PROJECT WORK 1 FOR ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS 2010

calculus in Our Life

NAME
:
TEACHER : I/C :
SEKOLAH :
CONTENT
No 1 2 3 4 5 Contents Introduction Procedure and Findings Further Exploration Co
nclusion Reflection Page
INTRODUCTION
Calculus is a branch in mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, i
ntegrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of modern m
athematics education. It has two major branches, differential calculus and integ
ral calculus, which are related by the fundamental theorem of calculus. Calculus
is the study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and
algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations.
A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in mathematics
devoted to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analy
sis. Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering
and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient. Historical
ly, calculus was called "the calculus of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calc
ulus". More generally, calculus may refer to any method or system of calculation
guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well
-known calculi are propositional calculus, variational calculus, lambda calculus
, pi calculus, and join calculus. History
The product rule and chain rule, the notion of higher derivatives, Taylor series
, and analytical functions were introduced by Isaac Newton in an idiosyncratic n
otation which he used to solve problems of mathematical physics. In his publicat
ions, Newton rephrased his ideas to suit the mathematical idiom of the time, rep
lacing calculations with infinitesimals by equivalent geometrical arguments whic
h were considered beyond reproach. He used the methods of calculus to solve the
problem of planetary motion, the shape of the surface of a rotating fluid, the o
blateness of the earth, the motion of a weight sliding on a cycloid, and many ot
her problems discussed in his Principia Mathematica. In other work, he developed
series expansions for functions, including fractional and irrational powers, an
d it was clear that he understood the principles of the Taylor series. These ide
as were systematized into a true calculus of infinitesimals by Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz, who was originally accused of plagiarism by Newton. He is now regarded
as an independent inventor of and contributor to calculus. His contribution was
to provide a clear set of rules for manipulating infinitesimal quantities, allo
wing the computation of second and higher derivatives, and providing the product
rule and chain rule, in their differential and integral forms. Unlike Newton, L
eibniz paid a lot of attention to the formalism ± he often spent days determinin
g appropriate symbols for concepts. Leibniz and Newton are usually both credited
with the invention of calculus. Newton was the first to apply calculus to gener
al physics and Leibniz developed much of the notation used in calculus today. Th
e basic insights that both Newton and Leibniz provided were the laws of differen
tiation and integration, second and higher derivatives, and the notion of an app
roximating polynomial series. By Newton's time, the fundamental theorem of calcu
lus was known.
Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to say thank you to my parents for providing everythi
ng, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this project work, their
advise, which is the most needed for this project and facilities such as interne
t, books, computers and all that. They also supported me and encouraged me to co
mplete this task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.
Then I would like to thank to my teacher, Pn Lui for guiding me throughout this
project. Even I had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught me pati
ently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach me until I understa
nd what I¶m supposed to do with the project work.
Besides that, my friends who always supporting me. Even this project is individu
ally but we are cooperated doing this project especially in disscussion and shar
ing ideas to ensure our task will finish completely.
Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect in comp
leting this project work. Thank you everyone.
Objectives
The aims of carrying out this project work are:-
to apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems;
to improve thinking skills;
to promote effective mathematical communication; to develop mathematical knowled
ge through problem solving in a way that increases students interest and confide
nce; to use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely;
to provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning;
to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
Procedure and Findings
Solution:
(a)Function 1
                    
    

 

 Function 2
             
   
    
 
    


 Function 3
           
  
    
 
  
  


(b)
               
Further Exploration
Solution:
(a)(i) Structure 1


   
    
  
Structure 2
         
    


   
  
 Structure 3
         
  


   
  
 Structure 4
            
  


   
 



 
 

(ii) As the president of the Arts Club, I will decide Structure 4 as the shape o
f the gate to be constructed. It is because Structure 4 will cost the minimum an
d it is easier to be constructed compared to Structure 1 which is a curve.
(b) (i) k (m) 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00                       Area to be

(ii) There is a pattern in the area to be painted. The area to be painted decrea
ses as the k increases 0.25m and form a series of numbers:
3, 2.9375, 2.875, 2.8125, 2.75, 2.6875, 2.625, 2.5625, 2.5
We can see that the difference between each term and the next term is the same.        
   
 
    
    
We can deduce that this series of numbers is an Arithmetic Progression (AP), wit
h a common difference,  In conclusion, when k increases 0.25m, the area to be pai
nted decreases by -0.0625
(c)              
 
 

  
       
The shape of the concrete structure will be a rectangle with length 4m and bread
th 0.5m, which may look like this:
Conclusion
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solvi
ng, I saw that the usage of calculus is important in daily life.It is not just w
idely used in science, economics but also in
engineering.
In
conclusion, calculus is a daily life nessecities. Without it, marvelous building
s can¶t be built, human beings will not lead a luxurious life and many more. So,
we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of calculus.
Reflection
After spending countless hours,days and night to finish this project and also sa
crificing my time for chatting and movies in this mid year holiday,there are sev
eral things that I can say... Additional Mathematics... From the day I born... F
rom the day I was able to holding pencil... From the day I start learning... And
... From the day I heard your name...
I always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in excelling in
my life... But after countless of hours... Countless of days...
Countless of nights... After sacrificing my precious time just for you... Sacrif
icing my play Time.. Sacrificing my Chatting... Sacrificing my Facebook... Sacri
ficing my internet... Sacrifing my Anime... Sacrificing my Movies...
I realized something really important in you... I really love you... You are my
real friend... You my partner...
You are my soulmate...
I LOVE U ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC