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SEOION 1
Electric Charge and Forces
Main Idea Like charges
repel each other and unlike
charges attract each other.
SEOION 2
Electric Current
Main Idea Electrical energy
can be transferred to devices
in a circuit when electrons
flow in the circuit.
SEOION 3
Magnetism
Main Idea Like magnetic
poles repel each other and
unlike poles attract each
other.
Lightning in a Bottle
These lacy streamers in the plasma globe and lightning have something in common. They are sparks, caused by the rapid movement
of electric charges. Here, the charges move from the metal ball in
the center to the inner wall of a surrounding glass ball.
Science Journal
device did.
List five electrical devices you used today and describe what each
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Learn It!
Practice It!
Apply It!
194 A
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Statement
The electric current in a wire is due to the movement of protons from place to place.
194 B
electrically charged.
Describe how lightning occurs.
New Vocabulary
charging by contact
charging by induction
insulator
conductor
static charge
electric discharge
The Forces
Between Charges
Unlike charges attract.
When you drop a ball and it
falls to the ground, the ball and
Earth exert an attractive force on
each other-the force of gravity.
Just as two masses, such as Earth
Like charges repel.
and the ball, exert forces on each
other, two objects that are electrically charged exert forces on
each other.
The force of gravity is always
attractive. The forces exerted by
Like charges repel.
charged objects on each other
can be attractive or repulsive, as
shown in Figure 2. If two objects are positively charged, they
repel each other. If two objects are negatively charged, they also
repel each other. If one object is positively charged and the other
is negatively charged, they attract each other. In other words, like
charges repel and unlike charges attract.
195
Observing Charging
by Induction
Procedure
1. Turn on a waterfaucet.
Adjust the flow so that the
water stream is as slow as
possible without producing
drops.
2. Rub a balloon or a comb
on your hair or on wool
cloth.
3. Bring the charged end of
the balloon or comb near
the stream of water, and
observe the result.
Analysis
1. Explain the behavior of the
stream of water using the
concept of charging by
induction.
2. Infer how the distribution
of charge on the water
stream changed after it
passed the charged area
on the balloon
or comb.
e.
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ttome = =
197
Static Charge
Benjamin Franklin and
Electricity American
Benjamin Franklin lived
from 1706 to 1790. He is
best known as one of the
country's Founders who
played an important role in
the formation of the United
States Constitution.
Franklin also was a scientist and was one of the first
to prove that lightning was
an electric discharge. In
addition, he named the two
types of electric chargepositive and negative-and
produced a number of
inventions, including the
lightning rod and bifocal
glasses.
198 CHAPTER 7
Topic: Lightning
Visit red.msscience.com for
Web links to information about
different types of lightning that
occur in Earth's atmosphere.
199
Summary
Grounding A lightning flash can transfer an enormous amount of electrical energy. When lightning
strikes trees in a forest, it can spark a forest fire. Iflightning strikes a building, the building can be damaged or
set on fire.
One way to protect buildings from the damaging
effects of lightning is to attach a metal lightning rod to
the top of the building. A thick wire is connected to the
lightning rod, and the other end of the wire is connected to the ground.
When lightning strikes the lightning rod, the electric charges in the lightning flash flow through the connecting wire into the ground. Earth can be a conductor,
and because Earth is so large, it can absorb large quantities of excess electric charge. The process of providing
a path to drain excess charge into Earth is called
grounding. Because the lightning rod in Figure 9 is
grounded, the excess charge in the lightning strike
flows harmlessly into the ground without damaging
the building.
Self Check
200
Applying Skills
7. Sequence Make an events-chain concept map that
shows the sequence of events that occurs when a flash
of lightning is produced.
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Electric Current
Electric Current
__ as.ycu.read- ....
Copper wire
1()~ You'll
Learn
1()~ It's
Important
G) Review Vocabulary
kinetic energy: the energy an
object has due to its motion
New Vocabulary
electric current
electric circuit
electric resistance
voltage
series circuit
parallel circuit
When a lightning flash occurs, electrical energy is transformed into heat, sound, and light in an instant. But to watch
your favorite shows on TV, electrical energy must be transformed into light and sound for as long as your shows last. This
means that an electric current must be kept flowing in your TV
as you watch it.
Electric current will flow continually only if the charges can
flow in a closed path. A closed path in which electric charges can
flow is an electric circuit. A simple electric circuit is shown in
Figure 11. Current will flow in this circuit as long as the conducting path between the battery, wires, and lightbulb is not
broken. If the switch is open, current will not flow. Even with the
switch closed, if one of the wires is disconnected or cut, or the
filament wire in the lightbulb breaks, the path is no longer
closed. Then current will no longer flow.
202
Horizons Companies
Copper wire
A Model for Electron Flow One way to picture how electrons flow in a circuit is to imagine a basketball bouncing down
a flight of stairs, as shown in Figure 13. In this model the ball is
like an electron moving through a circuit, and the steps are like
the atoms it bumps into. When you drop the ball, it speeds up as
gravity pulls it downward. When it hits a step, it changes direction. The ball also slows down
as it bounces upward because
the force of gravity continues
to pull it downward. After the
ball reaches the top of its
bounce, it falls downward
bounces upward.
toward the next step and
speeds up again. This process is
The ball speeds L - -.A.
repeated as the ball bounces
up as it falls
from step to step.
downward.
Even though the ball
changes direction after it hits
~~
t
each step, the overall motion of
the ball is downward. In the
same way, an electron in a circuit changes direction after
each collision. However, its
overall motion is in the direction of the current flow.
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203
204
PhotoDisc
Voltage
Battery Voltage The voltage between the positive and negative terminals of a battery is usually called the voltage of the battery. The battery voltage is related to the amount of electrical
energy an electron would transfer to the circuit as it moved
through the circuit all the way from the negative terminal to the
positive terminal. This means that more electrical energy is
transferred to the circuit as the voltage of the battery increases.
Figure 16 shows how the voltage produced by different types of
batteries depends on the chemical reactions that occur in the
battery.
SECTION 2 Electric Current
205
Horizons Companies
NATIONAL
GEOGRAPHIC VISUALIZING BATTERIES
Figure 16
any electrical devices use batteries to supply electrical energy. Every battery consists of one or more
cells. The chemical reactions in a cell produce a voltage when the cell is connected in a circuit. Each
cell has three parts-an elec..
.
The positive electrode is
a porous carbon rod.
Chemical reactions occur
in the rod that remove
In a zinc-carbon battery,
electrons that enter the
the electrolyte is a moist
paste containing the
chemicals ammonium
chloride, zinc chloride,
and manganese dioxide.
Solve a
tion
FLASHLIGHT VOLTAGE When a flashlight is turned on, the current that flows in the flashlight
circuit is 0.10 A. If the resistance of the circuit is 30.0 Q, what is the voltage in the circuit?
Solution
current: I= 0.10 A
resistance: R = 30.0 Q
voltage: V = ?V
Divide your answer by the given resistance, 30.0 Q. The result should be the
given current, 0.10 A.
1. When a portable radio is playing, the current in the radio is 0.3 A. If the resistance of the
radio is 30.0 Q, what is the voltage supplied by the radio battery?
207
Figure 17
to follow.
Summary
Electric Current
An electric current is the flow of electric
charges, such as electrons.
Electric current will flow continually only in a
closed path called an electric circuit.
A battery produces an electric field in a circuit
that causes electrons to flow.
Electric Resistance
Electric resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for electrons to flow in a material.
Electric resistance results from the collisions
between electrons flowing in a current and
the atoms and other charges in the circuit.
Self Check
1. Describe how the charge on a wire changes when an
electric current flows in the wire.
2. Explain what causes electrons in an electric current to
flow slowly in a circuit.
3. Describe the process that causes electrical energy to be
transformed into heat and light energy as a current
flows in a lightbulb.
4. Determine how the current in a circuit changes if the
voltage in the circuit is decreased and the resistance
remains the same.
5. Think Critically Two lightbulbs are connected in a
series circuit. If the current flowing in one lightbulb is
0.5 A, what is the current flowing in the other lightbulb? Explain.
208 CHAPTER 7
Doug Martin
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Magnetism
Magnets
as you read
~ Review Vocabulary
mechanical energy: the sum of
the kinetic and potential energy
of an object
New Vocabulary
magnetic domain
electromagnet
electromagnetic induction
- --
SECTION 3 Magnetism
209
Magnetic Materials
Earth's Magnetic Field
Earth is surrounded by a
magnetic field that is similar to the magnetic field
around a bar magnet.
Earth's magnetic poles
are located near the geographic north pole and
south pole. A compass
uses Earth's magnetic field
to help determine direction.
Because a compass needle
is a magnet, it rotates so it
points toward Earth's magnetic poles. As a result, the
north end of a compass
needle points north.
210 CHAPTER 7
If you hold a magnet near a paper clip, the paper clip will
stick to the magnet. However, a piece of aluminum foil will not
stick to a magnet. Both the paper clip and the aluminum are
metal. Why is one attracted to the magnet and not the other?
Only metals that contain the elements iron, nickel, cobalt,
and a few other rare-earth elements are attracted to magnets.
Materials that contain these elements are magnetic materials.
Magnets also contain one or more of these metals. The steel
paper clip contains iron and therefore is a magnetic material.
Why are some materials magnetic? Atoms of the elements that are magnetic, such as iron, nickel, and cobalt, are
themselves tiny magnets. Each atom has a north pole and a
south pole. Atoms of elements that are not magnetic, such as
aluminum, are not magnets. As a result, objects that are made of
these elements are not affected by a magnetic field.
Permanent
magnet
211
Paper
clip
Paper
clip
net is nearby.
Observing Magnetic
Force on a Wire
Procedure ~~
1. Connect one end of a
50-cm piece of 22-gauge
wire to one terminal of a
D-cell battery.
2. Form the wire into a loop
and place one pole of a bar
magnet about 2 em from
the loop.
3. Touch the free end ofthe
wire to the other terminal
ofthe battery. Record your
observations.
4. Repeat step 3 with the
connections to the battery
terminals reversed. Record
your observations.
Analysis
Electromagnetism
Even though they might seem to be different, electricity
and magnetism are related. In the early 1800s it was discovered
that a wire carrying an electric current is surrounded by a
magnetic field. Not only is a current-carrying wire surrounded
by a magnetic field, but so is any electric charge in motion. The
connection between electricity and magnetism often is called
electromagnetism.
Electron
flow
Figure 23 An electromagnet
has north and south magnetic
poles, and can be attracted or
repelled by a permanent magnet.
Describe how the magnetic field
around the electromagnet changes
if the current in the coil is decreased.
Magnet
SECTION 3 Magnetism
213
Figure 25 In a hydroelectric
plant, the kinetic energy of falling
water is converted into electrical
energy by a generator.
se~:tmn
Summary
Magnets
rev1ew
Self Check
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Electromagnetism
red.msscience.com/self_check_quiz
Real-World Question - How does the way that batteries are connected
affect the voltage they provide?
Goals
Infer how the voltage produced by two batteries in a circuit depends on how they are
connected.
Materials
1.5-V lightbulbs (2)
1.5-V batteries (3)
minibulb sockets (2)
10-cm long pieces of insulated wire (8)
tape
Procedure
1. Make a brightness tester by connecting one
battery to a lightbulb. Disconnect one wire
after you've made the lightbulb light.
2. Tape two batteries together in series so that
the positive terminal of one battery touches
the negative terminal ofthe other battery.
4. Tape two batteries together in parallel sideby-side with positive terminals on one end
and negative terminals on the other end.
LAB
215
Matt Meadows
Magnets and
Etectrvc Current
Goals
Observe the effects of
a bar magnet on a
compass.
Observe the effects of
a current-carrying wire
on a compass.
Observe how the relative motion of a magnet and a wire coil
affects a compass.
Real-World Question
Have you ever used a compass? The needle in a compass is a small bar
magnet with a north pole and a south pole. Because a compass needle
is a magnet, other magnets and magnetic fields can cause a compass
needle to move. As a result, a compass can be used to detect the presence of a magnetic field. An electric current flowing in a wire is surrounded by a magnetic field. How does an electric current affect a
compass needle?
Procedure
1. Make a data table similar to the one below.
Materials
bar magnet
compass
D-cell batteries (2)
3-m length of insulated
wire
50-cm length of insulated
wire
tape
Safety Precautions
~w,:H:
2. Place a compass on the table top. Place one pole of a bar magnet
next to the compass. Record your observations.
3. Make a battery pack by
taping two D-cell batteries together so the
negative terminal of
one battery is in contact with the positive
terminal of the other
battery.
4. Tape one end of the
50-cm wire to the
exposed positive terminal of the battery pack.
Effect on Compass
S. Place the wire on top of the compass and position the wire so it lines up with the compass
needle. Touch the free end ofthe wire to the
other terminal of the battery pack for a few
seconds. Record your observations.
6. Wrap the long piece of wire around three fingers
about 25 times so there is about 3 em of wire left
at each end. Tape the coil so it doesn't unravel.
7. Wrap the 50-cm wire around the compass several times so there is about 3 em of wire left at
each end. Connect the ends of the wire from the
compass with the ends of the wire from the coil.
Analyze Your Data ~----------1. Describe how the bar magnet affected the compass when the magnet was
placed next to it.
2. Describe how the compass was affected when an electric current flowed in the
wire that had been placed on top of the compass.
3. Compare how the compass was affected when the magnet was moved inside
the stationary wire coil and when the wire coil was moved past the stationary
magnet.
Conclude and Apply -=====~~~~1. Compare the effect of the bar magnet on the compass and the effect of the
current-carrying wire on the compass.
2. Infer why the current-carrying wire had the effect
on the compass that you observed.
3. Infer whether a current flowed in the wire
coil when the coil and the magnet were moving
relative to each other. Which observations
support your conclusion?
LAB
217
Matt Meadows
SCIENCEAND
HISTORY
Kissing Rocks
The Chinese had discovered the solution more
than 2,000 years ago. They found interesting rocks
that they called tzhu shih-loving stones, because
they liked to "kiss:' These rocks contained magnetite, a mineral containing magnetic iron oxide.
SCIENCE
CAN CHANGE
THE COURSE
receiver uses a
system of satellites
to determine its
position on Earth's
surface.
Brainstorm Imagine that you are an early sailor before the invention of the compass. What would limit your knowledge of the world?
How far could you travel by boat? What kinds of trips might you take?
How would the compass change your lifestyle and your culture?
Section 1
1. Positive and negative charges are surrounded by an electric field that exerts
forces on other charges.
2. Two positive or two negative charges repel
each other; a positive and a negative charge
attract each other.
3. Charges can be transferred from one object to
another. Charges in an object can be
rearranged by an electric field.
Section 2
Section 3
Magnetism
Electric Current
interact
through an
cannot
be
unlikechb
objects become
charged by
red.msscience.com/interactive_tutor
CHAPTERSTUDYGUIDE
219
electromagnetic induction
p.213
insulator p. 197
magnetic domain p. 211
parallel circuit p. 208
series circuit p. 208
static charge p. 198
voltage p. 205
3. A(n)
has more than one path for
electric current to follow.
4. An object that does not contain equal
amounts of positive charge and negative
charge has a(n) _ _ __
S. A(n)
charges.
6.
220
CHAPTER REVIEW
red.msscience.com/vocabulary_puzzlemaker
-TI1inl<ing Critically
-17. Compare the force of gravity to the forces
between electric charges.
18. Explain why an electron can push another
electron even though both electrons are
not touching.
20. Determine how the total charge on a doorknob changes when the doorknob is
charged by an electric field.
Use the table below to answer questions 21-23.
that attract
that repel
are surrounded by
Battery
Voltage (V)
Current in
Circuit (A)
0.2
0.4
0.6
10
1.0
CHAPTER REVIEW
221
t:hapter
Circuit
Number
Voltage
(volts)
Current
(amps)
1
2
3
12
15
0.1
0.05
0.075
0.25
6o n
9o n
c. 6.2s n
D.
o.9 n
Lamp
A
Battery-=Lamp
Battery-=-
Lamp Lamp
11. The illustration shows two electrical circuits. Which of these is a parallel circuit?
Which is a series circuit?
red.msscience.com/standardized_test
223