Em-I Lab Manual

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Open circuit and load characteristics of a separately excited DC Shunt Generator
2. Open circuit and load characteristics of a self excited DC shunt generator
3. Load Characteristics of DC compound generator with cumulative and differential connection
4. Load Characteristics of DC shunt motor
5. Load Characteristics of DC compound motor
6. Load Characteristics of DC series motor
7. Swinburne’s Test
8. Speed control of DC shunt motor
9. Load test on single phase transformer
10. Open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer
11. Sumpner’s test on transformers
12. Separation of no load losses in a single phase transformer
13. Three phase transformer connections
EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

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1. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY

EXCITED DC GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct open circuit test and load test on a separately excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C . External Characteristics Load characteristics and
D. Performance Characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 2
(0-10)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
(0-2) A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω/1.4 A 2
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature Current in Amps.
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D
Eg Eg & VL η
If
If Ia Po

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PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and the field
rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor by using 3-point starter.
5. The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6. Emf generated in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
of the generator. Readings are noted up to 125% of the rated voltage.
7 . Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
Note: The adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous readings
and the new one won’t be same due to residual magnetism. So, the adjustment of field rheostat
should be in one direction.
8. Draw the open circuited curve from the tabulated values.
LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3. Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4. Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5. Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted down.
4. Calculate DC armature resistance Rdc and multiply by 1.3 to get hot Armature
Resistance.
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
If (A)
Eg (V)

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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output η=

No. Voltage Current Voltage Current Current Voltage Power Power (Pout /Pin)
Vin (V) Iin (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Ish (A) Eg (V) Pin Pout x 100
(watts) (watts) %
To find Ra
S.No Voltage in (V) Current in (A) Resistance in ohms
RESULT:
Open circuit and load test is conducted on a separately excited DC generator and the
characteristics are drawn.

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2. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC

GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct open circuit test and load test on a self excited DC Generator and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics and
D. Performance Characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-10)A MC 1
(0-2) A MC 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa Volts
Where Eg = Generated voltage in Volts
Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms.
2. Input power (Pin)= Vin* Iin Watts.
Where Vin= Input voltage in volts
Iin= Input current in Amperes.
3. Output Power (Pout)= Vt*Ia Watts
Where Vt = Terminal Voltage in Volts.
4. Percentage Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
MODEL GRAPH:
A B&C D
Eg Eg & VL η
If
If Ia Po

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PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2) Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and the field
rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position.
3) By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4) Start the motor by using 3-point starter.
5) The field rheostat of the motor (ie., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6 ) .Emf generated due to residual magnetism is noted.
7) Emf generated in the generator is noted for various field currents by adjusting the field rheostat
of the generator. Readings are noted up to 125% of the rated voltage.
8 ) Tabulate the corresponding field current (If) & generated voltage (Eg).
a. Note: The adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the previous
readings and the new one won’t be same due to residual magnetism. So, the adjustment
of field rheostat should be in one direction.
9) Draw the open circuited curve from the tabulated values.
LOAD TEST:
1) Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the rheostat of the generator.
2) DPST Switch of single-phase rheostatic load is closed.
3) Apply the load to the generator using Single Phase Resistive Load step by step.
4) Vary the load of the generator up to its rated current.
5) Tabulate the Input voltage, Input current, terminal Voltage and Armature current for different
load values.
6) While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as that of rated
voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
7) Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its
original position and supply is switched off.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

Repeat the procedure and circuit diagram from the previous experiment
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
If (A)
Eg (V)

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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output η=

No. Voltage Current Voltage Current Current Voltage Power Power (Pout /Pin)
Vin (V) Iin (A) Vt (V) IL (A) Ish (A) Eg (V) Pin Pout x 100
(watts) (watts) %
RESULT:
Open circuit and load test is conducted on a self excited DC generator and the characteristics
are drawn.

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3. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH

CUMULATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL CONNECTION
AIM:
To conduct a load test on a DC compound generator and to draw the load characteristics in
both cumulative and differential mode of operation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-20)A MC 1
(0-10) A MC 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. For a long shunt compound motor, the generated voltage

Eg= V + Ia(Ra+Rse) Volts
Where Ia = Armature current in Amps
Ra = Armature resistance in Ohms
Rse = Series field resistance in Ohms
V = Terminal voltage in Volts
2. For a short shunt compound motor, the generated voltage

Eg= V + Ia*Ra+IL*Rse Volts
Where Ia = Armature current in Amps
Ra = Armature resistance in Ohms
Rse = Series field resistance in Ohms
IL = Load Current in Amps.
V = Terminal voltage in Volts
MODEL GRAPH:
V & Eg Eg
cumulative
V
V
Eg diff
IL

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PROCEDURE:

2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position
and the field rheostat of the generator is kept at maximum position .
5. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed.
6. Vary the field rheostat of the generator to obtain the rated voltage.
7. Note the no load readings.
8. The load side DPST switch is closed.
9. Load is applied to the motor up to 125% of rated value by using rheostatic
load and the corresponding terminal voltage & load current values are tabulated.
10. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant as
that of rated voltage.(Because due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
11. The series field of the generator is interchanged and the same procedure is
repeated for all modes of operation.
NOTE: If the shunt field is connected across both the armature and series field, it is long shunt and if
the shunt field is connected across the armature only then it is called short shunt.
TABULATION
CUMULATIVE – LONG SHUNT

S.No Line Line Field Armature Generated voltage
Voltage Current Current Current Eg in (V)
Vin (V) IL(A) Ish(A) Is=IL+Ish (A)
CUMULATIVE –SHORT SHUNT

S.No Line Line Field Armature Generated voltage
Voltage Current Current Current Eg in (V)
Vin (V) IL(A) Ish(A) Is=IL+Ish (A)
DIFFERENTIAL – LONG SHUNT

DIFFERENTIAL-SHORT SHUNT
Draw similar tabulation as cumulative
RESULT:
The load test is conducted and the load characteristics of the given DC compound generator are
drawn.

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4. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given on DC shunt motor and to draw the following characteristic
curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
C. Performance characteristics
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.
2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R

Where R= Radius of the Brake Drum in metre.
3.Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts

Vin =Input voltage in Amperes
Iin = Input current in Amperes
4.Outpower (Pout ) =2*π * N*T/60 watts

Where N= Speed of the motor in rpm
T= Torque in Nm.
5.Percentage Efficiency = (Pout / Pin )*100

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MODEL GRAPH:
A B C
T N
η T Ia N
I T Pout
PROCEDURE:
1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2.Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position.
3.By closing the DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
4.Start the motor by using 3 point starter.
5.The field rheostat of the motor(i.e., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
rated speed. After adjusting the rheostat to the rated speed it should not be altered.
6.At no load condition ,the input voltage ,current, speed are noted.
7.Load is applied to the motor upto 125% of rated value by using Brake Drum and the
corresponding reading are tabulated.
8.Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is
switched off.
9.From the tabulated values the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
TABULATION:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficinecy
Voltag Current Reading N T Power Power Pout * 100
e Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 Pin Pout
Vin Pin
Unit Volts Amps Kg kg Kg RPM Nm Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC shunt motor is conducted and the performance characteristic curves
are drawn.

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5. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC compound motor and to draw the following characteristic
curves
A. Armature current Vs Speed
B. Speed Vs Torque
o Output power Vs Speed
o Output power Vs Current
o Output power Vs Torque
o Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2. Ammeter (0-10)A MC 1
3. Rheostat 350Ω /1.4 A 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. F=(F1~F2) Kg.
Where, F = Force in Kg.
F1,F2 = Spring Balance readings in Kg.
2. T = 9.81* F *R
Where, T = Torque in N-m
R = Radius of the Brake Drum in meter.
3. Pin = Vin*Iin Watts.

Where, Pin = Input power in watts.
Vin = Input voltage in volts.
Iin = Input current in Amperes.
4. Pout = 2*Π *N*T/60 watts.

Where Pout = Output power in watts.
N = Speed of the motor in rpm
5. Percentage of Efficiency = ( Pout/Pin )*100

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MODEL GRAPH:
N A N B Ia C
T
η
Ia T Pout
PROCEDURE:

2. Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST switch, 230V DC supply is given.
5. The field rheostat of the motor (i.e., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
6. At no load condition, the input voltage, current, speed are noted.
7. Load is applied to the motor up to 125% f rated value by using Brake Drum and the
8. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and supply is
switched OFF.
9. From the tabulated values the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
TABULATION:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Outpu Efficinecy
Voltage Current Reading N T Powe t Pout * 100
Vin Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 r Power Pin
Pin Pout
RESULT:
Thus the load test on a DC Compound motor is conducted and the characteristic curves are drawn.

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6. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on a DC series motor and to draw the performance characteristic curves.
A. Armature current Vs Torque (Electrical Characteristics)
B. Speed Vs Torque (Mechanical Characteristics)
a. Output power Vs Speed
b. Output power Vs Current
c. Output power Vs Torque
d. Output power Vs Efficiency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-20)A MC 1
(0-10) A MC 1
4. Thread
5. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1.F=[F1-F2] Kg.
Where F = Force in Kg.
F1, F2= Spring Balance readings in Kg.
2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R

Where R= Radius of the Brake Drum in metre.
3.Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts

Vin =Input voltage in Amperes
Iin = Input current in Amperes
4.Outpower (Pout ) =2*π * N*T/60 watts

Where N= Speed of the motor in rpm
T= Torque in Nm.
5.Percentage Efficiency = (Pout / Pin )*100

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MODEL GRAPH:
A B C
T I T
N
I T Pout
PROCEDURE:

2.Verify whether the field rheostat of the motor is kept at minimum position and ensure that
some load is applied to the brake drum.
5.The excitation of the field rheostat of the motor is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
6.At no load condition, the input voltage, current, speed are noted.
7.Load is applied to the motor upto 125% of rated value by using Brake Drum and the
8.Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its minimum position and supply
is switched off.
9.From the tabulated values, torque, input power and the percentage efficiency are calculated
& the performance characteristic curves are drawn.
TABULATION:
S.No Input Input Spring Balance Speed Torque Input Output Efficinecy
Voltage Current Reading N T Power Power Pout * 100
Vin Iin F1 F2 F1~F2 Pin Pout Pin
RESULT:
The load test is conducted and the performance characteristics curves are drawn for the given
DC series motor.

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7. SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM:
To conduct the Swinburne’s test (or) loss summation test on the given DC shunt motor and to
predetermine the efficiency of a DC machine operating as
1. a motor
2. a generator
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-5)A MC 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1 . No load input power Pino=VLo* ILo Watts

Where VLo= No load input voltage in volts
ILo= No load input current in Amps
2 . Armature Current Iao= ILo- Ifo Amps
Where Ifo= No load field current in Amps
ILo= No load input current in Amps
3 . Armature copper loss Wcuo= Iao2Ra Watts
Where Iao= No load armature current in Amps
Ra= Armature resistance in Ohms
4. Constant losses of the DC shunt machine Wc= Pino-Wcuo Watts
Where Pino= No load input power in Watts
Wcuo=Armature copper loss in Watts
MODEL GRAPH:
η Gen η Gen
Mot Mot
X Pout

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PROCEDURE:

2.Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field
rheostat is kept at minimum position .
5.The field rheostat of the motor(i.e., excitation) is adjusted so as to make the motor to run at
6.At no load condition, the input voltage, current, speed are noted.
7.After taking the readings, switch off the supply.
8.From the recorded values, the no load losses are calculated.
9.The efficiency of the DC shunt machine is predetermined for various load conditions and the
graph is drawn between efficiency Vs output power for the machine as generator and as motor.
TABULATION:
NO LOAD READING OF THE MACHINE AS A MOTOR
S.No No Load Voltage No Load Current Iin No Load No Load

Vin Field Armature Current
Current If Ia=Iin-If
Unit Volts Amps Amps Amps
EFFICIENCY AS A MOTOR
S.No Fraction Load Input Armature Copper Total Loss Output Efficinecy
of Load Current Power Current Loss PL=Wc+Wcu Power Pout * 100
IL Pin=Vin*IL Ia=IL-If Wcu=Ia2Ra Pout=Pin- Pin
=12*x PL
Unit X Amps Watts Amps Watts Watts Watts %
EFFICIENCY AS A GENERATOR
S.No Fraction Load Input Armature Copper Total Loss Output Efficinecy
of Load Current Power Current Loss PL=Wc+Wcu Power Pout * 100
IL=12*x Pout=VL*IL Ia=IL+If Wcu=Ia2Ra Pin=Pout+PL Pin
Unit x Amps Watts Amps Watts Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the swinburne’s test is conducted on the given DC shunt motor and the
performance(Efficiency)characteristics are obtained for the machine running as a motor and as a
generator.

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8. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To Control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods.
1. Armature control method
2. Field control method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-5)A MC 1
55 Ω/ 4.6 A 1
4. Tachometer 1
FORMULA:
Back EMF Eb= Va- IaRa
MODEL GRAPH:
1.
2.
N Eb
If N
PROCEDURE:
A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD
2.Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and the field
rheostat is kept at minimum position .
5.For armature control method, keep the field current constant by adjusting the field rheostat
connected in the field circuit.
6.Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit and note the corresponding armature
voltage, armature current and speed and tabulate it.

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B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD
1.For field control method keep the armature voltage as constant by adjusting the rheostat
connected to the armature circuit.
2.Vary the rheostat connected in the field circuit and for each setting note the corresponding
field current and speed and tabulate it.
TABULATION:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD: Va=constant
S.No Armature Field Current Speed

VoltageVa (volts) If (amps) N (rpm)
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD: If =constant
S.NO If (Amps) Va (volts) Ia (Amps) Eb( volts) N(rpm)
RESULT:
The speed control of DC Shunt motor is conducted and the curves are drawn.

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9.LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and to draw the performance
characteristics curves.
1. Efficiency Vs Output Power
2. Regulation Vs Output Power.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
(0-300) V MI 1
(0-10)A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-20) A MI 1
3. Wattmeter 150V,20A UPF 1

300V,10A UPF 1
4. Auto transformer 240 V, 1
2.7 KVA,10A
FORMULA USED:
1.Percentage Regulation = (Vo2-V2) /Vo2*100

Where Vo2 = Secondary voltage on no load
Vo = Secondary voltage at a particular load
2. Power factor = Pout/V2*I2

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
V2 = Secondary voltage in Volts
I2 = Secondary current in Amps
3. Percentage efficiency = Pout/Pin*100

Where Pout = Secondary wattmeter readings in Watts
Pin = Primary wattmeter readings in Watts.
MODEL GRAPH:
% reg
Pout

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PROCEDURE

2.Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.By closing the DPST switch, 230V,1φ ,50HZ AC supply is given to the transformer.
4.At no load, the readings from the meters are noted down.
5.The load is applied to the transformer in steps upto 125% of the rated value of the primary
Current by using rheostatic load..
6.The corresponding values from the meters are tabulated for different loads.
7.Then the load is removed gradually, auto transformer is brought to its minimum position and
the supply is switched off.
8.From the recorded values, the regulation, power factor and efficiency are calculated.
TABULATION:
S. Primary Primary Primary Secondar Secondar Secondar Power % η

No Voltage Current Wattmete y y y Factor Regulation %
V1 (V) I1 (A) r Voltage Current Wattmete Cosθ %
W1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A) r
W2 (W)
RESULT
Thus the load test on the single phase transformer is conducted and the characteristic
curves are drawn. The tested transformer attains maximum overall efficiency of______________ at
an output power of

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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

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10. OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on single phase transformer and hence
to determine
i. The equivalent circuit parameters
ii. The percentage efficiency and the regulation at any desired load.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-75) V MI 1
(0-2.5) A MI 1
3. Wattmeter 150 V, 20A LPF 1
150 V, 20A UPF 1
4. Auto transformer 240V,2.7KVA,10A 1
FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
1 . No load power factor Cosφ o = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
2 . Working component of no load current Iw = IoCosφ o
3 . Magnetizing component of no load current Iµ = IoSinφ o
4 . Ro = Vo/Iw
5 . Xo = Vo/ Iµ
6 . Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
7 . Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
8 . Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = √Zo22-Ro22
9 . Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
10.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
11. Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2
II. To Predetermine Percentage Efficiency:

Q = KVA of the given transformer
x = Fraction of load
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo
Output = x*Q*Cosθ
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100

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SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

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III. To Calculate Percentage Regulation:

For Lagging power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cosθ + Xo2 Sinθ ) * 100
For Leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo)*(Ro2 Cosθ - Xo2 Sinθ ) * 100
MODEL GRAPH + % reg
η 1 η 1
0.8 0.8
lead pf lag pf
Pout X - % reg
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
R e’ Xe’ Re Xe
V1 R0 X0 V2’ V1’ R0’ X0’ V2
PROCEDURE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

3.To conduct no load test, high voltage windings must be open circuited and the rated voltage b
should be applied to the low voltage winding .
4. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1φ , 50Hz, AC supply is given to the transformer.
5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated voltage across the primary windings and
the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6.Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7.From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (Ro & Xo) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

3.To conduct short circuit test, low voltage windings must be short-circuited.
4.By closing DPST switch, 230V, 1φ , 50HZ AC supply is given to the autotransformer.

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5. By adjusting the auto transformer, apply the rated current across the primary windings and
the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6.Bring the autotransformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
7. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (Ro1 & Xo1) of the equivalent circuit
are calculated.
Predetermination Of Efficiency And Regulation:

• From the calculated values of equivalent circuit parameters, the regulation is calculated for
various values of assumed power factor.
• For various values of assumed power factor the efficiency is calculated and the graph is
plotted.
TABULATION:
Open Circuit Test
No load Voltage No Load Current Wattmeter Reading
Vo in Volts Io in Amps Wo in Watts
Short Circuit Test

Primary Voltage Primary Current Wattmeter Reading
Vsc in Volts Isc in Amps Wsc in Watts
Determination Of Percentage Regulation

Cosθ Sinθ Percentage Regulation
√1-Cos2θ Lagging (+) Leading (-)
0,.2,.4,.6,.8,
1
Predetermination Of Efficiency For power factors of 0.8 and 1.0

S.No Fraction Output Power Copper Total Loss Input Power Efficinecy
of Load Po(XQcos Loss Wc=Wo+x2Wsc Output+losses
θ ) Wcu=x2Wsc
Unit x Amps Watts Watts Watts %
RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer and,
i. The equivalent circuit parameters are found out. The equivalent circuit parameters of the
given transformer are
Ro = Xo=
R01= R02=
ii. The performance curves of the transformer are determined at various loads and power
factors.

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11. SUMPNER’S TEST ON TRANSFORMERS
AIM:
• To conduct Sumpner’s test on two similar single-phase transformers.
• To draw equivalent circuit of each transformer with reference to high voltage and low
voltage sides.
• To predetermine the percentage efficiency and percentage regulation of each transformer at
any load and to draw the performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-600) V MI 1
(0-75) V MI 1
(0-10)A MI 1
3. Wattmeter 150V,5A LPF 1
75V,10A UPF 1
4. Auto transformer 240 V, 2.7 KVA,10A 2
5. SPST Switch 1
FORMULA USED:
1. Open circuit parameters of each transformer
Vo = V1
Io = I1/2
Wo = W1/2
2. Short circuit parameters of each transformer
Vsc = V2/2
Isc = I2
Wsc = W2/2
3. No load power factor Cosφ o = Wo/VoIo
Where Vo = Open circuit voltage in Volts
Io = Open circuit current in Amps
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
4.Working component of no load current Iw = IoCosφ o
5.Magnetizing component of no load current Iµ = IoSinφ o
6.Ro = Vo/Iw
7.Xo = Vo/ Iµ
8.Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
9.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2
10.Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = √Zo22-Ro22
11.Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
12.Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
13.Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2

38

39
TO PREDETERMINE PERCENTAGE EFFICIENCY:
Q = KVA of the given transformer

x = Fraction of load
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo
Output = x*Q*Cosθ
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100
TO CALCULATE PERCENTAGE REGULATION:
For Lagging power factor,

Percentage Regulation = (x*I2/V1)*(Ro2 Cosθ + Xo2 Sinθ ) * 100
For Leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*I2/V1)*(Ro2 Cosθ - Xo2 Sinθ ) * 100
MODEL GRAPH & EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
(As in the previous experiment.)
PROCEDURE
1.Connections were given as per the circuit diagram.
2.Verify whether the auto transformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3.Keeping the switch S as open, 230V,1φ ,50HZ AC supply is given to the auto transformer by
closing the DPST switch.
4.Auto transformer1 is adjusted and rated voltage is applied to LV side of test transformer.
5.If the voltmeter connected across the switch reads zero, then switch S is closed.
6.The auto transformer2 is adjusted such that the ammeter reads the required secondary rated
current.
7.The corresponding readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
8. Bring the auto transformer to the minimum position and remove the supply.
9.The wattmeter in the secondary gives the total copper loss for both the transformer and
wattmeter reading in the primary gives the core loss for both the transformers
TABULATION:
BACK TO BACK TEST OF 2 TRANSFORMERS
S.No V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2
Unit Volts Amps Watts Volts Amps Watts
PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY
Cosθ Fraction X2*Wsc Total losses Output InputPower= Efficiency

of Wo+x2Wsc Power Output+

40
Load XQCosθ Losses
X Watts Watts Watts Watts %
TO DETERMINE PERCENTAGE REGULATION
S.No Fraction of Load x Cosθ Sin Percentage Regulation

θ Lagging Leading
RESULT:
The sumpner’s test is conducted on the given 2 identical single phase transformer. The
equivalent circuit parameters of the given transformer are
Ro =
Xo=
R01=
R02=
The performance curves of the transformer are determined at various loads and power factors.

12. SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES IN A SINGLE
PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To separate the iron losses in a single phase transformer into its components
a. Hysterisis losses and
b. Eddy current losses
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2. Ammeter (0-1)A MI 1
3. Wattmeter 300V, 5A LPF 1
350Ω /1.4 2
4. Rheostat A 2
55Ω /4.6 A
5. Tachometer 1
FORMULA USED:
1. Frequency f = PN/120 HZ
2. Total iron loss Wi = Wh + We

Where Wh= Hysteresis loss
We = Eddy current loss
3. Hysteresis loss Wh = Ch*f
Where Ch = Intercept value of characteristic curve on y axis.
4. Eddy current loss We = Ce*f2

Where Ce = Slope of the characteristic curve
5. Total iron loss Wi = Wh + We

Where Wi = Ch*f + Ce*f2
Wi/f = Ch + Ce*f
MODEL GRAPH
Wi / f
Ce = slope
Ch
f
41
PROCEDURE:
42
2. Verify whether the armature rheostat of the motor is kept at maximum position and
the field rheostat is kept at minimum position.
3. By closing the DPST Switch, 230 V DC Supply is given.
4. Start the motor by using the 4 Point Starter.
5. The field rheostat of the alternator is adjusted to have a rated voltage.
6. Keeping the field rheostat of the motor constant, the armature rheostat is varied and
the following speed, voltage and power are noted.
7. The procedure is repeated for different speeds and the readings are noted.
TABULATION:
SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES
S.No Speed N Voltage V Iron loss Frequency Wi/f We Wh

Wi f=pn/120
Unit RPM Volts Watts HZ W/Hz Watts Watts
RESULT:
Thus the no load loss of the single-phase transformer is separated with

the help of alternator.
43
44
13. THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
AIM:
To make and study scott (open delta or V-V) connections using 3 phase
transformers.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

(0-600) V MI
2. Auto transformer 1
PROCEDURE:

2. Verify whether the autotransformer is kept at zero voltage position.
3. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1φ , 50HZ AC supply is given to
the transformer.
4. The voltages are verified in the primary and the secondary side for scott
connections.
TABULATION:
VERIFICATION OF SCOTT CONNECTIONS
S.No Type of Primary side line Secondary side line

connection voltage Vpin voltage Vsin Volts
Volts
1. Scott
RESULT:
Thus the Scott connection is verified.
45

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1

1. Open circuit and load characteristics of a separately excited DC Shunt Generator

2. Open circuit and load characteristics of a self excited DC shunt generator

3. Load Characteristics of DC compound generator with cumulative and differential connection

4. Load Characteristics of DC shunt motor

5. Load Characteristics of DC compound motor

6. Load Characteristics of DC series motor

8. Speed control of DC shunt motor

9. Load test on single phase transformer

11. Sumpner’s test on transformers

12. Separation of no load losses in a single phase transformer

13. Three phase transformer connections

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

1. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output η=

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

2. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

S. Input Input Terminal Load Field Generated Input Output η=

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

3. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR WITH

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. For a long shunt compound motor, the generated voltage

2. For a short shunt compound motor, the generated voltage

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

CUMULATIVE – LONG SHUNT

CUMULATIVE –SHORT SHUNT

DIFFERENTIAL – LONG SHUNT

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

4. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

2. Torque (T) = 9.81 *F*R

3.Input Power (Pin) =Vin * Iin Watts

4.Outpower (Pout ) =2*π * N*T/60 watts

5.Percentage Efficiency = (Pout / Pin )*100

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

1.Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

5. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTOR

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

3. Pin = Vin*Iin Watts.

4. Pout = 2*Π *N*T/60 watts.

5. Percentage of Efficiency = ( Pout/Pin )*100

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

EE 1203 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I LAB

2. Torque (T) = 9.81 FR

4.Outpower (Pout ) =2π N*T/60 watts

4. Pout = 2Π N*T/60 watts.

2. Torque (T) = 9.81 FR

4.Outpower (Pout ) =2π N*T/60 watts