT-LB
Step 7 Determine required tension steel, As in footing:

Recalling from Lecture 24 Design Aid Table 1:
Concrete fc = 3000 PSI, Grade 60 bars

Mu
(10219 Ft Lb)(12" / ft )
=
2
bd
0.9(12" )(8.69" ) 2
= 150.4 PSI < 190.3 PSI

Use min = 0.0033
As = bd
= (0.0033)(12)(8.69)
As = 0.34 in2 per 1-0 length of footing
Step 8 Determine spacing of #5 tension bars:

A _ per _ bar
Spacing = 12" s
As
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar
= 12"
0.34in 2
= 10.9
Use #5 bars spacing = 10 o.c.
Step 9 Determine longitudinal shrinkage/temperature bars:
h = 12
Footing width b = 5.5 ft.
As temp = 0.0018bh
= 0.0018(5.5 x 12/ft)(12)
= 1.43 in2
Number of bars =
As
As _ per _ bar
1.43in 2
0.20in 2 _ per _#4 _ bar
= 7.15 bars
Use 8 - #4 longitudinal temperature/shrinkage bars
3-0 minimum
8 poured-in-place
conc. wall centered
over footing
8 - #4 longitudinal bars
3 conc. cover
12
#5 bars @ 10 o.c.
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Finished grade
Conc. fc = 3000 PSI.

All bars grade 60
Wall reinf. & dowels not shown
Allow. Soil bearing = 3000 PSF
5-6
Lecture 36 Column Footings

All columns must bear on footings. Usually these footings are square or circular
for ease of design and formwork. The same general requirements and design
fundamentals pertain to column footings as for wall footings, i.e.,
Column Footing Requirements:
1) Must distribute the loads evenly to the soil.
2) Bottom of footing must be deeper than the frost penetration or else frost
heave will occur.
3) Must be well-drained to prevent wash-out.
4) Must bear on undisturbed (or engineered) soil.
A typical column footing is shown below:
Example
GIVEN: A steel column rests on a 12 x 12 base plate and has the following:
PDEAD = 120 KIPS (Service Load)

PLIVE = 100 KIPS (Service Load)
Allowable soil bearing = qa = 4000 PSF
Soil unit weight = 100 PCF
Use #7 grade 60 bars for all bars
Concrete cover = 3 per ACI
REQUIRED: Design the square concrete footing, including all dimensions and
bars. Provide a Summary Sketch showing all information necessary to build it.
Step 1 Determine Trial footing thickness:
Assume footing thickness 1(Column Width OR Base Plate Width)
1(12)
TRY Footing Thickness = 15
Step 2 Determine effective soil bearing qe:
qe = effective soil bearing pressure
= reduced soil bearing due to wt. of footing & soil above footing
= qa (wt. of footing) (wt. of soil)
Soil overburden
2-9
1-3
Finished grade
qe
qe = 4000 PSF (1.25(150 PCF)) (2.75(100 PCF))
= 3538 PSF
= 3.5 KSF
Step 3 Determine length & width of footing:

Area of footing =
Ptotal
qe
PDEAD + PLIVE
qe
(120 KIPS ) + (100 KIPS )

3.5KSF
= 62.9 ft2
Length x Width = 62.9 ft2
Since Length = Width
(Length)2 = 62.9 ft2
Length = 7.93 feet
Use 8-0 x 8-0 square footing Area = 64 ft2 > 62.9 ft2
Step 4 Determine bearing pressure for strength design, qu:
qu =
1.2( PDEAD ) + 1.6( PLIVE )

Footing _ Area
1.2(120 KIPS ) + 1.6(100 KIPS )
64 ft 2
qu = 4.75 kips/ft2
Step 5 Determine depth to tension bars d:
Footing
thickness = 15
#7 bar
d = Footing thickness (concrete cover) (bar diameter)
= 15 3 (7/8)
= 11.56
Step 6 Determine d required to resist 2-way punching shear:
Footing
thickness = 15
d
2
Col.
width
bo
4
bo
d
= col. width + 2( )
4
2
= 12 + 2(
11.56"
)
2
= 23.56 = 1.96 feet

bo = 94.24
d
2
Vu2 = 2-way punching shear

2
b
= qu(Footing area - o )
4
= 4.75 KSF(64 ft2 - (1.96') )

2
= 285.8 KIPS
= 285,800 Lbs.
dreqd = required depth to tension steel for shear
=
Vu 2
(0.85)4 f ' c bo
285,800 Lbs.
(0.85)4 3000 PSI (94.24" )
dreqd = 16.3
Since dreqd = 16.3 > 11.56 must increase footing
thickness
Revised footing thickness = h = dreqd + 3 + (7/8)
= 16.3 + 3 + (7/8)
= 19.73
Revised footing thickness = 20
Step 7 Determine moment on footing overhang, Mu:

Footing
overhang
Column
baseplate
8-0
12
3-6
3-6
8-0
Mu = (Footing width)(qu)
= (8-0)(4.75KSF)
( Footing _ Overhang ) 2
2
(3.5' ) 2
2
= 232.8 Kip-Ft
Step 8 Determine area of tension steel As:
Mu
=
bd 2
232.8Kip Ft (12000
Lb Inch
)
Kip Ft
0.9(8'0" x12" / ft ) 20"3" (7 / 8" )

2
d
= 117.9 PSI
From Lecture 24 Table at fc = 3000 PSI use min = 0.0033
since 117.9 PSI < 190.3 PSI.
As = bd
= (0.0033)(8-0 x 12/ft)(16.56)
As = 5.25 in2
Step 9 Determine tension bar layout:
Number of bars =
As
As _ per _ bar
5.25in 2
=
0.60in 2 _ per _#7bar
= 8.75 bars
Use 9 - #7 bars both ways at bottom of footing
4-0 minimum
Steel column on 12 x 12
base plate centered over
footing
9 - #7 bars both ways
3 conc. cover
20
NOTES:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Finished grade
Conc. fc = 3000 PSI.

All bars grade 60
Allow. Soil bearing = 4000 PSF
Anchor rods not shown for clarity
Column protection not shown for
clarity
8-0
Lecture 37 Load-Bearing Walls

The ACI recognizes the Empirical Design Method for the design of loadbearing concrete walls having the following limitations:
Load-bearing Wall
1. Wall must be solid, with a rectangular cross-section

Lu
25
2. Minimum wall thickness tw = larger of
4 Interior walls only

7 Exterior walls
3. Applied load eccentricity e (including lateral load moments) <

4. Wall must be adequately anchored at top and bottom
tw
6
5. Must have horizontal & vertical reinforcement, with 2 rows of

reinforcing for walls with tw > 10
Vert. bars As = 0.0012(tw)(12)
#3, #4, #5 grade 60 bars
Horz. bars As = 0.0020(tw)(12)

#6 and bigger grade 60 bars

3tw
Maximum bar spacing = smaller of
or
18
6. Effective length of wall for beam reaction = Leff

Center-to-center spacing of beams
Leff = smaller of
Width of bearing + 4tw
7. Design factored axial strength of wall = Pn
KL 2
u

Pn = 0.55f ' c Ag 1
32t w
where: = 0.70
fc = specified concrete strength, PSI
K = end fixity of walls
= 1.0 for pinned-pinned
= 0.70 for fixed-pinned
Ag = Gross effective area of wall section, in2
= Leff x tw
Lu = unbraced height of wall, inches
tw = thickness of wall, inches
Example
GIVEN: A poured-in-place concrete wall supports W18x35 steel beams spaced
6-0 apart and rests on 10 wide steel bearing plates. Use the following:
Beam end reaction = 22 KIPS Service Dead Load (Not incl. wall wt.)
= 15 KIPS Service Live Load
Wind pressure on wall = 25 PSF (service load)

Use #5 grade 60 vertical and horizontal bars
Assume K = 1.0 for wall end fixity
REQUIRED: Design the wall using the Empirical Design Method.

PDEAD = 22 KIPS
PLIVE = 15 KIPS
Wall
Lu = 13-0
10 bearing
plate
Wind = 25 PSF
Steel beam
Fin. Grade
Slab on grade
Step 1 Determine Trial thickness of wall, tw:

Lu
13'0" (12" / ft )
=
= 6.24
25
25
Minimum wall thickness tw = larger of
4
7 Largest
TRY tw = 8 which is > 7

Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE wind moment Mwind on wall:
Assume a 1-0 wide strip of wall:
Mwind =
wL2
8
(25PSFx1'0" )(13' ) 2
=
8
Mwind = 528 Ft-Lb per 1-0 length of wall
= 528 Ft-Lb(6-0) for beam spacing
= 3168 Ft-Lb per 6-0 length of wall
Step 3 Determine the maximum SERVICE vertical load on wall Ptotal:
Ptotal = PDEAD + PLIVE
= (PDEAD + wall weight) + PLIVE
8"
= (22 KIPS + (6-0

0.150 KCF ) 13'0" )) + 15 KIPS
12" / ft
= 29.8 KIPS + 15 KIPS

Ptotal = 44.8 KIPS
Step 4 Determine if e/h ratio is acceptable for Empirical Design:

e=
M
P
Service wind load moment
3.168Kip Ft (12" / ft )
44.8KIPS
Service axial load (see

above)
= 0.85 inches
The empirical design method dictates that e <
tw
8"
=
6
6
tw
6
Wall thickness
tw
= 1.33 > 0.85 OK to use Empirical Design Method
6
Step 5 Determine applied factored axial load, Pu:

Pu = 1.2(PDEAD) + 1.6(PLIVE)
= 1.2(29.8 KIPS) + 1.6(15 KIPS)
= 59.8 KIPS
Step 6 Determine factored bearing strength of concrete:
A1 = bearing contact area from beam, in2
= (bearing plate width)(tw)
= (10)(8)
= 80 in2
Concrete bearing capacity = 0.9(0.85fcA1)
= 0.9(0.85(4000 PSI)(80 in2))
Concrete bearing capacity = 244,000 Lbs > 59.8 KIPS OK
Step 7 Determine design axial strength of wall Pn:

Leff = smaller of
Center-to-center spacing of beams = 6(12/ft) = 72

Width of bearing + 4tw = 10 + 4(8) = 42 USE
Ag = Gross effective area of wall section, in2

= Leff x tw
= (42)(8)
= 336 in2
KL 2
u

Pn = 0.55f ' c Ag 1
32t w
(1.0)(13' x12" / ft ) 2

= 0.55(0.70)(4000 PSI )(336in ) 1
32(8" )

2
Pn = 325,300 Lbs. > 59.8 KIPS wall is acceptable

Step 8 Determine vertical and horizontal bars:
#3, #4, #5 grade 60 bars

a) Vert. bars As = 0.0012(8)(12)

= 0.115 in2 per 1-0 length of wall
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar
spacing = 12
0.115in 2
= 32.3
3tw = 3(8) = 24
or
18 USE
USE #5 vertical bars @ 18 o.c.
b) Horizontal bars As = 0.0020(tw)(12)

= 0.0020(8)(12)
= 0.192 in2
0.31in 2 _ per _#5 _ bar
spacing = 12
0.192in 2
= 19.4
3tw = 3(8) = 24
or
18 USE
USE #5 horizontal bars @ 18 o.c.
18
Lu = 13-0
W18x35 Steel beam

10 bearing plate
8 thick concrete Wall
#5 @ 18 ea.
way
Slab on grade
NOTES:
Fin. Grade
1) Conc. fc = 4000 PSI.

2) All bars grade 60
3) Footing dowels not shown
Lecture 39 Prestressed Concrete

Prestressed concrete refers to concrete that has applied stresses induced into
the member. Typically, wires or tendons are stretched and then blocked at the
ends creating compressive stresses throughout the members entire crosssection. Most Prestressed concrete is precast in a plant.
Advantages of Prestressed concrete vs. non-Prestressed concrete:
More efficient members (i.e., smaller members to carry same loads)

Much less cracking since member is almost entirely in compression
Precast members have very good quality control
Precast members offer rapid field erection
Disadvantages of Prestressed concrete vs. non-Prestressed concrete:
More expensive in materials, fabrication, delivery

Heavy precast members require large cranes
Somewhat limited design flexibility
Small margin for error
More complicated design
Typical Precast Prestressed concrete members
Pre-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete:

Pre-tensioned concrete is almost always done in a precast plant. A pretensioned Prestressed concrete member is cast in a preformed casting
bed. The BONDED wires (tendons) are tensioned prior to the concrete
hardening. After the concrete hardens to approximately 75% of the
specified compressive strength fc, the tendons are released and axial
compressive load is then transmitted to the cross-section of the member.
Tendons tensioned
between bulkheads
Dead end
Casting bed
Live end
Prestress
force Ps
Step 1
Fresh concrete placed in bed
Tendons anchored at Live

end and Dead end
Step 2
Hardened concrete
Prestress
force Ps
Tendons released at Live end
and Dead end creating an
axial force along length of
precast member
Step 3
Post-Tensioned Prestressed Concrete:

A post-tensioned member has UNCOATED tendons cast into concrete in
draped patterns. After the concrete hardens to about 75% fc, the tendons
are tensioned and try to straighten out. This creates an upward camber of
the member which offsets anticipated downward deflection due to gravity
loads. Post-tensioning can be accomplished on-site as necessary.
Tendons tensioned
between bulkheads
Prestress
force Ps
Dead end
Live end
Step 1
Tendons creating an
upward force along
length of member
Tendons anchored at
Live end
Dead end
Step 2
Analysis of Rectangular Prestressed Members:

The analysis of a member is typically done for various stages of loading
under SERVICE LOADS. Stresses f are obtained as follows:
f=
Ps Ps ey
Ag
Ig
where: Ps = prestress force

Ag = gross cross-sectional area of member
e = eccentric distance between prestressing tendons
and member centroid
y = distance from centroid to extreme edge of
member
Ig = gross moment of inertia of member about N.A.
Mu = 0.9Apsfps(dp -
a
)
2
where: Mu = usable moment capacity of prestressed beam

Aps = area of prestressed tendons
p
f pu
fps = f pu 1 p

'
f
c
1
fpu = ultimate tensile strength of prestressing tendon
p = factor based on the type of prestressing steel

= 0.40 for ordinary wire strand
= 0.28 for low-relaxation wire strand
1 = 0.85 for concrete fc = 4000 PSI
= 0.80 for concrete fc = 5000 PSI
p =
A ps
bd p
a=
A ps f ps
0.85 f ' c b
b
yt
h
dp
N.A.
e
yb
Aps
Rectangular Prestressed Beam
Example
GIVEN: The rectangular prestressed concrete beam as shown below. Use the
following:

Concrete strength = 75%(fc) at time of prestressing
Aps = 3 dia. 7-wire strands @ 0.153 in2 per strand = 0.459 in2
fpu = 270 KSI (using an ordinary 7-wire strand)
Initial prestress force, Ps = 70%(fpu)(Aps)
Service dead load, (NOT including beam weight) = 400 PLF
Service beam weight = 188 PLF
Service live load = 1500 PLF
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the location of the neutral axis and prestress eccentricity e.
2) Determine the moment of inertia about the neutral axis, Ig.
3) Determine the stresses during prestressing.
4) Determine the stresses during initial applied service beam weight.
5) Determine the stresses due to service applied dead load + live load.
6) Determine the final stresses due to all service loads and prestressing.
7) Determine the maximum actual factored moment on the beam Mmax.
8) Determine the factored usable moment capacity Mu of the beam.
22-0
10
yt
18
16
N.A.
e
yb
Aps = 0.459 in2

Rectangular Prestressed Beam
Step 1 - Determine the location of the neutral axis and prestress

eccentricity e:
Using a datum as measured from the top of the beam:
10
Datum
18/2 = 9
yt
dp =16
h = 18
e
Yb
nAps = 3.30 in2
n=
E steel
E conc
29,000,000 PSI
57,000 f ' c
= 7.2
nAps = 7.2(0.459 in2)
= 3.30 in2
9" (10" x18" ) + 16" (3.30in 2 )

yt =
(10" x18" ) + (3.30in 2 )
yt = 9.13
yb = 18 9.13
yb = 8.87
e = dp yt
= 16 9.13
e = 6.87
Step 2 - Determine the moment of inertia about the neutral axis, Ig:
2
bh 3
h
+ bh y t + nA ps (e) 2
Ig =
12
2
(10" )(18" ) 3
18"
2
2
+ (10" )(18" ) 9.13"
+ (3.30in )(6.87" )
12
2
= 4860 in4 + 3.0 in4 + 155.7 in4

Ig = 5018.7 in4
Step 3 Determine the stresses during prestressing:
f=
Ps Ps ey
Ag
Ig
where: Ps = prestress force
= 70%(fpu)(Aps)
= 0.70(270 KSI)(0.459 in2)
= 86.8 KIPS
y = yt for tensile stresses at top of beam
= yb for compressive stresses at bottom of beam
a) Check stresses at TOP of beam:

ftop = stress at top of beam
=-
Ps Ps ey t
+
Ag
Ig
86.8KIPS (86.8KIPS )(6.87" )(9.13" )

+
(10" x18" )
5018.7in 4
= -0.48 KSI + 1.08 KSI

ftop = 0.60 KSI Tension
b) Check stresses at BOTTOM of beam:

fbottom = stress at bottom of beam
=
Ps Ps eyb
Ag
Ig
86.8KIPS (86.8 KIPS )(6.87" )(8.87" )
(10" x18" )
5018.7in 4
= -0.48 KSI - 1.05 KSI

fbottom = -1.53 KSI Compression
Step 4 - Determine the stresses during initial applied service beam weight:
f=
M beam ( y )
Ig
where: Mbeam = maximum unfactored moment due to beam wt.
=
wbeam ( L) 2
8
(188PLF )(22'0" ) 2
8
= 11,374 Lb-Ft
= 11.4 KIP-FT
y = yt for compression in top
= yb for tension in bottom
a) Check stresses at TOP:
ftop =
M beam ( y t )
Ig
(11.4 KIP FT (12" / ft ))(9.13" )
5018.7in 4
ftop = -0.25 KSI Compression
b)
Check stresses at BOTTOM:

Fbottom = +
= +
M beam ( y b )
Ig
(11.4 KIP FT (12" / ft ))(8.87" )

5018.7in 4
fbottom = 0.24 KSI Tension
Step 5 - Determine the stresses due to service applied dead load + live load:
f=
M DL + LL ( y )
Ig
where: MDL+LL = maximum unfactored moment due to DL+LL
=
wDL + LL ( L) 2
8
(400 PLF + 1500 PLF )(22'0" ) 2

=
8
= 114,950 Lb-Ft
= 115.0 KIP-FT
y = yt for compression in top
= yb for tension in bottom
a) Check stresses at TOP:
ftop =
M DL + LL ( y t )
Ig
(115.0 KIP FT (12" / ft ))(9.13" )

5018.7in 4
ftop = -2.51 KSI Compression
b) Check stresses at BOTTOM:

fbottom = +
= +
M DL + LL ( y b )
Ig
(115.0 KIP FT (12" / ft ))(8.87" )

5018.7in 4
fbottom = 2.44 KSI Tension
Step 6 - Determine the final stresses due to all service loads and prestressing:
-0.48C
18
+1.08T
-0.48C
Ps
Ag
-0.25C
-1.05C
+ Ps ey
Ig
+0.35T
+0.24T
Beam Wt.
-2.51C
-2.16C
-1.29C
+2.44T
+1.15T
Transfer
DL + LL
Final
Initial Prestress
Step 7 Determine the maximum actual factored moment on the beam

Mmax:
wu L2
Mmax =
8
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2(400 PLF + 188 PLF) + 1.6(1500 PLF)
= 3106 PLF
= 3.1 KLF
Mmax =
3.1(22'0) 2
8
Mmax = 188 KIP-FT

Step 8 - Determine the factored usable moment capacity Mu of the

beam:
a
Mu = 0.9Apsfps(dp - )
2
where:
p
f pu
fps = f pu 1 p

f
'
c
1
fpu = ultimate tensile strength of prestressing tendon
= 270 KSI
p = factor based on the type of prestressing steel

= 0.40 for ordinary wire strand
1 = 0.80 for concrete fc = 5000 PSI
p =
A ps
bd p
0.453in 2
(10" )(16" )
= 0.00283
0.40
270 KSI
fps = 270 KSI 1
(0.00283)
5KSI
0.80
= 249.4 KSI
a=
A ps f ps
0.85 f ' c b
(0.453in 2 )(249.4 KSI )
0.85(5 KSI )(10" )
= 2.66
Mu = 0.9Apsfps(dp -
a
)
2
= 0.9(0.453 in2)(249.4 KSI)(16 -
2.66"
)
2
= 1492 Kip-In
Mu = 124.3 KIP-FT < Mmax = 188 KIP-FT NOT ACCEPTABLE
Lecture 4 Beam Design for Moment

Beams, or sometimes referred to as flexure members, are designed on the
basis of moment. In ASD and LRFD, the design strength of a beam in flexure is
called the nominal flexural moment, Mn. This Mn must be greater than the
maximum applied factored (LRFD) or service (ASD) moment.
Beams are designed on the basis of the following LRFD references:
AISC Part 3
AISC Spec Chapter F p. 16.1-44
1. Beam Design Considering Yielding:

Assuming a beam is adequately laterally braced, it will fail by yielding on
the compression flange. Most beams are laterally braced by the metal
decking that is attached to the compression flange as shown below:
Metal decking
puddle-welded to top
flange of beam
Concrete slab
over metal
decking
1) LRFD Beam Design:

Design Flexural Strength = bMn
Where: b = 0.90
Mn = nominal flexural moment
= Mp = Plastic moment
= FyZx
Zx = plastic section modulus
= from properties
2) ASD Beam Design:

Allowable Flexural Strength =
Mn
b
Where: b = 1.67
Mn = nominal flexural moment
= Mp = Plastic moment
= FyZx
Zx = plastic section modulus
= from properties
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W16x26 steel beam using A992 steel is continuously laterally
braced, and experiences a FACTORED moment = 104 KIP-FT.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the design flexural moment, bMn for the beam.
2) Determine if the beam is adequate.
Step 1 Determine bMn for the beam:
bMn = 0.90(FyZx) since it is continuously laterally braced
= 0.90(50 KSI)(44.2 in3)
= 1989 KIP-IN
From properties,
bMn = 165.8 KIP-FT
AISC p. 1-21
Step 2 Determine if the beam is adequate:
Since bMn = 165.8 KIP-FT > 104 KIP-FT beam is adequate
Example 2 (LRFD)
GIVEN: The W16x26 beam from Example 1.
REQUIRED: Determine the design flexural moment, bMn for the beam
using the LRFD Zx Table 3-2 (see AISC p. 3-11 thru 3-19)
Step 1 Refer to AISC p. 3-18 for W16x26:
Look in the LRFD column bMpx = 166 KIP-FT
Example 3 (ASD)
GIVEN: An A992 steel beam A is continuously laterally braced and
carries a superimposed SERVICE (i.e., not factored) floor live load = 100
PSF and a superimposed SERVICE dead load = 85 PSF. Assume initially
the beam weighs 30 PLF and check your results.
REQUIRED:
1) Design the lightest weight steel beam using the Zx Table 3-2.
2) Design the lightest weight W14 steel beam using the Maximum Total
Uniform Load Table 3-6 (see AISC p. 3-33 thru 3-95).
Beam A
3@7-0 = 21-0
Girder A
32-0
Step 1 Determine SERVICE uniform load, w on beam:

By inspecting the ASD load factors AISC p. 2-9, the
maximum applied uniform load w = D + L
Where: D = uniform dead load, PLF
= 7(85 PSF) + 30 PLF
= 625 PLF
L = uniform live load, PLF
= 7(100 PSF)
= 700 PLF
w = (625 PLF) + (700 PLF)
= 1325 PLF
= 1.325 KLF
Assumed
beam wt.
Step 2 Determine maximum SERVICE moment, Ma:

w = 1.325 KLF
R1 = 21.2 KIPS
R2 = 21.2 KIPS
32-0
wL2
Ma =
8
=
1.325 KLF (32' ) 2

8
Ma = 169.6 KIP-FT
Step 3 Select lightest weight beam from Table 3-2:
From AISC p. 3-17 look under ASD column
M px
to find a
b
BOLD moment that is equal or larger than the calculated Ma:
Use W16x40
M px
b
= 182 KIP-FT > 169.6 KIP-FT
(NOTE: If the assumed beam weight of 30 PLF were

increased to 40 PLF, the revised Ma = 170.9 KIP-FT which is
still less than 182 KIP-FT)
Step 4 Determine total SERVICE uniform load on beam:

W = Total service load on beam, KIPS
= w x span
= 1.325 KLF(32-0)
= 42.4 KIPS
Step 5 Select lightest W14 beam using Table 3-6 Maximum Total
Uniform Load tables:
From AISC p. 3-67, look find span = 32 then read across to
find the lightest weight beam having maximum ASD total
uniform load > 42.4 KIPS.
Use W14x43 max. total unif. load = 43.4 KIPS > 42.4 KIPS
(NOTE: Using this method, the lightest possible beam is

W16x40 max. total unif. load = 45.5 KIPS > 42.4 KIPS)
2. Beam Design Considering Lateral-Torsional Buckling

The compression flange of a beam behaves like a column it is
susceptible to buckling if not adequately laterally braced. This
phenomenon of flange buckling of a beam is referred to as lateraltorsional buckling.
Consider a skinny yard stick under loading. If it is not properly braced, it
will twist and fail under a much smaller load than if it were adequately
braced. Therefore, wider-flanged beams are better at resisting lateraltorsional buckling than narrow-flanged beams.
Moment capacity
It has been determined that the relationship between distance between

lateral bracing and moment capacity looks like the following:
Distance between
lateral supports
The AISC has developed graphs of LRFD and ASD beam design
Mn
moments, bMn, and
respectively, for beam shapes that has been
b
mathematically altered from the graph above (for simplicity), and looks like
the following: (See AISC p. 5-7 and AISC p. 16.1-33)
Moment capacity
bMp and
bMr and
Real curve
Mp
b
AISC curve
Mr
b
Lp
Lr
Distance between
lateral supports
Where: b = 0.90 (LRFD)
b = 1.67 (ASD)
E
Fy
AISC p. 16.1-48
E
0.7 Fy
AISC p. 16.1-48
Lp = 1.76ry
Lr = rts
E = 29000 KSI
Fy = yield stress, KSI
Mp = (FyZx)
AISC p. 16.1-47
Mr = 0.7(FySx)
AISC p. 16.1-269
Sx = Section modulus about x axis from properties
Example 4 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W14x43 steel girder using A992 steel. It is laterally braced at
Lb = 8-0 increments by beams framing into the side. It experiences a
maximum FACTORED moment, Mu = 250 KIP-FT.
REQUIRED:
1) Draw the graph of design moments vs. unbraced length.
2) Determine the design moment, bMn for an actual unbraced length Lb =
10-0 using formula F2-2 from AISC p. 16.1-47.
3) Determine the design moment using the Beam Available Moments vs.
Unbraced Length graphs on AISC p. 3-125.
Step 1 Draw graph of design moments vs. unbraced length:
From AISC p. 3-17, pick values of Lp, Lr, bMp, and bMr
Real curve
bMpx = 261 KIP-FT
AISC curve
bMn = ????
bMrx = 164 KIP-FT
Lp = 6.68 ft.
Lr = 20.0 ft.
Lb = 10-0
Step 2 - Determine the design moment, bMn for an unbraced

length Lb = 8-0 using formula F2-2 from AISC p. 16.1-32
Lb L p
Mn = C b M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x )
L L
r
p
Where: Cb = 1.0 (conservative)

Mp = FyZx
= (50KSI)(69.6 in3)
= 3480 Kip-In

10'6.68'
Mn = 1.0 3480 Kip In ((3480 0.7(50 KSI )(62.6in 3 )
)
20'6.68'
= 3159 Kip-In
= 263.3 Kip-Ft
Therefore, since = 0.9:
Mn = 0.9(263.3 Kip-Ft)
Mn = 237 Kip-Ft
Since Mn = 237 Kip-Ft < Mu = 250 Kip-Ft, beam is
UNACCEPTABLE
Step 3 Determine FACTORED moment strength using Table 3-10:
From AISC p. 3-125:

For a W14x43 with Fy = 50 KSI
Unbraced length Lb = 10-0
LRFD
Mn 237 Kip-Ft
Lb = 10-0
Example 5 (ASD) and (LRFD)

GIVEN: A steel girder is laterally braced at Lb = 10-0, and experiences
the service loads as shown below.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight A992 wide-flange beam using the
Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length graphs.
Service DL = 900 PLF (incl. beam wt.)
Service LL = 1700 PLF
30-0
Step 1 Determine ASD maximum SERVICE moment:

w=D+L
= (900 PLF) + (1700 PLF)
= 2600 PLF
= 2.6 KLF
Ma = Maximum applied SERVICE moment
wL2
=
8
(2.6 KLF )(30'0" ) 2
=
8
Ma = 292.5 Kip-Ft.
Step 2 Determine LRFD maximum FACTORED moment:

wu = 1.2D +1.6 L
= 1.2(900 PLF) + 1.6(1700 PLF)
= 3800 PLF
= 3.8 KLF
Mu = Maximum applied FACTORED moment
w L2
= u
8
(3.8 KLF )(30'0" ) 2
=
8
Mu = 427.5 Kip-Ft.
Step 3 Design lightest beam using Available Moment vs.
Unbraced Length graph:
From AISC p. 3-121 and 3-119, read up from the bottom at
Lb = 10-0 and look up until you hit a solid line for the
lightest weight beam exceeding 292.5 Kip-Ft (ASD) and
427.5 Kip-Ft (LRFD).
ASD:
Use W21x62
LRFD:
Mn
316 Kip ft
Use W21x62 M n 474 Kip ft
Lecture 40 Concrete Specifications

Project-specific construction documents generally consist of two items:
Design Drawings
Specifications
The Design Drawings graphically present the specific design of the structure. However, they do not
indicate the specific requirements relating to:
Materials
Submittals
Job conditions
Testing & inspection
Execution of work
CSI Construction Specifications Institute

The CSI was founded in 1948 in an effort to organize trade-specific specifications into a uniform,
industry accepted format. It developed the MasterFormat, a breakdown of all constructionrelated activities into 16 divisions as follows:
Division 1 General Requirements

Division 2 Site Construction
Division 3 Concrete
Division 4 Masonry
Division 5 Metals
Division 6 Wood and Plastics
Division 7 Thermal and Moisture Protection
Division 8 Doors and Windows
Division 9 Finishes
Division 10 Specialties
Division 11 Equipment
Division 12 Furnishings
Division 13 Special Construction
Division 14 Conveying Systems
Division 15 Mechanical
Division 16 Electrical
03050 Basic Concrete Materials and Methods

03100 Concrete Forms and Accessories
03200 Concrete Reinforcement
03300 Cast-in-Place Concrete
03400 Precast Concrete
03500 Cementitious Decks and Underlayment
03600 Grouts
03700 Mass Concrete
03900 Concrete Restoration and Cleaning
Each division has been further refined into multiple sub-divisions (as shown for Division 3 above).
To obtain samples of specifications, go to http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/dnc/masterspec/default.htm
In addition to technical specifications, the CSI MasterFormat is used by most of the construction
industry for purposes of cost estimating, contractor qualifications, product research and supply
ordering.
Section 03300 Cast-inPlace Concrete

PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1
SUMMARY
A. Work Included: Cast-in-place concrete.
1.2
QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Comply with the latest edition of the following:
1. ACI 301 "Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings"
2. ACI 302 "Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction"
3. ACI 304 "Recommended Practice for Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, Placing
Concrete"
4. ACI 305 "Hot Weather Concreting"
5. ACI 306 "Cold Weather Concreting"
6. ACI 311 "Recommended Practice for Concrete Inspection"
7. ACI 315 "Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement"
8. ACI 318 "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete"
9. ACI 347 "Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork"
10. ACI SP-15 Field Reference Manual
11. CRSI
"Manual of Standard Practice"
1.3
SUBMITTALS
A. Shop Drawings: Submit Shop Drawings for fabrication, bending and placement of
concrete reinforcement. Show bar schedules, stirrup spacing, diagrams of bent bars,
arrangements of concrete reinforcement. Include special reinforcement required for
openings through concrete. Show elevations of reinforcement for all members at
minimum 1/4 inch = 1'-0" scale. Show locations all construction and control joints.
B. Mix Design: Submit proposed mix designs for concrete at least 15 days before start of
concreting. Submittal shall include: cement content and type, admixture content and
type, aggregate source and gradation, water content, air content, slump, and
documentation of average strength by field experience or laboratory prepared trial
mixtures in accordance with ACI 318 Article 4.3.
C. Product Data: Submit data and installation instructions for proprietary material.
D. Material Certificates: Submit materials certificates certifying that each material
complies with Specifications.
1.4
TESTING SERVICES
A. Employ, at Contractor's expense, a testing laboratory acceptable to Architect to
perform material evaluation tests and for quality control during placement.
B. Sample and test concrete for quality control during placement as follows:
1. Sampling Fresh Concrete: ASTM C172 except modified for slump to comply
with ASTM C94.
2. Slump: ASTM C143 - one for each concrete truck, measured at point of
discharge.
3. Air Content: ASTM C231 pressure method - one for each truck load of readymixed air-entrained concrete.
4. Temperature: Test concrete temperature hourly when ambient temperature is
40oF and below, and when 80oF and above.
5. Compressive Test Specimen: ASTM C31, one set of six standard cylinders for
each compressive strength test. Store undisturbed and in an insulated box during
cold weather. Deliver cylinders to lab between 24 and 48 hours after making.
6. Compressive Strength Tests: ASTM C39, one set of six cylinders for each 50
cubic yards or fraction thereof, of each concrete class placed in any one day, two
lab specimens tested at 7 days, two lab specimens tested at 28 days and two
specimens retained in reserve for later testing if required.
C. Test Reports
1. Forward results to Architect, Engineer and Contractor on same day that tests are
made.
2. Reports of compressive strength tests shall contain the general information of
project identification name and number, date of concrete placement, name of
Contractor, name of concrete supplier, truck number and delivery ticket number,
name of concrete testing service, concrete type and class, name of individual
making specimen, location of concrete batch in structure, design compressive
strength at 28 days, concrete mix proportions and materials; and the specific
information of slump, air content, temperature, compressive strength and type of
break for both 7-day and 28-day tests.
3. Field reports of concrete inspection shall contain general information noted
above, plus ambient temperature, concrete temperature, weather, slump, air
content and cylinder numbers.
D. Additional Testing
1. Testing service shall make additional tests of in-place concrete when test results
indicate specified concrete strengths and other characteristics have not been
attained in structure.
2. Testing service shall conduct tests to determine adequacy of concrete by cored
cylinders complying with ASTM C42 or by other methods acceptable to
Architect.
3. Contractor shall pay for such tests conducted, and any other additional testing
required, if concrete testing confirms specified strengths have not been met.
1.5
JOB CONDITIONS
A. Store materials so as to ensure preservation of their quality and fitness for the Work.
Store reinforcement and formwork in a manner to prevent damage and accumulation
of dirt.
B. Contractor shall be responsible for correction of concrete work which does not
conform to specified requirements, including strength, tolerances and finishes.
Correct deficient concrete as directed by Architect.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1
MATERIALS
A. Formwork
1. Exposed Concrete: Unless otherwise shown or specified, construct formwork for
concrete surfaces, which will be exposed to view in the completed project, with
form plywood, metal or other acceptable panel-type material, to provide
continuous, straight, smooth exposed surfaces. Furnish in largest practicable
sizes to minimize number of joints and to conform to joint system shown on
Drawings. Provide form material with sufficient thickness to withstand pressure
of newly-placed concrete without bow or deflection.
2. Unexposed Concrete: Form concrete surfaces which will be unexposed to view in
the completed Project with plywood, lumber, metal or other acceptable material.
Provide lumber dressed on at least 2 edges and 1 side for tight fit.
B. Form Ties
1. Exposed Concrete: Plastic cone snaptie, Type 3M by Superior or accepted equal.
2. Unexposed Concrete: Snap-off metal ties, designed to prevent form deflection
and prevent spalling surfaces upon removal. Portion remaining after removal
shall be at least 1" from concrete surface.
C. Form Coatings: Commercial formulation form-coating compounds shall not bond
with, stain, nor adversely affect concrete surfaces, and shall not impair subsequent
treatments of concrete surfaces requiring bond or adhesion, nor impede wetting of
surfaces to be cured with water or curing compound.
D. Reinforcement
1. Deformed bars: ASTM A615, Grade 60.
2. Welded Wire Fabric: ASTM A185. Flat sheets only.
3. All chairs, spacers, clips, wire anchors and related items necessary to accurately
space and secure reinforcement.
4. Additional bars, if required, to anchor or space reinforcement.
5. Chairs shall be plastic booted at points of bearing on forms for exposed concrete.
6. Minimum 16-gage annealed tie wire, ASTM A82.
E. Cement: ASTM C150, Type I or Type II.
F. Aggregates: ASTM C33 and as herein specified.
1.
2.
Fine Aggregate: Clean, sharp, natural sand free from loam, clay, lumps or other
deleterious substances with less than 10% passing the #100 sieve and less than
3% passing the #200 sieve.
Coarse Aggregate: Clean, uncoated, processed aggregate containing no clay,
mud, loam or foreign matter, as follows:
a. Crushed stone: Processed from natural rock or stone for concrete slabs
meeting NYSDOT 703-0201.
b. Clean, sharp, natural or processed gravel, or crushed stone, free from loam,
clay, lumps, or other deleterious substances for footings and miscellaneous
concrete.
c. Maximum Aggregate Size: Footings and walls size 467. Slabs size 57 with
minimum of 1800 pounds per cubic yard.
G. Water: Clean, fresh, potable.

H. Air Entraining: ASTM C260.
I.
Water Reducing Admixture: ASTM C494, Type A.
J.
Non Corrosive, Non Chloride Accelerator: ASTM C494, Type C or E.
K. Prohibited Admixtures: Calcium chloride, thiocyanates. Admixtures containing more

than 0.05% chloride ions are not permitted.
L. Evaporation Retarder: Confilm by Master Builders, or accepted equal.
M. Curing Sheet Materials: ASTM C171, including waterproof paper, polyethylene film
or polyethylene coated burlap.
N. Liquid Membrane Curing/Sealing Compound: Masterkure by Master Builders or
accepted equal.
O. Exterior Anti-Spalling Sealer: Penetrating Sealer 40 by Sonneborn or accepted equal.
P. Hardener: Lapidolith by Sonneborn or accepted equal.
Q. Mineral Aggregate Floor Surface Hardener: Colorcron by Master Builders or
accepted equal. French gray color. Apply at rate of 1.00 pounds per square foot.
R. Joint Filler: 1/2" thick ASTM D994 premolded expansion joint filler strips; full slab
depth. Where joint is exposed and scheduled to receive sealant, provide 1/2" vinyl
removable filler cap strip, 940 Series by Green Streak or accepted equal.
S. Sleeves: ASTM A120, hot-dipped galvanized.
T. Anchor Bolts: Furnished in Section 05100 and installed under this Section.
U. Dowel Bars: 1-inch square steel bars with -inch compressible foam on vertical
faces; or 1-inch-diameter steel bars, greased.
V. Non-shrink Grout: Sonogrout 14 by Sonneborn, or accepted equal.
W. Water Stop: Volclay Waterstop RX, 1" x 3/4" by American Colloid Co. or accepted
equal.
X. Dovetail Slot: Standard Dovetail Slot #180, 26 gauge galvanized steel with foam
filler by Heckmann Building Products or accepted equal.
2.2
PROPORTIONING AND MIX DESIGN

A. Prepare design mixes for concrete. Use independent testing facility acceptable to
Architect for preparing and reporting proposed mix designs.
B. Where the concrete production facility can establish the uniformity of its production
for concrete of similar strength and materials based on recent test data, the average
strength used as a basis for determining mix design proportions shall exceed the
specified design strength by the requirements of ACI-318, Section 4.3.2 or ACI-301,
Section 3.9.
When a concrete production facility does not have field test records for calculation of
standard deviation, the required average strength shall be at least 1,200 psi greater
than the specified design strength.
C. Concrete Quality
Required 28
Location
Maximum
day
Water
Compressive
Cement Ratio
Air Content
Weight
3,000
0.55
4% - 6%
147 - 153 pcf
3,500
0.50
0%
147 - 153 pcf
4,000
0.45
5% - 7%
147 - 153 pcf
4,000
0.45
4% - 6%
114 - 120 pcf
Strength
Footings, foundation walls and all other
below grade concrete, miscellaneous
concrete.
Interior slabs on grade and suspended
slabs.
Exterior concrete subjected to freezing
and thawing, exterior slab on grade.
Interior light weight suspended slab.
D. Slump
1. Footings and Foundation Walls: 3" to 5".
2. Slabs: 4" maximum.
E. Ready Mix Concrete: ASTM C94.
F. The quantity of coarse aggregate in pounds must be in the range of 1.25 to 1.5 times
the quantity of fine aggregate in pounds.
G. Fly ash may be substituted for cement for interior slabs only, at a maximum rate of 15
percent by weight. Submittals shall include actual mix design, including percentage
of fly ash and test results showing that mix meets specified compressive strength, and
air content. Fly ash is not permitted in cold weather concreting unless extended
protection is provided. Protection and heat shall be maintained until 70 percent of
specified design strength is achieved.
H. Pumping of concrete is permitted only if mix designs specifically prepared and used
previously for pumping are submitted. Pumpline shall have a 5-inch minimum inside
diameter and shall be used with 5-inch pumps.
2.3
REINFORCING FABRICATION
A. Fabricate bars to required lengths, shapes and bends. Do not rebend or straighten
reinforcement in a manner that shall weaken the material.
2.4
FORMWORK
A. Design formwork to support vertical and lateral loads that might be applied until such
loads can be supported by concrete structure.
PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.1
INSPECTION
A. Examine conditions under which concrete shall be placed. Do not proceed with work
until all unsatisfactory conditions are corrected.
3.2
NOTIFICATION
A. Notify Architect 24 hours before anticipated time of completion of reinforcement in
any section.
B. Do not place concrete until reinforcement has been observed and corrections, if any,
made.
3.3
FORMWORK INSTALLATION
A. Erect, brace, and maintain formwork to support vertical and lateral loads.
B. Construct forms to sizes, lines and dimensions shown to obtain accurate alignment,
location, grades, level and plumb work in finished structure.
C. Provide for openings, offsets, keys and other features required in work. Accurately
position and support items.
D. Solidly butt joints and provide backup at joints to prevent leakage of cement paste.
E. Provide crush plates or wrecking plates where stripping may damage cast concrete
surfaces.
F. Kerf wood inserts for forming keys and the like to prevent swelling and for easy
removal.
G. Provide openings in concrete form to accommodate work of other trades. Determine
size and location of openings, recesses and chases from trades providing such.
H. Cleaning and Tightening: Thoroughly clean forms and adjacent surfaces to receive
concrete. Remove chips, wood, sawdust, dirt or other debris just before concrete is
placed. Retighten forms after concrete placement if required to eliminate concrete
leaks.
I.
3.4
Reuse of Forms: Clean and repair surfaces of forms to be reused in the work. Split,
frayed, delaminated, or otherwise damaged form facing material is not acceptable.
Apply new form coating compound material. When forms are reused for successive
concrete placement, thoroughly clean surfaces, remove fins and laitance, and tighten
forms to close all joints. Align and secure joints to avoid offsets.
REINFORCEMENT PLACING
A. Clean reinforcement of loose rust, mill scale, earth, ice and other materials which
reduce or destroy bond with concrete.
B. Accurately position, support and secure reinforcement against displacement by
formwork, construction or concrete placement operations. Locate and support
reinforcement by metal chairs, runners, bolsters, spacers and hangers as required. Do
not use brick.
C. Place reinforcement to obtain at least the minimum coverages for concrete protection.
D. Arrange, space and securely tie bars and bar supports to hold reinforcement in position
during concrete placement. Set wire ties so ends are directed into concrete, not toward
exposed concrete surfaces.
E. Lap bar splices as indicated. Stagger splices in adjacent bars. Wire tie all splices.
3.5
WELDED WIRE FABRIC REINFORCEMENT PLACEMENT

A. Place welded wire fabric one-third of slab thickness below top surface of slab.
B. Place flat sheets in as long lengths as practical. Lap adjoining sheets at least one full
mesh. Offset laps to prevent continuous laps in either direction.
C. Do not continue welded wire fabric through any control joints or construction joints
for slabs on grade.
3.6
CONCRETE PLACEMENT
A. Before placing concrete, inspect and complete formwork installation, reinforcing steel
and items to be embedded or cast in.
B. Notify other trades to permit installation of their work. Cooperate with other trades in
setting such work as required.
C. Install anchor bolts and sleeves.
D. Deposit concrete continuously or in layers of such thickness that no concrete shall be
placed on concrete which has hardened sufficiently to cause formation of seams or
planes of weakness within section. Provide construction joints if section cannot be
placed continuously.
E. Deposit concrete as nearly as practicable to its final location to avoid segregation
caused by rehandling or flowing.
F. Keep excavations free of water. Do not deposit concrete in water, mud, snow or on
frozen ground.
G. Maximum drop of concrete shall not exceed 5 feet. Use hopper and trunk for greater
drops.
H. Contractor shall be responsible for controlling the proper placing of all embedded
pipe, conduit and other embedded items.
I.
3.7
Contractor shall be responsible for finishing of all concrete slabs to proper elevations
to insure that all surface moisture will drain freely to floor drains, and that no puddle
areas exist. During finishing operation, Contractor shall pay particular attention to
this criterion, and shall make all efforts to obtain this. Any cost of corrections to
provide for this positive drainage will be the responsibility of Contractor.
CONSOLIDATION
A. Consolidate placed concrete by mechanical vibrating equipment supplemented by
hand spading, rodding or tamping.
B. Do not use vibrators to transport concrete inside formwork.
C. At each insertion, limit duration of vibration to time necessary to consolidate concrete

and complete embedment of reinforcement and other embedded items without causing
segregation of mix.
D. Do not allow vibrator to come in contact with form.
3.8
SURFACE FINISHES
A. Finish of Formed Surfaces
1. Rough Form Finish: For formed concrete surfaces not exposed-to-view in the
finish work or concealed by other construction unless otherwise indicated. This is
the concrete surface having texture imparted by form facing material used, with
tie holes and defective areas repaired and patched and fins and other projections
exceeding 1/4" in height removed.
2. Smooth Form Finish: For formed concrete surfaces exposed-to-view. This is ascast concrete surface obtained with selected form facing material, arranged
orderly and symmetrically with a minimum of seams. Repair and patch defective
areas with fins or other projections completely removed and smoothed. Lightly
rub all exposed surfaces to achieve a uniform appearance.
or
Lightly sandblast to expose fine aggregate with occasional exposure of coarse
aggregate and to make the color uniform.
B. Monolithic Slab Finishes
1. Scratch Finish: Apply scratch finish to monolithic slab surfaces to receive
concrete floor topping or mortar setting beds for tile, and other bonded applied
cementitious finish flooring material. After placing slabs, roughen surface before
final set with stiff brushes, brooms or rakes.
2. Trowel Finish: Apply trowel finish to monolithic slab surfaces to be exposed-toview, and slab surfaces to be covered with carpet, resilient flooring, paint or other
thin film finish coating system. After floating, begin first trowel finish operation
using a power-driven trowel. Begin final troweling when surface produces a
ringing sound as trowel is moved over surface. Consolidate concrete surface by
final hand-trowel operation, free of trowel marks.
3. Non-Slip Broom Finish: Apply non-slip broom finish to exterior concrete
platforms, steps and ramps, and elsewhere as indicated. Immediately after trowel
finishing, slightly roughen concrete surface by brooming with fiber bristle broom
perpendicular to main traffic route.
3.9
APPLICATION OF FLOOR SURFACE HARDENER

A. Bleed water shall not be present before or during the application of this shake.
B. Apply first shake to hand floated concrete adjacent to forms, entryways, columns and
walls where moisture will be lost first. Apply two-thirds of the specified total shake
immediately following floating of total area. Distribute evenly by hand broadcasting

in all areas.
C. Finishing machines with float shoes shall be used as soon as shake has absorbed
moisture (indicated by darkening of surface and when surface is firm enough to
support a float machine and operator). Float just sufficiently to bring moisture from
base slab through the shake. Immediately following floating, apply remaining onethird of total specified shake in the same manner, allow the hardener to darken and
machine float as specified.
D. At no time shall water be added to the surface.
E. As surface further stiffens, indicated by loss of sheen, it shall be hand or mechanically
trowled with blades relatively flat. All marks and pinholes shall be removed during
the final trowel operation. Finish troweling to produce a light swirl finish to provide
skid resistance.
3.10 CURING AND PROTECTION
A. Concrete shall be protected from premature drying, excessively hot or cold
temperature, and mechanical injury according to provisions of ACI 301, Chapter 12.
During placing, all concrete flatwork exposed to or subject to rapid evaporation of
moisture under drying conditions (including hot weather, low humidity, wind and/or
sunlight) shall be protected immediately following screeding with evaporation retarder
applied in accordance with recommendations of manufacturer. Application shall
precede and shall be in addition to curing specified below.
B. Concrete shall be maintained in a continuously moist condition for at least 7 days after
placement. Curing shall begin as soon as possible after concrete has been placed and
finished. Materials and methods of curing shall be submitted to Architect for
acceptance.
C. Curing and Protection: Surfaces not in contact with forms and surfaces in contact
with forms for less than seven days.
Curing shall be by water curings, application of liquid membrane curing/sealing
compound or by application of curing sheet materials. Curing compounds shall be
applied in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. Liquid membrane
curing compound used on floor slabs receiving applied finish flooring shall be
guaranteed by the manufacturer, in writing, not to impair bonding of adhesive.
For slabs use a curing treatment of water curing, curing sheet materials, or by applying
and removing curing/sealing compound. The curing compounds must be applied
immediately after final finishing. For curing by water curing or curing sheet
materials, the concrete must be continually moist-cured for at least 7 days. Curing
shall begin immediately after finishing.
For other surfaces (footing, walls, etc.) curing shall be by one of the accepted curing
treatments listed above.
Restore curing protection on all freshly cut joint edges and faces when sawing joints
or removing forms.
D. Concrete placed under cold weather conditions shall be cured by completely covering
exposed surface of concrete with curing sheet materials with sheeting completely
sealed around edges. All concrete shall be cured for a minimum of 14 days with
temperatures at or above 40oF or for a minimum of 7 days with temperatures at or
above 70oF.
3.11 COLD WEATHER CONCRETING
A. Place concrete during cold weather in accordance with ACI 306.
B. For cold weather concreting, (defined as a period when for more than three successive
days the mean daily temperature drops below 40oF) concrete temperature shall be
maintained in accordance with ACI 306.
3.12 HOT WEATHER CONCRETING
A. Place concrete in accordance with ACI 305.
B. Cool ingredients before mixing to maintain concrete temperature below 90oF at time
of placement.
C. Cover reinforcing steel with water-soaked burlap if temperature of reinforcing steel
exceeds ambient air temperature.
D. Wet forms thoroughly before placing concrete.
3.13 WALL JOINTS
A. Construction Joints: Locate and install construction joints as shown on Drawings.
Where construction joints are not shown, locate joints at masonry control joints.
Install joints maximum of 60 feet on center in locations acceptable to Architect.
3.14 INTERIOR SLAB JOINTS
A. Construction Joints: Locate and form construction joints as shown on Drawings.
Where construction joints are not shown place in locations acceptable to Architect.
B. Contraction Joints: Sawcut joints as soon as possible after finishing, generally within
4 to 16 hours. Make sample cut to determine if concrete surface is firm enough so that
it is not torn or damaged by the blade.
C. Isolation Joints: Construction isolation in slabs on grade at all points of contact with
vertical surfaces and elsewhere as indicated.
3.15 EXTERIOR SLAB JOINTS
A. Expansion Joints: Locate and install expansion joints as shown on Drawings. Where
expansion joints are not shown, locate and install joints a maximum of 20 feet on
center in either direction.
B. Contraction Joints: Tool joints during final finishing with edging tool.
C. Isolation Joints: Construct isolation joints in slabs on grade at all points of contact
with vertical surfaces and elsewhere as indicated.
3.16 TOLERANCES
A. Footings
1. Variation of dimensions in plan: plus 2" or minus 1/2".
2. Variation of center from specified center in plan: 2 percent of footing width in
direction of variation, plus or minus 2" maximum variation.
3. Variation of bearing surface from specified elevation: plus or minus 1/2".
B. Anchor Bolts and Sleeves
1. Variation from specified location in plan: plus or minus 1/4".
2. Variation from specified elevation: plus or minus 1/2".
C. Slab on Grade
1. Surface Flatness: FF20 or greater.
2. Surface Levelness: FL17 or greater.
3. Variation from specified elevation: plus or minus 1/4".
D. Stairs
1. Variation in riser: 1/8".
2. Variation in tread: 1/8".
3.17 SLAB SEALERS
A. Interior Exposed Slabs: Apply two coats of hardener after slabs have cured a
minimum of 28 days at a rate of 100 square feet/gallon; in accordance with
manufacturers recommendations.
B. Exterior Exposed Slabs: Apply two coats of Penetrating Exterior Anti-Spalling Sealer
after slabs have cured a minimum of 28 days in accordance with manufacturers
recommendations.
3.18 REPAIR OF SURFACES
A. Contractor shall be responsible for cost of repairing defects.

B. Repair defective wall areas with cement mortar or proprietary patching compound,
when acceptable to Architect. Cut out honeycomb, rock pockets and voids over 1/2inch diameter back to solid concrete but in no case to a depth of less than 1 inch.
Make edges of cuts perpendicular to concrete surface.
C. Repair defective interior slab areas as follows:
1. Correct flatness and levelness defects by grinding or removal and replacement of
slab. Patching of low spots will not be permitted.
2. For cracks less than 1/32 inch, no repairs are required. For cracks greater than
1/32 inch, use crack repair material. For cracks over 1/8 inch, fill crack with
oven-dried sand prior to application of crack repair material, as recommended by
manufacturer. Contractor also has option to remove and rebuild areas of
cracking. Mask cracks to limit crack repair material to crack only.
3. Curling at slab edges which exceeds 1/4 inch when measured with a 10-foot
straightedge shall be made level by grinding or planing. Straightedge shall be
located with its end at the slab edge, and the space between the straightedge and
the slab shall be measured. If curling exceeds 1/4 inch, core drill slab at 3-foot
intervals and inject non-shrink grout to fill void beneath slab.
4. Repair edge spalls which occur from shrinkage cracking or from contractors
operations.
D. Remove and replace all exterior slabs which are cracked or do not properly drain.
END OF SECTION
Lecture 41 Metric
Metric units are used everywhere in the world EXCEPT the USA. It is based on
scientific measurements, not the length of a kings foot or the weight of a chicken.
Metric Conversion Factors

Length
Area
Volume
Weight
Force
Multiply:
inches
inches
feet
feet
yards
in2
ft2
ft2
yd2
in3
ft3
ft3
gallons
gallons
pounds
pounds
kips
pounds per foot (PLF)
Moment
Unit weight
Stress (pressure)
Lb-In
Lb-Ft
Kip-Ft
Kip-Ft
Kip-In
Lb per ft3 (PCF)
Lb per in2 (PSI)
Lb per in2 (PSI)
Lb per in2 (PSI)
Kips per in2 (KSI)
Kips per in2 (KSI)
Lb per ft2 (PSF)
Lb per ft2 (PSF)
Kips per ft2 (KSF)
Kips per ft2 (KSF)
By:
25.4
0.0254
304.8
304.8
0.9144
645.2
92,909
0.0929
0.836
16,387
28,317,000
0.0283
0.003785
3.785
0.454
4.448
4448
14.594
0.11299
1.3559
1355.9
1.3559
112.99
0.1571
6895
6.895
0.0006895
6895
6.895
47.88
0.04788
47.88
0.04788
To Obtain:
millimeters (mm)
meters (m)
millimeters (mm)
meters (m)
meters (m)
mm2
mm2
m2
m2
mm3
mm3
m3
m3 = 1000 liters
liters
kilograms (kg)
Newtons (N)
Newtons (N)
Newtons per meter (N/m)
N-m
N-m
N-m
kN-m
N-m
kN/m3
Pascals = Pa = N/m2
kPa = kilopascals = 1000 Pa
mPa = megapascals = N/mm2
kPa
mPa
Pa
kPa
kPa
mPa
Example 1
GIVEN: All road construction projects in New York State have drawings
with metric measurements. All metric drawings always use units of mm
for everything. (Reminder: 1 m = 1000 mm)
REQUIRED: Convert 1500 mm as shown on the drawings into
feet/inch/sixteenths.
Use the conversion 1 inch = 25.4 mm
Number of inches =
1500mm
25.4mm _ per _ inch
= 59.055118 inches
= 48 + 11.055118
= 4 + 11.055118
= 4 + 11 + (0.055118 x 16th)
= 4 + 11 +
1500 mm = 4-11
0.88
16ths
1
"
16
Example 2
GIVEN: The x-sectional area of a W30x211 steel beam = 62.0 in2.
REQUIRED: Determine the area of the beam in units of mm2.
Use the conversion 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 inch x 1 inch = 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm
1 in2 = 645.2 mm2
Number of mm2 = 62.0 in2 x 645.2 mm2 per in2
Area = 40,002 mm2
Example 3
GIVEN: The tank below.
REQUIRED: How many liters are in the tank?
7-0
Dia. = 18-0
Vol. =
(18' ) 2 (7' )
= 1781 ft3
= 1781 ft3(7.48 gals per ft3)
Vol. = 13324 gal.
Use the conversion 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
Volume = 1781 ft3(0.0283 m3 per ft3)
= 50.4 m3
Volume = 50.4 m3(1000 liters per m3)
Volume = 50,400 liters
Example 4
GIVEN: An ASTM A325 steel bolt is capable of resisting an allowable
shear stress of 30 kips per square inch (KSI)
REQUIRED: What is the allowable shear stress for the bolt in units of
KPa?
Use the conversions of 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa = 1000 Pa
1 lb = 4.448 N
30 KSI =
30000lb
1in 2
30 KSI =
(30000lb)(4.448 N _ per _ lb)

(0.0254m)(0.0254m)
30 KSI =
(133440 N )
(0.00064516mm 2 )
30 KSI = 206,832,414 N/m2

30 KSI = 206,832,414 Pa
30 KSI = 206,832 kPa
Metric Loads
All metric loads, forces and derivatives of those are in units of Newtons.
Below is a sampling of typical minimum design live loads for buildings:
Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads per ASCE 7-02

Occupancy:
Assembly area fixed seats
Assembly area movable seats
Balconies - residential
Bowling alleys, poolrooms, rec. areas
Dining rooms and restaurants
Gymnasium
Hospital operating rooms, labs
Hospital private rooms
Library reading room
Library stack rooms
Office
Residential
Schools - classrooms
Stadium - bleachers
Stores 1st floor retail
Pounds per ft2

60
100
60
75
100
100
60
40
60
150
50
40
40
100
100
kN/m2 (soft metric)
2.87
4.79
2.87
3.59
4.79
4.79
2.87
1.92
2.87
7.18
2.40
1.92
1.92
4.79
4.79
Material Properties
Material:
Steel A36
Steel A992
Aluminum
Concrete (4000 psi)
Wood - SYP
Earth sandy
Water
Unit Weight:
Lb/ft3 kN/m3
490
77.2
490
77.2
170
26.7
150
23.6
37
5.8
100
15.7
62.4
9.8
Modulus Of Elasticity (E):
Kips/in2
29,000
29,000
10,000
3,600
1,600
-
kN/mm2
205
205
70
25.4
11.3
-
Yield Stress (fy):

Kips/in2 N/mm2
36
248
50
345
28
190
6
42
-
Metric Dimensions
All metric dimensions are in units of millimeters. Below are a few
examples of architectural drawings in metric dimensions:
Example 5 LRFD Steel Beam Analysis

GIVEN: A simply-supported ASTM A992 steel W18x35 beam is loaded as
shown (all loads are factored and includes beam weight). Assume the
beam is continuously laterally braced.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the maximum factored moment in units of kN-m.
2) Determine the plastic section modulus, Zx of the beam in units
of mm3.
3) Determine the LRFD design moment of the beam Mn in units of
kN-m.
4) Determine if the beam is adequate in moment.
w = 3 kN/m
11 m
Step 1 - Determine the maximum factored moment in units of kN-m:
wu L2
Mmax =
8
=
(3kN / m)(11m) 2
8
Mmax = 45.4 kN-m

Step 2 - Determine the plastic section modulus of the beam in units of mm3:
From LRFD properties W18x35 Zx = 66.5 in3
25.4mm 25.4mm 25.4mm

Zx = 66.5 in3 x
x
x
in
in
in
Zx = 1,089,742 mm3
Step 3 - Determine the LRFD design moment of the beam Mn in units of kN-m:
From LRFD:
See table above
Mn = 0.9FyZx
where: Fy = 345 N/mm2
Zx = 1,089,742 mm3
Mn = 0.9(345 N/mm2)(1,089,742 mm3)

= 338,360,000 N-mm
m
kN
x
= 338,360,000 N-mm x
1000 N 1000mm
Mn = 338.4 kN-m
Step 4 - Determine if the beam is adequate in moment:
Since Mn = 338.4 kN-m > Mmax = 45.4 kN-m beam is OK
Example 6 ACI Concrete Beam Analysis

GIVEN: The rectangular concrete beam shown below. All loads are
factored and includes beam weight. Use fc = 25 mPa and 3 20 mm
diameter bars having fy = 400 mPa.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the ACI 318 factored moment capacity, Mu of the beam in
units of kN-m.
2) Determine the ACI 318 factored moment capacity of the beam in units
of Kip-Feet.
250
350
Step 1 Det. moment capacity Mu in units of kN-m:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(20mm) 2
where: As = 3 bars
4
2
= 942.5 mm
act =
As
bd
942.5mm 2
(250mm)(350mm)
= 0.0108

act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.0108)(400 N / mm 2
= 0.9(942.5 mm2)(400 N/mm2)(350 mm)(1 - 0.59
25 N / mm 2
= 106,640,000 N-mm
m
kN
x
= 106,640,000 N-mm x
1000 N 1000mm
Mu = 106.6 kN-m
Step 2 Det. moment capacity Mu in units of Kip-Feet:
Kip Feet
Mu = 106.6 kN-m x
1.3559kN m
Mu = 78.6 Kip-Feet
See conversion
table above
Lecture 5 Beams Design for Shear & Deflection

Steel beams are usually designed solely on the basis of moment. This means
that bending stresses are the critical design factor. However, under certain
circumstances, shear and deflection must also be checked.
1. Design for Shear
Shear in steel beams generally does not control the design EXCEPT in
the following two situations:
Reduced beam cross-sectional area, as with coped beams
Shear plane
Reduced Shear plane
Normal beam
Coped beam
Very heavy loads on short-span beam

Very heavy loads
Short span
Shear in steel beams is assumed to be carried entirely by the area of the

web, Aw:
tw
Beam X-Sect
Aw = Shear area
in normal beam
(shaded)
Aw = Shear area
in coped beam
(shaded)
Design for shear is dictated in AISC Spec. G p. 16.1-64 as follows:

LRFD Factored Design shear strength = vVn
ASD Service Allowable shear strength =
Vn
v
where: v = 1.00 (LRFD)

v = 1.50 (ASD)
Vn = nominal shear strength
= 0.6FyAwCv
Aw = area of web (see sketch above)
= twd
Cv = Web shear coefficient
= 1.0 for webs of rolled I shaped shapes (Conservative)
= see AISC Eq. G2-3, G2-4 and G2-5 p. 16.1-65
for other conditions
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W14x26 A992 steel beam.
REQUIRED: Determine the FACTORED design shear strength, vVn for
the beam.
Step 1 Determine area of web, Aw:
Aw = twd
tw
= 0.255 in(13.9 in)

= 3.54 in2
Step 2 Determine FACTORED design shear strength:
vVn = 1.00(0.6FyAw)Cv
= 1.00(0.6(50 KSI)(3.54 in2)1.0)
vVn = 106.2 KIPS
(NOTE: The values of vVn can be found directly in the Maximum
Total Factored Uniform Load Table 3-6 AISC p. 3-67)
Example 2 (ASD)
GIVEN: The W12x30 A992 steel beam has a 4 cope and has the
SERVICE load as shown below. Disregard beam weight.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine if the beam is acceptable on the basis of shear at the coped
end.
2) Determine if the beam is acceptable on the basis of shear at the
location of the point load.
W12x30
R2
R1
Step 1 Determine the reaction at the left support R1:

R1 =
120KIPS (7' )
10'
= 84 KIPS
Step 2 Determine ALLOWABLE shear strength in coped web at R1:
0.6 Fy Aw C v
Vn
=
v
1.50
Aw = Area of web
= twh
h = d - cope
tw
From properties, tw = web thickness

= 0.260 in.
d = 12.3 in.
h = d cope
= 12.3 4
= 8.3
Aw = twh
= 0.260(8.3)
= 2.16 in2
Vn
0.6(50 KSI (2.16in 2 )(1.0)
=
v
1.50
Vn
= 43.2 KIPS < 84 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE
v
Step 3 Determine ALLOWABLE shear strength at point of load:

Since the beam is not coped at this location, the design shear
V
strength n can be found from AISC Table 3-6 p. 3-71.
v
Vn
= 64.2 KIPS < 120 KIPS UNACCEPTABLE
v
(Note: This example looks ONLY at shear. Very high loads also require a
detailed look at connections, which will be investigated later)
Possible Fixes for High Shear:

By modifying any of the variables in the design shear equation, the
capacity may be increased. These include:
Using a higher grade of steel (increase Fy)

Use a bigger beam (increase Aw)
Weld additional plates to the web (increase Aw)
New plate welded

to web of beam
2. Design for Deflection

Building codes (such as the IBC) require that deflections in beams be held
to a minimum for occupancy comfort as well as to reduce likelihood of
cracking ceiling finishes such as plaster. It is considered to be a
serviceability check. Allowable deflection limits are dictated by the
codes, such as L/360 of the span.
Actual deflection is calculated using SERVICE LOADS in the formulas
given in the AISC p. 3-208 thru 3-226. These actual deflections are then
compared against the allowable deflection.
The following allowable deflection limits for steel construction are used by
the IBC:
Construction
Roof member supporting plaster ceiling
Roof member supporting nonplaster ceiling
Roof member supporting no ceiling
Floor members
Live Load
L/360
L/240
L/180
L/360
Snow or Wind
L/360
L/240
L/180
-
It should be noted that the above-noted allowable deflections are

minimums. Architects and engineers often reduce the deflection limit to
L/480 or even L/540 to ensure that floors are not bouncy.
Example 3
GIVEN: The floor framing plan below. The total superimposed service
dead load = 86 PSF (not including beam weight) and the service live load
= 125 PSF.
REQUIRED: Determine the maximum actual mid-span deflection and
compare with a Live load limit = L/480 and a Dead load + Live load limit =
L/240 on the W18x35 steel beam.
do
do
W18x35 beam
W24x62 girder
25-0
4@8-0 = 32-0
Step 1 Determine the actual max. deflection considering Live load only:
From AISC p. 3-211, the maximum deflection formula is:

5wL4
max =
384 EI
w = uniform live load on beam
= 8(125 PSF)
= 1000 PLF
1000 PLF
4
5
(25' x12" / ft )
12
max =
384(29000000 PSI )(510in 4 )
= 0.59 in.
Step 2 Determine allowable deflection of L/480 for live load only:
L
480
allow =
25'0" (12" / ft )
480
= 0.625 in.
Since allow = 0.625 > 0.59 beam is acceptable
Step 3 Determine max. defl. considering Deal load + Live load:
5wL4
384 EI
max =
w = uniform dead load + live load on beam

= 8(125 PSF + 86 PSF) + 35 PLF
= 1723 PLF
1723PLF
4
5
(25' x12" / ft )
12
max =
384(29000000 PSI )(510in 4 )
= 1.02 in.
Step 4 Determine allowable deflection of L/240 for LL + DL:
allow =
L
240
25'0" (12" / ft )
240
= 1.25 in.
Since allow = 1.25 > 1.02 beam is acceptable
Lecture 6 Plate Girders

A plate girder is a built-up beam comprised of plates welded together in the
shape of an I. Usually they are used in situations when standard W shapes are
not adequate. They are fabricated in a shop and are typically much more
expensive than rolled shapes, but often cheaper than trusses. Typically, the
depth of plate girders range from about 1/10 to 1/12 of the span.
Plate girders are designed in AISC Spec. chapter G p. 16.1-37 and 16.1-107.
The design of a plate girder will be explained in the example below.

Example
GIVEN: The continuously laterally-braced welded unstiffened plate girder below.
All loads shown are FACTORED and includes anticipated girder weight. Use F y
= 50 KSI for web and flanges.
REQUIRED: Design the plate girder.
wu = 10 KLF
R2
R1
75-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mu and shear, V u:

wu L2
Mu =
8
=
(10KLF )(75' ) 2
8
Mu = 7031 KIP -FT

Vu = R1 = R2 =
wu L
2
(10KLF )(75' )
2
Vu = 375 KIPS
Step 2 Determine preliminary depth of girder:
Assume depth =
Span
10
75'0" (12" / ft )
10
depth
= 90
Step 3 Determine height of web:

Assume the flanges are approximately 1 thick, so:
h = depth 2(Flange thickness)
= 90 2(1)
h = 87
h = web ht.
Step 4 Determine web thickness assuming girder is unstiffened (i.e., no

web stiffeners):
From AISC Spec F2 p. 16.1-35 - 36:
If 3.07
E
h
<
260 then design shear = v Vn
Fy t w
4.52 E
Vn = Aw
2
h
t
w
Determine absolute smallest tw assuming
tw =
h
260 :
tw
87"
260
= 0.33
Try tw = 3/8:
Aw = Area of web
4.52 E
Vn = Aw
2
h
t
w
4.52(29000 KSI )
= (87 x 3/8)
2
87"
3 / 8"
= 79.5 KIPS < 375 KIPS NO GOOD

Try tw = 5/8:
Vn = 368 KIPS < 375 KIPS NO GOOD
Try tw = :
Vn = 636 KIPS > 375 KIPS OK
Use 87 x web
Step 5 Preliminary flange design:

Mu
Fy h
Area of flange = A f
7031KIP FT (12" / ft )
(50 KSI )(87")
19.4 in2
TRY 1 x 14 flange (Area of flange = 21 in2 > 19.4 in2)
Step 6 Check tension (bottom) flange for yield strength (AISC 16.1-107:
Design strength for tension flange = bMn
where: b = 0.90
Mn = S xtReFy
I total
yb
Sxt =
Yt
t wh3
+ 2( A f )( y b ) 2
12
Itotal =
87
yb
=
Af = Area of
flange
0.75" (87) 3
+ 2(21in 2 )( 44.25") 2
12
= 123,395 in4
Sxt =
123395in 4
44.25"
= 2788.6 in3
Re = Hybrid girder factor
= 1.0 if web & flange steel F y are the same
bMn = 0.9SxtReFy
= 0.9(2788.6 in3)(1.0)(50 KSI)
= 125,487 KIP -IN
= 10,457 KIP -FT > Mu = 7031 KIP -FT OK
Step 7 Check compression (top) flange for buckling (AISC p. 16.1-108):

The design strength for compression flange buckling = bMn
where: b = 0.90
Mn = Sxc RPGReFy
Sxc = S xt = 2788.6 in3
RPG = 1 -
ar
1200 + 300a r
hc
5.70 E 1.0
tw
Fy
ar = ratio of web area to comp. flange area (< 10)

=
Aw
Af
(87" )(0.75" )
21in 2
= 3.1
hc =
h
2
87"
2
= 43.5
43.5"
3 .1
29000
1 .0
RPG = 1
5
.
70
1200 + 300(3.1) 0.75"
50
= 1.11 use 1.0
Re = 1.0
bMn = 0.9Sxc RPGReFy
= 0.9(2788.6 in3)(1.0)(1.0)(50 KSI)
= 125,487 KIP -IN
= 10,457 KIP -FT > Mu = 7031 KIP -FT OK
Step 8 Summary sketch:
1 Plate
90
Plate
1 Plate
14
Lecture 7 Composite Steel Beams

Steel beams are usually used to carry a metal deck-supported concrete slab. In
non-composite construction, the beam does NOT interact structurally with the
slab the slab is simply dead weight. This is because the slab is not adequately
bonded to the beam.
Non-Composite Construction
The word composite means 2 or more different materials. In composite
construction, the slab is adequately bonded to the steel beam by means of
headed shear studs resulting in a composite beam. The concrete acts like a
large flange in compression, while a much greater portion of the steel beam
acts in tension. The result is a VERY efficient beam as much as 40% to 60%
lighter weight steel than non-composite.
Headed shear studs
welded thru metal deck to
beam flange
Composite Construction
Comp.
Comp.
N.A
N.A
Ten.
Ten.
Composite Section
Non-Composite Section
Notice that the neutral axis (N.A.) in the non-composite beam is located in the
middle of the section. This indicates that half of the beam section is in tension
and half is in compression.
In the composite section, the compression is carried ENTIRELY by the concrete,
while the tension is carried by the beam.
Composite Design per LRFD
AISC Spec Ch. I3 (p. 16.1-83)

AISC Part 3 Table 3-19 (p. 3-156 thru 189)
AISC Part 3 Table 3-21 (p. 3-207)
From a side view, a composite beam looks like the following:

Concrete
Metal Deck
Shear stud
Ycon
Beam
For LRFD composite design, the following terms are used:

b = Effective slab width
a
Y2
where: b = Effective slab width (from AISC Spec. p. 16.1-83)
BeamSpan
8
= smaller of
BeamSpacing
2
Distance to edge of slab
a = Effective concrete thickness

2 for initial trial size
=
As Fy
0.85 f ' c b
As = Cross-sectional area of beam
= from properties
fc = Specified concrete compressive strength
= 4 KSI (usually)
Y2 = Ycon -
a
2
Ycon
The best way to see how the design of a composite beam is accomplished is thru
an example problem:
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A floor structure using A992 steel beams and the following
superimposed SERVICE loads:
Service live load = 75 PSF

Service dead load (not incl. beam weight) = 63 PSF
In addition, use diameter shear studs, 4 concrete over 1 metal

deck and normal weight concrete fc = 4000 PSI.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight W14 beam A using composite
construction.
3@8-0 = 24-0
30-0
Beam A
Step 1 Determine factored maximum moment Mu:

Assumed beam weight
wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
= 1.2[8(63 PSF + 30 PLF)] + 1.6[8(75 PSF)]
= 1601 PLF
= 1.6 KLF
Mu =
wu L2
8
1.6 KLF (30' ) 2

8
= 180 KIP-FT
Step 2 Determine Trial approx. beam weight:
M u (12" / ft )
Approx. Beam weight = 3.4

a
d
0.85Fy 2 + Ycon 2
Assume d = 14 (since using W14)

a = 2
Ycon = 4
180 KIP FT (12" / ft )
Approx. Beam weight = 3.4

2"
14"
0.85(50 KSI ) 2 + 4" 2
= 17.28 PLF
From AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184 TRY W14x22
Step 3 Determine concrete flange force, Qn:
Qn = AsFy
where: As = Area of beam
= 6.49 in2 (from properties for W14x22)
Qn = (6.49 in2)(50 KSI)

= 324.5 KIPS
(NOTE: From AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184 the value of Qn can
be found looking at Y1 = 0.000 Qn = 325 KIPS)
Step 4 Determine effective concrete slab width, b:
BeamSpan
30' (12" / ft )
=
= 45 USE
8
8
BeamSpacing
8' (12" / ft )
=
= 48
2
2
b = smaller of
Distance to edge of slab = N/A
Step 5 Determine Y2 for usage in AISC Table 3-19 p. 3-184:

Y2 = Ycon -
a
2
where a =
As Fy
0.85 f ' c b
325KIPS
0.85(4 KSI )(45" )
= 2.12
Y2 = 4 -
2.12"
2
= 2.94
Use Y2 = 3
Step 6 Determine required beam size from AISC Table 3-19:
W14x22
Y2 = 3
Qn = 325 KIPS
Design strength in flexure = 240 KIP-FT > 180 KIP-FT
See Table 3-19 Below
Page 3-184
Step 7 Determine number of shear studs required:

Number of studs required =
2Qn
Qn ( stud )
where: Qn = AsFy
= 325 KIPS
Qn(stud) = Nominal horz. shear strength of stud
= From AISC Table 3-21 p. 3-207
= 17.2 KIPS
Number of studs required =
Normal wt. conc. fc = 4 KSI

Deck perpendicular
1 weak stud per rib
2(325KIPS )
17.2 KIPS _ per _ stud
= 37.8 studs
Use 38 dia. studs
Step 8 Check beam shear at coped end:
Assume beam is coped 1
1
13.7
W14x22 beam
Girder
Factored beam end reaction =
1.6 KLF (30' )

2
= 24 KIPS
Set up a ratio of vVn for the full W14x22 beam section to the
reduced beam section:
vV n
Full _ depth
vV n
Re duced _ depth
From AISC p. 3-67 vVn = 94.8 KIPS for full depth
vV n
94.8KIPS
=
13.7"
(13.7"1.5" )
vVn = 84.4 KIPS > 24 KIPS for reduced section OK
Step 9 Draw summary sketch:
38 Dia. shear studs welded
thru metal deck along center of
beam spaced evenly along length
of beam
W14x22 A992 beam

30-0 span
Example 2
GIVEN: The beam from Example 1. All loads and other conditions are
the same.
REQUIRED: Design lightest weight W14 Beam A using NONCOMPOSITE construction.
Step 1 Determine Mu:
Mu = 180 KIP-FT
Step 2 Design lightest weight W14 beam:
From AISC Zx Table p. 3-18:
Use W14x34 bMpx = 205 KIP-FT > 180 KIP-FT
(Note: The W14x34 non-composite beam is 55% heavier
than a W14x22 beam that is used as a composite beam.)
Lecture 8 Compression members Axially loaded

Compression members are not limited to just columns. Trusses and bracing
members may also be designed as compression members. We will look at
compression members subject to axial compression ONLY (i.e., no other
stresses). Essentially, this means that loads act thru the centroid of the member
along the longitudinal length of the member as shown below:
Axial Load
Compression members are designed in accordance with:
AISC Spec. Chapter E p. 16.1-32

AISC Part 4
A compression members strength is GREATLY determined by its unbraced

length, referred to its Effective Length KL
where: K = Effective length factor
= see AISC p. 16.1-240
= usually 1.0 assuming ends are pinned
L = Distance between lateral bracing, inches.
The design strength of an axially-loaded compression member = cPn LRFD
=
Pn
ASD
c
where: c = 0.90
c = 1.67
Pn = nominal compressive strength
= AgFcr
Ag = Gross cross-sectional area, in2
= From properties
Fcr = Elastic critical buckling stress
Fy
KL
E
4.71
= 0.658 Fe Fy IF
rmin
Fy
= 0.877Fe
IF
KL
E
> 4.71
rmin
Fy
K = From AISC p. 16.1-240

L = Unbraced length, inches
rmin = Minimum radius of gyration (from properties)
E = Modulus of elasticity
= 29,000 KSI
Fe =
2E
KL
rmin
The limiting slenderness ratio
KL
200
rmin
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W12x50 using A992 is used as a column in a building. It is
laterally braced at 14-0 about both the X axis and Y axis. Use K = 1.0.
REQUIRED: Determine the design axial compressive strength, cPn for
the column.
KL
E
Step 1 Determine if
4.71
:
rmin
Fy
KL (1.0)(14'0" X 12" / ft )
=
rmin
1.96in
= 85.7
4.71
29000 KSI
E
= 4.71
Fy
50 KSI
= 113.4
KL
E
4.71
rmin
Fy
Therefore,
Step 2 Determine Fe:

Fe =
2E
KL
rmin
2 (29000 KSI )
(85.7 )2
= 38.97 KSI
Step 3 Determine Fcr:

Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
50 ksi
= 0.658 38.97 ksi 50 KSI
= 29.2 KSI
Step 4 Determine design axial compressive strength cPn:
cPn = 0.90(AgFcr)
= 0.90(14.6 in2)(29.2 KSI)
cPn = 383.7 KIPS
Example 2 (LRFD)
GIVEN: The truss shown below uses single A36 steel L6x4x angle for
all members. All loads shown are factored.
REQUIRED: Determine if the truss member A is adequate based on
axial compression.
L6x4x
Member A
6-0
10-0
10-0
30 KIPS
Step 1 Determine force in Member A:
Length of member A = (10' ) 2 + (6' ) 2
= 11.66 feet
= 139.9 inches
11.66'
Force in member A = 15 KIPS
6'
= 29.2 KIPS
Step 2 Determine slenderness factor (KL/rmin):
KL 1.0(139.9" )
=
rmin
0.864"
= 161.9 < 200 OK
Step 3 Determine Fcr from AISC Table 4-22 p. 4-322:

At Fy = 36 KSI and
KL
= 161
rmin
cFcr = 8.72 KSI

Interpolating at
At Fy = 36 KSI and
KL
= 162
rmin
cFcr = 8.61 KSI
Page 4-322
KL
= 161.9 cFcr = 8.62 KSI
rmin
Step 4 Determine design compressive strength cPn:
cPn = c (AgFcr)
= Ag(cFcr)
= 4.75 in2(8.62 KSI)
cPn = 40.9 KIPS > 29.2 KIPS It is acceptable
Example 3 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A column has an unbraced length = 12-0 and is subject to a
factored axial load = 450 KIPS. Use K = 1.0.
REQUIRED:
1) Design the lightest weight A992 W shape using AISC Table 4-1.
2) Design the lightest weight Square HSS shape using AISC Table 4-4.
3) Design the lightest weight Round HSS shape using AISC Table 4-5.
Step 1 Design lightest W shape:
From AISC Table 4-1, the following possibilities may be used:
Shape
W8x58
W10x49
W12x53
W14x53
Weight (PLF)
58
49
53
53
Design strength cPn (KIPS)

545
513
547
465
KL
12
12
12
12
Use W10x49 cPn = 513 KIPS > 450 KIPS

Step 2 Design lightest square HSS shape:
Shape
HSS8x8x
HSS10x10x3/8
HSS12x12x5/16
Weight (PLF)
48.7
47.8
48.8
KL
12
12
12

479
497
505
Use HSS10x10x3/8 cPn = 497 KIPS > 450 KIPS

Step 3 Design lightest Round HSS shape:
Shape
HSS10.000x0.500
HSS10.750x0.500
HSS12.750x0.375
Weight (PLF)
50.8
54.8
49.6
KL
12
12
12

471
516
481
Use HSS12.750x0.375 cPn = 481 KIPS > 450 KIPS
Example 4 (LRFD)
GIVEN: Same as Example 1. A W12x50 using A992 is used as a column
in a building. It is laterally braced at 14-0 about both the X axis and Y
axis. Use K = 1.0.
REQUIRED: Determine the design axial compressive strength, cPn for
the column using AISC Table 4-1.
From Table above, cPn = 384 Kips (same as Example 1)
Lecture 9 Compression Members Combined compression & Bending

In Lecture 8, we discussed axially-loaded columns and compression members
loaded through the centroid. This is referred to as concentric loading. In reality,
columns and compression members are usually loaded off the centroid
referred to as eccentric loading, i.e., moments applied.
P
Concentric Loading (no moment)
Eccentric Loading (applied moment)
M=0
M = Pe
Eccentrically loaded columns are most common in corners or in asymmetrical

loadings. Equally-loaded beam end reactions about the same axis offset each
other while un-equal loads create moments as shown below:
32 K
Beam end reaction
20 K
32 K
20 K
32 K
20 K
Concentrically Loaded Column
Eccentrically Loaded Column
The LRFD addresses columns and compression members under combined

compression and bending in the following:
AISC Spec Chapter H (p. 16.1-38)

AISC Part 6
In particular, AISC Spec H1 (p. 16.1-70) dictates the following interaction formulas:
a) For
Pr
0 .2
Pc
Pr 8 M rx M ry
+
+
1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy
b) For
Pr
< 0 .2
Pc
Pr M rx M ry
+
+
1.0
2 Pc M cx M cy
where: Pr = Applied axial compressive load, KIPS

Pc = Available axial compressive strength of column, KIPS
= cPn where c = 0.90 LRFD
P
= n where c = 1.67 ASD
c
Pn = FcrAg (see Lect. 8)
Mrx = Applied Moment about strong axis, KIP-FT

= Pe
Mcx = Available moment strength about strong axis, KIP-FT
= from AISC Beam Design Moments Chart
Mry = Applied Moment about weak axis, KIP-FT
= Pe
Mcy = Available moment strength about weak axis, KIP-FT
= from AISC Spec Chapter F
As an alternative to the above equations, AISC Table 6-1 (p. 6-5 thru 6-95) can be
used. In particular the interaction formulas from above may be re-written as:
a) For
Pr
0 .2
Pc
pPr + bxMrx + byMry < 1.0

b) For
See AISC p. 6-4
Pr
< 0 .2
Pc
1
9
pPr + (bxMrx + byMry) < 1.0
2
8
where: bx
by
p
= Formulas from AISC Table 6-1 page 6-3

= From AISC Table 6-1 p. 6-5 thru 6-95
Example 1 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A W14x68 A992 steel corner column for a two-story building has an
unbraced height = 12-0 and is subjected to the FACTORED loads applied from
beam end reactions as shown in plan view below.
REQUIRED: Determine if the column section is adequate under combined
compression and bending.
146 K
180 K
Step 1 Determine total applied factored axial load Pr:

Pr = (Beam end reactions)
= 180 KIPS + 146 KIPS
= 326 KIPS
Step 2 Determine W14x68 column axial design strength, cPn:
From AISC Column Load Table 4-1 on p. 4-14:
At KL = 12-0 Pc = cPn = 700 KIPS
Step 3 Determine applied factored moment about strong axis, Mrx:
P = 146 KIPS
e
Beam
146 K
is equivalent to
W14x68 col.
L4x4x connection
angle
d = 14+
Workable Gages in Angle Legs, in.

Leg:
g
g1
g2
8
4
3
3
7
4
2
3
6
3
2
2
5
3
2
1
4
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
g
g1
g2
2
1
1
1
Mrx = Pe
where: P = Beam end reaction
From AISC p. 1-46 and above
e = eccentricity
= (d) + angle gage
= (14) + 2
= 9
Since L4x4 angle
9.5"
Mrx = (146 KIPS)

12" / ft
= 115.6 KIP-FT
Step 4 Determine factored moment about weak axis, Muy:
P = 180 KIPS
e
180 K
Beam
is equivalent to
Column web tw
L4x4x connection
angle
Mry = Pe
where: P = Beam end reaction
e = eccentricity
= (tw) + angle gage
= ()+ 2
= 2
2.75"
Mry = (180 KIPS)

12" / ft
= 41.2 KIP-FT
From AISC p. 1-46
Step 5 Determine column adequacy using interaction formula:

Check
Pr
0 .2
Pc
Pr
326 KIPS
=
Pc
700 KIPS
= 0.47 > 0.20

Then:
From AISC p. 6-71 for W14x68 @ KL = 12:
bx = 2.19 x 10-3 (KIP-FT)-1
by = 6.42 x 10-3 (KIP-FT)-1
p = 1.43 x 10-3 (KIPS)-1
See Below
Check:
1.43 x 10-3(326 KIPS) + 2.19 x 10-3(115.6 KIP-FT) + 6.42 x 10-3(41.2 KIP-FT) < 1.0
= 0.47 + 0.25 + 0.26

= 0.98 < 1.0 ACCEPTABLE Use W14x68
18 K
Example 2 (LRFD)
GIVEN: A 5-story interior column with non-symmetric loads as shown
typically below. Use KL = 14-0. Connection angles are L3x3x.
REQUIRED: Design the lightest weight W12 column for the lowest level.
28 K
34 K
14 K
Typical column loading (4 framed levels)

Step 1 Determine TOTAL applied factored axial load Pr:
Pr = 4 floors(34 KIPS + 18 KIPS + 14 KIPS + 28 KIPS)
= 376 KIPS
Step 2 Determine applied factored moment about strong axis, Mrx:
Mrx = Peqe
Peq = equivalent difference in load along axis
= 34 KIPS 18 KIPS
= 16 KIPS
e = eccentricity
= (d) + angle gage
= (12) + 1
= 7
7.75"
Mrx = 16 KIPS
12" / ft
= 10.3 KIP-FT
Step 3 Determine applied factored moment about weak axis, Mry:

Mry = Peqe
Peq = equivalent difference in load along axis
= 28 KIPS 14 KIPS
= 14 KIPS
e = eccentricity
= (tw) + angle gage
= () + 1
= 2
2"
Mry = 14 KIPS
12" / ft
= 2.3 KIP-FT
Step 4 Select Trial W12 column size:
Referring to AISC Table 4-1 p. 4-18:
@ KL = 14 Try W12x50 cPn = Pc = 443 KIPS > 376 KIPS
Step 5 Determine column adequacy using interaction formula:
Check
Pr
0 .2
Pc
Pr
376 KIPS
=
Pc
443KIPS
= 0.85 > 0.20

Then:
From AISC p. 6-81 for W12x50 @ KL = 14:

bx = 3.91 x 10-3 (KIP-FT)-1
by = 11.1 x 10-3 (KIP-FT)-1
p = 2.61 x 10-3 (KIPS)-1
Check:
2.61 x 10-3(376 KIPS) + 3.91 x 10-3(10.3 KIP-FT) + 11.1 x 10-3(2.3 KIP-FT) < 1.0
= 0.98 + 0.04 + 0.03

= 1.05 > 1.0 Unacceptable cannot use W12x50
(NOTE: A W12x53 column is acceptable since 0.80 < 1.0)
Lecture 3 Flexural Members

Flexural members are those that experience primarily bending stresses, such as
beams. A typical rectangular reinforced concrete beam is shown below:
Depth to steel d
Hanger bars
(usually #4 or
#5 bars)
Stirrup bars (used
to prevent diag.
tension cracks)
spaced at d/2+
apart
Concrete cover
= 2 as
per ACI reqmts.
Height h
Width b
Tension bars As
Section A-A
Lecture 3 Page 1 of 10
Sometimes, 2 (or more) rows of main tension bars are necessary. It is

important to provide minimum adequate cover around all reinforcing bars
so that these bars can properly bond with the concrete. ACI 318 dictates
that the minimum spacing between bars is 1.5 times the maximum
concrete aggregate size. Typical concrete batches use a maximum
aggregate size of diameter, so then the minimum bar spacing = 1.5()
= 1.
Height h
Depth to centroid of steel d
Below is a sketch of a typical concrete beam with 2 rows of tension bars:
Min. bar
spacing
Tension bars As
Min. bar
spacing
As = Total cross-sectional area of all tension bars, in2

fy = yield stress of reinforcing bars
actual = Rho actual
= actual ratio of tension steel to effective concrete area
A
= s
bd
min = Rho minimum
= minimum allowable ratio of tension steel per ACI 318
200
where fy = PSI
=
fy
Example 1
GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam is similar to the one shown above.
Use the following:
Height h = 20
Width b = 12
Concrete cover =
All bars are A615 Grade 60 (fy = 60 KSI)
Stirrup bar = #3
4 - #7 Tension bars
#3 Stirrup
bars
Height h = 20
Depth to steel d
Width b = 12
4 - #7 tension bars
REQUIRED:
1) Determine total area of tension bars, As.
2) Determine depth to center of tension bars, d.
A
200
and state if it is acceptable.
3) Determine actual = s where min =
bd
fy
Step 1 Determine area of tension bars, As:
As = 2.40 in2
See Lect. 1 notes
Step 2 Determine depth to tension bars, d:

= 20 ()
d = 18.44
Step 3 Determine actual and min :
actual =
As
bd
min =
2.40in 2
(12" )(18.44" )
200
fy
200
60000 PSI
min = 0.0033
actual = 0.0108
Since actual > min beam is acceptable
A basic understanding of beam mechanics is necessary to study concrete beam

behavior. Consider a simply-supported homogeneous rectangular beam loaded
by a uniformly-distributed load as shown below:
Applied loads
Span L
Taking a section through the beam at any place along the length reveals the
following stress distribution about the cross-section of the beam:
Compression
Neutral
Axis
The stress distribution

varies linearly from zero
stresses at the neutral
axis, to a maximum tensile
or compressive stress at
the extreme edges.
Homogeneous Beam
Tension
In a reinforced concrete beam, the stress distribution is different. Above the

neutral axis, the concrete carries all the compression, similar to the
homogeneous beam. Below the neutral axis however, the concrete is incapable
of resisting tension and must rely on the reinforcing bars to carry all the tension
loads.
Compression
Neutral
Axis
The actual stress distribution

in the compression side
varies non-linearly from zero
stresses at the neutral axis,
to a maximum compressive
stress at the extreme edge.
Reinforced Concrete Beam

Tension = T
Reinforcing bars
Looking at a side view of the stress distribution of the reinforced concrete beam:
C
Neutral
Axis
(a)
0.85fcb
a = 1C
Whitney stress block
d
Moment arm = Z
T = Asfy
Actual Stress Distribution
T = Asfy
Idealized Stress Distribution
Assuming an idealized beam, tension equals compression:

Tension = Compression
Asfy = Area of Whitney stress block
Asfy = 0.85fcab
Solve for a:
a=
As f y
0.85 f ' c b
Beta
= 1C
1 = 0.85 for fc < 4000 PSI

= 0.80 for fc = 5000 PSI
= 0.75 for fc > 6000 PSI
C = depth to neutral axis from extreme compression edge
Mn = Nominal moment capacity of concrete beam
= Asfy(Moment arm)
= AsfyZ
a
= Asfy(d - )
2
Mu = Usable moment capacity of concrete beam
= Mn
= 0.9Mn
a
Mu = 0.9(Asfy(d - ) )
2
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c

0.851 f ' c
=
fy
87,000
87,000 f
y
where fy = PSI
= 0.75bal
Example 2
GIVEN: The concrete beam from Example 1 is used to support the loading as
shown below.
REQUIRED:
1. Determine the maximum factored applied moment, Mmax.
2. Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu, and determine if
it is acceptable based on Mmax.
3. Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max.
Factored uniform load wu = 3000 PLF (incl. beam wt.)
20-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored applied moment, Mmax:

Mmax =
wu L2
8
(3KLF )(20'0" ) 2
8
Mmax = 150 KIP-FT

Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity of the beam, Mu:
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
where act = 0.0108 (see Ex. 1)
(0.0108)(60 KSI )
= 0.9(2.40 in2)(60 KSI)(18.44)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 2161.4 KIP-IN
Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT
Since Mu = 180.1 KIP-FT > Mmax = 150 KIP-FT beam is acceptable
Step 3 Determine if the beam is acceptable based on max:
= 0.75bal
0.851 f ' c
=
fy
87,000
87,000 f
y
where fy = PSI
where 1 = 0.85 since fc = 4000 PSI
87,000
0.85(0.85)(4 KSI )
=
60 KSI
87,000 60000 PSI

= 0.0285
max = 0.75(0.0285)
max = 0.0214 > act = 0.0108 beam is acceptable
Lecture 4 Flexural Members (cont.)

Determining the usable moment capacity, Mu, of a rectangular reinforced concrete
beam is accomplished by using the formula below: (see Lect. 3)
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
Designing a beam using the equation above is much more difficult. Assuming the
material properties and dimensions are known, the equation above still has 2
unknown variables As and act. Therefore, design of steel reinforcement for a given
beam is largely one of trial-and-error.
Beam Design
Design of concrete beam members is often one of trial-and-error. Its
impossible to directly solve for all the variables in a reinforced concrete beam.
Usually, material properties are known as well as maximum applied factored
moment, Mmax.
L
The following Table is useful to get a trial beam size:

Member:
End Conditions
Simply
One end
Both ends
Cantilever
continuous
Solid one-way slab
L/20
L/24
L/28
L/10
Beam
L/16
L/18.5
L/21
L/8
Beams are usually rectangular having the width typically narrower than the
height. The diagram below shows typical beam aspect ratios:
b
NOTE: Beam
cross-section
dimensions b and
h are USUALLY in
multiples of 2 or 4
for ease of
formwork.
h 1.5b 2.5b
Beam Design Aid

It is still difficult to directly design a reinforced concrete beam even if
dimensions and material properties are known. The use of design aids are
commonly used to streamline the design process instead of laboriously using
a trial-and-error approach.
Mu
bd 2
are in units of PSI. It can be used to directly solve for act knowing factored
actual moment Mu, fc, fy, b and d.
The design aid shown below is used for design or analysis. Values of
Table 1 - Concrete fc = 3000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Table 2 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI, Grade 60 Bars
Example 1
GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam with dimensions is shown below (stirrup bars
not shown). Use concrete fc = 4000 PSI and grade 60 bars.
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using formula.
2) Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2.
b =12
d = 18
3 - # 7 bars
act =
As
bd
3(0.60in 2 _ per _ bar )

=
(12" )(18" )
act = 0.0083
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.0083)(60 KSI )
= 0.9(1.80 in2)(60 KSI)(18)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 1621 KIP-IN
Mu = 135 KIP-FT
Step 2 - Determine the usable moment capacity Mu of the beam using Table 2:
From Table 2 above:

At = 0.0083
Mu
461.4 PSI
bd 2
Solving for Mu:

Mu = 461.4 PSI(bd2)
= 461.4 PSI[(0.9)(12)(18)2]
= 1,614,531 LB-IN
= 1615 KIP-IN
Mu = 134.6 KIP-FT
NOTE: This answer is the same as in Step 1.
Example 2
GIVEN: The concrete beam below. Use the following:

Steel grade 60
Concrete cover =
#8 bars are to be used for main tension bars
#3 stirrups
REQUIRED: Design the rectangular beam such that h 1.5b and act (max).
wu = 2 KLF (includes anticipated beam weight = 300 PLF)
28-0
Step 1 Determine maximum factored moment, Mmax:

wu L2
Mmax =
8
=
(2 KLF )(28'0" ) 2
8
Mmax = 196 KIP-FT

= 2352 KIP-IN
= 2,352,000 LB-IN
Step 2 Select values from Table 2:

a) Select act = (max)
= (0.0214)
TRY act = 0.0107
b) At = 0.0107
Mu
= 581.2 PSI
bd 2
Step 3 Solve for b and d by substituting Mmax for Mu in above equation:
Mu
= 581.2 PSI
bd 2
where: Mu = Mmax = 2,352,000 LB-IN

= 0.9
d = 1.5b
2352000 Lb in
581.2 PSI
(0.9)(b)(1.5b) 2
Solve for b:
2352000
581.2 PSI
(0.9)(2.25b 3 )
b3
2352000
(0.9)(2.25)(581.2)
b = 12.6 Use b = 12
d = 1.5b
= 1.5(12)
d 18
Step 4 Select beam dimensions:

From above, use b = 12 and d 18
#8 main bar dia. = 1
h = d + conc. cover + stirrup bar dia. + (main bar dia.)

= 18 + + 3/8 + (1)
= 19.625 Use h = 20
Revised d = 20 (1)
= 18.375
Step 5 Determine required area of main tension bars:
From above, act = 0.0107 =
As
bd
Solve for As:

As = 0.0107(b)(d)
= 0.0107(12)(18.375)
As = 2.36 in2
Step 6 Determine number of #8 main tension bars:
No. of bars =
As
Area _ of _ one _ bar
2.36in 2
0.79in 2 _ per _#8 _ bar
= 2.99 bars USE 3 - #8 bars
Step 7 Check beam height with Minimum Thickness of Beams Table:

From Table:
Member type = Beam
End Condition = Simply-supported
L
16
L
16
(28'0" )(12" / ft )
16
h 21 which is approximately = 20 as designed

Step 8 Check originally assumed beam weight:
It was assumed that the beam weight = 300 PLF (See Step 1).
Actual beam dimensions:
20
12
Recall: UnitWt
Weight
Rearranging:
Volume
BeamWeight (UnitWt )(Volume)

12" x 20"
= (150 PCF)
2
2
144in / ft
(1'0" )
Beam Weight = 250 PLF < 300 PLF (assumed) OK
Step 9 Draw Summary Sketch labeling all information necessary to build it:
12
2 - #4 hanger
bars
20
#3 stirrup bars
@ 9 o.c.
concrete cover
all around
3 - #8 main bars
Section A-A
Notes:
1) Concrete fc = 4000 PSI normal-weight
2) All bars ASTM A615 Grade 60
Example 3
GIVEN: A continuous 10 x 16 concrete beam is shown below. Assume the
following:

Steel grade 60
Concrete cover =
2 - #9 bars are to be used for main tension bars
#3 stirrups
REQUIRED:
1) Determine the magnitude of the maximum positive and negative moments
(Refer to Structural Theory notes)
2) Determine if the beam is adequate based upon flexure only. Check positive &
negative moments.
wu = 2400 PLF (incl. beam wt.)
R1
R2
L = 20-0
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
0.4L
R4
R3
L = 20-0
L = 20-0
Mpos = 0.025(wL )
0.5L
Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
0.5L
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
R1 = 0.4wL
R2 = 1.1wL
R3 = 1.1wL
R4 = 0.4wL
0.4L
Step 1 Determine maximum positive and maximum negative moments:

a) Maximum positive moment, Mpos:
From above, the largest Mpos = 0.08(wL2)
= 0.08(2.4 KLF)(20-0)2
= 76.8 Kip-Ft
b) Maximum negative moment, Mneg:
From above, the largest Mneg = -0.1(wL2)
= -0.1(2.4 KLF)(20-0)2
= 96.0 Kip-Ft
Step 2 Determine beams d dimension:
Depth d to center of tension steel is shown below:
10
#3 stirrup bars
@ 9 o.c.
concrete cover
all around
16
2 - #4 hanger
bars
2 - #9 main bars
Beam cross-section in Mpos region
(upside-down in Mneg region)
#9 main bar dia. = 9 "
d = h - conc. cover - stirrup bar dia. - (main bar dia.)
9
= 16 - - 3/8 - "
8
d = 14.3125
act =
As
bd
2(1.00in 2 _ per _ bar )
(10" )(14.3125" )
act = 0.01397 which is > min = 0.0033 and < max = 0.0214 OK
act f y
Mu = 0.9Asfyd(1 - 0.59
f 'c
(0.01397)(60 KSI )
= 0.9(2.00 in2)(60 KSI)(14.3125)(1 - 0.59
)
4 KSI
= 1354.6 KIP-IN
Mu = 112.9 KIP-FT
Step 4 Check if beam is adequate based upon flexure only:
a) Maximum positive moment, Mpos:
As
From above, the largest Mpos = 76.8 Kip-Ft < 112.9 Kip-Ft
ACCEPTABLE
As
b) Maximum negative moment, Mneg:

From above, the largest Mneg = -96.0 Kip-Ft < 112.9 Kip-Ft
ACCEPTABLE

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Lecture 10 Column Base Plates

Columns must transmit vertical loads to the concrete footing. An intermediary

Anchor rods (4 min. per OSHA)

Concrete resistance to crushing

The design of steel base plates is based on the following:

AISC Spec. Chapter J8 (p. 16.1-70)

The design of a base plate involves the following steps:

where c = 2.50 ASD

See AISC p. 14-5

tmin = minimum base plate thickness per AISC p. 14-6:

Pu = factored axial load, kips

Fy = base plate steel yield stress

Pa = service axial load, kips

Fy = base plate steel yield stress

cPp = Design bearing strength of concrete

d and bf from properties p. 1-22

Step 3 Determine m and n:

where: Pu = factored axial load, kips

Base plate yield stress

= 1.79 use 1 thick plate

Step 5 Draw Summary Sketch:

Lecture 12 Bolted Connections

AISC Spec. Chapter J3 (p. 16.1-102)

Possible Bolted Shear Failure Mechanisms:

Bolt shear failure

Edge Distance failure

4) Net Section Failure:

Net section failure

Types of Bolted Connections

See AISC Table J3.3 p. 16.1-105 for hole dimensions

Design Strength of Bearing-Type Fasteners

Threads Not excluded

dia. A325-N bolt

Lecture 13 Bolted Connections (cont.)

Step 1 Determine factored beam end reaction:

1.6 KLF (30'0" )

Step 2 Use AISC Table 10-1 All-Bolted Double-Angle Connections, p. 10-22:

Step 3 Check Bolt and Angle Design Strength:

Step 4 Determine minimum required cope:

W16x40 beam Kdet = 1

Step 5 Determine vertical edge distance, Lev:

Beam web design strength = 200 KIPS

Step 8 Check girder Support Design Strength:

2 - L 3x3x x 8 long A36

Lecture 14 Welded Connections

Welded joints are more rigid than bolted joints

Welds are brittle, not ductile like bolted connections

Some examples of other welds are shown below:

Minimum & Maximum Size of Fillet Welds:

Minimum size of fillet weld:

Maximum size of a fillet weld = See AISC p. 16.1-96 paragraph 2b

Design SHEAR Strength of Fillet Welds:

LRFD Design Strength = Rn

where: = 0.75 for shear from AISC Table J2.5 p. 16.1-100

Step 1 Determine total length of fillet welds:

Lecture 15 Welded Connections (cont.)

Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 10-3 p. 10-48 for design info:

Step 2 Determine minimum length L by checking Weld B strength:

Step 7 Draw summary sketch:

Eccentric Loading on Weld:

Concentric Load on Weld Group

Eccentric Load on Weld Group

Step 1 Refer to AISC Table 8-5 p. 8-72: