1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 You are given the following differential equation with the initial condition, v(t = 0) = 0,
c
dv
g d v2
dt
m

Multiply both sides by m/cd

m dv m

g v2
cd dt cd

Define a mg / cd
m dv
a2 v2
cd dt

Integrate by separation of variables,

dv
2

cd

m dt

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

dx
2

1
x
tanh 1
a
a

Therefore, the integration yields

1
v c
tanh 1 d t C
a
a m
If v = 0 at t = 0, then because tanh1(0) = 0, the constant of integration C = 0 and the solution is
v c
1
tanh 1 d t
a
a m

This result can then be rearranged to yield

v

gcd
gm
t
tanh
m
cd

1.2 (a) For the case where the initial velocity is positive (downward), Eq. (1.21) is
c
dv
g d v2
dt
m

Multiply both sides by m/cd

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m dv m

g v2
cd dt cd

Define a mg / cd
m dv
a2 v2
cd dt

Integrate by separation of variables,

dv
2

cd

m dt

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

dx
2

x2

1
x
tanh 1
a
a

Therefore, the integration yields

1
v c
tanh 1 d t C
a
a m
If v = +v0 at t = 0, then
C

v
1
tanh 1 0
a
a

Substitute back into the solution

v
v c
1
1
tanh 1 d t tanh 1 0
a
a m
a
a

Multiply both sides by a, taking the hyperbolic tangent of each side and substituting a gives,
v

gcd
cd
mg
t tanh 1
v0
tanh
m
cd
mg

(1)

(b) For the case where the initial velocity is negative (upward), Eq. (1.21) is
c
dv
g d v2
dt
m

Multiplying both sides of Eq. (1.8) by m/cd and defining a mg / cd yields

m dv
a2 v2
cd dt

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Integrate by separation of variables,

dv
2

cd

m dt

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

dx
2

x2

1
x
tan 1
a
a

Therefore, the integration yields

1
v c
tan 1 d t C
a
a m
The initial condition, v(0) = v0 gives
C

v
1
tan 1 0
a
a

Substituting this result back into the solution yields

v
v c
1
1
tan 1 d t tan 1 0
a
a m
a
a

Multiplying both sides by a and taking the tangent gives

v
c
v a tan a d t tan 1 0
a
m
or substituting the values for a and simplifying gives
v

gcd
cd
mg
t tan 1
tan
v0

cd
mg
m

(2)

(c) We use Eq. (2) until the velocity reaches zero. Inspection of Eq. (2) indicates that this occurs when the
argument of the tangent is zero. That is, when
gcd
cd
t zero tan 1
v0 0
m
mg

The time of zero velocity can then be computed as

t zero

cd
m
v0
tan 1
gcd
mg

Thereafter, the velocities can then be computed with Eq. (1.9),

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gcd

mg
tanh
(t t zero )

m
cd

(3)

Here are the results for the parameters from Example 1.2, with an initial velocity of 40 m/s.
t zero

68.1
0.25
tan 1
(40) 3.470239 s

9.81(0.25)
68.1(9.81)

Therefore, for t = 2, we can use Eq. (2) to compute

9.81(0.25)

68.1(9.81)
0.25
m
tan
(2) tan 1
(40) 14.8093

0.25
68.1
68.1(9.81)
s

For t = 4, the jumper is now heading downward and Eq. (3) applies
9.81(0.25)

68.1(9.81)
m
tanh
(4 3.470239) 5.17952

0.25
68.1
s

The same equation is then used to compute the remaining values. The results for the entire calculation are
summarized in the following table and plot:
t (s)

v (m/s)

0
2
3.470239
4
6
8
10
12

-40
-14.8093
0
5.17952
23.07118
35.98203
43.69242
47.78758

60
40
20
0
-20 0

12

-40
1.3 (a) This is a transient computation. For the period ending June 1:

Balance = Previous Balance + Deposits Withdrawals + Interest

Balance = 1512.33 + 220.13 327.26 + 0.01(1512.33) = 1420.32
The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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Date
1-May

Deposit

Withdrawal

Interest

$220.13

$327.26

$15.12

$216.80

$378.61

$14.20

$450.25

$106.80

$12.73

$127.31

$350.61

$16.29

1-Jun

$1,420.32

1-Jul

$1,272.72

1-Aug

$1,628.89
$1,421.88

1-Sep

(b)

Balance
$1,512.33

dB
D (t ) W (t ) iB
dt

(c) for t = 0 to 0.5:

dB
220.13 327.26 0.01(1512.33) 92.01
dt
B (0.5) 1512.33 92.01(0.5) 1466.33
for t = 0.5 to 1:
dB
220.13 327.260 0.01(1466.33) 92.47
dt
B (0.5) 1466.33 92.47(0.5) 1420.09
The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:
Date
1-May
16-May
1-Jun
16-Jun
1-Jul
16-Jul
1-Aug
16-Aug
1-Sep

Deposit
$220.13
$220.13
$216.80
$216.80
$450.25
$450.25
$127.31
$127.31

Withdrawal
$327.26
$327.26
$378.61
$378.61
$106.80
$106.80
$350.61
$350.61

Interest
$15.12
$14.66
$14.20
$13.46
$12.72
$14.50
$16.29
$15.26

dB/dt
-$92.01
-$92.47
-$147.61
-$148.35
$356.17
$357.95
-$207.01
-$208.04

Balance
$1,512.33
$1,466.33
$1,420.09
$1,346.29
$1,272.12
$1,450.20
$1,629.18
$1,525.67
$1,421.65

(d) As in the plot below, the results of the two approaches are very close.

$1,700

Bi-monthly
Monthly

$1,600
$1,500
$1,400
$1,300
$1,200
M

1.4 At t = 12 s, the analytical solution is 50.6175 (Example 1.1). The numerical results are:

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step
2
1
0.5

v(12)
51.6008
51.2008
50.9259

absolute relative error

1.94%
1.15%
0.61%

where the relative error is calculated with

absolute relative error

analytical numerical
100%
analytical

The error versus step size can be plotted as

2.0%

1.0%
relative error
0.0%
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Thus, halving the step size approximately halves the error.

1.5 (a) The force balance is

dv
c'
g v
dt
m
Applying Laplace transforms,
sV v (0)

g c'
V
s m

Solve for
V

g
v(0)

s ( s c '/ m) s c '/ m

(1)

The first term to the right of the equal sign can be evaluated by a partial fraction expansion,
g
A
B

s ( s c '/ m) s s c '/ m

(2)

g
A( s c '/ m) Bs

s ( s c '/ m)
s ( s c '/ m)

Equating like terms in the numerators yields

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7
A B 0
c'
A
m

Therefore,

mg
c'

mg
c'

These results can be substituted into Eq. (2), and the result can be substituted back into Eq. (1) to give
V

mg / c ' mg / c '
v(0)

s
s c '/ m s c '/ m

Applying inverse Laplace transforms yields

v

mg mg ( c '/ m)t
e

v(0)e (c '/ m )t
c'
c'

or
v v(0)e( c '/ m)t

mg
1 e( c '/ m )t
c'

where the first term to the right of the equal sign is the general solution and the second is the particular
solution. For our case, v(0) = 0, so the final solution is
v

mg
1 e ( c '/ m)t
c'

Alternative solution: Another way to obtain solutions is to use separation of variables,

g c ' v dv dt
1

The integrals can be evaluated as

c'

ln g v
m

t C
c '/ m

where C = a constant of integration, which can be evaluated by applying the initial condition
c'

ln g v(0)
m

C
c '/ m

which can be substituted back into the solution

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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c'
c'

ln g v
ln g v(0)
m
m

t
c '/ m
c '/ m

This result can be rearranged algebraically to solve for v,

v v(0)e( c '/ m)t

mg
1 e( c '/ m )t
c'

where the first term to the right of the equal sign is the general solution and the second is the particular
solution. For our case, v(0) = 0, so the final solution is
v

mg
1 e ( c '/ m)t
c'

(b) The numerical solution can be implemented as

12.5

v(2) 0 9.81
(0) 2 19.62
68.1

12.5

v(4) 19.62 9.81

(19.62) 2 32.0374
68.1

The computation can be continued and the results summarized and plotted as:
t
0
2
4
6
8
10
12

v
0
19.6200
32.6136
41.2187
46.9176
50.6917
53.1911
58.0923

dv/dt
9.81
6.4968
4.3026
2.8494
1.8871
1.2497
0.8276

60
40
20
0
0

12

Note that the analytical solution is included on the plot for comparison.
1.6 v(t )

gm
(1 e ( c '/ m ) t )
c'

jumper #1: v(t )

9.81(70)
m
(1 e(12/70) 9 ) 44.99204
12
s

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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jumper #2: 44.99204

9.81(80)
(1 e (15/80) t )
15

44.99204 52.32 52.32e 0.1875 t

0.14006 e 0.1875 t
ln 0.14006
t
10.4836 s
0.1875

1.7 Note that the differential equation should be formulated as

c
dv
g d vv
dt
m

This ensures that the sign of the drag is correct when the parachutist has a negative upward velocity. Before
the chute opens (t < 10), Eulers method can be implemented as
0.25

v(t t ) v(t ) 9.81

v
80

v t

After the chute opens (t 10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementation becomes
1.5

v(t t ) v(t ) 9.81

v
80

v t

Here is a summary of the results along with a plot:

t

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Chute closed
v
-20.0000
-8.9400
1.1198
10.9258
20.3628
28.8770
36.0812
41.8229
46.1668
49.3162

dv/dt
11.0600
10.0598
9.8061
9.4370
8.5142
7.2041
5.7417
4.3439
3.1495
2.2097

t
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Chute opened
v
51.5260
11.5561
18.8622
22.0013
22.7352
22.8535
22.8707
22.8732
22.8735
22.8736
22.8736

dv/dt
-39.9698
7.3060
3.1391
0.7340
0.1183
0.0172
0.0025
0.0003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000

60
40
20
0
-20 0

10

15

-40

1.8 (a) The first two steps are

c(0.1) 100 0.175(10)0.1 98.25 Bq/L
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10
c(0.2) 98.25 0.175(98.25)0.1 96.5306 Bq/L

The process can be continued to yield

t
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1

dc/dt
-17.5000
-17.1938
-16.8929
-16.5972
-16.3068
-16.0214
-15.7410
-15.4656
-15.1949
-14.9290
-14.6678

c
100.0000
98.2500
96.5306
94.8413
93.1816
91.5509
89.9488
88.3747
86.8281
85.3086
83.8157

(b) The results when plotted on a semi-log plot yields a straight line

4.6

4.5

4.4
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

The slope of this line can be estimated as

ln(83.8157) ln(100)
0.17655
1

Thus, the slope is approximately equal to the negative of the decay rate. If we had used a smaller step size,
the result would be more exact.
1.9 The first two steps yield
450
450
y (0.5) 0 3
sin 2 (0)
0.5 0 (0.36) 0.5 0.18
1250
1250

450
450

y (1) 0.18 3
sin 2 (0.5)
0.5 0.18 ( 0.11176) 0.5 0.23508
1250
1250

The process can be continued to give the following table and plot:
t
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5

y
0.00000
-0.18000
-0.23588
-0.03352
0.32378
0.59026
0.60367
0.43443

dy/dt
-0.36000
-0.11176
0.40472
0.71460
0.53297
0.02682
-0.33849
-0.22711

t
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9

y
1.10271
1.19152
1.05368
0.89866
0.95175
1.24686
1.59543
1.75972

dy/dt
0.17761
-0.27568
-0.31002
0.10616
0.59023
0.69714
0.32859
-0.17657

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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11

4
4.5
5

0.32087
0.45016
0.78616

0.25857
0.67201
0.63310

9.5
10

1.67144
1.49449

-0.35390
-0.04036

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5

10

1.10 The first two steps yield

450
150(1 0)1.5
y (0.5) 0 3
sin 2 (0)
0.5 0 0.12(0.5) 0.06
1250
1250

450
150(1 0.06)1.5
y (1) 0.06 3
sin 2 (0.5)
0.5 0.06 0.13887(0.5) 0.00944
1250
1250

The process can be continued to give

t
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5

dy/dt
-0.12000
0.13887
0.64302
0.89034
0.60892
0.02669
-0.34209
-0.18708
0.32166
0.69510
0.56419

y
0.00000
-0.06000
0.00944
0.33094
0.77611
1.08058
1.09392
0.92288
0.82934
0.99017
1.33772

t
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10

y
1.61981
1.63419
1.41983
1.21897
1.25372
1.52584
1.81355
1.87468
1.67396
1.41465

dy/dt
0.02876
-0.42872
-0.40173
0.06951
0.54423
0.57542
0.12227
-0.40145
-0.51860
-0.13062

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5

10

1.11 When the water level is above the outlet pipe, the volume balance can be written as

dV
3sin 2 (t ) 3( y yout )1.5
dt

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12

In order to solve this equation, we must relate the volume to the level. To do this, we recognize that the
volume of a cone is given by V = r2y/3. Defining the side slope as s = ytop/rtop, the radius can be related to
the level (r = y/s) and the volume can be reexpressed as
V

3s

y3

which can be solved for

y3

3s 2V

(1)

and substituted into the volume balance

1.5

3s 2V

dV
3sin 2 (t ) 3 3
yout

dt

(2)

For the case where the level is below the outlet pipe, outflow is zero and the volume balance simplifies to
dV
3sin 2 (t )
dt

(3)

These equations can then be used to solve the problem. Using the side slope of s = 4/2.5 = 1.6, the
initial volume can be computed as
V (0)

3(1.6) 2

0.83 0.20944 m3

For the first step, y < yout and Eq. (3) gives
dV
(0) 3sin 2 (0) 0
dt
and Eulers method yields
V (0.5) V (0)

dV
(0)t 0.20944 0(0.5) 0.20944
dt

For the second step, Eq. (3) still holds and

dV
(0.5) 3sin 2 (0.5) 0.689547
dt
dV
V (1) V (0.5)
(0.5) t 0.20944 0.689547(0.5) 0.554213
dt

Equation (1) can then be used to compute the new level,

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13

y3

3(1.6) 2 (0.554213)

1.106529 m

Because this level is now higher than the outlet pipe, Eq. (2) holds for the next step
dV
1.5
(1) 2.12422 3 1.106529 1 2.019912
dt
V (1.5) 0.554213 2.019912(0.5) 2.984989
The remainder of the calculation is summarized in the following table and figure.
t

Qin

Qout

dV/dt

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10

0
0.689547
2.12422
2.984989
2.480465
1.074507
0.059745
0.369147
1.71825
2.866695
2.758607
1.493361
0.234219
0.13883
1.294894
2.639532
2.936489
1.912745
0.509525
0.016943
0.887877

0.20944
0.20944
0.554213
1.564169
2.421754
2.570439
1.941885
1.12943
0.93041
1.524207
2.345202
2.671715
2.202748
1.340173
0.902598
1.301258
2.136616
2.659563
2.406237
1.577279
0.943467

0.8
0.8
1.106529
1.563742
1.809036
1.845325
1.680654
1.40289
1.31511
1.55031
1.78977
1.869249
1.752772
1.48522
1.301873
1.470703
1.735052
1.866411
1.805164
1.568098
1.321233

0
0
0.104309
1.269817
2.183096
2.331615
1.684654
0.767186
0.530657
1.224706
2.105581
2.431294
1.95937
1.013979
0.497574
0.968817
1.890596
2.419396
2.167442
1.284566
0.5462

0
0.689547
2.019912
1.715171
0.29737
-1.25711
-1.62491
-0.39804
1.187593
1.641989
0.653026
-0.93793
-1.72515
-0.87515
0.79732
1.670715
1.045893
-0.50665
-1.65792
-1.26762
0.341677

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

6
V

10

1.12

Qstudents 35 ind 80
m

J
s
kJ
20 min 60

3,360 kJ
ind s
min 1000 J

PVMwt (101.325 kPa)(11m 8m 3m 35 0.075 m3 )(28.97 kg/kmol)

314.796 kg
RT
(8.314 kPa m3 / (kmol K)((20 273.15)K)

Qstudents
3,360 kJ

14.86571 K
mCv
(314.796 kg)(0.718 kJ/(kg K))

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14
Therefore, the final temperature is 20 + 14.86571 = 34.86571oC.
1.13

M - M
in

out

Food Drink Air In Metabolism Urine Skin Feces Air Out Sweat
Drink Urine Skin Feces Air Out Sweat Food Air In Metabolism
Drink 1.4 0.35 0.2 0.4 0.3 1 0.05 0.3 1.3 L

1.14 (a) The force balance can be written as:

m

dv
R2
mg (0)
cd v v
dt
( R x) 2

Dividing by mass gives

c
dv
R2
g (0)
dvv
2
dt
m
( R x)

(b) Recognizing that dx/dt = v, the chain rule is

dv
dv
v
dt
dx
Setting drag to zero and substituting this relationship into the force balance gives
dv
g (0) R 2

dx
v ( R x) 2

(c) Using separation of variables

v dv g (0)

R2

( R x)2

dx

Integrating gives
v2
R2
g (0)
C
Rx
2

Applying the initial condition yields

v02
R2
g (0)
C
R0
2

which can be solved for C = v02/2 g(0)R, which can be substituted back into the solution to give
v2
v2
R2
g (0)
0 g (0) R
Rx 2
2
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15

or
v v02 2 g (0)

R2
2 g (0) R
Rx

Note that the plus sign holds when the object is moving upwards and the minus sign holds when it is
falling.
(d) Eulers method can be developed as
g (0)
R2
( x xi )
v( xi 1 ) v( xi )
2 i 1
v( xi ) ( R xi )

The first step can be computed as

9.81 (6.37 106 ) 2
v(10, 000) 1,500
(10, 000 0) 1,500 (0.00654)10, 000 1434.600
6
2
1,500 (6.37 10 0)

The remainder of the calculations can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the following table
x
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000

v
1500.000
1434.600
1366.433
1295.089
1220.049
1140.643
1055.973
964.798
865.317
754.742
628.359

dv/dx
-0.00654
-0.00682
-0.00713
-0.00750
-0.00794
-0.00847
-0.00912
-0.00995
-0.01106
-0.01264
-0.01513

v-analytical
1500.000
1433.216
1363.388
1290.023
1212.475
1129.884
1041.049
944.206
836.579
713.299
564.197

For the analytical solution, the value at 10,000 m can be computed as

v 1,5002 2(9.81)

(6.37 106 ) 2
(6.37 10 10, 000)
6

2(9.81)(6.37 106 ) 1433.216

The remainder of the analytical values can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the last column of the
above table. The numerical and analytical solutions can be displayed graphically.
1600

v-analytical
v-numerical

1200
800
400
0
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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16

1.15 The volume of the droplet is related to the radius as

V

4 r 3
3

(1)

This equation can be solved for radius as

r

3V
4

(2)

The surface area is

A 4 r 2

(3)

Equation (2) can be substituted into Eq. (3) to express area as a function of volume
3V
A 4

2/3

This result can then be substituted into the original differential equation,
dV
3V
k 4

dt
4

2/3

(4)

The initial volume can be computed with Eq. (1),

V

4 r 3 4 (2.5)3

65.44985 mm3
3
3

Eulers method can be used to integrate Eq. (4). Here are the beginning and last steps
t

dV/dt

0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1

65.44985
63.87905
62.33349
60.81296
59.31726

-6.28319
-6.18225
-6.08212
-5.98281
-5.8843

23.35079
22.56063
21.7884
21.03389
20.2969

-3.16064
-3.08893
-3.01804
-2.94795
-2.87868

9
9.25
9.5
9.75
10

A plot of the results is shown below. We have included the radius on this plot (dashed line and right scale):

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
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17

80

60
40

2.4

20
1.6

0
0

10

Eq. (2) can be used to compute the final radius as

r

3(20.2969)
1.692182
4

Therefore, the average evaporation rate can be computed as

k

(2.5 1.692182) mm
mm
0.080782
10 min
min

which is approximately equal to the given evaporation rate of 0.08 mm/min.

1.16 Continuity at the nodes can be used to determine the flows as follows:
Q1 Q2 Q3 0.7 0.5 1.2 m3 s
Q10 Q1 1.2 m3 s
Q9 Q10 Q2 1.2 0.7 0.5 m3 s

Q4 Q9 Q8 0.5 0.3 0.2 m3 s

Q5 Q3 Q4 0.5 0.2 0.3 m3 s
Q6 Q5 Q7 0.3 0.1 0.2 m3 s

Therefore, the final results are

1.2

0.7

1.2

0.5

0.2

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.3

1.17 The first two steps can be computed as

T (1) 70 0.019(70 20) 2 68 ( 0.95)2 68.1
T (2) 68.1 0.019(68.1 20) 2 68.1 ( 0.9139)2 66.2722

The remaining results are displayed below along with a plot of the results.

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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18

dT/dt

dT/dt

0
2
4
6
8
10

70.00000
68.10000
66.27220
64.51386
62.82233
61.19508

-0.95000
-0.91390
-0.87917
-0.84576
-0.81362
-0.78271

12.00000
14.00000
16.00000
18.00000
20.00000

59.62967
58.12374
56.67504
55.28139
53.94069

-0.75296
-0.72435
-0.69683
-0.67035
-0.64487

80
70
60
50
0

10

15

20

1.18 (a) For the constant temperature case, Newtons law of cooling is written as

dT
0.135(T 10)
dt
The first two steps of Eulers methods are
dT
(0) t 37 0.12(10 37)(0.5) 37 3.2400 0.50 35.3800
dt
T (1) 35.3800 0.12(10 35.3800)(0.5) 35.3800 3.0456 0.50 33.8572
T (0.5) T (0)

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t

Ta

dT/dt

0:00
0:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

37.0000
35.3800
33.8572
32.4258
31.0802
29.8154
28.6265
27.5089
26.4584
25.4709
24.5426

-3.2400
-3.0456
-2.8629
-2.6911
-2.5296
-2.3778
-2.2352
-2.1011
-1.9750
-1.8565
-1.7451

(b) For this case, the room temperature can be represented as

Ta 20 2t

where t = time (hrs). Newtons law of cooling is written as

dT
0.12(T 20 2t )
dt

The first two steps of Eulers methods are

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19

T (0.5) 37 0.12(20 37)(0.5) 37 2.040 0.50 35.9800

T (1) 35.9800 0.12(19 35.9800)(0.5) 35.9800 2.0376 0.50 34.9612

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t

Ta

dT/dt

0:00
0:30
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:00
3:30
4:00
4:30
5:00

20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10

37.0000
35.9800
34.9612
33.9435
32.9269
31.9113
30.8966
29.8828
28.8699
27.8577
26.8462

-2.0400
-2.0376
-2.0353
-2.0332
-2.0312
-2.0294
-2.0276
-2.0259
-2.0244
-2.0229
-2.0215

Comparison with (a) indicates that the effect of the room air temperature has a significant effect on the
expected temperature at the end of the 5-hr period (difference = 26.8462 24.5426 = 2.3036oC).
(c) The solutions for (a) Constant Ta, and (b) Cooling Ta are plotted below:
40
Constant Ta
Cooling Ta

36
32
28
24
0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

1.19 The two equations to be solved are

c
dv
g d v2
dt
m
dx
v
dt

Eulers method can be applied for the first step as

dv
0.25 2

(0)t 0 9.81
(0) (2) 19.6200
68.1
dt

dx
x(2) x(0) (0)t 0 0(2) 0
dt

v(2) v(0)

For the second step:

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20

dv
0.25

(2)t 19.6200 9.81

(19.6200) 2 (2) 19.6200 8.3968(2) 36.4137
68.1
dt

dx
x(4) x(2) (2)t 0 19.6200(2) 39.2400
dt
The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:
v(4) v(2)

dx/dt

dv/dt

0
2
4
6
8
10

0.0000
0.0000
39.2400
112.0674
204.6640
305.0244

0.0000
19.6200
36.4137
46.2983
50.1802
51.3123

0.0000
19.6200
36.4137
46.2983
50.1802
51.3123

9.8100
8.3968
4.9423
1.9409
0.5661
0.1442

60

300

40

200

20

100
0

0
0

6
v

10

1.20 (a) The force balance with buoyancy can be written as

m

dv
1
mg v v ACd Vg
2
dt

Divide both sides by mass,

dv
V
g 1
dt
m

ACd
vv

2m

(b) For a sphere, the mass is related to the volume as in m = sV where s = the spheres density (kg/m3).
Substituting this relationship gives

ACd
dv
vv
g 1
dt
s 2 sV

The formulas for the volume and projected area can be substituted to give

3 Cd
dv
vv
g 1
dt
s 4 s d

(c) At steady state (dv/dt = 0),

3 Cd 2
g s
v

s 4s d

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21

which can be solved for the terminal velocity

v

4 gd s

3Cd

(d) Before implementing Eulers method, the parameters can be substituted into the differential equation to
give
dv
1000 3(1000)0.47 2
9.811
v 6.176667 13.055556v 2

dt
2700
4(2700)(0.01)

The first two steps for Eulers method are

v(0.03125) 0 (6.176667 13.055556(0) 2 )0.03125 0.193021
v(0.0625) 0.193021 (6.176667 13.055556(0.193021) 2 )0.03125 0.370841

The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:
t

dv/dt

0
0.03125
0.0625
0.09375
0.125
0.15625
0.1875
0.21875
0.25

0.000000
0.193021
0.370841
0.507755
0.595591
0.643887
0.667761
0.678859
0.683860

6.176667
5.690255
4.381224
2.810753
1.545494
0.763953
0.355136
0.160023
0.071055

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

0.0625

0.125

0.1875

0.25

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