ADJECTIVES

Definition
Adjectivesarewordsthatdescribeormodifyanotherpersonorthinginthesentence.
TheArticlesa,an,andtheareadjectives.

thetallprofessor
thelugubriouslieutenant
asolidcommitment
amonth'spay
asixyearoldchild
theunhappiest,richestman

Ifagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandverbactsasanadjective,itiscalledan
AdjectiveClause.Mysister,whoismucholderthanIam,isanengineer.Ifanadjective
clauseisstrippedofitssubjectandverb,theresultingmodifierbecomesanAdjective
Phrase:Heisthemanwhoiskeepingmyfamilyinthepoorhouse.
Beforegettingintootherusageconsiderations,onegeneralnoteabouttheuseor
overuseofadjectives:Adjectivesarefrail;don'taskthemtodomoreworkthan
theyshould.Letyourbroadshoulderedverbsandnounsdothehardworkofdescription.
Beparticularlycautiousinyouruseofadjectivesthatdon'thavemuchtosayinthefirst
place:interesting,beautiful,lovely,exciting.Itisyourjobasawritertocreatebeautyand
excitementandinterest,andwhenyousimplyinsistonitspresencewithoutshowingitto
yourreaderwell,you'reconvincingnoone.
ConsidertheusesofmodifiersinthisadjectivallyrichparagraphfromThomas
Wolfe'sLookHomeward,Angel.(CharlesScribner's,1929,p.69.)Adjectivesare
highlightedinthiscolor;participles,verbformsactingasadjectives,arehighlightedin

thisblue.Somepeoplewouldarguethatwordsthatarepartofanamelike"EastIndia
TeaHousearenotreallyadjectivalandthatpossessivenounsfather's,farmer's
arenottechnicallyadjectives,butwe'veincludedtheminouranalysisofWolfe'stext.
He remembered yet the East India Tea House at the Fair, the sandalwood, the turbans,
and the robes, the cool interior and the smell of India tea; and he had felt now the
nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring, the cherry scent, the cool clarion earth, the
wet loaminess of the garden, the pungent breakfast smells and the floating snow of
blossoms. He knew the inchoate sharp excitement of hot dandelions in young earth; in
July, of watermelons bedded in sweet hay, inside a farmer's covered wagon; of
cantaloupe and crated peaches; and the scent of orange rind, bitter-sweet, before a fire
of coals. He knew the good male smell of his father's sitting-room; of the smooth worn
leather sofa, with the gaping horse-hair rent; of the blistered varnished wood upon the
hearth; of the heated calf-skin bindings; of the flat moist plug of apple tobacco, stuck with
a red flag; of wood-smoke and burnt leaves in October; of the brown tired autumn earth;
of honey-suckle at night; of warm nasturtiums, of a clean ruddy farmer who comes
weekly with printed butter, eggs, and milk; of fat limp underdone bacon and of coffee; of
a bakery-oven in the wind; of large deep-hued stringbeans smoking-hot and seasoned
well with salt and butter; of a room of old pine boards in which books and carpets have
been stored, long closed; of Concord grapes in their long white baskets.

Anabundanceofadjectiveslikethiswouldbeuncommonincontemporaryprose.
Whetherwehavelostsomethingornotisleftuptoyou.

Position of Adjectives
UnlikeAdverbs,whichoftenseemcapableofpoppingupalmostanywhereina
sentence,adjectivesnearlyalwaysappearimmediatelybeforethenounornounphrase
thattheymodify.Sometimestheyappearinastringofadjectives,andwhentheydo,they
appearinasetorderaccordingtocategory.(SeeBelow.)Whenindefinitepronouns
suchassomething,someone,anybodyaremodifiedbyanadjective,theadjective
comesafterthepronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be punished.
Something wicked this way comes.

Andtherearecertainadjectivesthat,incombinationwithcertainwords,arealways
"postpositive"(comingafterthethingtheymodify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York proper.

See,also,thenoteonaadjectives,below,forthepositionofsuchwordsas
"ablaze,aloof,aghast."

Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectivescanexpressdegreesofmodification:

Gladysisarichwoman,butJosieisricherthanGladys,andSadie'sthe
richestwomanintown.

The degrees of comparison are known as the

positive, the comparative, and the superlative.
(Actually, only the comparative and superlative
show degrees.) We use the comparative for
comparing two things and the superlative for
comparing three or more things. Notice that the
word than frequently accompanies the
comparative and the word the precedes the
Click on the "scary bear" to read and
superlative. The inflected suffixes -er and -est
hear George Newall's "Unpack Your
suffice to form most comparatives and
Adjectives" (from Scholastic Rock,
1975).
superlatives, although we need -ier and -iest
Schoolhouse Rock and its
when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier
characters and other elements are
trademarks and service marks of
and happiest); otherwise we use more and most
American Broadcasting Companies,
when an adjective has more than one syllable.
Inc. Used with permission.
Positive

Comparative

Superlative

rich

richer

richest

lovely

lovelier

loveliest

beautiful

more beautiful

most beautiful

Certainadjectiveshaveirregularformsinthecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

little

less

least

much
many
some

more

most

far

further

furthest

Becarefulnottoformcomparativesorsuperlativesofadjectiveswhichalready
expressanextremeofcomparisonunique,forinstancealthoughitprobablyis
possibletoformcomparativeformsofmostadjectives:somethingcanbemoreperfect,
andsomeonecanhaveafullerfigure.Peoplewhoarguethatonewomancannotbemore
pregnantthananotherhaveneverbeenninemonthspregnantwithtwins.
Becareful,also,nottousemorealongwithacomparativeadjectiveformedwither
nortousemostalongwithasuperlativeadjectiveformedwithest(e.g.,donotwritethat
somethingismoreheavierormostheaviest).
Theasasconstructionisusedtocreateacomparisonexpressingequality:

Heisasfoolishasheislarge.
Sheisasbrightashermother.

Premodifiers with Degrees of Adjectives

Bothadverbsandadjectivesintheircomparativeandsuperlativeformscanbe
accompaniedbypremodifiers,singlewordsandphrases,thatintensifythedegree.

Wewerealotmorecarefulthistime.
Heworksalotlesscarefullythantheotherjewelerintown.
Welikehisworksomuchbetter.
You'llgetyourwatchbackallthefaster.

Thesameprocesscanbeusedtodownplaythedegree:

Theweatherthisweekhasbeensomewhatbetter.
Heapproacheshisschoolworkalittlelessindustriouslythanhisbrother
does.

Andsometimesasetphrase,usuallyaninformalnounphrase,isusedforthispurpose:

Hearrivedawholelotsoonerthanweexpected.
That'saheckofalotbetter.

Iftheintensifierveryaccompaniesthesuperlative,adeterminerisalsorequired:

Sheiswearingherveryfinestoutfitfortheinterview.
They'redoingtheverybesttheycan.

Occasionally,thecomparativeorsuperlativeformappearswithadeterminerandthe
thingbeingmodifiedisunderstood:

OfallthewinesproducedinConnecticut,Ilikethisonethemost.
Thequickeryoufinishthisproject,thebetter.
Ofthetwobrothers,heisbyfarthefaster.

Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum.
Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. Used with permission.

Less versus Fewer

When making a comparison between quantities we often have to make a choice
between the words fewer and less. Generally, when we're talking about countable
things, we use the word fewer; when we're talking about measurable quantities
that we cannot count, we use the word less. "She had fewer chores, but she also
had less energy." The managers at our local Stop & Shop seem to have mastered
this: they've changed the signs at the so-called express lanes from "Twelve Items
or Less" to "Twelve Items or Fewer." Whether that's an actual improvement, we'll
leave up to you.
Wedo,however,definitelyuselesswhenreferringtostatisticalor
numericalexpressions:

It'slessthantwentymilestoDallas.
He'slessthansixfeettall.
Youressayshouldbeathousandwordsorless.
Wespentlessthanfortydollarsonourtrip.
Thetownspentlessthanfourpercentofitsbudgetonsnow

removal.
In these situations, it's possible to regard the quantities as sums of countable
measures.

Taller than I / me ??
When making a comparison with "than" do we end with a subject form or object
form, "taller than I/she" or "taller than me/her." The correct response is "taller
than I/she." We are looking for the subject form: "He is taller than I am/she is
tall." (Except we leave out the verb in the second clause, "am" or "is.") Some
good writers, however, will argue that the word "than" should be allowed to
function as a preposition. If we can say "He is tall like me/her," then (if "than"
could be prepositional like like) we should be able to say, "He is taller than
me/her." It's an interesting argument, but for now, anyway in formal,
academic prose, use the subject form in such comparisons.
Wealsowanttobecarefulinasentencesuchas"Ilikehimbetterthan
she/her."The"she"wouldmeanthatyoulikethispersonbetterthanshelikes
him;the"her"wouldmeanthatyoulikethismalepersonbetterthanyoulikethat
femaleperson.(Toavoidambiguityandtheslipperyuseofthan,wecouldwrite
"Ilikehimbetterthanshedoes"or"IlikehimbetterthanIlikeher.")

More than / over ??

In the United States, we usually use "more than" in countable numerical
expressions meaning "in excess of" or "over." In England, there is no such
distinction. For instance, in the U.S., some editors would insist on "more than
40,000 traffic deaths in one year," whereas in the UK, "over 40,000 traffic
deaths" would be acceptable. Even in the U.S., however, you will commonly hear
"over" in numerical expressions of age, time, or height: "His sister is over forty;
she's over six feet tall. We've been waiting well over two hours for her."

The Order of Adjectives in a Series

Itwouldtakealinguisticphilosophertoexplainwhywesay"littlebrownhouse"
andnot"brownlittlehouse"orwhywesay"redItaliansportscar"andnot"Italianred
sportscar."Theorderinwhichadjectivesinaseriessortthemselvesoutisperplexingfor
peoplelearningEnglishasasecondlanguage.Mostotherlanguagesdictateasimilar
order,butnotnecessarilythesameorder.Ittakesalotofpracticewithalanguagebefore

thisorderbecomesinstinctive,becausetheorderoftenseemsquitearbitrary(ifnot
downrightcapricious).Thereis,however,apattern.Youwillfindmanyexceptionstothe
patterninthetablebelow,butitisdefinitelyimportanttolearnthepatternofadjective
orderifitisnotpartofwhatyounaturallybringtothelanguage.
Thecategoriesinthefollowingtablecanbedescribedasfollows:
I.
II.

III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

Determinersarticlesandotherlimiters.SeeDeterminers
Observationpostdeterminersandlimiteradjectives(e.g.,arealhero,a
perfectidiot)andadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure(e.g.,beautiful,
interesting)
SizeandShapeadjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure(e.g.,wealthy,
large,round)
Ageadjectivesdenotingage(e.g.,young,old,new,ancient)
Coloradjectivesdenotingcolor(e.g.,red,black,pale)
Origindenominaladjectivesdenotingsourceofnoun(e.g.,French,
American,Canadian)
Materialdenominaladjectivesdenotingwhatsomethingismadeof(e.g.,
woolen,metallic,wooden)
Qualifierfinallimiter,oftenregardedaspartofthenoun(e.g.,rocking
chair,huntingcabin,passengercar,bookcover)

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Determiner Observation

Physical Description
Size

Shape

Age

beautiful

old

an

expensive

antique

four

gorgeous

her
our
that
several

Italian

red

short

black
old

touring

mirror

silk

roses

sheepdo
wooden

young

car

silver

English

little
enormous

Noun

hair

square
dilapidated

Material Qualifier

Color

longstemmed
big

those

Origin

American

hat

boxes

hunting

cabin

basketball players

some

delicious

Thai

This chart is probably too wide to print on a standard piece of paper. If you click
HERE, you will get a one-page duplicate of this chart, which you can print out
on a regular piece of paper.

Itwouldbefolly,ofcourse,torunmorethantwoorthree(atthemost)adjectives
together.Furthermore,whenadjectivesbelongtothesameclass,theybecomewhatwe
callcoordinatedadjectives,andyouwillwanttoputacommabetweenthem:the
inexpensive,comfortableshoes.Theruleforinsertingthecommaworksthisway:ifyou
couldhaveinsertedaconjunctionandorbutbetweenthetwoadjectives,usea
comma.Wecouldsaytheseare"inexpensivebutcomfortableshoes,"sowewouldusea
commabetweenthem(whenthe"but"isn'tthere).Whenyouhavethreecoordinated
adjectives,separatethemallwithcommas,butdon'tinsertacommabetweenthelast
adjectiveandthenoun(inspiteofthetemptationtodosobecauseyouoftenpausethere):
a popular, respected, and good looking student

SeethesectiononCommasforadditionalhelpinpunctuatingcoordinated
adjectives.

Capitalizing Proper Adjectives

Whenanadjectiveowesitsoriginstoapropernoun,itshouldprobablybe
capitalized.ThuswewriteaboutChristianmusic,Frenchfries,theEnglishParliament,
theMingDynasty,aFaulknerianstyle,Jeffersoniandemocracy.Someperiodsoftime
havetakenonthestatusofproperadjectives:theNixonera,a
Renaissance/Romantic/Victorianpoet(butacontemporarynovelistandmedievalwriter).
Directionalandseasonaladjectivesarenotcapitalizedunlessthey'repartofatitle:
We took the northwest route during the spring thaw. We stayed there until the town's
annual Fall Festival of Small Appliances.

SeethesectiononCapitalizationforfurtherhelponthismatter.

Collective Adjectives

food

Whenthedefinitearticle,the,iscombinedwithanadjectivedescribingaclassor
groupofpeople,theresultingphrasecanactasanoun:thepoor,therich,theoppressed,
thehomeless,thelonely,theunlettered,theunwashed,thegathered,thedeardeparted.
ThedifferencebetweenaCollectiveNoun(whichisusuallyregardedassingularbut
whichcanbepluralincertaincontexts)andacollectiveadjectiveisthatthelatteris
alwayspluralandrequiresapluralverb:

Theruralpoorhavebeenignoredbythemedia.
TherichofConnecticutareresponsible.
Theelderlyarebeginningtodemandtheirrights.
Theyoungatheartarealwaysajoytobearound.

Adjectival Opposites
Theoppositeorthenegativeaspectofanadjectivecanbeformedinanumberof
ways.Oneway,ofcourse,istofindanadjectivetomeantheoppositeanantonym.
Theoppositeofbeautifulisugly,theoppositeoftallisshort.Athesauruscanhelpyou
findanappropriateopposite.Anotherwaytoformtheoppositeofanadjectiveiswitha
numberofprefixes.Theoppositeoffortunateisunfortunate,theoppositeofprudentis
imprudent,theoppositeofconsiderateisinconsiderate,theoppositeofhonorableis
dishonorable,theoppositeofalcoholicisnonalcoholic,theoppositeofbeingproperly
filedismisfiled.Ifyouarenotsureofthespellingofadjectivesmodifiedinthiswayby
prefixes(orwhichistheappropriateprefix),youwillhavetoconsultadictionary,asthe
rulesfortheselectionofaprefixarecomplexandtooshiftytobetrusted.Themeaning
itselfcanbetricky;forinstance,flammableandinflammablemeanthesamething.
Athirdmeansforcreatingtheoppositeofanadjectiveistocombineitwithlessor
leasttocreateacomparisonwhichpointsintheoppositedirection.Interestingshadesof
meaningandtonebecomeavailablewiththisusage.Itiskindertosaythat"Thisisthe
leastbeautifulcityinthestate."thanitistosaythat"Thisistheugliestcityinthestate."
(Italsohasaslightlydifferentmeaning.)Acandidateforajobcanstillbeworthyandyet
be"lessworthyofconsideration"thananothercandidate.It'sprobablynotagoodideato
usethisconstructionwithanadjectivethatisalreadyanegative:"Heislessunluckythan
hisbrother,"althoughthatisnotthesamethingassayingheisluckierthanhisbrother.

Usethecomparativelesswhenthecomparisonisbetweentwothingsorpeople;usethe
superlativeleastwhenthecomparisonisamongmanythingsorpeople.

Mymotherislesspatientthanmyfather.
Ofallthenewsitcoms,thisismyleastfavoriteshow.

Some Adjectival Problem Children

Good versus Well
In both casual speech and formal writing, we frequently have to choose between
the adjective good and the adverb well. With most verbs, there is no contest:
when modifying a verb, use the adverb.
He swims well.
He knows only too well who the murderer is.
However, when using a linkingverb or a verb that has to do with the five human
senses, you want to use the adjective instead.
How are you? I'm feeling good, thank you.
After a bath, the baby smells so good.
Even after my careful paint job, this room doesn't look good.
Many careful writers, however, will use well after linking verbs relating to health,
and this is perfectly all right. In fact, to say that you are good or that you feel
good usually implies not only that you're OK physically but also that your spirits
are high.
"How are you?"
"I am well, thank you."

Bad versus Badly

When your cat died (assuming you loved your cat), did you feel bad or badly?
Applying the same rule that applies to good versus well, use the adjective form
after verbs that have to do with human feelings. You felt bad. If you said you felt
badly, it would mean that something was wrong with your faculties for feeling.

Other Adjectival Considerations

ReviewthesectiononCompoundNounsandModifiersfortheformationof
modifierscreatedwhenwordsareconnected:afouryearoldchild,anineteenthcentury
novel,anemptyheadedfool.

ReviewthesectiononPossessivesforadistinctionbetweenpossessiveformsand
"adjectivallabels."(DoyoubelongtoaWritersCluboraWriters'Club?)
AdjectivesthatarereallyParticiples,verbformswithingandedendings,canbe
troublesomeforsomestudents.Itisonethingtobeafrightenedchild;itisanaltogether
differentmattertobeafrighteningchild.Doyouwanttogouptoyourprofessorafter
classandsaythatyouareconfusedorthatyouareconfusing?Generally,theedending
meansthatthenounsodescribed("you")hasapassiverelationshipwithsomething
something(thesubjectmatter,thepresentation)hasbewilderedyouandyouare
confused.Theingendingmeansthatthenoundescribedhasamoreactiveroleyou
arenotmakinganysensesoyouareconfusing(toothers,includingyourprofessor).
Theedendingmodifiersareoftenaccompaniedbyprepositions(thesearenotthe
onlychoices):

Wewereamazedatallthecircusanimals.
Wewereamusedbytheclowns.
Wewereannoyedbytheelephants.
Wewereboredbytheringmaster.
Wewereconfusedbythenoise.
Weweredisappointedbythemotorcycledaredevils.
Weweredisappointedintheirperformance.
Wewereembarrassedbymybrother.
Wewereexhaustedfromalltheexcitement.
Wewereexcitedbytheliontamer.
Wewereexcitedaboutthehighwireact,too.
Wewerefrightenedbythelions.
Wewereintroducedtotheringmaster.
Wewereinterestedinthetent.
Wewereirritatedbytheheat.
Wewereopposedtoleavingearly.
Weweresatisfiedwiththecircus.
Wewereshockedatthelevelofnoiseunderthebigtent.
Weweresurprisedbythefans'response.
Weweresurprisedattheirindifference.
Weweretiredofallthelightsafterawhile.

Wewereworriedaboutthetrafficleavingtheparkinglot.

A- Adjectives
Themostcommonofthesocalledaadjectivesareablaze,afloat,afraid,aghast,
alert,alike,alive,alone,aloof,ashamed,asleep,averse,awake,aware.Theseadjectives
willprimarilyshowupaspredicateadjectives(i.e.,theycomeafteralinkingverb).

Thechildrenwereashamed.
Theprofessorremainedaloof.
Thetreeswereablaze.

Occasionally,however,youwillfindaadjectivesbeforethewordtheymodify:thealert
patient,thealoofphysician.Mostofthem,whenfoundbeforethewordtheymodify,are
themselvesmodified:thenearlyawakestudent,theterriblyalonescholar.Anda
adjectivesaresometimesmodifiedby"verymuch":verymuchafraid,verymuchalone,
verymuchashamed,etc.

RecognizingAdjectives

AdjectiveOrder

Adjectives

Guide to Grammar
and Writing

Principles of
Composition

Index