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Reservoir fluids
FLUID PROPERTIES
Generalities
Pure components and simple mixture properties
Oil and gas behavior between the reservoir and
the surface
Sampling
PVT studies
Conclusions
Applied exercises
FLUID PROPERTIES
GENERALITIES
Gas
Separator
Pt
at Psep. , T sep.
Oil
Tubing
Pwf
Voil
Pr
Tr
Reservoir
GENERALITIES
GENERALITIES
GENERALITIES
Basic characteristics
Gas = C1 to C4
Density
Calorific value (J / m3)
Chemical Composition (valorisation, extraction of liquids)
Dry gas
Wet gas
Condensat
GENERALITIES
Basic Characteristics
oil = C5 +
API Definition
API = 141.5
- 131.5
where d is the density of stock tank oil relative to water at 60F (15.6C).
Condensate or very light oils :
Light oils :
Medium oils :
heavy oils :
d < 0.80
0.80 < d < 0.86
0.86 < d < 0.92
0.92 < d < 1
(above 45API)
(33 to 45API)
(22 to 33API)
(lower than 22API)
GENERALITIES
MAIN FAMILIES OF HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons
Aromatics
Aliphatics
Unsaturated
(or Alkanes)
Normal Alkanes
Iso-alkanes
(ex. methane,
ethane, propane)
(ex. iso-butane)
Cycloalkanes
(or Naphthenes)
Alkenes
(ex. ethylene)
Alkynes
(ex. acetylene)
(ex. cyclohexane)
GENERALITIES
Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
a) Normal alkanes
GENERALITIES
Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
b) Iso- and cyclo-alkanes, aromatics
GENERALITIES
Definitions
Oil : reservoir fluid having a bubble point at reservoir temperature.
When the pressure decreases in the reservoir, the fluid is
monophasic until the bubble point pressure is reached. Below this
pressure, a gaseous phase expands progressively.
Special case : a dead oil is an oil containing so little gas dissolved
that no bubble point is noticeable. This is often the case with heavy
oil.
GENERALITIES
DEFINITIONS
Bubble point : the pressure at which the first gas bubble appears (out of
solution).
Example : opening of a champagne bottle.
Dew point : the new phase is a liquid phase.
Example : condensation of water vapor when breathing out in cold air.
GENERALITIES
DEFINITIONS
Standard conditions :
Pst = 14,7 psia (or 1,013 bar a)
Tst = 60F (15,6 C)
GENERALITIES
Several formation fluids composition
(% mole)
Components Oil
Oil
Oil
Dry
gas
Nitrogen+CO2 2.16
2.37
4.09
1.01
0.40
30.28
6.28
10.21
1.23
5.75
1.62
2.71
3.28
36.58
4.49
3.45
50.12
7.78
5.18
1.04
2.65
1.11
1.43
1.92
20.83
2.12
H2S
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-Pentane
C6
C7+
63.91
8.29
4.37
0.94
2.21
0.72
1.15
1.86
14.43
64.19
11.18
6.20
0.75
2.31
0.64
1.03
1.22
10.11
73.80
9.43
4.43
0.87
1.63
0.71
0.66
0.91
3.47
88.54
5.32
2.30
0.56
0.59
0.27
0.23
0.27
0.91
94.32
3.90
1.17
0.08
0.13
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Bo =
Vg std
Vstd ref
Boi
Bob(1+Co(Pb - Pi))
For P >Pb
Bob
Boi(1+Co(Pi - Pb))
For P >Pb
Rs quantifies the amount of gaseous components which are dissolved in the oil at
reservoir conditions.
Compressibility (Co)
Co = -
1
V
( V
P )T
Reservoir conditions
200 m gas
1 m oil
Surface conditions
0,8 m oil
Formation volume factor (FVF) :
Bo = 1/0.8 = 1.25 m/m
Gas oil ratio :
GOR = 200/0.8 = 250 Sm/m
Bo
1.9
45API
1.6
30API
1.3
1.0
100
200
300
400
500
P (bar)
Rs
300
45API
200
30API
100
100
200
400
300
500
P (bar)
Viscosity
The viscosity varies with the pressure, temperature and quantity of dissolved
gas. In the reservoir, the following prevail for the hydrocarbon liquid :
Order of magnitude : from 0,2 cP (very light oil) to 1 P, called heavy oil
above 1 P, up to about 100 P.
o (cP)
1,5
30API
0,5
45API
100
200
300
400 P (bar)
10
GOR = 350
dg = 0.75
T = 180F
o = 30 API
Pb = 1900 psi
11
Reservoir conditions
200 m gas
1 m gas
Surface conditions
0,2 m
condensate
Formation volume factor :
Bg = 1/200 m/m
Ratio condensate /gas :
CGR = 0.2/200 = 0.001 Sm/m
12
Vgres
Bg =
Pstd
Tres
x Zx
Bg =
Tstd
Vgstd
Pres
Eg = 1 / Bg
R
Field Units
ZxT
Tstd = 520 R
Bg = 0.028269 x
vol/vol
P
Metric Units
psia
K
ZxT
Tstd = 288 K
Bg = 0.00352 x
vol/vol
P
273+15(Tst)
SI Units
bars a
ZxT
Tstd = 288 K
Bg = 351.8 x
vol/vol
P
Pa
23.63 dm3
Vol of 1 mole of gas at normal conditions {1 atm, 273 K (0C)} : 22.414 dm3
13
43
14
PURE COMPONENT
Pressure
C
Liquid
Vapor
Temperature
15
PURE COMPONENT
Pressure
Clapeyron P - V Curve
T3
T2
T1
A
C
L
V
B
Psat
R
Dew point
Bubble
point
L+V
Saturation curve
Volume
Pressure
C
Monophasic
Area
n
Liquid + Vapor
cricondentherm
oi
eP
Cu
rve
l
bb
Bu
Monophasic
Area
ve
ur
tC
Po
in t
Pc
cricondenbar
De
w
Pcc
Tc
Tcc
Temperature
16
Pressure
T3
T2
T1
CC
L
Psat
Bubble
point
Dew point
L+V
Volume
Pressure
UNDERSATURATED OIL
Tres, Pres
p1
Critical point
Separator
Tc
Temperature
17
Pressure
SATURATED OIL
Critical point
C
Tres, Pres
P1
Separator
Tc
Temperature
CONDENSATE GAS
Pressure
Tres, Pres
Critical point
p1
Sparateur
Tc
Tcc
Temperature
18
Pressure
Cricondenbar
Pcc
Pc
l
bb
Bu
n
oi
ep
u
tc
e
rv
Critical point
Cricondentherm
Liquid + gas
Zone : No or poor contribution of
dissolved gases
Dry gas
100%
75%
50%
30%
20%
10%
5%
0%
e
urv
Tc Tcc
WET GAS
Tres, Pres
Pressure
Critical point
p1
Separator
Tc
Temperature
19
DRY GAS
Critical point
Pressure
Separator
Tres, Pres p1
Tc
Temperature
Condensate
WE
TG
Gas
Gas
Oil
AS
P V T / FLUIDS
Po
int
DR
Y
t
in
Po
De
w
le
bb
Bu
GA
S
Separator
Separator
20
SAMPLING
Representativity :
monophasic
only one layer per sampling
stabilized flow regime
pressure
GOR
flow rates, etc...
SAMPLING
Gas sampling
bottle
gas
Psep, Tsep
Oil sampling
bottle
Reservoir fluid
Pr, Tr
GORsep = Qgas/Qoil
Psto, Tsto
GORsto
Tank oil
ambient conditions
21
SAMPLING SUMMARY
Produced fluid
Sampling type
Bottom hole sampling
Surface sampling
Well in production
with Pwf > Pb
Stabilized well
with Pwf>Pb
Saturated oil
To bean back
progressively. Well closed
and stabilized. Sampling at
minimum flow rate.
To bean back to
have GOR GORi
Stabilized flow rate
with P min
Gas
GOR=GORi=Ct
Not recommended
RESERVOIR WATER
22
PVT Studies
Constant Composition Expansion (Oil)
Oil expansion between the initial pressure and the bubble
pressure (it is also a flash process)
PVT Studies
CONSTANT COMPOSITION EXPANSION
At reservoir temperature with constant composition
Determine :
Bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature (Pb)
Isothermal compressibility factor of oil at bubble point (Co)
Gas compressibility factor (Z)
Pressure
Saturation pressure
P1
P2
P1>Psat
P3
P4
P5
P2>Psat
P3=Psat
P4<P3
P5<P4
Oil
Gas
Volume
23
PVT Studies
DIFFERENTIAL VAPORIZATION
At reservoir temperature with variable composition
Determine :
Vg
Vo2
Vo2
P1=Psat
Vo3
Vt3
Vt2
Vo3
P2<Psat
P2
Vt3
Vt2
oil
gas
Volume
P3<P2
P2
P3
P3
Vo2
Vo3
P3
P2
Pb
P1
PVT Studies
CONSTANT COMPOSITION EXPANSION/GAS
Vsat
P1>Psat
P2=Psat
P3<P2
P4<P3
P5<P4
condensate
gas
P6<P5
P7<P6
Pressure
P5
P6
P7
Temperature
24
PVT Studies
CONSTANT VOLUME DEPLETION /GAS
Vg
Vsat
Vsat
V1
P2<Psat
P1=Psat
P2
V2
P2
P3<P2
P3
condensate
gas
PVT Studies
FLASH LIBERATION /OIL
Vo res
Qg
Bo =
Vo std
Rs =
Vg
Separator
std
Psep
Vo std
Tsep
Qo
Vo std
Qg
GOR =
Pres
Vo res
Qo
Tres
25
PVT Studies
SEPARATOR TEST
The objective :
To obtain the optimum conditions of oil
separation in the surface at different pressure
and temperature.
gas
oil
Preservoir
Treservoir
Patm
Tabm
PVT Studies
COMPOSITE DATA
Bo= bod*(bobf/bobd)
Rs = rsif-(rsid-rsd) *(bobf/bobd)
26
PVT Studies
27