SLEEP

Sleep- the natural state of rest during which your eyes are closed and you
become unconscious.
In which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the postural muscles
relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.
source:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sleep
TYPES OF SLEEP
sleep is divided into 2 broad types;
I.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM sleep) -A very active type of sleep where
the brain is almost as active as if it was awake

The brainwaves are almost identical as if youre awake. REM sleep is

known as paradoxical sleep. It may look like youre fast asleep, but theres a
lot happening inside your brain.
For this reason REM isnt really what we would consider sleep. Were
not asleep in the sense that the body turns itself off, but were not awake
either. So whats the point of REM if were neither asleep nor awake?
When youre awake the majority of your mental input is coming from
your surroundings, but when youre in REM, all this mental stimulus being
generated by the brain itself.
This internal mental processing is believed to help to process
memories and form new skills. The brain is awake but the body isnt, so its
the perfect time for your brain to reorganize the vast amount of thoughts
gained during the day.
II.

Non-rapid eye movement or (NREM sleep) -A very relaxed type of

sleep that gets progressively deeper

NREM sleep is what people most commonly associate with sleep. Your
brainwaves become progressively slower until you reach the deepest stage

of sleep, NREM stage 3, or slow wave sleep as its commonly called.

Deep sleep is essential for restoring energy and allowing the body to
undergo maintenance. While in NREM sleep:
-Wounds are healed
-white blood cells are created to aid your bodies defenses
-The muscles are restored
-The growth hormone is released
source:https://sleephabits.net/types-of-sleep
STAGES OF SLEEP
Stage 1 is light sleep where you drift in and out of sleep and can be
awakened easily. In this stage, the eyes move slowly and muscle activity
slows. During this stage, many people experience sudden muscle
contractions preceded by a sensation of falling.

In stage 2, eye movement stops and brain waves become slower with only
an occasional burst of rapid brain waves.
When a person enters stage 3, extremely slow brain waves called delta
waves are interspersed with smaller, faster waves.
In stage 4, the brain produces delta waves almost exclusively.
Stages 3 and 4 are referred to as deep sleep or delta sleep, and it is very
difficult to wake someone from them. In deep sleep, there is no eye
movement or muscle activity. This is when some children experience
bedwetting, sleepwalking or night terrors.
source:http://www.sleepdex.org/stages.htm
ONSET SLEEP
Sleep onset is the transition from wakefulness into sleep. Sleep onset usually
transmits into non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) but under
certain circumstances it is possible to transit from wakefulness directly into
rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep).

source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_onset

A dream is successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occurs
involuntarily in the mindduring certain stages of sleep. The content and purpose of
dreams are not definitively understood, though they have been a topic of scientific
speculation, as well as a subject of philosophical and religious interest,
throughout recorded history. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.
Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleepwhen brain
activity is high and resembles that of being awake. REM sleep is revealed by
continuous movements of the eyes during sleep. At times, dreams may occur during
other stages of sleep. However, these dreams tend to be much less vivid or memorable.
The length of a dream can vary; they may last for a few seconds, or approximately 20
30 minutes. People are more likely to remember the dream if they are awakened during
the REM phase. The average person has three to five dreams per night, and some may
have up to seven; however, most dreams are immediately or quickly forgotten. Dreams
tend to last longer as the night progresses. During a full eight-hour night sleep, most
dreams occur in the typical two hours of REM.
In modern times, dreams have been seen as a connection to the unconscious mind.
They range from normal and ordinary to overly surreal and bizarre. Dreams can have
varying natures, such as being frightening, exciting, magical, melancholic, adventurous,
or sexual. The events in dreams are generally outside the control of the dreamer, with
the exception of lucid dreaming, where the dreamer is self-aware. Dreams can at times
make a creative thought occur to the person or give a sense of inspiration.

Reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream

COMMON EXPERIENCED DREAMS

1. Dreams About Your Teeth
A dream like this may involve your teeth falling out, breaking apart, coming out from a slight tap,
or crumbling into pieces after eating a particularly challenging mouthful of Jujubes. (No? Just
me on that last one?) However it happens, this is an incredibly common and disturbing dream
for many people. Many of you are probably clutching your mouth or skipping over this section as
we speak.
Experts say this dream could have both positive or negative meanings. It can result from the
fact that you are growing as a person and/or demonstrate your desire to take better care of
yourself, or it can come from anxiety about insecurities, growing older, or huge life changes.
Either way, teeth dreams are said to happen during a time of intense transition.
2. The Naked Dream
This can happen in a variety of ways youre giving a presentation at work and suddenly look
down and realize youre naked. Youre at a special family event and suddenly look down and
realize youre naked. Youre on the cover of Paper Magazine with the title of Break The
Internet and suddenly look down and realize youre naked. Basically, the dream consists of you
doing something important and then realizing, hoy shit, Im naked. Most experts say that this
represents deep feelings of vulnerability and shamefulness within you. Youre worried about
being eposed, noticed, or ridiculed by others.
Often, these dreams happen when you have gone through a significant change in your life a
big move, a new job, a graduation, etc. You might feel like youre trying to be something youre
not, and you often feel out of place during these times. Overall, the general consensus is that
these dreams often occur during times of severe self-doubt and low self-esteem.
3. The Falling Dream
According to Dream Dictionary, the falling dream happens the most frequently out of all the
dreams we experience throughout our lifetime. Its believed to be a sign that something in your
life is spiraling out of control, whether thats your job, your finances, your marriage or
relationship, etc. Falling dreams happen frequently when youre stressed about losing
something in your life, and they are very common in people who suffer from depression. Its
usually a sign that its time for you to tackle the issue at hand.
4. The Dream Where You Cant Run

In this dream, it feels like no matter how hard you try, you cant run. Youre either running in slow
motion, or it feels like youre trying to run through an invisible barrier and failing. This dream is
said to occur when youre suffering from low self-esteem or a lack of self-confidence, or when
youre going through a current situation in which you feel powerless. If youre looking for a
simpler answer, this dream could also just be happening because of REM paralysis, which
occurs in the dream state.
The most useful piece of advice I found, which you probably had never thought of, was: Try to
believe in yourself more. There, that should fix everything.
5. The Dream Where Youre Back At School And Failing Your Exams
It doesnt matter if youre on break in the summer, or you graduated last year, or you graduated
10 years ago. Plenty of people still have the dream/nightmare of being back in college and
worrying that theyre going to fail out of school. Either you show up one day to class only to
learn that you forgot to go for the past 2 months, or you arrive one day to learn that you have a
final exam, or its 10 oclock at night and you remember you have a paper due at 9 AM.
Usually, these types of dreams relate to your job. When you were in college, school was your
main occupation, so dreams about failing out of school can usually be traced back to your fear
that something bad is going to happen at work. Only, your dreams are probably easier because
youre not stuck next to that one coworker who chews apples really loudly.
6. The Dream Where Youre Being Chased By Someone Or Something
Pretty self-explanatory. Something in your life is stressing you out. Youre avoiding confrontation
with someone or something. When you stop and face it, youll probably stop having this dream.
And then you can go back to lovely dreams in which your teeth fall out or youre naked at the
family Christmas party.
7. Flying Dreams
Most flying dreams are pleasant, happy, and exhilarating. Flying dreams are often categorized
as lucid dreams, which means that youre aware of the fact that youre dreaming. Usually, when
people have lucid dreams, they start controlling the plot and the situations within their dreams,
and often because of this, many people try to do things they cant do in real life, like flying or
cartwheeling or correctly pronouncing the word anemone. You probably dont have to look into
this one too much. It just means that you finally know how to answer the question what super
power would you choose? when you play boring ice breaker activities during office retreats.
8. The Dream Where You Think You Woke Up But You Didnt
This is most commonly referred to as a false awakening. It happens when you think youve
woken up and youve started going about your daily routine: brushing your teeth, checking your
phone, getting dressed for work, making a cup of coffee, etc. These dreams usually happen
when youre extremely worried about the upcoming day and youre doing everything you can to
avoid it. They often occur when youre nearly awake but not quite, so the best way to figure out
if youre really awake is to pay attention to the thoughts in your head: if you have any doubts
about this reality, its probably a dream. If you cant recite your cell phone number, its probably a
dream, etc.

9. The Having-To-Pee Dream

Lets avoid any Freudian hypotheses relating to sexuality and just go ahead and say that you
probably just really, really have to pee. Hurry up and wake up, or else youre going to have
some laundry to do.
Reference : http://thoughtcatalog.com/kim-quindlen/2015/05/9-types-of-dreams-you-have-and-whatthey-actually-mean/
TYPES OF DREAMS
Daydreams
Daydreaming is classified as a level of consciousness between sleep and wakefulness. Studies
show that you have the tendency to daydream an average of 70-120 minutes a day. It occurs during
waking hours when you let your imagination carry you away. As your mind begins to wander and your
level of awareness decreases, you lose yourself in your imagined scenario and fantasy.
False Awakening Dreams
Have you ever thought you have waken up and gone about your daily morning routine: getting up,
brushing your teeth, eating breakfast and going to work, only to wake up "again" and realize that what just
happened is just a dream. That sensation is referred to as a false awakening.
Lucid Dreams
Lucid dreams occur when you realize you are dreaming. "Wait a second. This is only a dream!"
Most dreamers wake themselves up once they realize that they are dreaming. Other dreamers have
cultivated the skill to remain in the lucid state of dreaming. They become an active participant in their own
dreams, making decisions in their dreams and influencing the dream's outcome without awakening.
Nightmares
A nightmare is a disturbing dream that causes you to wake up feeling anxious and frightened.
Nightmares may be a response to real life trauma and situations. These type of nightmares fall under a
special category called Post-traumatic Stress Nightmare (PSN). Nightmares may also occur because you
have ignored or refused to accept a particular life situation. Research shows that most people who have
regular nightmares have a family history of psychiatric problems, are involved in a rocky relationship or
have had bad drug experiences. These people may have also contemplated suicide. Nightmares are an
indication of a fear that needs to be acknowledged and confronted. It is a way for the subconscious to
wake up and take notice.
Recurring Dreams
Recurring dreams repeat themselves with little variation in story or theme. These dreams may be
positive, but most often they are nightmarish in content. Dreams may recur because a conflict depicted in
the dream remains unresolved or ignored. Once you find a resolution to the problem, your recurring
dreams will cease.
Healing Dreams

Healing dreams serve as messages for the dreamer in regards to their health. The Ancient
Greeks called these dreams "prodromic". Many dream experts believe that dreams can help in avoiding
potential health problems and healing when you are ill or when you are grieving. Research shows that
asthma and migraine sufferers have certain types of dreams before an attack. Your bodies are able to
communicate to your mind through dreams. The dreams can "tell" you that something is not quite right
with your bodies even before any physical symptoms show up. Dreams of this nature may be telling the
dreamer that he or she needs to go to the dentist or doctor. If you can understand the language of
dreams, your dreams will serve as an invaluable early warning system.

Prophetic Dreams
Prophetic dreams, also referred to as precognitive or psychic dreams, are
dreams that seemingly foretell the future. One rational theory to explain this
phenomenon is that your dreaming mind is able to piece together bits of information and
observation that you may normally overlook or that you do not seriously consider. In
other words, your unconscious mind knows what is coming before you consciously
piece together the same information.
Signal Dreams
Signal dreams help you how to solve problems or make decisions in your waking
life.
Epic Dreams
Epic dreams (also referred to as Great Dreams, Cosmic Dreams or Numinous
Dreams) are so huge, so compelling, and so vivid that you cannot ignore them. The
details of such dreams remain with you for years, as if you just dreamt it last night.
These dreams possess much beauty and contain many archetypal symbology. When
you wake up from such a dream, you feel that you have discovered something profound
or amazing about yourself or about the world. It feels like a life-changing experience.
Progressive Dreams
Progressive dreams occur when you have a sequence of dreams that continue
over a period of nights. The dream continues where you left off the previous night. Such
dreams are problem-solving dreams and help to explore different options and various
approaches to a problem, situation or relationship.
Mutual Dreams
Mutual dreams are described as such when two people have the same dream.
Mutual dreams may be planned, meaning that two people actively work toward
achieving one dream scenario or goal. It is a way to improve communication and build
trust. Mutual dreams can also be spontaneous. You find out that a friend, a significant
other, faraway relative, or someone has had the same dream on the same night as you.

Not much study has gone into the phenomenon of mutual dreams, but there is a very
strong bond that exists between these two people.

Reference: http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtypes/

Dreamshavefascinatedartists,philosophersandresearchersforthousandsofyears.However,itwas
notuntilfairlyrecentlyinhistorythatdreamsbecamethesubjectofseriousscientificstudy.While
dreamscanvaryconsiderably,sleepresearcherJ.AllanHobsonidentifiedfivebasiccharacteristics
ofdreamsinhis1988book,TheDreamingBrain.

1. Dreams Often Feature Intense Emotions

Oneofthemajorcharacteristicsofdreamsisthattheemotionsexperiencedindreamscanbeintense,
painfulandacute.Peoplecommonlyreportdreamingaboutdeeplyembarrassingsituations,like
beingnudeorusingthebathroominpublicorprofoundlyterrifyingeventssuchasbeingchasedby
anattacker.Insomeinstances,theseemotionscanbecomesointensethattheyinterruptthedreamor
causethedreamertowakeabruptly.Thethreemostcommonemotionsthatbecomeintensifiedby
dreamsareanxiety,fearandsurprise(Dreaming,7).

2. Dreams Are Frequently Disorganized and Illogical

Dreamsarefullofdiscontinuities,ambiguitiesandinconsistency,butsometimesthesethingscan
leadtodownrightbizarredreamcontent.AccordingtoHobson,oneofthehallmarksofdreamsis
"illogicalcontentandorganization,inwhichtheunitiesoftime,placeandpersondonotapply,and
naturallawsaredisobeyed"(Dreaming,4)Someexamplesofillogicaldreamcontentincludeflying,
timetravel,talkinganimals,lovedoneswhohavepassedawaybeingaliveagain,combinationsof
peoplefromdifferentpartsofyourlife,suddentransformationsofbothpeopleandobjectsand
suddenshiftsinsetting.

3. Strange Dream Content Is Accepted Without Question

Theoddeventsandcontentthatoccurindreamsaretypicallyacceptedwithoutquestionbythe
dreamingmind.AccordingtoHobson,theunquestioningacceptanceofdreamcontentisduetothe
strengthofourinternallygeneratedemotionsandperceptions(Dreaming,5).Withinthedream,these
strangeandillogicalevents,perceptionsandobjectsarenotseenasbeingoutofplace.Ifthedreamis
remembereduponwaking,thecontentofthedreamisseenasoddorevendifficulttoexplain.

4. People Often Experience Bizarre Sensations

PerBreiehagen/Taxi/GettyImagesStrangesensoryexperiencesareanothercardinalcharacteristicof
dreams.Thesensationoffalling,aninabilitytomovequicklyandbeingunabletocontrolbody
movementsarejustafewofthecommonlyreportedsensoryexperiencesthatoccurduringdreams.

5. Dreams Are Difficult to Remember

Whilememoryseemstobeintensifiedwithinthecontextofthedream,accessto
theinformationcontainedwithinthedreamdiminishesrapidlyoncethedreamer
wakes.Dreamresearchersestimatethatapproximately95%ofalldreamsare
forgottenentirelyuponawakening.
Understanding the Characteristics of Dreams
Whilemanypeoplemaybefamiliarwiththesefivecommoncharacteristicsof
dreams,somemaybeunawareofjusthowcommontheseexperiencesare."Dream
characteristicsanddreamobjectmaybeofaneverydaynatureoraltogether
fantasticandimpossiblecollagesofexistingreality;theymaybehavenormallyor
indulgeinthemostabsurd,improbableorimpossibleactionsinsettingseither

familiarorbearingonlythefaintestresemblancestothoseofreallife,"Hobson
explains(Dreaming,6).

https://www.verywell.com/dreaminterpretationscharacteristicsandtheories2795937
7 Theories Why We Dream
What is a Dream?

Adreamcanincludeanyoftheimages,thoughts,andemotionsthatareexperiencedduringsleep.Dreams
canbeextraordinarilyvividorveryvague;filledwithjoyfulemotionsorfrighteningimagery;focused
andunderstandableorunclearandconfusing.Sowhilewealldream,whatdopsychologistshavetosay
aboutwhywedream?Whatpurposedodreamsreallyserve?
Why Do We Dream? What Purpose Do Dreams Serve?

Whilemanytheorieshavebeenproposed,nosingleconsensushasemerged.Consideringtheenormous
amountoftimewespendinadreamingstate,thefactthatresearchersdonotyetunderstandthepurpose
ofdreamsmayseembaffling.However,itisimportanttoconsiderthatscienceisstillunravellingthe
exactpurposeandfunctionofsleepitself.Someresearcherssuggestthatdreamsservenoreal
purposewhileothersbelievethatdreamingisessentialtomental,emotionalandphysicalwellbeing.
ErnestHoffman,directoroftheSleepDisordersCenteratNewtonWellesleyHospitalinBoston,Mass.,
suggestedinScientificAmerican(2006)that"...apossible(thoughcertainlynotproven)functionofa
dreamtobeweavingnewmaterialintothememorysysteminawaythatbothreducesemotionalarousal
andisadaptiveinhelpinguscopewithfurthertraumaorstressfulevents."Next,letslearnmoreabout
someofthemostprominentdreamtheories.
1. Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams

Consistentwiththepsychoanalyticperspective,SigmundFreudstheoryofdreamssuggestedthatdreams
representedunconsciousdesires,thoughts,andmotivations.AccordingtoFreudspsychoanalyticviewof
personality,peoplearedrivenbyaggressiveandsexualinstinctsthatarerepressedfromconscious
awareness.Whilethesethoughtsarenotconsciouslyexpressed,Freudsuggestedthattheyfindtheirway

intoourawarenessviadreams.Inhisfamousbook"TheInterpretationofDreams,"Freudwrotethat
dreamsare"...disguisedfulfillmentsofrepressedwishes."Healsodescribedtwodifferentcomponentsof
dreams:manifestcontentandlatentcontent.Manifestcontentismadeupoftheactualimages,thoughts,
andcontentcontainedwithinthedreamwhilethelatentcontentrepresentsthehiddenpsychological
meaningofthedream.
Freudstheorycontributedtothepopularityofdreaminterpretation,whichremainspopulartoday.
However,researchhasfailedtodemonstratethatthemanifestcontentdisguisestherealpsychological
significanceofadream.
2. Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming

TheactivationsynthesismodelofdreamingwasfirstproposedbyJ.AllanHobsonandRobertMcClarley
in1977.Accordingtothistheory,circuitsinthebrainbecomeactivatedduringREMsleep,whichcauses
areasofthelimbicsysteminvolvedinemotions,sensationsandmemories,includingtheamygdala
andhippocampus,tobecomeactive.Thebrainsynthesizesandinterpretsthisinternalactivityand
attemptstofindmeaninginthesesignals,whichresultsindreaming.Thismodelsuggeststhatdreamsare
asubjectiveinterpretationofsignalsgeneratedbythebrainduringsleep.Whilethistheorysuggeststhat
dreamsaretheresultofinternallygeneratedsignals,Hobsondoesnotbelievethatdreamsare
meaningless.Instead,hesuggeststhatdreamingis"ourmostcreativeconsciousstate,oneinwhichthe
chaotic,spontaneousrecombinationofcognitiveelementsproducesnovelconfigurationsofinformation:
newideas.Whilemanyorevenmostoftheseideasmaybenonsensical,ifevenafewofitsfanciful
productsaretrulyuseful,ourdreamtimewillnothavebeenwasted."
3. Information-Processing Theories

Oneofthemajortheoriestoexplainwhywesleepisthatsleepallowsustoconsolidateandprocessallof
theinformationthatwehavecollectedduringthepreviousday.Somedreamexpertssuggestthat
dreamingissimplyabyproductorevenanactivepartofthisinformationprocessing.Aswedealwith
themultitudeofinformationandmemoriesfromthedaytime,oursleepingmindscreateimages,
impressions,andnarrativestomanagealloftheactivitygoingoninsideourheadsasweslumber.
Other Theories of Dreams
Manyothertheorieshavebeensuggestedtoaccountfortheoccurrenceandmeaningofdreams.Thefollowingare
justoffewoftheproposedideas:

Onetheorysuggeststhatdreamsaretheresultofourbrainstryingtointerpretexternalstimuliduringsleep.
Forexample,thesoundoftheradiomaybeincorporatedintothecontentofadream.

Anothertheoryusesacomputermetaphortoaccountfordreams.Accordingtothistheory,dreamsserveto
'cleanup'clutterfromthemind,muchlikecleanupoperationsinacomputer,refreshingthemindto
prepareforthenextday.

Yetanothermodelproposesthatdreamsfunctionasaformofpsychotherapy.Inthistheory,thedreameris
abletomakeconnectionsbetweendifferentthoughtsandemotionsinasafeenvironment.

Acontemporarymodelofdreamingcombinessomeelementsofvarioustheories.Activatingthebrain
createslooseconnectionsbetweenthoughtsandideas,whicharethenguidedbytheemotionsofthe
dreamer.

"Dreamsarethetouchstonesofourcharacters."HenryDavidThoreau

HYPNOSIS
the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power
of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction. Its use in therapy,
typically to recover suppressed memories or to allow modification of behavior by suggestion,
has been revived but is still controversial.
the state of consciousness produced by hypnosis.
When you hear the word hypnosis, you may picture the mysterious hypnotist figure
popularized in movies, comic books and television. This ominous, goateed man waves a pocket
watch back and forth, guiding his subject into a semi-sleep, zombie-like state. Once hypnotized,
the subject is compelled to obey, no matter how strange or immoral the request.
While hypnosis is often associated with sideshow performances, it's not a magical act. Rather,
it's a technique for putting someone (or yourself) into a state of concentration where you are
more suggestible and thus more open to messages about breaking bad habits or changing in
other positive ways. The experience of a hypnotic trance not so unusual or strange. To the
contrary, it feels vaguely familiar to countless other moments in your life where you were
absorbed in a zone, lost in thought, enthralled by bliss, or perhaps simply
meditating. Meditation is actually the closest you can come to a state of trance without being
guided there, as you would experience in hypnosis. I often refer to it as taking my clients on a
journey, a metaphorical trip in your mind or imagination. There are countless ways to enter a
trance. It is similar to falling asleep just not losing conscious awareness. That means that you are
able to hear and sense things around you but, typically your eyes are closed, you are not
moving, just resting comfortably relaxed. Amazing things happen when you relax on purpose.
You should notice that your breathing slows down and most of your muscles become relaxed.
There is this sense of distance from where you are, the passage of time gets distorted and often
you feel a pleasant, almost euphoric state of peace.

THEORIES OF HYPNOSIS
For over a century scientists and clinicians have proposed mechanisms to explain the
phenomenon associated with hypnosis. The key theories of hypnosis, historical and current, are
presented here. For the more recent models some knowledge of cognitive psychology is useful.
Within psychology most current models of how the mind works what is termed 'executive
function' make use of the concept of an executive control system . A key debate in hypnosis
throughout the twentieth century has been between 'state' vs. 'non-state' theories, properties of
these types of theories are given below. Recently attempts have been made to integrate
findings from both of these positions.

Description of some properties of state and non-state theories of hypnosis

Year

Theory

Key
Authors

Description

Type

1950

Role theory

Sarbin

1974

Neodissociation
theory

Hilgard

1986

Socio-cognitive
theory

Spanos

1985

Response
expectancy
theory

Kirsch
(1985,
1991,
1994),
Lynn

An extension of social learning theory.

How a
participant expects suggestions to
change their subjective experience
lead to a change in experience, and
can generate involuntary responses.

Non-state

1994

Dissociated

Woody &

The control systems which initiate an

Dissociation

Non-state
Hypnotic phenomenon are produced
through a dissociation of high level
control systems.

State,
Dissociation

Non-state

control theory

Bowers
(1994)

action become dissociated from the

components that initiate an action

1998

Integrated
dissociative
theory

Woody &
Sadler
(1998)

A re-integration of dissociated
experience and dissociated control
theories.

1999,
2004

Integrative
cognitive theory

Brown,
Oakley

2007

Cold control
theory

Dienes,
Perner

Dissociation

Integrative

Draws a distinction between:

Cognitive

being in a mental state

being aware of being in that state

Argues that successful response to

hypnotic suggestion can be achieved
by forming the intention to perform an
action, without forming higher order
thoughts about intending that action

HYPNOSIS SIDE EFFECT

Hypnosis is a respected and non-controversial treatment for a variety of problems
such as addictions, compulsive behavior or fobias. It is exactly because Hypnosis is
such a powerful method of treatment, that it can very rarely have unexpected and
even dangerous side effects.
Side effects of Hypnosis include tiredness, crisis of identity, insomnia, irritability,
fears, panic attacks, deficit of attention, distorted sense of self, confusion, sexually
abberant behaviors, unexpected trance-like state, delusional thinking, depression,
dizziness, syncope, fearfulness, feelings of guilt, histrionic reactions, impaired
memory, nausea, obsessions, changes in personality.
Generally, the negative side effects of Hypnosis can be divided into these
categories:
- Problems resulting from unintended suggestions
- Obscuring actual physical health problems
- Suicidal depression
- Panic attacks or psychotic episodes
- Symptom substitution
Side effects and complications of Hypnosis can be defined as unexpected feelings,

thoughts or behavior after or during the hypnotic treatment that are in conflict with
the intended goals of the hypnosic treatment.
More often than not, any side effects of Hypnosis are mild and transient. Often,
patient reaction under hypnosis can be stronger than anticipated, and the patient
vividly relives a prior experience. Case in point: The Barney and Betty Hill
abduction.
Hypnotists need to pay attention to the fact that their hypnotic suggestions are
being taken literally by their patients. One famous side effects of hypnosis was the
hypnotic suggestion to an anorexia patient to "always eat everything on your plate".
One day, the patient fell ill and vomited on her plate. She then proceeded to eat the
vomit.
Another case of unintended hypnotic side effects was that of a person afraid of the
dentist, who had been told that as soon as he would "go to the dentist", he would
feel "wonderfully sedated". The bad effect was that the "sedation" started quite
literally when the patient entered his car and drove to the dentist - endangering his
life in the heavy traffic.
All in all, Hypnosis side effects can be managed, but the practitioner needs to be
aware of them and be trained to minimize their occurence and severity.

DRUGS
In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving
later into "droge-vate" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry barrels", referring to medicinal plants
preserved in them. The transitive verb "to drug" (meaning intentionally administer a substance
to someone, often without their knowledge) arose later and invokes the psychoactive rather than
medicinal properties of a substance.
A drug is any substance other than food, that when inhaled, injected, smoked, consumed,
absorbed via a patch on the skin or dissolved under the tongue causes a physiological change
in the body.
In pharmacology, a pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical
substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote wellbeing. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more
recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or
on a regular basis for chronic disorders.

Caffeine, contained in coffee and other beverages,

is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the
world. 90% of North American adults consume the
substance on a daily basis
.

Psychoactive drugs are chemical substances that affect the function of the central nervous
system, altering perception, mood or consciousness. They include alcohol, a depressant, and
the stimulants nicotine and caffeine. These three are the most widely consumed
psychoactive drugs worldwide and are also considered as recreational drugs since they are
used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes. Other recreational drugs
include hallucinogens, opiates and amphetamines and some of these are also used in
spiritual or religious settings. Some drugs can cause addiction and all drugs can have side
effects. Excessive use of stimulants can promote stimulant psychosis. Many recreational drugs

are illicit and international treaties such as the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs exist for the
purpose of their prohibition.

Uncoated aspirin tablets, consisting of about 90%

Acetyl salicylic acid, along with a minor amount
of inert fillers and binders.
Aspirin is a pharmaceutical drug often
used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation.

Stimulants
Stimulants, sometimes called uppers, temporarily increase alertness and energy. The most
commonly used street drugs that fall into this category are cocaine and amphetamines.
Prescription stimulants come in tablets or capsules. When abused, they are swallowed, injected
in liquid form or crushed and snorted.

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
The short-term effects of stimulants include exhaustion, apathy and depressionthe down
that follows the up. It is this immediate and lasting exhaustion that quickly leads the stimulant
user to want the drug again. Soon he is not trying to get high, he is only trying to get wellto
feel any energy at all.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS

Stimulants can be addictive. Repeated high doses of some stimulants over a short period can
lead to feelings of hostility or paranoia. Such doses may also result in dangerously high body
temperatures and an irregular heartbeat.

Types of Legal Stimulants

There are many stimulants that are legal such as caffeine and nicotine. Of course nicotine is
only legal to be purchased by those who are at least 18 years old but caffeine has no real
limitations in terms of who may or may not purchase the stimulant at the local grocer or drug
store. Many legal stimulants are only legal if the user has been medically prescribed the drug for
a true need such as to control weight or to help reduce the effects of ADD or ADHD.

The most common legal stimulants include:

Amphetamines such as Dexedrine or Dextroamphetamine

Ephedrine

Caffeine

Nicotine

Types of Illegal Stimulants

Certain types of stimulants have no real medical use or no known medical use and are not
considered safe for consumption on a regular basis. The various types of stimulants that have
no known safe level of use are typically illegal. The most common illegal types of stimulants that
are not available in stores and are not to be possessed include:

methamphetamine

cocaine

crack cocaine

MDMA

These drugs can lead to potentially serious side effects and may even produce deadly
outcomes if they are abused. Because such illegal stimulants have no known medical use, any
use of the drugs is considered abusive and should be avoided.

HALLUCINOGENS
Hallucinogens are drugs taken recreationally to alter thoughts, perceptions and emotions.
Hallucinogens, also known as dissociative drugs or psychedelics, produce visual, auditory and
other sensory hallucinations -- experiences that are not real. Euphoria may occur, but these
drugs also commonly cause agitation, confusion, anxiety, paranoia, delusions, loss of social
inhibitions and wildly labile emotions. Large doses of hallucinogens can cause psychosis,
ruptured brain blood vessels, brain damage, seizures, and potentially fatal respiratory and heart
failure. According to the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximately 1.3
million Americans use hallucinogenic drugs.
While there are many types of hallucinogens, here are the four that are most common:

LSD
Also known as d-lysergic acid diethylamide, this is one of the most powerful mood changing
drugs in the world. It is manufactured from lysergic acid, and has been in existence since it was
first discovered in 1938.

Peyote
Did you know that peyote is a cactus used primarily by natives in the south western region of
the United States as well as northern Mexico? The primary active ingredient is mescaline. While
this ingredient comes from peyote, it can also be generated via chemical synthesis.

PCP
Also known as phencyclidine, this drug was first used as an anesthetic in the 1950s. Due to
the serious side effects of the drug, it is no longer used in this manner. However, there are
people who continue to abuse the drug for the impact it has on their mind and body.

Psilocybin
Also referred to as 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, it comes from some types of
mushrooms grown in subtropical regions of the United States, Mexico, and South America.

CIGARETTES

Cigarettes are considered to be a drug based on the definition of a drug by various sources. The
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act defines drugs, in part, by their intended use, as articles in the
diagnosis, cure, mitigation treatment, or prevention of a disease and articles (other than food)
intended to affect the structure of any function of the body of man or other animals.
The American Heritage Science Dictionary cites a drug as a chemical substance, such as a
narcotic or hallucinogen that affects the central nervous system and is used recreationally for
perceived desirable effects on the personality, perception, or behavior. Included in the definition
is a note that many recreational drugs are used illicitly and can be addictive.
If we look at these definitions and the impact cigarettes can have on people, cigarettes definitely
fall into the category of being drugs. They do affect the function of the body, including the central
nervous system. People may perceive that cigarettes help them to feel calmer or less stressed
out. And while cigarette use is not illegal for those over 18, it is illegal for minors and nicotine is
certainly extremely addictive

The CDC lists the following additional facts about the effect of smoking on the body:

Cancer
The risk of dying from lung cancer is more than 22 times higher among men who smoke
cigarettes and about 12 times high among women who smoke cigarettes compared with never
smokers.
Cigarette smoking increases the risk for many types of cancer, including cancers of the
lip, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, larynx (voice box), lung, uterine cervix, urinary
bladder, and kidney.

Heart Disease and Stroke

Smoking causes coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the U.S.
Cigarette smokers are 2-4 times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than
nonsmokers.
Cigarette smoking approximately doubles a persons risk for stroke.
Cigarette smoking causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels (arteries).
Smokers are more than 10 times as likely as nonsmokers to develop peripheral vascular
disease.
Smoking causes abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Respiratory Health
Cigarette smoking is associated with a tenfold increase in the risk of dying from chronic
obstructive lung disease.
About 90% of all deaths from chronic obstructive lung disease are attributed to cigarette
smoking.
Smoking During Pregnancy
Research has shown that smoking during pregnancy causes health problems for both mothers
and babies, such as:
Pregnancy complications
Premature birth
Low-birth-weight infants
Still birth
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Research has clearly proven that smoking is an addictive behavior that can negatively impact
the functioning of many aspects of the body. Whether it is the brain, heart, lungs, or skin, or it is
the ability to carry and deliver a baby in a healthy way there are so many ways in which we
can destroy our bodys ability to do what it needs to do through cigarettes.
If you have any more questions about smoking and the impact of cigarettes on the body, speak
with you doctor, school nurse, health teacher, or have your parents or any other trusted adult get
you the information you want on the hazards and effects of smoking.

MARIJUANA

Marijuana. Pot. Weed.

Whatever you call it, its the
most popular illegal drug in
the world, gaining support
for legalization for both
medicinal and recreational
purposes. But what does
marijuana actually do to us?
Lets take a look at this
fascinating drug, its health
effects, and potential
concerns about using it.

The Effects of Marijuana on

the Body
Marijuana comes from the
Cannabis plant. The flowers,
seeds, leaves, and stems of
the plant must be shredded
and dried before they can be
used. Most people who use
marijuana smoke it, but it can
be mixed into food, brewed
into tea, or even used in a
vaporizer. One of the
ingredients in marijuana is a
mind-altering chemical called
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC).

The effects of marijuana on the body are immediate. Longerterm effects may depend on how you take it, how much you
take, and how often you use it. Since its use has long been
illegal in the United States, large-scale studies have been
difficult to manage.
In recent years, the medicinal properties of marijuana are
gaining acceptance in mainstream America. Medical
marijuana is now legal in 23 states and the District of
Columbia. THC and another ingredient called cannabidol
(CBD) are the main substances of therapeutic interest.
National Institutes of Health-funded research into the possible
medicinal uses of THC and CBD is ongoing.

When you inhale marijuana

smoke into your lungs, it is
quickly released into your
bloodstream on its way to
your brain and other organs.
It takes a little longer to be
absorbed when you eat or
drink it.

In addition to medicinal use, recent legislation has made marijuana a legal recreational drug in
Colorado and Washington State. With the potential for increased recreational use, knowing the
effects that marijuana can have on your body is as important as ever.
Respiratory System

Much like tobacco smoke, marijuana smoke is made up of a variety of toxic

chemicals that can irritate your bronchial passages and lungs. If youre a regular smoker, youre
more likely to wheeze, cough, and produce phlegm. Youre also at increased risk of bronchitis
and lung infections. Marijuana may aggravate existing respiratory illnesses like asthma and
cystic fibrosis.
Marijuana smoke contains carcinogens. It has the potential to elevate your risk of developing
lung cancer. However, studies on the subject have had mixed results. According to the National
Institute of Drug Abuse(NIDA), there is no conclusive evidence that marijuana smoke
causes lung cancer. More research is needed.
Circulatory System

THC moves from your lungs into your bloodstream and throughout your body.
Within minutes, your heart rate may increase by 20 to 50 beats per minute, according to
the NIDA. That rapid heartbeat can continue for up to three hours. For people with heart disease,
this faster heartbeat could raise the risk of heart attack.
One of the telltale signs of recent marijuana use is bloodshot eyes. They look red because
marijuana causes blood vessels in the eyes to expand or dilate. Marijuana may help stop the
growth of blood vessels that feed cancerous tumors.

Central Nervous System

When you inhale marijuana smoke into your lungs, it doesnt take long for THC to
enter your bloodstream. From there, it is quickly transported to your brain and the rest of your
organs. When you get marijuana from food or drink, it is absorbed a little more slowly.
THC triggers your brain to release large amounts of dopamine, a naturally occurring feel good
chemical. Thats what gives you a pleasant high. It may heighten your sensory perception, as
well as your perception of time. In the hippocampus, THC changes the way you process
information, so your judgment may be impaired. It may also be difficult to form new memories
when youre high.
Changes also take place in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, upsetting your balance,
coordination, and reflex response. All those changes mean that its not safe to drive.
Very large doses of marijuana or high concentrations of THC can cause hallucinations or
delusions. According to the NIDA, there may be an association between marijuana use and some
mental health problems like depression and anxiety, but more research is needed to understand
the connection. In people who have schizophrenia, marijuana use can make symptoms worse.
When you come down from the high, you may be tired or feel a bit depressed. In some people,
marijuana can cause anxiety. About nine percent of marijuana users develop an addiction,
according to the NIDA. Symptoms of withdrawal may include irritability, insomnia, and loss of
appetite.
In young people whose brains are not yet fully developed, marijuana can have a lasting impact
on thinking and memory skills. If you use marijuana when pregnant, it can affect the brain of
your unborn baby. Your child may be more prone to trouble with memory, concentration, and
problem-solving skills.
THC can lower pressure in the eyes, which can ease symptoms of glaucoma for a few hours.
According to theAmerican Academy of Ophthalmology, more research is needed to
understand the active ingredients in marijuana and whether or not its a good treatment for
glaucoma.
The pharmacologic effect of marijuana extends throughout the central nervous system. It is
thought to ease pain and inflammation. It may also be of use in controlling spasms and seizures.

Digestive System

Smoking marijuana can cause stinging or burning in your mouth and throat. When
you take oral THC, it is processed in your liver. Marijuana can ease nausea and vomiting. It can
also increase appetite, which can be useful to people living with cancer or AIDS.
Immune System

Some research indicates that THC affects the immune system. Studies involving
animals showed that THC might damage the immune system, making you more vulnerable to
illness. Further research is needed.

METHAMPHETAMINES
Methamphetamines (more commonly known by their street name, meth, crystal meth, and
crank) is a powerful and addictive stimulant that can be smoked, snorted, eaten, or injected.
Due to the psychoactive properties, false confidence, and sense of happiness, people who try
methamphetamine quickly develop a desire to continue using. Some users state that they were
hooked on meth after they try it once. While initially pleasurable, methamphetamine can destroy
a persons life by burning up the bodys resources and leaving the user with a dependence that
is only relieved by using more of the drug.
Methamphetamine is the child of a drug class called amphetamines, both stimulants that can
provide users with increased energy, intense desire to chat, and an overall sense of happiness.
However, methamphetamines are different than amphetamines because much higher amounts
of methamphetamines are able to reach the brain which increases the potency. Meth also gives
users a longer and more sustained high which leads to damage to the central nervous system.

Medically, methamphetamine is a Schedule II stimulant with a high potential for abuse. Medical
methamphetamine is used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD. Medical methamphetamine is
prescribed at a far lower dose than the street version.
Illegal or street methamphetamine is often produced in makeshift laboratories by using over-thecounter, readily-available inexpensive materials. Over-the-counter cold remedies are usually
used as a base and are then combined with chemicals like battery acid, drain cleaner, ammonia,
and antifreeze. These chemicals are particularly dangerous and many who manufacture
methamphetamines are burned or killed during production.

Like cocaine, methamphetamines are produced in two forms: a white powder or clear chunks of
rocks. The rock form, crystal meth, is the most pure and potent form of methamphetamine.
Crystal meth is commonly used as a club drug at raves and nightclubs and is often called
glass or ice. Methamphetamines are often used in a binge and crash manner. This cycle can
cause the user to be up for days smoking, snorting, or injecting the drug before crashing from
the euphoric feelings. By the time the methamphetamine binge is over, the person has not eaten
or slept in days.
The euphoric high experienced by methamphetamine users is caused by a surge of dopamine
released into the brain. Over time methamphetamine use destroys dopamine receptors within
the brain. This means that a chronic long-term methamphetamine user will not be able to feel
pleasure without the use of methamphetamine. Research suggests that these pleasure centers
can heal over time, however, the damage to the cognitive abilities of the user may be
permanent.

Co-Occurring Disorders

ADHD

Mood disorders

Depressive disorders

Bipolar disorder

Other substance abuse disorders, especially with sedating substances

Behavioral addictions, like gambling disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Conduct disorder

Signs of Methamphetamine Addiction

Methamphetamine is an extremely powerful stimulant that causes both short and long-term
effects. Short-term effects of meth use include:

Intense rush

Euphoria

Rapid heartbeat

High blood pressure

Abnormal heart rhythms

Extreme increase in physical activities

Increased body core temperatures

Increased wakefulness

Decreased appetite

MEDITATION ON DRUGS
What is Meditation?
Meditation is a practice that goes back thousands of years. Often used to enhance spiritual
connection and enlightenment, the practice essentially involves quieting the mind and
concentrating on a specific thought or idea. Meditation is usually done in a quiet place. While
many who practice it do it alone, it can also be done in a group setting.
Theres no set time frame for a meditation session; it can be done for just a minutes or an hour
or two. Meditation can be done any time of the day. However, many if not most individuals
who meditate regularly strive to do so at the same time each day. It can be practiced by
anyone, regardless of spiritual or religious beliefs. In fact, many people who meditate do it to
relieve stress and feel more centered with religion having no connection to their practice.
Relation to Rehab
Many alcohol and drug addiction treatment programs have included meditationin their overall
treatment plan. Its not used in place of other therapies. Instead, it provides powerful additional
support for addicts in recovery. Part of the value of meditation is that those in treatment can
practice it even after the initial recovery period is complete. This makes meditation a valuable
tool they can use to stay sober for the rest of their lives.
Research supporting Meditation for Addiction
A growing body of research supports meditation as an effective addiction recovery technique.
For example, one study found that recovering intravenous drug users felt meditation was one of
the best therapy tools to help them overcome their addiction. Researchers who examined
incarcerated substance abusers found that those who were taught how to meditate had lower
levels of relapse and more positive outcomes after release than those who received only
conventional recovery treatments .
Research suggests that meditation also helps people with alcoholism and drug addiction when
its incorporated into a practice that includes physical exercise. For instance, yoga sessions that
include meditation have been shown to be an effective part of addiction recovery. In another
study, recently-abstinent cocaine addicts who learned qigong, a Chinese practice that
incorporates meditative techniques, reported fewer cravings and other addiction-related
symptoms than those who received a placebo treatment.
How Meditation Works
Meditation is effective because it rewires critical pathways in the brain. In one study, people who
meditated for approximately 30 minutes daily for 8 weeks showed an increase in gray matter in
the parts of the brain associated with learning, memory, self-awareness, and introspection. In

addition, brain imaging revealed that participants also showed a decrease in gray matter in
areas linked to anxiety and stress.
By changing how their brain processes self-awareness, introspection, anxiety, and stress,
addicts can reasonably evaluate everyday situations, and react to them more appropriately
without the help of drugs or alcohol. Meditations positive effect on stress and anxiety is
especially important because both are frequent triggers for relapse.
In general, meditation is a practice that allows a person to focus on any number of things. For
example, addicts may use it to slow down their breathing and calm their nerves then theyre
feeling anxious or stressed. This helps reduce the negative feelings that compel alcoholics and
drug addicts to reach for substances. It may also be used to connect in spiritual ways during
recovery. Many individuals use meditation to connect with a higher power through prayers or
mantras. Feeling connected to a higher power has helped many addicts stay on the path of
recovery
Variations of Meditation
Meditation can take a variety of forms beyond the standard, in which a person sits quietly and
focuses on his or her breathing, a spiritual connection, or a specific thing or thought. Two
frequently used variations include mindfulness meditation and the meditative exercise.
Mindfulness Meditation: This is a specific type of meditation in which individuals examine their
feelings, thoughts, and experiences in a nonjudgmental way. Unlike addiction, which involves
acting on impulses, mindfulness meditation is a purposeful action that allows them to examine
their thoughts and urges, and then carefully consider how to react to them.
Meditative exercise: Some practices combine meditation with physical motion. For example,
yoga is based on an ancient Hindu philosophy that promotes unity between the mind, body, and
spirit. In a meditative exercise, a person moves through a series of poses designed to increase
flexibility and strength, and also improve breathing. The postures improve an addicts selfconfidence and physical well-being. The breathing techniques promote relaxation, which
relieves stress, frustration, and other negative emotions. Tai chi and qigong arent quite as wellknown as yoga, but they are also forms of meditative exercise.
Advantages of Meditation for Recovery
Two of the primary advantages of including meditation as part of recovery for alcoholism and
drug addiction are that 1) its easy to learn and 2) can be done anywhere.
Its easy to learn. Any recovering alcoholic or addict can learn to calm his or her mind with
meditation. Some learn the techniques in rehab or during counseling sessions. However, the art
of meditation can also be learned at wellness centers or from religious groups. There are also
meditation how-to guides available through books and websites. For those interested in learning

the techniques through yoga, its crucial to find a place that incorporates meditative practices;
some yoga classes, like those in fitness centers, may focus only on the physical movements.
It can be done anywhere. This is one of the most valuable aspects of using meditation for
addiction recovery. Since stress is one of the primary triggers for relapse, meditative techniques
are particularly beneficial because they can be done whenever and wherever stress is felt.
Meditation can be used to lower the bodys acute response to stress at home or in the
workplace, so recovering addicts are less likely to feel the tension and strain tempt them to drink
or use.
Meditation may also reduce the cravings that can trigger a relapse. For instance, a recovering
alcoholic can meditate when she finds herself in the parking lot outside a bar. Calming the mind
for a few minutes may provide the distance needed to make a reasonable and healthy decision
about whether to step into that bar or find the nearest AA meeting.
If youre recovering from alcoholism or drug addiction, meditation may be an excellent
supplement to your treatment program. Talk to your addiction counsellor about incorporating it
into your treatment, or contact a rehab center that offers it as part of the program. You could
also look into meditation learning sessions offered by a local wellness center or learn it on your
own through books and videos. Meditation is a simple but powerful tool for that can help you
maintain long-term sobriety.

http://thoughtcatalog.com/kim-quindlen/2015/05/9-types-of-dreams-you-have-and-what-theyactually-mean/
http://www.dreammoods.com/dreaminformation/dreamtypes/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug
http://stimulants.com/types-of-stimulants/
http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/prescription/stimulants.html
https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/what-mdma
http://www.livestrong.com/article/110013-different-types-hallucinogenic-drugs/
http://hallucinogens.com/what-are-hallucinogens/list-of-the-types-of-hallucinogens/
https://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/featured/meditation-for-alcoholism-and-drug-addictionrecovery/
http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/alcohol-smoking-drugs.detail.html/42775.html
http://www.healthline.com/health/addiction/marijuana/effects-on-body
http://www.lakeviewbehavioralhealth.com/addiction/meth/effects-signs-symptoms

GROUP 5
John Louie Geronimo and Jerico Montifar- Sleep
Christian Jerome Carlos Dreams
Jonas Villaflores Hypnosis
Reynald DG. Bangit - Drugs