IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No.

2, February 1981

873

LOCAL VOLTAGE OSCILLATION IN INTERLEAVED TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

T. Teranishi, M. Ikeda, M. Honda, T. Yanari

Toshiba Corporation
KAWASAKI, JAPAN

circuit, while comparing conventional windings with the

winding proposed by R. van Nuys.

Abstract
In this paper, local voltage oscillation of each
turn within sections of interleaved transformer winding
Because of interlacing of turns, each
are discussed.
turn within a pair of sections of the winding has
initial voltage distributions quite different from
final voltage distributions. This difference brings
about local oscillation when a steep impulse voltage
enters the winding.
The effects of the front time of impulse voltage
and the number of turns per section of local oscillation are investigated. And the local oscillations are
elucidated by calculating the voltage oscillation occurring in the equivalent circuit of a pair of sections.

LOCAL OSCILLATION
The interleaved winding was developed and patented
Figure 1 (a) is a diagrammatic
by G. F. Stearn [21k
view showing arrangement of turns within a pair of
In the arrangement shown in
sections in the winding.
Fig. 1 (a), each section consists of 8 turns and the
numerics in each block of the sections indicate the
For the purpose of explanation in
number of the turn.
this paper, a pair of sections is termed "a coil" and
the turns numbered 1 through 8 are termed "the first
strand", the turns numbered 9 through 16 "the second

strand"c.

INTRODUCTION
Because of its excellent property against lightning surge, the interleaved winding is widely used as
the high voltage winding of a core type transformer.
high-frequency oscillation occurs between
However,
sections of the winding when such steep impulse waves
The
front-of-waves enter it [l11.
as chopped-waves or
magnitude of this local oscillation depends on the
steepness of the applied impulse voltage and/or the
number of turns per section.
All impulse voltages impinged on a transformer do
For example, switching
not have standard waveforms.
surges generated at gas insulated substations (GIS)
generally have much of high-frequency oscillatory comMeanwhile, transmission lines have a tendency
ponent.
toward higher voltage *today, and 1,000 kV-class UHV
transmission lines are also being planned in some
The interleaved winding is one of the most
countries.
suitable high-voltage windings used on UHV transformers, and the higher the voltage, the more the
Under
number of turns per section of the windings.
these circumstances, as the interleaved winding will
it would
more possibly have a large local oscillation,
be important to elucidate this phenomenon clearly.

R.van Nuys attempted to! explain qualitatively the

of the oscillation, proposing a new type of
However, it would
winding having little oscillation.
inforseem that his paper does not provide sufficient
mati-on about that phenomenon [11.
This paper describes the measured data of effects
of the impulse voltage front time and the number of
turns per section on the local oscillation of interIt also describes the result of inleaved windings.
vestigation into the causes of local oscillation,
calculating the voltage oscillation of an equivalent
causes

A paper recommended and approved by the

80 SM 704-7
IEEE Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE PES
Summer Meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, July 13-18,
1980. Manuscript submitted February 11, 1980; made
available for printing May 5, 1980.

4i1A3

j9

6 14 5 8 16
[1l3
(a) Stearn
Fig. 1

winding

24 113291

I=
[J1fJ146 J15J74168J
.--

(b)

Nuys

winding

Diagrammatic view of a pair of section

in the interleaved windings

Then, in the interleaved windings, since the turns

of the first strand and the second strand are arranged
adjacently and alternately, a large capacitance is
formed between the two strands, resulting in a high
series capacitance of the windings.
For the calculation of the major initial voltage
distribution in interleaved windings, the method using
In
an effective series capacitance was proposed [3] .
this method, the series capacitance of a coil is defined as the capacitance which stores electrostatic
energy equal to that stored in the capacitances between
It is further assumed that
each turn of that coil.
each turn of the coil has a linear voltage distribution.
If the front time of the applied wave iL shorter
than the time required for charging the capacitance
between turns, the potential at each turn of the coil
will not distributed linearly and it is not proper to
apply the method relying on effective series capacitance for the calculation of the initial voltage disA. Boyajian paid attention'
tribution of the winding.
to the difference between the initial and final voltage
distributions in each turn of a coil, and suggested
that there would be the possibility of such a difference causing oscillation [4]. A. Pedersen obtained the
initial potential distribution in interleaved windings
against steep impulse waves, assuming that each section
He conwas a spiral-wound parallel plate capacitor.
cluded that, when steep impulse waves entered the
section, a resulting surge would propagate within the
section and reflection at inside crossover would cause

oscillation [5].

81 IEEE

874
A report written by R. van Nuys says that, when
steep impulse waves such as chopped-waves or front-ofwaves enter a conventional interleaved winding, a high
oscillatory voltage occurs locally between sections, at
the center of its radial build.
He made various approaches to clarify the phenomenon and proposed a winding allowing little oscillation [1, [61.
Figure 1 (b) is a diagrammatic view showing arrangement of turns within a pair of sections in the
Nuys winding.
A feature of the Nuys winding is that
the two strands do not exchange radial locations in the
upper and lower sections of a coil. That is, the first
strand is located outside the second strand in either
section. On the other hand, the Stearn winding has the
first strand located outside the second strand in
section 1, and the first strand located inside the
second strand in section 2.
Considering that the major cause for local oscillation is magnetic coupling, R. van Nuys explained the
difference in oscillation between the Stearn's and his
as follows:
Simulating one coil using a transmission line
model as shown in Fig. 2 (b) and solving this circuit
gives a distribution of the fundamental harmonic component of oscillating current in Fig. 2 (a). As pointed by the arrows in Fig. 2 (b), therefore, currents in
the two strands flow in reverse directions each other
in both sections.
Then the direction of the magnetic
flux induced by the current depends on which conductor
of the first or second strand occupies outward in radiIn the Stearn winding, the magnetic
al location.
coupling in the upper and lower sections is positive,
In the Nuys winding, the
reinforcing oscillation.
magnetic coupling is negative, suppressing oscillation.
However, the above explanation involves a question. If both Nuys and Stearn windings have the current
distribution shown in Fig. 2 (a) and the current flowing into the first strand is reverse to that flowing
into the second strand, the magnetic flux between t-urns
is also reverse every other turn.
Thus, the difference in the magnetic flux within the coil between the
two windings is made only by a one-turn radial deviaThis might be insuffition between sections 1 and 2.
cient when one explains the significant difference in
oscillatory voltage between the Stearn and Nuys windings.

MEASUREMENTS
Local oscillation of the six types of windings as
listed in Table 1 was measured using a low-voltage impulse generator in order to compare the conventional
Stearn winding with the Nuys winding and to investigate
the effects of the number of turns per section.
Each
of the models had an inside diameter of 900 mm, a spacing of 5.6 mm between sections, and a 1 mm thick insulation between turns.

Table 1

Type of models

IIIIIIE]I
I I I I 1 m
#900 mm

1 mm

First, the effect of the number of sections on

local oscillation in windings have been examined by usThe
ing the Stearn windings of 30 turns per section.
voltage between sections of a pair was measured at the
center of the radial build, with the number of sections
The result in Fig. 3 showed
varied to 2, 6 and 20.
smaller value for the 2-section model than other two
and little difference in oscillation between the 6This means that the
section and 20-section models.
oscillation occurring in one coil is affected by the
upper and lower coils that are adjacent to the coil but
is not much affected by the coils which are farther
The results of measurements on the 6positioned.
section windings are discussed below.

5
4

(a) Fundamental harmonic component of

oscillating currents

3
0
--

Section 1

Section 2

1~~ ~ ~ ~

Stearn winding, 30 turns per

section
Applied wave
0.5/50 [tsec

Fig. 2

of current flow

Fundamental harmonic component of

oscillating currents and its flow

directions

20

No. of section

Fig. 3

(b) Directions

Effects of the number of sections on

maximum voltage between sections

Vm: Maximum voltage at center of radial

build between sections
Vo: Values calculated from final voltage
distribution

875

0D

Section 1

35%

Section 2

60%

64%

Section 3

_~~

Section 4

J
/

0
Section 5
Section 6

0D Outside radial build between sections

0D Inside radial build between coils
between coils
03 At center of radial build
0D At center of radial build between sections

0D

35'

98%

(b) Wdg. B (Nuys, 30

turns per
section)

(a) Wdg. A (Stearn, 30

turns per
section)

(c) Voltage check point

Voltage waveforms between coils and between

sections
0.5/50 As
Applied wave
1
ks/div.
25%/div.

Fig. 4

Figure 4 gives oscillograms showing voltage waveforms that appear in the windings A and B when 0.5/50s
The voltages were
full-waves are applied to them.
outside the radial build
measured at four positions:
inside the radiin Fig. 4 (c)
between sections
,

al

build

coils

between

at

the

center
the

and

of

the

radiof

center

the

Each oscillogram
.
radial build between sections
is accompanied by the crest value of voltage developed.
In the case of winding A, a large oscillatory voltage
An oscillatory comas indicated by Nuys is observed.
ponent having a frequency of approx. 800 kHz which is
attenuated rapidly in

-X

voltage

level

Maximum

voltage

times

the

few

decided

by

value

appears

calculated

cycles

the

between
from

is

superposed

on

which

is

the

initial distribution.

the

coils,
final

voltage

2.7
dis-

tribution, because the ratio of the voltage between

at the center of
to that between sections
coils
the radial build is 2.5/l.5l- 1.7 if the voltage is

distributed

0.2

0.8

0.6

0.4
Front

time

1.0

1.2

(ks)

the

Effects of front time on maximum voltage

between sections
Vm: Maximum voltage at center of radial build
between sections
Vo: Values calculated from final voltage distribution

Fig. 5

Wdg.

-_0

-x -

:
:

(Steamn,

30

turns

per

section)

Wdg. B (Nuys, 30 turns per section)

Wdg. C (Stearn, 10 turns per section)

linearly

in the coil.

However, the voltage

between sections contains a larger oscillatory com3.9 times the value calculated from
ponent, which is distribution.
final

voltage

For winding B, its oscillatory component is smallMaximum voltages between

er than that of winding A.
only about 1.4
coils and between sections are both
voltage disfinal
the
from
calculated
value
times the
This certainly indicates an
tribution.
effect of reducing the local oscillation in the Nuys
winding.

Figure 5

of the applied
pearing

sections.

at

shows the relation of the front time (Tf)

voltage with the oscillatory voltage ap-

the

center

The data

were

of

the

obtained

radial build

on

between

windings A, B and

876
C (Table i). As is obvious, the oscillatory voltage of
winding A reaches 2.9 times the value calculated from
the final voltage distribution when Tf = 1.0 is but
that of winding C remains at 1.85 times even when Tf =
It thus is found that the oscillatory voltage
0.2 jis.
is affected considerably by the number of turns per
section. With shorter front time of the applied voltage
compared with the time required for surge to propagate
As can
in a coil, larger oscillatory voltages result.
be understood from the curve on winding A, however, the
oscillatory voltage tends toward saturation if the front
The voltage
time is reduced to shorter than 0.5 isec.
between sections of winding B remains nearly constant
even if the front time is reduced.

(a) Stearn winding

ELUCIDATION OF LOCAL OSCILLATION

In order to clarify the behavior of oscillation in
the Stearn and Nuys windings, the voltage oscillation
calculated by introducing the equivalent circuits of a
pair of sections shown in Fig. 6.
In the arrangement of Fig. 6, each turn is represented with one inductance element which takes into
consideration of mutual inductances between each of all
turns and the capacitance between turns is assigned to
Strictly
the node at either end of each inductance.

(b) Nuys winding

Fig. 6

Measured

Calculated

Equivalent circuits of a pair of sections

Measured

Calculated
o

b_

1o, I

a:

.'

G-

U,_

00

oL

Don

-0 - -

I;
6 '..00
4.00

(C00

4.00

j0u00

0002d 00

00

J0

4.00

O0

00

4.00

(> 00

uo

00

0o

4.

.1 0)0)
'

!E0

J<
2 00

T WME

',

4.00

SEC i

1.00

(b) Nuys winding (30 turns

to
..

Section

Section 2

(a) Stearn winding (30

00

o oo

00

:n

turns

per

Fig. 7

section)

Oscillation waveforms of potential to

ground on 2-section models

per

section)

877
speaking, inductance elements have resistance which deBut, in the calculation, conpends upon frequency.
stant values at the natural frequency of the coil are
A digital computer was used to calculate the
used.
oscillation occurring in the equivalent circuits. Since
using bulky computer memory and spending much computation time were considered uneconomical, circuits
having only a pair of sections were calculated, though
more accurate data could have been gotten if calcuThe data obtained
lations were made on more sections.
might be sufficient for elucidation of the oscillating
phenomenon.
Figure 7 shows calculated data and measured data of
potentials to ground at the node in the center of the
The models used for these calculation
radial build.
and measurement were D (Stearn winding) and E (Nuys
In both amplitude and
winding) shown in Table 1.
frequency of the oscillation, the calculated data agree
relatively well with the measured data.
A comparison between the two windings reveals not
only a difference in the amplitude of oscillation but
also a difference in the phase of oscillation at the
In the Stearn
node in the center of the radial build.
winding, the first strand and the second strand within
the same section (b and f of section 1, and d and h of
section 2, Fig. 7) are oscillating in the same phase,
and section 1 (b, f) and section 2 (d, h) are oscillating in mutually opposite phases. While, the Nuys wind.ing has the first strand (b and d) in the two sections
oscillating in the same phase, but the second strand
(f and h) hardly oscillating.
The difference between the two windings becomes
more distinct if comparison is made on the voltage disFig. 8 shows the calculated
tribution along turns.
In the Stearn
voltage distributions in both windings.
winding, the anti-node of the oscillation appears at
the center of the radial build and the node appears at
the inside and outside crossovers. In the Nuys winding,

on the other hand, only the first strand is osciliating

with its anti-node appearing at the inside crossover
and its node appearing at the outside crossover.
oscillation between the
in
Such differences
equivalent circuits (a) and (b) of Fig. 6 cannot be explained if only self and mutual inductances are taken
into consideration. It is important to note the difference in the initial voltage distributions in the coils
caused by the different connections of conductors
Fig. 9 shows initial voltage disbetween sections.
tributions calculated from the capacitive equivalent
circuits representing two type of coils.
There are distinctive differences in the initial
voltage distribution between the Stearn and Nuys windAll turns of the Stearn winding, except the
ings.
first and the last turns of the coil, have a potential
In either section, that is, the
of approx. 50 %.
initial potential of the first strand (a-b-c-d-e) is
lower than the final value and that of the second
strand (e-f-g-h-i) is higher.
In the case of the Nuys winding, the second turn
as counted from outside section 1 is linked to the
interleaved connection having a potential of 50 %,
while the second turm as counted from outside section
2 is linked to the outside crossover to the next coil
having a zero potential. The turns located inside them
(a' through e' of the first strand and e through i of
the second strand) are connected in series via the
Therefore, the potentials
capacitances between turns.
of the turns are linearly distributed from 50 % to 0 %.
Thus the initial potential of the first strand (a-b-cd-e) is lower than the final value and that of the
second strand (e-f-g-h-i) nearly coincides with the
final one.
Now the authors point out that the difference in
initial distribution between the Stearn and Nuys windings, as shown in Fig. 9, results in a difference in
oscillation between the two windings.

130
at T =
100

1.0 ,us

at T = 1.8 ,us

10

100

: Final distribution

r-H
.H

P-H

50

50

50

First strand
-40

(a) Stearn winding (30

turns per section)

Fig. 8

(b)

-4- Second strand

Nuys winding (30 turns per section)

Calculated data of voltage distributions

878
The initial voltage distribution along the first
and second strands in the Stearn winding shown in Fig.
9 (a) gives a nearly symmetric with respect to the node
If the 50 % potential
in the interleaved connection.
is assumed a grounded potential and the discussion is
focused on only the first strand, then this strand
would be oscillating in the same pattern as when a rectangular wave is applied to the L-C ladder circuit
shown in Fig. 10 (a) as long as the mutual inductance
Potential e at a distance x away from the
is ignored.
grounding terminal can be given by the following
equation:
00

Ca

e = EX + E n=l
X21 Un sin njfx'cosCnt

2H

where,9
n

30

I
a

*I

-First

6060

Number of turns

*'

Second strand

strand

(a) Stearn winding (30 turns per section)

100

a
0

30

c
First

strand

Calculated

data

of

per

initial

Second

(b) Nuys winding (30 turns

Fig.

60
4

Number of turns

stranad

section)
voltage

tributions
Ct: Capacitance between turns
(Cg
Cg: Capacitance to earth

c) n =

I/L-

Therefore, the oscillatory component is an overlap of

space harmonics with n = 1 0-,
There is a difference, mentioned below, between
The
the fundamental harmonic and the second harmonic.
second harmonic, corresponding to the oscillatory component in the Stearn winding distribution shown in Fig.
8 (a), has the voltage distribution as plotted in solid
lines of Fig. 11 (a). As the voltage and current has a
phase difference of 900 in space, the current is disActributed as shown in dotted lines of Fig. 11 (a).
cordingly, currents in both the first and the second
strands flow in the same direction in either section as
And currents
indicated by the arrows of Fig. 11 (b).
flow- in the same direction through the turns outside
the midpoint of the radial build and in the opposite
direction through the turns inside the midpoint of the
The resulting magnetic fluxes in both
radial build.
sections are in the same direction, reinforcing each
other as shown in Fig. 11 (c).
On the contrary, the current of the fundamental
harmonic is distributed as illustrated in Fig. 2 (a).
The current flowing in the first strand is opposite to
As a result, the magnetic
that in the second strand.
fluxes in both sections are reversed every other turn,
thus acting to suppress oscillation each other.
To sum up for Stearn winding, an origin of oscillations is the difference between the initial and final
voltage distributions, then, the second harmonic component of the oscillations is enhanced by a resonance
between sections.
The
Next, let's turn eyes to the Nuys winding.
second strand of this winding does not oscillate because the initial voltage distribution coincidents with
the final one.
If the whole of the second strand is
assumed to be a grounded potential, oscillation in the
first strand can be simulated by the oscillation in an
L-C ladder circuit as shown in Fig. 12 (a). However, as
can be known from the initial distribution of Fig. 9(b),
the oscillation is an overlap of rectangular wave apPotential at
plied to x=l and that applied to x=O.
point x is given by the following equation:
.

and

dis-

< Ct)

00

EX + E

OTOrIoyI T
I 1 ITT T

00ri

I~iDooI

(a) Simplified equivalent

circuit,

Fig. 10

(b) Voltage distribution

Oscillation in the first strand of Stearn

winding

E(l-x) + E

sin
coo

X7l

n=l

n7rxcos6)

sin n 7r (l-x)-coso t

U
n

_(_)n sin n ir x, the even harmonic

components of the n=lhioo space harmonics cancel each
other and only the odd ones remain.
Thus, the Nuys
winding has a voltage distribution as shown by the
oscillation of fundamental harmonic of Fig. 8 (b), with
the current flow in the first strand being opposite to
The magnetic fluxes cancel
that in the second strand.
each other in the two sections, suppressing oscillation.
Local oscillation is originated in a difference
between the initial and final voltage distributions in
And resonance
each turn of two interleaved sections.
But
is caused by magnetic coupling between sections.
As sin

5n=l

ir

(l-x)

879

Potential

Final
distribution

Current

%V

I\\\,
%'
%'

1.

e\f"f

Pd

%l

g
I

IL

PFh

.1

I
x

.o_

I-'T I

0 I

(a) Voltage and current distributions

b

+-

(a) Simplified equivalent

circuit

Secti on 2

------

&

I. I.

ba

.4

(b) Voltage distribution

The authors wish to thank the management of ToshiCorporation for permitting them to publish this

paper.

REFERENCES

(c) Magnetic flux distribution

11

W.

ACKNOWLEGEMENT

Section 2

Fig.

pitin i- %1
bu i
-t.,asr-

Ix x

were measured and confirmed to be significant.

Also, voltage oscillation in equivalent circuits
having a pair of sections was digitally analyzed, and a
qualitative explanation of possible causes for such
local oscillation was attempted.
As a result, it was
clarified that local oscillation is owing to the
difference between initial an final voltage distributions within a coil and the magnetic coupling between
sections.

ATFV.
.

lation

,/.

I
I

winding

(b) Directions of current flow

Section

-%le.0
.,

Fig. 12 Oscillation in the first strand of Nuys

Section 1
f

Voltage,

current,

and

magnetic

distributions of Stearn winding

flux

the coupling is positive for the fluxes induced by the

second space harmonic component of the oscillating
currents, not the fundamental one. Nuys winding has a
different initial voltage distribution from the Stearn
winding.
The difference between the initial and final
voltage distributions of this winding does not cause
the even space harmonic oscillations, resulting in
little local oscillation.

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of the number of turns per section and
the front time of impulse voltage on the local oscil-

R. van Nuys, "Interleaved High-Voltage Transformer

Windings," IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. 97, 1978, PP.1946-1954
[21 A.T. Chadwick, J.M. Ferguson, D.H. Ryder and G.F.
Stearn, !'Design of Power Transformers to Withstand
Surge Due to Lightning with Special Reference to a
New Type of Winding," Proc. IEE, Part II, Vol. 97,
1950, PP.737-750.
[3] H. Brechna,
"Stossspannungssichere Transformatorwicklungen," Bulletin Oerlikon, no.328/329, 1958,
[11

P.89

[4] E.J. Grimmer and W.L. Teague, "Improved Core Form

Transformer Winding," AIEE Trans., Vol. 70, 1950.
Discussion, P.966
[51 A. Pedersen, "On the Response of Interleaved
Transformer Windings to Surge Voltages," AIEE
Trans., Vol.82, Part III, 1963, PP.349-356.
[61 U.S. Patent No.3477052, Nov. 4, 1969.

880
Discussion
D. H. Ryder (GEC Power Transformers Limited, Stafford, England): I
was very interested to read paper 80 SM 704-7 and to see that the
question of internal oscillations within disc coils is still of some interest
to transformer engineers. In the very short time available before the
reading of this paper I cannot give a full account of our views but we
are hoping that an account of our own work may be the subject of an
IEEE paper shortly.
Meanwhile it should be stated that George Steam, myself and the
co-authors of Reference [ 1] below, started the use of the interleaved
winding in 1950. It was then an English Electric design, but following
mergers in the UK Manufacturing Industry, it has now been used for
10 years by General Electric Company (England). Since 1950 we have
used the design, together with later improvements, on perhaps 1000
transformers, from 132kV to 765kV, and only one or two of these
transformers have suffered lightning impulse failure in service.
A number of the above transformers were subjected to Front of
Wave chopped voltages according to the NEMA rules, and no difficulty
was encountered during tests. In fact our investigations showed that
such is the time delay to breakdown characteristic of insulation, designs
for front of wave testing could use the normal calculations relevant to
the full wave impulse voltage distribution.
This is not to say that internal oscillations do not occur. They do:
and they can occur in non-interleaved, and in intershielded windings.
But the first conclusion of the present paper is important and is justified by our own work. The number of turns per section is indeed significant, and we find that for almost all practical designs the effect of
oscillatory internal coil voltages is less relevant than the intercoil

voltages.
I would be interested to know whether the authors have measure-

ments of very high frequency components in switching surges at gas

insulated substations. Surely any restriking and recovery voltages here
will be dependent upon local inductive and capacitive elements (including the connected transformer), which would give similar, rather
low frequencies to those of air or oil circuit breakers.

REFERENCE

[1]

A. T. Chadwick, J. M. Ferguson, D. H. Ryder and G. F. Steam,

"Design of power transformers to withstand surges due to lightning with special reference to a new type of winding", Proc.IEE,

Part II, Vol. 97, 1950, pp737-750.

Manuscript received July 14, 1980.

Jack D. Phillips, (McGraw-Edison Company, Canonsburg, PA): This

paper gives an explanation of the oscillations that occur in interleaved
windings based on the initial charging currents for the second harmonic
as shown in Figure 11 rather than the fundamental shown in Figure 2.
The voltage oscillations shown in Figures 4 and 7 for both the
Stearns and Van Nuys windings have a period of approximately 1.2
micro-seconds. This agrees reasonably well with Formula 9 in Pedersen's Paper [5] which indicates the period is a function of the turns
in two sections, the diameter of the coil and the propogation velocity.

30 x

x .996 = .83 Microseconds

per section coil and .27 micro-seconds for the 10 turn

Figure 5 indicates the Stearns winding has high amplitude oscillations when the front time is less than "T" but small oscillations when
the front time is greater than "T". The amplitude of the oscillations is
of the
For the 30 turn
per section coil.

maximum at the anti-nodes near the center of the radial build

coil. The axis of the oscillations is based on the final voltage distribution Vo and is a function of the number of sections but independent of
the turns per section. Values for the two windings as shown in Figures 4
and 7 are tabulated below.

MEASUREMENT AXIS OF
MAX.
POINT
OSCILLATION AMPLITUDE
Vo
STEARNS
FIGURE 4
1.

2.
3.
4.

MAX.
AMPLITUDE
VAN NUYS

2 SECTIONS = .333+ .04 NODE .333 + 017

6 SECTIONS
3 SECTIONS = .500
+.14NODE .500 +.04
6 SECTIONS
2.5 SECTIONS
+
+ .72 ANTI
416.15
6 SECTIONS =.416
NODE
.
=
1.5 SECTIONS =.250OT.73ANTI250 + 10
6 SECTIONS
NODE

FIGURE 7
b.

d.
f.

h.

875+30

1.75 SECTIONS

.875 + .125

2 SECTIONS - 865 +* 13
1.25
SECIONS
1.25 SECTIONS
+

.625 + .125

SECTIONS
.75SECTIONS

.375 + .10

- 375

2 SECTIONS

.375 +

.25

.25 SECTIONS
2 SECTIONS

=.125 +.37

.125 + .1

The initial voltage distributions shown in Figures 9a and 9b indicate the maximum stress on the turn insulation (between turns 0 and
30 in the first section and between turns 30 and 60 in the second section) is essentially the same for the Stearns and Van Nuys windings.
Comparison of the oscillograms in Figure 7 also indicate the stress on
the turn insulation between b and f and between d and h is also similar
(approximately .5). While the amount of turn insulation required is
therefore similar, the Steams winding may require larger ducts depending on the front time, tums per section, number of sections, and the
diameter of the coil.
Although the peak oscillating voltages between coils and sections
in Stearns windings may be quite large they are of short duration (a
few tenths of a microsecond). Also with longer fronts, fewer turns per
section and more sections, the actual stress across the duct will decrease.
The minimum duct size may also be dictated by thermal considerations.

Manuscript July 31, 1980.

T. Teranishi, M. Ikeda, M. Honda, T. Yanari: The authors would like
to thank the discussers for their interest and comments.
As explained by Mr. D. H. Ryder, satisfactory results have been
obtained by use of the interleaved transformer winding. This shows
that when the number of turns per section is small, a voltage occurring
between sections at the center of its radial build by local oscillations
is not increased more than a voltage occurring at the edge. Even if it
becomes larger, it is rare that the oscillatory voltage at the center of
its radial build becomes critical to the insulation between the sections
on the following two reasons. One is that as pointed out by Dr. J. D.
Phillips, the peak oscillatory voltage are of short duration and the
electrical strength to the oscillatory voltage at the center of its radial
build becomes higher than that to the voltage produced to the edge
because of V-t characteristic of oil gap break. The other is that at the
edge of a section, the stress in axial direction and that in radial direction between winding are superimposed. Therefore, even if the voltage
in axial direction is smaller than the oscillatory voltage at
occurring
the center of the radial build, the stress becomes higher. However,
when the number of turns per section becomes larger, this phenomenon
should not be disregarded. This is clarified from Figure 5 of this paper.
As will be clear from the comment of Dr. J. D. Phillips, the
frequency of local voltage oscillation substantially coincides with the
transit time "T" in Pedersen's paper. It increases rapidly as the front
time becomes smaller than "T". Accordingly, if the steepness of the
impulse voltage applied to windings is given, "T" serves as reference
for judging if local oscillation will occur.
According to our experience, in the case of switching a charging
gas insulated subcurrent ofa short bus with disconnecting switchofinseveral
100 kHz
stations, switching surge of high-frequency
MHz may occur. When using the Steam windings, a sufficient investigation should be required for the possibility that such a high-frequency
-

881
surge may enter the transformer windings and the magnitude of the
local oscillation at that time.
Manuscript received October 14, 1980.
Tsuneharu Teranishi was bom in Nagoya, Japan,
on February 10, 1946. He received the B.S. and
the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from
Nagoya University, in 1968, and 1970.
_ From 1970 to 1973 he continued to research the dielectric characteristics of liquid. In
1973, he joined the transformer design department in Hamakawasaki Work of Toshiba Corporation. In 1979, he joined the Heavy Apparatus Laboratory of Toshiba Corporation, and has
engaged in the development of the insulation
technique for a power transformer.
Mr. Teranishi is a member of JIEE.
Masami Ikeda was born in Yokohama, Japan, on
September 14, 1943. He graduated from Toshiba
Techniical College in 1966.
In the same year, he joined the Heavy Apparatus Engineering Laboratory of Toshiba Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan, where he engaged in
the development of the insulation technique for
a power transformer. He has been devoted to
studies conceming the breakdown of transformer oil. Since 1975 he has been Specialist
of High voltage Laboratory.

Masaki Honda was born in Yokohama, Japan, on

July 8, 1942. He received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from Waseda University,
Tokyo, Japan, in 1965.
In the same year, he joined Toshiba Corporation. From 1965 to 1978 he was involved
in the development of transformer testing technique. Since 1978, he has been with the high
voltage laboratory, being involved in research
and development of high voltage technique.

Toshiyuki Yanari was bom in Tokyo, Japan,

on August 1, 1938. He received the B.S. degree
in electrical engineering from Tokyo University,
Tokyo, Japan in 1962.
In 1962 he joined Toshiba Corporation,
Yokohama, Japan, where he was involved in
designing power transformers. Since 1974 he
has been Senior Engineer of Advanced Engineering Group, Transformer Design Department.