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Thin Plate
Buckling
and
Postbuckling
Douglas Coffin
Institute of Paper Science and Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
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Preface
References
In the Spring of 1996, the authors initiated a research program at the In-
stitute of Paper Science and Technology (Atlanta, Ga.) whose goal was
to model cockle, i.e., the hygroscopic buckling of paper. In the course
of researching the aforementioned problem, an extensive examination
was made of the expansive literature on the buckling and postbuckling
behavior of thin plates in an eort to understand how such phenomena
were controlled by the wide variety of factors listed below. A compara-
tive study of plate buckling was then produced and published as a pair of
IPST reports; this book presents the essential content of these reports.
The essential factors which inuence critical buckling loads, initial
mode shapes, and postbuckling behavior for thin plates are studied,
in detail, with specic examples, throughout this treatise; among the
factors discussed which aect the occurrence of initial buckling and the
initial mode shapes into which plates buckle are the following:
(i) Aspect Ratios: Included in our discussions will be examples
of buckling for rectangular plates, circular plates, and annular plates;
we will look at how, e.g., critical buckling loads for the various types of
plates are aected by changes in the aspect ratio, associated with the
plate, given that all other factors (support conditions, load conditions,
etc.) are held xed. For a rectangular plate, the aspect ratio is just the
ratio of its sides; for a circular plate it is just the plate radius while, for
an annular region, it is the ratio of the inner to the outer radius.
(ii) Support Conditions: The edge(s) of a plate may be supported
in many dierent ways; mathematically, an edge support condition is
reected in a constraint on the out-of-plane deection of that plate along
its edge(s). The basic types of support that will be considered are those
which correspond to having the edges(s) of the plate clamped, free, or
simply supported. For a rectangular plate or an annular plate, one edge
(or pair of edges) may be supported in one manner while the other edge
(or pair) of edges can be supported in a dierent manner.
(iii) Load Conditions: The edge(s) of a thin plate may be subjected
dv
= sin (1.2)
ds
and the equilibrium condition
M = Pv (1.3)
Combining the above relations, we obtain the pair of rst order non-
linear dierential equations
v = d , = P/EI
ds (1.4)
dv
= sin
ds
with associated boundary conditions
d2
+ sin = 0, 0 < s < (1.6a)
ds2
(0) = () = 0 (1.6b)
1 d
V = EI ds P cos ds (1.7)
2 0 ds 0
The initial value problem (1.9) has one and only one solution and
this solution may be interpreted as representing the motion of a simple
pendulum, with x being the time and the angle between the pendulum
and the (downward) vertical position. In view of the initial conditions,
(s) will be periodic. If we multiply the equation in (1.9) by d/ds,
then this equation becomes a rst order equation which can be solved
(explicitly) by elliptic integrals, i.e.
(s) = 2 arc sin k sn( s + K) (1.10)
with
k = sin( )
2
2 (1.11)
d
K =
0 1 k 2 sin2
and
u3 u5
sn u = u (1 + k 2 ) + (1 + 14k 2 + k 4 ) (1.12)
3! 5!
7
u
(1 + 135k 2 + 135k 4 + k 6 ) +
7!
nontrivial solutions
(s), with 0 < (0) < , as there are integers n
such that (/2n) > /2. Thus, we have for
0 2 /2 , only the trivial solution
2 /2 < 4 2 /2 , one nontrivial solution
2 2 2
n / < (n + 1)2 2 /2 , n nontrivial solutions
If we then also take into account other values of (0), and the possibility
of negative , we obtain Fig. 1.5, which depicts the maximum value of
(s) versus ; the only (physically) signicant portion of this gure is,
of course, the part drawn with solid (unbroken) curves, i.e., for > 0
and < max < .
The broken curves for > 0 are those attributable to angles that are
determined only by modulo 2, while the dotted curves for < 0 corre-
spond to having the free end of the rod at x = . The deection v(s) is
then obtained from the rst equation in (1.4) and yields the bifurcation
diagram in Fig. 1.4, where it is known that the various branches do not
extend to innity because vmax does not grow monotonically (at large
loads the buckled rod may form a knot so that the maximum deection
can decrease, although the maximum slope must increase.)
We have presented a complete solution of the buckling problem for a
compressed thin rod which is based on classical analysis of an associ-
ated initial value problem for the boundary value problem (1.6a,b) rst
treated by Euler in 1744. The equivalent problem for the deection v(s)
is (1.4), (1.5) and the results of the analysis, based on a closed form
solution using elliptic integrals, seem to indicate a prominent position
for the linearized (eigenvalue) problem (1.8), or, equivalently, for the
linearization of (1.6a,b) namely,
G(, u) = 0 (1.15)
where is a real number, u is an element of a real Banach space B
with norm
, and G is a nonlinear mapping from R B into B, R
being the real numbers. The restriction to real and a real Banach
space B is based on the needs in applications where only real branching
is of interest. Strictly speaking, a solution of (1.15) is an ordered pair
(, u) but we often refer to u itself as the solution (either for xed , or
depending parametrically on ); to study branching (or bifurcation) we
must have a simple, explicitly known solution u() of (1.15). We may
make the assumption that
so that u() = 0 is a solution of (1.15) for all and this solution is then
known as the basic solution (for the problem considered above, this solu-
tion corresponds to the compressed, unbuckled rod). The main problem
is to study branching from this basic solution (i.e., the unbuckled state)
although within the context of plate buckling we will also discuss, in 5,
branching from nontrivial solutions of (1.15), i.e., secondary buckling
of thin plates. Thus, the goal is to nd solutions of (1.15) which are of
small norm (small size in the relevant Banach space B); this motivates
the following:
o
Denition. We say that = is a branch point of (1.15) (equivalently
a bifurcation point or, for the case in which (1.15) represents the equi-
librium problem for a structure, such as the compressed rod considered
Answers to questions 1-3, above, are the only ones which clearly fall
within the domain of bifurcation theory; problem 4 is related to stability
theory, while problem 5 requires, for an answer, techniques of global
analysis which fall outside the strict domain of branching theory.
Remarks: Quite often (such as will be the case for the buckling of thin
plates governed by the von Karman equations, or some modication
thereof) the functional equation G(, ) = 0, in a Banach space B,
subject to the condition (1.16), will assume the particular form
Au u = 0, with A0 = 0 (1.17)
= 2 (s)ds (1.20)
0
lim =0 (1.21)
v0
v
d2
L = G (, 0 ) + cos 0 (1.25)
ds2
so that, in particular, for the equilibrium solution (, 0 = 0)
d2
L = G (, 0) + (1.26)
ds2
where, as B, must satisfy (0) = () = 0. But L is invertible
if and only if the only solution of L = 0, for in B, is given by 0.
Thus, L is not invertible if there are values = c such that L = 0,
for B, has nontrivial solutions, i.e., if there exists = c such that
2
d + =0
c
ds2 (1.27)
(0) = () = 0
has at least one nontrivial solution ; such solutions (of 1.27) are, of
course, eigenfunctions, corresponding to the eigenvalue = c , which
then becomes a candidate for being a branch (or bifurcation) point for
the boundary value problem (1.6a,b) associated with the compressed
(thin) rod. The eigenvalue problem (1.27) is the linearized problem
associated with (1.6a,b); in the parlance of buckling theory for elastic
structures, = c , such that there exists a nontrivial solution = c (s)
of (1.27), is a possible buckling load actually the buckling load di-
vided by EI in this case and the eigenfunction c is the associated
buckling mode. In all cases of interest in classical buckling theory, the
linearization of an equilibrium equation (or set of equations), such as
(1.15), about an equilibrium solution (0 , u0 ), leads, in the manner de-
scribed above, to an eigenvalue-eigenfunction problem
Gu (c , u0 )vc = 0 (1.28)
for the buckling loads c and the associated buckling modes vc ; this
will, of course, be the case for the von Karman equations which we derive
in 1.2.
In this section we will derive the classical von Karman equations which
govern the out-of-plane deections of thin isotropic and orthotropic lin-
ear elastic plates as well as the linearized equations which mediate the
onset of buckling; the equations will be presented in both rectilinear
coordinates and in polar coordinates. We begin with a derivation, in
rectilinear coordinates, of the von Karman equations for linear elastic,
isotropic, (and then orthotropic), behavior.
(ii) Relate the strain tensor to the stress tensor by using the consti-
tutive law representing linear, isotropic elastic behavior.
(iii) Derive the equilibrium equations which relate the stress tensor
to the external loading.
We begin (see Fig. 1.7) by considering an innitesimal volume element
dV = hdxdy of the shell. Let r be the position vector to a point P , in
the interior of the shell, which is located at a distance from the middle
surface; then with ei , i = 1, 2, 3, the unit vectors along the coordinate
axes
r = x e1 +y e2 +(W + ) e3 (1.29)
The components of the strain tensor for this deformation of the shell are
then obtained by computing the dierence of the squares of the lengths
of the dierential line elements d r and d r ; a length computation based
on (1.31) and (see Fig. 1.6) r = x e1 +y e2 +W e3 yields
1
|d r |2 |d r |2 = xx dx2 + 2xy dxdy + yy dy 2 (1.32)
2
where
1 2 2 2
$xx = u,x + u,x + v,x + w,x + W,x w,x
2
w,xx +
1
$yy = v,y + u,2y +v,2y +w,2y + W,y w,y (1.33)
2
w,yy +
xy 2$xy = u,y +v,x +u,x v,y +w,x w,y
+W,x w,y +W,y w,x 2w,xy +
and terms of at least third order have been neglected. If we now take
into consideration the fact that, for stability problems connected with
thin-walled structures, the displacement w, which is orthogonal to the
middle surface, is much larger than the displacements u, v in the middle
surface, then the terms quadratic in u and v, in (1.33), may be neglected
in comparison with those in w; we thus obtain the (approximate) kine-
matical relations
1
$xx = u,x + w,2x +W,x w,x w,xx
2
1 2
$yy = v,y + w,y +W,y w,y w,yy
2 (1.34)
= 2$ = u, +v, +w, w, +W, w,
xy xy y x x y x y
+W,y w,x 2w,xy
are the averaged stresses over the shell thickness h, which is assumed to
be small. The bending moment Mx is dened to be
h/2
Mx = xx d (1.38)
h/2
The next step consists of introducing the Airy stress function (x, y),
which is dened so as to satisfy
for the two unknowns, the (extra) deection w(x, y) and the Airy stress
function (x, y), where 2 denotes the biharmonic operator in rectilin-
ear Cartesian coordinates, i.e.,
4w 4w 4w
2 w = + 2 + (1.48)
x4 x2 y 2 y 4
To obtain a second partial dierential equation for w(x, y) and (x, y),
we make use of the identity
into which we substitute, from the constitutive relations (1.36), for the
displacement derivatives u,x , v,y , and u,y +v,x . One then makes use
of the denition of the Airy function to replace the stress resultants
Nx , Ny , and Nxy ; there results the following equation
= Eh (w2 ,xy w,xx w,yy )
2
(1.50)
+2W,xy w,xy W,xx w,yy W,yy w,xx
so that
then the system consisting of (1.47) and (1.50) can be written in the
more compact form
K2 w = [, W + w] + t (1.52a)
1 2 1
= [w, w] [W, w] (1.52b)
Eh 2
In particular, for the deection of a thin plate, which in its undeected
conguration occupies a domain in the x, y plane, so that W 0, (1.52a),
(1.52b) reduce to the von Karman plate equations for an isotropic linear
elastic material, namely,
K2 w = [, w] + t (1.53a)
1 2 1
= [w, w] (1.53b)
Eh 2
An important alternative form for the bracket [, w], which reects the
eect of middle surface forces on the deection, is
2w 2w 2w
[, w] = Nx 2
+ 2Nxy + Ny 2 (1.54)
x xy y
Remarks: The curvatures of the plate in planes parallel to the (x, z) and
(y, z) planes, are usually denoted by x and y , respectively, while the
twisting curvature is denoted by xy . Strictly speaking, the curvature
x , e.g., is given by
2w
2
x = x (1.55)
2 32
w
1+
x
where the minus sign is introduced so that an increase in the bending
moment Mx results in an increase in x . As w,2x is assumed to be small,
h3
Dij = cij (1.62)
12
are the associated rigidities (or stiness ratios) of the orthotropic plate,
specically,
are the bending rigidities about the x and y axes, respectively, while
G12 h3
D66 = (1.64)
12
is the twisting rigidity. The ratios D12 /D22 , D12 /D11 are often called
reduced Poissons ratios. For the thin orthotropic plate under consid-
eration, the strains $xx , $yy , and xy , the averaged stresses (or stress
resultants) Nx , Ny , and Nxy , and the bending moments Mx , My , and
Mxy are still given by (1.35), (1.37), (1.38), and the relevant expressions
for My and Mxy , which are analogous to (1.38). Thus, with
xx = c11 ($xx 1 H) + c12 ($yy 2 H)
yy = c21 ($xx 1 H) + c22 ($yy 2 H)
xy = c66 xy
we have
1
xx = c11 (u,x + w,2x w,xx ) (1.65a)
2
1
+c12 (v,y + w,2y w,yy )
2
(c11 1 H + c12 2 H)
1
yy = c21 (u,x + w,2x w,xx ) (1.65b)
2
1
+c22 (v,y + w,2y w,yy )
2
(c21 1 H + c22 2 H)
and
1
xy = c66 (u,y +v,x ) + w,x w,y 2w,xy (1.65c)
2
h/2
1 2
M = c u, + w, 2
w, d
y 21 x
2 x
xx
h/2
h/2
1
+c22 v,y + w,2y 2 w,yy d (1.66b)
h/2 2
h/2
(c11 1 H + c22 2 H) d
h/2
and
Mxy =
h/2
1 (1.66c)
c66 [u,y +v,x ] + w,x w,y 2 2 w,xy d
h/2 2
and
h2
3
Mxy = 2c66 w,xy
3 h (1.67c)
2
= 2D66 w,xy
The corresponding modication of the rst von Karman equation for the
deection of a thin, linearly elastic, orthotropic plate, when there exists
an initial deection z = w0 (x, y), is easily obtained from (1.45) and
(1.67a,b,c) by setting W = w0 and dening, as in (1.57), w = w + w0 .
To obtain the appropriate modication of the second von Karman equa-
tion (1.53b) for the case of a linearly elastic, thin, orthotropic plate, we
where the outer integral is computed over the area A occupied by the
plate. In (1.70), or its equivalent for the case where the plate ex-
hibits isotropic response, we must rst substitute from (1.35) in order
to express the integrand as a polynomial expression in the displacement
derivatives.
Remarks: In the case of very thin plates, which may have deec-
tions many times their thickness, the resistance of the plate to bending
can, often, be neglected; this amounts, in the case of a plate exhibiting
isotropic response, to taking the stiness K = 0, in which case the prob-
lem reduces to one of nding the deection of a exible membrane. The
equations which apply in this case were obtained by A. F oppl [69] and
ur 1 w 2 2w
err = + ( ) 2
r 2 r r
u 1 u 1 w 1 w 1 2w
e =
r
+
+ 2( )2 ( + 2 2)
r r 2r r r r (1.71)
u u 1 u 1 w w
er =
+ (
r
)+ ( )( )
r r r r r
1 2w
1 w
2( 2 )
r r r
rr = xx cos2 + yy sin2 + 2xy sin cos
= xx sin2 + yy cos2 2xy sin cos (1.73)
r = (yy xx ) sin cos + xy cos2 sin2
2 1
2 w = w,rrrr + w,rrr 2 w,rr
r r
2 1 2
+ w,rr + 3 w,r 3 w,r (1.75a)
r2 r r
1 4
+ 4
w, + 4 w,
r r
and
1 1
[w, ] = w,rr ,r + 2 ,
r r
1 1
+ w,r + 2 w, ,rr
r r
1 1 1 1
2 w,r 2 w, ,r 2 ,
r r r r
1 1
[w, ] = Nr w,rr 2Nr w, w,r
r2 r
1 1
+ N w,r + 2 w, (1.75b)
r r
2 1 1
2 w = w,rrrr + w,rrr 2 w,rr + 3 w,r (1.76)
r r r
and
1
[w, ] = Nr w,rr +N w,r (1.77)
r
Thus, for the von Karman equations for a thin, linearly elastic, isotropic
plate, in polar coordinates, we have (with t 0):
1
2 1 2
,rrrr + ,rrr 2 ,rr + 2 ,rr
Eh r r r
1 2 1 4
+ 3 ,r 3 ,r + 4 , + 4 , (1.79)
r r r r
2
1 1 1 1
= w,rr w,r + 2 w, w,r 2 w,
r r r r
Eh 0
Nr = err + e0
1 2
2
Eh dur 1 dw ur (1.82a)
= + +
1 2 dr 2 dr r
and
Eh 0
N = e + e0rr
1 2
2
Eh ur dur dw (1.82b)
= + +
1 2 r dr 2 dr
Nr = 2Ghe0r (1.82c)
Remarks: In lieu of (1.78), a useful (equivalent) form for the rst von
Karman equation (especially for our later discussion of the buckling of
annular plates) is
1 1
K w = Nr w,rr 2Nr
2
w, w,r (1.83)
r2 r
1 1
+N w,r + 2 w,
r r
d2 w 1 dw
r =
, = , (1.86)
dr2 r dr
for the case of radially symmetric deformations of a plate, are the middle-
surface curvatures. If the plate is circular, with radius R, then the
strain-energy of bending for the isotropic, linearly elastic plate is
1
VB = K (2r + 2r + 2 )dA
2
R A 2
(1.87a)
w,r 1
= K w,rr +2w,rr
2
+ w,r rdr
0 r r
W (u, w, P ) VB + VS + VL (1.89)
E r h3 E h3
Dr = , D = (1.95)
12(1 r ) 12(1 r )
and
r = Gr h
3
D (1.96)
12
while
r
Dr = Dr + 2D (1.97)
Using the expressions for Mr , M , Mr in (1.94), those for Nr , N , and
Nr in (1.74), and a compatibility equation for the displacements in po-
lar coordinates, we nd the following form of the von Karman equations
for a linearly elastic, thin plate exhibiting cylindrically orthotropic sym-
metry, (where we have once again introduced the Airy stress function
through the relations (1.74)):
1 1 2 1
+ , + ,rrr
Er r 4 E r
1 2r 1 1 1
3
,r ,rr
Gr Er r Er r 2
1 r 1 1 1 1
+ 2 + , + ,r
Er Gr r4 Er r 3
1 1
= h w,rr w,r + 2 w,
r r
2
1 1
w,r 2 w,
r r
Equations (1.98), (1.99) may also be obtained directly from many sources
in the literature, e.g., the paper by Uthgenannt and Brand [70].
Equations (1.98), (1.99), which govern the general deections of a
cylindrically orthotropic, linearly elastic, thin plate reduce to those which
govern the deections, in polar coordinates, of an isotropic plate, i.e.
(1.78), (1.79) when
Eh3
Dr = D = Dr = K (1.100a)
12(1 2 )
Er = E = E, r = = (1.100b)
rr Er 1 err
= (1.104a)
1 r e
and
r = Gr r (1.104b)
err = exx cos2 + eyy sin2 + xy cos sin
e = exx sin2 + eyy cos2 xy cos sin (1.105)
r = 2(eyy exx ) cos sin + xy (cos2 sin2 )
1 1 1 1
(rMr ),rr + 2 M, M,r + Mr,r + Nr w,rr (1.106)
r r r r
w
1 1
+N w,r + 2 w, + 2Nr =0
r r r ,r
12 w,rr D
2 1 1
M = D w, + w,r
r2 r (1.107b)
1
2D26 w ,r
r
16 w,rr D
26 1 1
Mr = D w, + w,r
r2 r
(1.107c)
2D 6 1 w ,r
r
where,
4 2 2 4
D1 = D1 cos + D3 cos sin + D2 sin
D
2 = D1 sin4 + D3 cos2 sin2 + D2 cos4
D 12 = 1 D2 + (D1 + D2 2D3 ) cos2 sin2
(1.108)
6 = D66 + (D1 + D2 2D3 ) cos2 sin2
D
D $
16 = (D2 D3 ) sin2 (D1 D3 ) cos2 cos sin
$
26 = (D2 D3 ) cos2 (D1 D3 ) sin2 cos sin
D
where the aij = aij (), in contrast to the case of a cylindrically or-
thotropic material, i.e. (1.91), in which the constitutive coecients
are -independent. The strain components in (1.112) are given by the
relations (1.71) in terms of the displacements ur , u , and w, where
h h
< < ; if we think in terms of averaging the constitutive re-
2 2
lations (1.112) over the thickness of the plate we may, in essence, ignore
the expressions involving in (1.71). For the in-plane stress distribution
(prebuckling), w = 0, in which case
ur 1 u 1 1 ur u 1
err = , e = + ur , r = + u (1.113)
r r r r r r
In polar coordinates, the compatibility equation for the strains assumes
the form
r2
L(ur , u ) = [w, w] (1.115)
2
where
2
1 1 1 1
[w, w] = 2 w,rr w,r + 2 w, w,r 2 w, (1.116)
r r r r
The essential idea behind the derivation of the second of the von
Karman equations is to compute the polar coordinate form (1.112) of
the constitutive relations (1.111), substitute (1.112) into (1.115), and
then set
1 1 2
rr =
+ 2 2
r r r
2
= (1.117)
r2
2 1
r =
r r
in the resulting equation. We begin by recalling the transformation
(1.105) of the principal strains exx , eyy , and xy to the polar coordinate
system and the analogous transformation of the principal stresses, i.e.,
2
2
rr = xx cos + yy sin + 2xy sin cos
= xx sin2 + yy cos2 2xy sin cos (1.118)
r = (yy xx ) sin cos + xy cos2 sin2
Using the transformation (1.105) of the principal strains, in conjunction
with the constitutive relations (1.111), we nd that
1 12
err = cos2 sin2 xx
E E1
1
1 21
+ sin
2 2
cos yy (1.119)
E2 E2
sin 2
+ xy
G12
sin2 2
+ cos (sin2 21 cos2 )
a12 = (cos2 12 sin2 )
E1 E2
(1.122b)
1
sin2 2
4G12
1 + 1 (sin2 21 cos2 )
a13 = sin 2 (12 sin2 cos2 )
E1 E2
(1.122c)
cos 2
+
2G12
cos2 2
+ sin (cos2 21 sin2 )
a21 = (sin2 12 cos2 )
E1 E2
(1.122d)
sin2 2
4G12
1 1
e = a21 ,r + 2 ,rr + a22 ,rr
r r
(1.123b)
1
a23
r ,r
2 err 2 2
2
+ r 2 (re ) (rr )
r r
2
err 1 1 1 1
r = w,rr w,r + 2 w, w,r 2 w,
r r r r r
(1.124)
A comprehensive study of postbuckling for rectilinearly orthotropic
plates with circular geometries will not be attempted in the present
work; therefore, we will forgo carrying out the remainder of the deriva-
tion of the second of the von Karman equations for this situation leaving,
instead, the straightforward calculations as an exercise for the reader.
The initial buckling of rectilinearly orthotropic (circular) annular plates
will be treated in Chapter 4 and the in-plane displacement dierential
equations associated with the buckling of rectilinearly orthotropic circu-
lar plates will be obtained in Chapter 3.
Along the edge of the plate, at r = a, we prescribe, in general, the
radial and tangential components pr () and p (), respectively, of the
applied traction where
$ '
pr () = h xx cos2 + yy sin cos + xy sin 2 'r=a
(1.125)
p () = h [(yy xx ) sin cos xy cos 2]|r=a
i.e.
= (x, y) |x2 + y 2 R2 (1.127a)
so that
= (x, y)|x2 + y 2 = R2 (1.127b)
w
(i) is clamped: w = 0 and = 0, on (1.129a)
n
(iii) is Free: Mn = 0
Mtn (1.129c)
and Qn + = 0, on
s
where Mn is the bending moment on in the direction normal to
, Mtn is the twisting moment on , with respect to the tangential
and normal directions on , and Qn is the shearing force associated
with the direction normal to . We now specify the conditions in
(1.129 a,b,c) for the cases of isotropic and orthotropic symmetry in both
rectilinear and circular geometries.
and
w,x (0, y) = 0, 0yb
w,x (a, y) = 0, 0yb
(1.130b)
w,y (x, 0) = 0, 0xa
w,y (x, b) = 0, 0xa
w(x, y)
where w,x (0, y) |x=0 , etc.
x
(ii) is Simply Supported
In this case, as a consequence of (1.129b), we have, rst of all, the
conditions (1.130a), because w = 0 on . The condition Mn = 0
translates, in this case, into Mx = 0, for x = 0, x = a, 0 y b, and
My = 0 for y = 0, y = b, 0 x a, or, in view of the expressions for
the bending moments Mx , My in (1.39) and (1.41), respectively,
w,xx +w,yy |x=0 = 0, 0 y b
w,xx +w,yy |x=a = 0, 0 y b
(1.131)
w,yy +w,xx |y=0 = 0, 0 x a
w,yy +w,xx |y=b = 0, 0 x a
Thus, if all four edges of the plate were free, we would have
w,yyy +(2 )w,xxy |y=0 = 0, 0 x a
w,yyy +(2 )w,xxy |y=b = 0, 0 x a
(1.137)
w,xxx +(2 )w,xyy |x=0 = 0, 0 y b
w,xxx +(2 )w,xyy |x=0 = 0, 0 y b
Remarks: In any actual problem that one would want to consider
with respect to buckling or postbuckling of a (rectangular) thin, linearly
elastic, isotropic plate, there would usually be a mixing of the various
for 0 y b, and
w(x, 0) = w(x, b) = 0, 0 x a
w,yy +w,xx |y=0 = 0, 0 x a (1.138b)
w,yy +w,xx |y=b = 0, 0 x a
for 0 < 2.
(iii) i is Free
If i is free then (1.140) applies, for 0 < 2, because, as in the
simply supported case, we still have Mr = 0 at r = Ri . By (1.129c), the
other condition at r = Ri is
1
Qr + Mr,
r
r=Ri (1.141)
1 1
= (w),r + w, ,r =0
r r r=Ri
where
1 1
w = w,rr + w,r + 2 w, (1.142)
r r
Remarks: As was the case for a rectangular plate, for a thin, linearly
elastic, isotropic, annular plate, one may mix and match the various
sets of boundary conditions delineated above, e.g., if the outer radius at
r = b is clamped, while the inner radius at r = a is free, the boundary
conditions would read as follows:
1 1
(w) ,r + w, ,r = 0, 0 < 2 (1.143c)
r r r=a
and
so that, for 0 y b,
and
D11 w,xxx +(D12 + 4D66 )w,xyy |x=a = 0 (1.152)
w(r, )
w(b, ) = 0, | r=b = 0, (1.154b)
r
for 0 < 2.
D 12 1 w, + 1 w,r
1 w,rr +D
r2 r
(1.157a)
16 1
2D w ,r =0
r r=a
1 1
D1 w,rr +D12 w, + w,r
r2 r
(1.157b)
16 1
2D w ,r =0
r r=b
1, D
where D 12 , and D
16 are dened as in (1.108)
(iii) i is Free
If the boundaries i are free, then both (1.157a) and (1.157b) must
hold and, in addition, we have (1.155) where Mr is given by (1.107c)
and (1.108); to the best of the authors knowledge Qr has not been
computed for this situation, to date, and will need to be calculated in
the course of future work on such problems.
2
0 (x, y) = h y
(1.160)
2
inasmuch as we do not care about linear and constant terms in 0 (be-
cause the expressions involving in (1.53a,b) always appear as second
derivatives in the Airy function.) From (1.160) it is clear that we may
h
take, in accordance with (1.158), 0 (x, y) = y 2 . From (1.160) and
2
0 = h, N
(1.46) we see that, N 0 = 0, N 0 = 0.
x y xy
Returning to the general situation we make the following observations:
(i) In every case considered in section 1.2, with respect to the buck-
ling of a thin, linearly elastic plate, either for isotropic or orthotropic
response, and whether it be for the case of rectilinear or circular geom-
etry, the structure of the von Karman equations is as follows:
L1 w = [, w] (1.161a)
1
L2 = [w, w] (1.161b)
2
1 1
[, w] = , w, + w,
rr
r
r
r2
1 1
+ ,r + 2 , w,rr
r r
1 1 1 1
2 w,r 2 w, ,r 2 ,
r r r r
1 1
= w,rr Nr 2 2
w, 2 w,r Nr (1.163)
r r
1 1
+ w,r + 2 w, N
r r
1 1
[w, w] = 2 w,rr r w,r + r2 w,
2
1 1
w,r 2 w,
r r
(ii) We set
L2 0 = 0, in , (1.164)
with some appropriate boundary conditions on . Then, (1.161a,b)
may be put in the form
L1 w [0 , w] = [, w]
(1.165)
L2 = [w, w]
Gu (, u0 )v = 0 (1.166)
has a nontrivial solution vc (a buckling mode) for some value of ,
say, c (a buckling load). For the general von Karman system given
by (1.165), which includes all the cases we have considered in section
1.2, the problem equivalent to (1.166) may be formulated as follows:
We take, for the vector u the pair (w, ) and we write
G1 (, u) G1 (, (w, ))
(1.167)
= L1 w [0 , w] [, w]
and
G2 (, u) G2 (, (w, ))
(1.168)
= L2 [w, w]
so that
G1 (, (w, ))
G(, u) = (1.169)
G2 (, (w, ))
Thevon Karman equations, (1.165), are then equivalent to G(, u) =
0
. The equilibrium solution (, u0 ), which holds for all , is given
0
by
u0 = (0, 0) (1.170)
i.e., by w = 0 and = 0 = 0 . Computing the Frechet derivative of
the mapping in (1.169), at (, u0 ) (, (0, 0)), and setting v = (w,
),
we nd that
L1 w [0 , w]
Gu (, u0 )v = (1.171)
L2
so that Gu (, u0 )v = 0 is equivalent to the system of equations
and
K2 w = %
[0 , w] &
= 0 ,yy w,xx +0,xx w,yy 20,xy w,xy
= hw,xx
so that the eigenvalueeigenfunction problem we are interested in is
K2 w + hw,xx = 0, in
(1.174)
w = w = 0, on
with = {(x, y)|0 x a, 0 y b} . Other examples of linearized
problems governing the initial buckling of thin plates will be considered
as they arise in Chapters 25; in certain of these later examples, we
will want to modify the above discussion to account for the presence
of initial imperfections or for constitutive behavior which is other than
linear elastic; however, the same basic logic which took us, in this section,
from the full set of von Karman equations to the (linear) eigenvalue
eigenfunction problem governing initial plate buckling, will still apply.
FIGURE 1.1
Thin rod in compression.
4w 4w 4w h 2 w
4
+2 2 2 + 4
= (2.1)
x x y y K x2
and that the critical values cr of the compressive stress must satisfy
the characteristic equation
where
m 2 = m
p/q = K (2.5)
with
m2 2 m2 2
r 2 = p2 , s2
= q 2
+ (2.6)
2 2
a given by (2.2). For m = 1, the solution of (2.4) is given
= , and K
b
by
= 2 + 2 + 2
K (2.7)
and, thus,
which is graphed in Fig. 2.1. With m = 1, the value of K,
a
of cr , increases monotonically as = increases from = 1 (square
b
2 = m(m + 1) (2.9)
= 2 + 16 2 + 8/3
K (2.12)
3
(c) The Edge y = 0 is Clamped and the Edge y = b is Simply
Supported.
In this case, along the edge at y = 0 we have w(x, 0) = w,y (x, 0) =
0, 0 x a, while along the edge at y = b, w(x, b) = 0, 0 x a,
and w,yy +w,xx |y=b = 0, 0 x a (i.e., see (1.131). The general form
of the deection which occurs upon initial buckling is the same as in
subcases (a) and (b) and this leads to the characteristic equation
(r2 + s2 )(q sinh p cos q p cosh p sin q) = 0 (2.13)
whose solution, i.e., K versus graph, for the case m = 1, is shown in
Fig. 2.4; we may read o from this graph that the minimum value of
cr , in this case, is approximately the average of the values of (cr )min
for the problems treated in subcases (a) and (b).
(d) The Edge y = 0 is Clamped and the Edge y = b is Free
As in subcase (c), along the edge at y = 0 we again have w(x, 0) =
w,y (x, 0) = 0, 0 x a, but now, along the edge at b, the last of
the relations in (1.131) applies, as well as the second of the relations in
(1.137). Using the same expression for the form of the eigenfunction w
as we employed in subcases (a)(c), we nd that the Ai , i = 1, . . . , 4,
must satisfy
A1 ps2 sinh p + A2 ps2 cosh p + A3 qr2 sin q A4 q 2 r2 cos q = 0
A1 r2 cosh p + A2 r2 sinh p A3 s2 cos q A4 s2 sin q = 0
A1 + A3 = 0
pA2 + qA4 = 0
which leads to the characteristic equation
2pqr2 s2 + pq(r4 + s4 cosh p cos q
(2.14)
+(q 2 r4 p2 s4 ) sinh p sin q = 0
= 2 + 2 4
K + (2.15)
16(3 8) 2(3 8)
with
+ K + K 4
2a
(2.18b)
= K 4
K
2a
and imposition of the boundary conditions along the four edges produces
a characteristic equation relating K and (and hence, cr and ) whose
solution is depicted in Fig. 2.7; it may be noted that modes with even
numbers of half-waves in the x-direction are antisymmetric. The solution
to this problem was rst obtained by Schleicher [75]. As increases, the
value of K approaches that of a plate simply supported on all four sides,
because the half-wave length of the buckles in the y-direction approaches
a value equal to the width of the plate. Finally, the transition from m
to m + 1 half waves, in the x-direction, takes place when 2 = m(m + 2).
with m having odd values for buckling into an odd number of waves
in the x-direction, and even values for buckling into an even number of
when 1/2
2 1
min = 1 , 0< < (2.26)
2
1
For values of and such that > , the corresponding values
2
of min are imaginary. The graph of K x versus the aspect ratio for
the plate is depicted in Fig 2.10; from this gure we may deduce that
the graph of K x , as a function of , is asymptotic to the horizontal line
K x = /. Also, for the case in which the plate is square (i.e., = 1)
and is subjected to uniform compression on all sides ( = ) we have
K x = 2, which is one-half of the value of K for a simply supported
square plate which is compressed in only one direction. From (2.25) and
(2.26), it follows that for < 0 (i.e. if a tensile force acts on the edges
y = 0, y = b, 0 x a)min is not imaginary and (K x )min may be
larger than 4; this implies that the presence of a tensile stress along the
under the hypothesis that the buckled form of the plate consists of m
half-waves in the x-direction, we compute the strain energy of bending
to be 2
Kab 2 # 2 1 n2
U= An + (2.32)
8 n=1
a2 b2
while, for the work done by the compressive edge forces, we have
2
1 c a b
w
T = 1 y h dxdy (2.33)
2 b o 0 x
where only values for q are summed over such that n + q is odd. Equat-
ing U and T then produces an expression for cr , which contains the
4w 4w 4w 2h 2 w
4
+2 2 2 + 4
= (2.38)
x x y y K xy
where = xy |y=0,b .
(a) All Four Edges are Simply Supported.
The analysis, which is due to Timoshenko [64], is similar to that em-
ployed in the case of compression (in the x-direction) with linearly vary-
ing edge forces. Since one cannot make, in this case, assumptions about
the number of half-waves in the x-direction, the initial buckling mode is
sought in the form
#
#
mx ny
w= Amn sin sin (2.39)
m=1 n=1
a b
In view of (2.39),
#
# #
#
mnpq
T = 4 h Amn Apq (2.41)
m=1 n=1 p=1 q=1
(m2 p2 )(q 2 n2 )
It is noted in [32], that the system (2.42) may be split into two subsys-
tems of equations each of which can be solved separately; one subsystem
4w 4w 4w
D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 ) + D22 = [, w] (2.49)
x4 x2 y 2 y 4
where, by (1.63)
E1 h3
D11 =
1 12 21 12
D22 = E2 h3
1 12 21 12
and
E2 21 h3 E1 12 h3
D12 = 1 12 21 12 = 1 12 21 12 = D21
D h3
66 = G12
12
The partial dierential equation governing the eigenvalueeigenfunction
problem, for initial buckling of the plate, is then, by virtue of our dis-
cussion in Chapter 1, given by (2.49) with , the total Airy function,
we recall that
replaced by ; is the solution of (1.69), for w 0,
satises
subject to the appropriate edge loading conditions, i.e.,
1 4 1 1 12 4 1 4
4
+ 2 2
+ =0 (2.50)
E1 h y h G12 E1 x y E2 h x4
4w 4w 4w 2w
D11 4
+ 2(D12 + 2D66 ) 2 2 + D22 4 = h 2 (2.51)
x x y y x
We note that the rst two boundary conditions in (1.146) are equivalent
to the rst pair of conditions in (1.148).
(a) The Edges y = 0, y = b, 0 x a are Simply Supported.
In this subcase w = 0 along y = 0, y = b, 0 x a, and the sec-
ond pair of boundary conditions in (1.148) apply as well along these
edges. Following the analysis in Lekhnitskii, [51] or [52], we note that
the boundary conditions are satised by trial eigenfunctions of the form
mx ny
w(x, y) = Amn sin sin (2.52)
a b
for arbitrary constants Amn , with the m and n integers. Substituting
from (2.52) into (2.51) yields
m 4 mn 2
Amn D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 )
a ab
n 4 m 2 (2.53)
+D22 h 2
=0
b a
in which case, we have eigenvalues
* 2
2 D11 D22 D11 m
mn =
b2 h D22
* 2
(2.54)
2(D12 + 2D66 ) 2 D22
+ n + n4
D11 D22 D11 m
* (2.55)
2(D12 + 2D66 ) D22
+ +
D11 D22 D11 m
in which case, the smallest value of 11 occurs for the aspect ratio =
*
D11
and this smallest value is just given by (2.56). The relation (2.56)
D22
can be expressed in the form
min 2 D11 D22
K
cr = (2.58)
b2 h
where
[D12 + 2D66 ]
Kmin = 2 1 + (2.59)
D11 D22
2) If
*
D11
= m(m + 1) 4
m (2.60)
D22
for m any integer, then at the same critical load there are two possible
buckling modes, namely,
mx y
w = Am1 sin sin (2.61)
a b
and
(m + 1)x y
w = Am+1,1 sin sin (2.62)
a b
and the m represent, therefore, the aspect ratios where a transition
from buckling in the mode (2.61) to buckling in the mode (2.62) occurs.
and equating the work of the compressive edge forces with the potential
* (2.72)
8 2 [D12 + 2D66 ] 16 4 D22
+ n + n
3 D11 D22 3 D11 m
The results for (2.73) are now quite analogous to those for the case of
compression in the x-direction with four simply supported edges:
*
D11
1) If the aspect ratio satises = .658m 4 , for some integer m ,
D22
then at criticality, m = m and
8 2 D11 D22 [D12 + 2D66 ]
cr = 3+ (2.74)
3b2 h D11 D22
2
cr = k D11 D22 (2.78)
b2 h
for an appropriately dened buckling coecient k = km . The graph in
Fig. 2.24 depicts k vs. , again for varying values of the parameter .
(b) The Edges y = 0, y = b, 0 x a, Are Clamped
4w 4w 4w
D11 4
+ 2[D12 + 2D66 ] 2 2 + D22 4
x x y y
2 (2.79)
w 2w
+h 2 + 2 = 0
x y
We consider only the case where the edges of the plate are simply sup-
ported on all four sides so that w = 0 for x = 0, x = a, 0 y b, w = 0,
for y = 0, y = b, 0 x a, and all four conditions in (1.148) apply
as well. Because of the condition of simply supported edges, we again
look for eigenfunctions of the form (2.52), in which case, substitution
into (2.79) yields
m 2 n 2 m 4
2
+ = D11 +
a b h a
mn 2 n 4 (2.80)
2[D12 + 2D66 ] + D22
ab b
2[D12 + 2D66 ] 2
+ n (2.81)
D11 D22
* +
( 2
2
D22
+ n4 1+ n2
D11 m m
when D11 > D22 (x-axis directed along the external bers). The plate,
upon initial buckling, exhibits one-half sine waves in the direction of the
y-axis.
In this case, for compression in the x-direction (along the external bers)
and tension in the y-direction, we have, m = 2, n = 1, and, (approxi-
mately),
2 D11 D22
cr = 19.67 (2.83)
b2 h
while for compression in the y-direction (across the bers), and tension
in the x-direction, m = 2, n = 1, and, (approximately),
2 D11 D22
cr = 3.72 (2.84)
b2 h
Thus, the plate is more stable in the rst case, represented by (2.83),
as opposed to the second case, represented by (2.84) since the critical
in (2.83) is more than ve times the size of the critical in (2.84).
Other subcases of this particular problem which have been treated in
Lekhnitskii [51] include the following:
(c) The Plate is Simply Supported along all Four Edges, with
a Compressive Stress xx = Uniformly Distributed along
the Edges x = 0, x = a, 0 y b, and a Constant Tension
given by yy = + Uniformly Distributed along the Edges
y = 0, y = b, 0 x a.
From (2.86) it follows that an additional tension (load) along the edges
y = 0, y = b raises the critical load and, thus, improves the stability of
the plate. We also note that, by virtue of (2.86), for a given aspect ratio
, m may be large if either D11 is small or D22 is large.
2) The aspect ratio at which a transition from m half sine waves to
m + 1 half sine waves (in the x-direction) takes place is
m(m + 1)
m = (2.88)
4 D 2h
b
22
+ 2
D11 D11
and so forth. Using these results, for a given value of the aspect ratio
we may determine the number m of half-sine waves in the x-direction
into which the plate buckles and then, from (2.93), (2.96), and (2.97),
the corresponding critical load. It may again be demonstrated that, as
was the case with compression of the simply supported, rectilinearly or-
thotropic plate, (along the edges x = 0, x = a, 0 y b) if D11 < D22
a large number of half-sine waves occur upon initial buckling as com-
pared with the case in which D11 > D22 (loading parallel to the external
bers of the plate as opposed to loading perpendicular to the external
bers). For plywood plates deected by a pure bending moment, we in-
dicate in Table 2.3 the values of k and m (relative to (2.96), (2.97)) for
various values of the aspect ratio , both in the case where D11 > D22
and in the case where D11 < D22 .
(v) Rectangular Orthotropic Plates Subjected to
Shearing Loads
The situation is again depicted, as in the isotropic case, in Fig. 2.16.
Taking, once again, = xy (along the four edges of the plate), the
partial dierential equation which mediates the initial buckling of the
plate is
4w 4w
D11 4 + 2(D12 + 2D66 ) 2 2
x x y
4
(2.99)
w 2w
+D22 2 + 2h 2 2 = 0
y x y
The principal directions of the plate are, of course, taken to be parallel
to the edges of the plate, all of which are simply supported. Lekhnit-
skii [51] employs the energy method to obtain a solution of the initial
buckling problem in this case. The work done by the edge forces is, once
again, given by (2.40b), as in the isotropic case, and equating this to the
with
2
2w 2w 2w
(x, y) D11 + 2D11 21
x2 x2 y 2
2 2 (2.101)
2w 2w
+D22 + 4(D12 + 2D12 )
y 2 xy
The initial buckling mode is again sought in the form (2.38), which
automatically satises the simple support conditions along the edges;
the rest of the solution now proceeds as in the isotropic case. It is noted
in [51] that, with the external bers of the plate parallel to the long sides
of the plate, good accuracy is achieved with ve terms in the expression
(2.38) for the initial buckling mode, i.e., with
x 3x y
w = A11 sin +A31 sin sin
a a b
2x 2y
+A22 sin sin (2.102)
a b
x 3x 3y
+ A13 sin + A33 sin sin ,
a a b
if the plate is square ( = 1); other approximations (for the aspect ratios
= 2 and = 3) are also reported in Lekhnitskii [51]. In each of the
cases referred to above, the critical (shear) buckling load assumes the
form 2
h
cr = 104 k (2.103)
b
where the buckling coecient k, which depends on , is tabulated in
Table 2.4.
Remarks : Shearing of a Very Narrow or Innite
Orthotropic Strip
A special case of the problem treated above occurs when the ratio of the
sides is large, i.e., > 4; in this case, as Lekhnitskii [51] points out, the
eect of the short sides is negligible and the plate may be considered
In Fig. 2.26, taken from Seydel op. cit., K, the buckling coecient,
is plotted against 1/ where is the eective aspect ratio, =
4
D22 /D11 , for various values of the plate parameter ( 1), as given by
(2.112); for the plot shown in Fig. 2.26, all the edges of the plate are
simply supported. If the plate parameter satises < 1, instead of
1, we have, in lieu of (2.113), an expression of the form
2
cr = K D22 (D12 + 2D66 )/b2 h (2.114)
for the critical shear stress at which the plate buckles; another (similar)
description of the results for this case is depicted in Fig. 2.27.
2w 4w 4w
D11 4
+ 2(D12 + 2D66 ) 2 2 + D22 4
x x y y
2w 2w
+h + 2h =0 (2.115)
x2 wy
and the plate is assumed to be simply supported along all four edges.
According to Lekhnitskii [51], a solution of the initial buckling problem
is known only for the case of an innite strip, i.e. aspect ratio = ;
The method consists of seeking an initial buckling mode in the form
y
w = A sin sin (x y tan ) (2.116)
b s
where
= (b/s)2 , = tan (2.118)
2 2
D D (D + 2D ) D
=
11 22
12
66
+
22 2
(3 + )
b2 h D11 D22 D11
(2.119)
*
D22
=
D11 + 2(D12 + 2D66 )2 + D22 4
and have been chosen to illustrate the technique because they yield par-
ticularly simple results. The parameter
a a is taken to be the deection
at the center of the plate, i.e., at , ; while we have already seen
2 2
that, for high enough values of the compression, two or more buckles can
occur in the direction of the compression, we will conne our attention
here to plates exhibiting a single initial buckle.
The solution of (2.126) which satises (2.128) is
u0 = k0 x, v0 = 0 (2.129)
2 Eh 2
P Pcr = + O( 4 ) (2.140)
4(1 + )a
Combining (2.140) with (2.138) then yields
P Pcr 2Eh
= + O( 2 ) (2.141)
u ucr (1 + )(3 )
As (P Pcr )/(uucr ) is the stiness of the plate, immediately after the
onset of buckling, and Eh/(1 2 ) is the plate stiness prior to buckling,
2 E
P/Pcr = 1 + 2 + O( 4 ) (2.142)
4Pcr (1 + )a
and
with
11 h
EE
Nxn = (un,x + 12 vn,y ), (2.146)
E 12
2
4 4 4
where L(D) = D11 4
+ 2(D12 + 2D66 ) 2 2 + D22 4 , and
x x y y
Nx2,x + Nxy2,y = (Nx11,x + Nxy11,y )
Ny2,y + Nxy2,x = (Ny11,y + Nxy11,x )
L(D)w3 (Nx0 w3,xx + Ny0 w3,yy + 2Nxy0 w3,xy ) (2.149)
= (Nx2 + Nx11 )w1,xx + (Ny2 + Ny11 )w1,yy
+2(Nxy2 + Nxy11 )w1,xy
We note that solutions of the rst two equations in (2.148) provide the
prebuckling stresses in the rectangular, orthotropic plate; these equa-
tions may be put in the form
Au0,xx + G12 hu0,yy + Bv0,xy = 0
(2.154)
0,yy + G12 hv0,xx + Bu0,xy = 0
EAv
where
11 h
EE
A= , B = 12 A + G12 h (2.155)
E 12
2
Pcr
Nx0 = , Ny0 = Nxy0 = 0 (2.156b)
b
The use of (2.156b) then permits us to write the last equation in (2.148)
in the form
Pcr
L(D)w1 + w1,xx = 0 (2.157)
b
and imposition of the simple support condition along the four edges of
the plate again leads to an initial buckling mode of the form
mx ny
w1 (x, y) = A1 sin sin (2.158)
a b
As in our previous discussion of the initial buckling problem, for a simply
supported, orthotropic, rectangular plate which is compressed in the x-
direction, we substitute (2.158) into (2.157) so as to determine that
m 4 m 2 n 2
b
Pcr = D 11 + 2(D 12 + 2D 66
(m/a)2 a a b
n 4 (2.159)
+D22
b
n AA2 2 2
= 1 n + 12 m
E sin
2ny
(2.161)
b 4 b a b
n A2 n 2 m 2
1
EA + (B + G12 h)
b 4 b a
2ny 2mx
cos sin
b a
where A, B are given by (2.155). The solutions of (2.160), (2.161), sub-
ject to (2.150), (2.151), and the second condition in (2.152), are
Pcr A21 m 2 a
u2 = + x (2.162)
E11 hb 8 a 2
A21 (m/a)2 12 (n/b)2 2mx
sin
16 (m/a) a
m 2mx 2ny
sin cos
a a b
and
Pcr 12 A2 n 2
v2 = 1 (y b/2) (2.163)
E11 hb E 8 b
n
2mx 2ny
cos sin
b a b
Pcr
L(D)w3 + w3,xx (2.164)
b
Pcr m 2 E11 hA21 m 4
= A1
b a 16 a
n 4 mx ny
+E sin sin
b a b
n 4 1
16 Pcr m 2 m 4
A21 = +E (2.165)
E11 h b a a b
and
mx ny
w3 (x, y) = A3 sin sin
a b
(2.166)
mx 3ny 3mx ny
+ A31 sin sin + A32 sin sin
a b a b
and
4
E11 hA31 n 4 3m
A32 = D11
16 b a
2
3m n 2
+2(D12 + 2D66 ) (2.167b)
a b
n 4 P 3m 2 1
cr
+D22
b b a
3 2 A21
where = m/, 2 = E 12
2
, and
4 h2
$ 2
3 A31 4 + 8E E 1 / E 2 n4 + E A32 n4
A3 = $
12
4 + 2E
2 4 + En E1 / E 2 2 12 2
n2 Eh
12
(2.169)
and
4
En
A32 = (2.170b)
4
8 94 En
H(E)
ij = (2.174)
Eij
with the strain-displacement relations
1 ui uj uk uk
Eij = + + (2.175)
2 xj xi xi xj
In (2.172) - (2.175), x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z, the ui are the displace-
ment components and H is the strain-energy function. In general, the
ui in (2.175) and, thus, the Eij may depend on z. In [73] the authors
take the middle surface of the undeformed plate to be given by x3 = 0,
the thickness to be h, and introduce a lateral length scale L, so that
for a thin plate $ = h/L is a small parameter. Scaling the coordinates,
displacement components, and strain components as in the von Kar-
man theory (i.e., x1 , x2 = O(L), x3 = O(h), u1 , u2 = O($h), u3 =
O(h), E11 , E22 , E12 , E33 = O($2 ), and E13 , E23 = O($3 )) it turns out
that the lowest order terms in the strain-displacement relations (2.175)
can be written in the form
E11 = $1 K1 x3
E22 = $2 K2 x3 (2.176)
E12 = $12 K12 x3
H(E)
11 (2.179)
E11
'
1 , $2 , $3 ) = H(E)''
If we set H($ , then
x3 =0
' '
H '' 1 2 H '' 2
H(E) H($1 , $2 , $3 ) + x3 + x (2.180)
x3 '0 2 x23 '0 3
H H H
K1 K2 K12
$1 $2 $12
On the other hand, for |x3 | small we have, by virtue of (2.179)
' 2 '
H H '' 1 H ''
11 + x3 + x23 (2.182)
$1 $1 x3 '0 2 $1 x23 '0
in which case
h/2
Mx xx d
h/2
'
h/2
H h/2
H ''
d + 2 d
h/2 $1 h/2 $1 x3 '0
' (2.183)
1 h/2
2 H ''
+ 3 d
2 h/2 $1 x23 '0
'
h/2
H ''
2 d
h/2 $1 x3 '0
Finally, if we use (2.181) in (2.183), we have
+ 6
2H 2H 2H h/2
Mx = 1 2 2 12 2 d
$1 $1 $2 $1 $12 h/2
or
h3 12 + 12 H 13
Mx =
1 H11 + 2 H (2.184)
12
where the H ij are the bending stiness moduli, H 11 = 2 H/$
2
1,
2 2
H12 = H/$1 $2 , H13 = H/$1 $12 , etc. The other two moment-
curvature relations are
h3 22 + 3 H
23
My = 1 H12 + 2 H (2.185)
12
= E E
H ($1 + $2 )2 ($1 $2 $212 ) (2.187)
2(1 2 ) 1+
= E1
H ($2 + 21 $1 $2 )
2(1 12 21 ) 1
E2 (2.188)
+ ($2 + 12 $1 $2 )
2(1 12 21 ) 2
+2G12 $212
= H($
H 1 , $2 , $2 ) (2.189)
12
We also note that, for the constitutive theory at hand, it follows directly
that the averaged stresses are
H H
Nx = h $1 , Ny = h $2
(2.190)
1 H
Nxy = Nyx = h
2 $12
Finally, if we employ the form (2.195) of the strain energy function H(e),
in (2.194), then for compression in the y-direction of the plate one nds
that the bending stiness moduli are given by
11 = c1 12 /21 tanh(c2 $2 /c1 )
H
1 12 21
$2
c2 12 21 c1 tanh(c2 $2 K1 )
H
22 = +
2 12 21
cosh (c2 $2 /c1 ) 1 $2
(2.198)
12 = c1 12 tanh(c2 $2 K1 )
H
1 12 21 $2
33 = cH
H 12
13 = H
H 23 = 0
Using (1.45), and (2.184) - (2.186), and assuming that the middle surface
strain eld is homogeneous, so that the H ij in (2.198) are independent of
x and y, we obtain as the equation governing the initial buckling mode
4 4 4w 2w
11 w + H
H 22 w + 2H 12 + H
33 +
12
N 0 =0
x4 y 4 x2 y 2 h3 y 2
(2.202)
In [73] solutions of (2.202) are sought in the form
It is noted in [73] that the even solutions lead to lower buckling loads
than the odd solutions; the imposition of support conditions along the
edges that are parallel to the x-axis, in an (assumed) long plate, then
yields transcendental characteristic equations for the buckling strain as a
function of the wave number and the critical buckling strain is obtained
by minimizing the buckling strain with respect to . If we introduce
the dimensionless (buckling) strain $ = c2 $2 /c1 , and the dimensionless
2
stiness coecient S = (c2 /c1 ) (h/2a) 12 /21 , where a is the half-
width of the plate in the x direction, then Fig. 2.46 depicts a plot
of $ as
a function of S for three mean Poissons ratios = 12 21 and two
dierent edge support conditions along the non-loaded edges at x = a;
similarly, Fig. 2.47 is a plot of the corresponding normalized buckling
Much of the more recent work in plastic buckling, i.e., Hutchinson [17],
Tvergaard [103], Hutchinson [45], [46], and Needleman and Tvergaard
[104] is based on a small strain theory of plasticity in which the relation
between the stress rates and strain rates is assumed to be of the form
1 2
J2 = Sij Sij 1/3 11 2
+ 22 2
+ 312 11 22 (2.218)
2
1
where Sij = ij kk ij is the stress deviator. The instantaneous
3
moduli for J2 ow theory with isotropic elastic properties, are given,
e.g., in Hutchinson [17] as
E 1
Lijk = (ik j + i jk )
1+ 2
(2.219)
Fij Skl
+ ij kl
1 2 1 + + 2FJ2
where
and
dG
where G = ; for unloading G = G = 0, while for loading, G =
dJ2
E
3 1 . The relations (2.219), (2.220), however, were proposed in
Es
conjunction with the problem of buckling of a complete spherical shell
under external pressure. For the specic problem of buckling of square
elastic-plastic plates under axial compression, Needleman and Tvergaard
[104] assume (2.217), with the elastic tensor of moduli Leijk isotropic,
i.e.,
E 1
Leijk = (ik j + i jk ) + ij k (2.221)
1+ 2 1 2
Sij Sk
Lijk = Leijk H (2.222)
e2
where *
3
e = Sij Sij (2.223)
2
and
0, if e < Y or e < 0
H=
3 E 1 Et /E
, if e = Y and e 0
2 1 + (1 + ) Et + 1 (Et /E)
2
3 E
(2.224)
= c + 1 + 2 4/3 + . . . (2.229)
In all cases considered, the authors of [104] determine that 2 < 0 and,
thus, the rst three terms of (2.229) can be used to estimate the value of
the maximum stress max that can be supported by the plate. In [104]
one also nds an analysis of the imperfection sensitivity of compressed,
simply supported, elastic-plastic square plates which ignore elastic un-
loading; we will not go into any details of the imperfection-sensitivity
analysis here but do note the following: attention in [104] is conned to
imperfections which have the shape of the buckling mode (2.227) with
the amplitude of the imperfection denoted by . For < c , a regular
perturbation analysis shows that the lowest order eect of the imperfec-
tion on the magnitude , of the out-of-plane deection of the plate, is
given by
/c ) p(),
= (1 (2.230)
where 1 is a (positive) constant, whose structure we do not delineate
here, while p() is a function of that is nite at = c . For an elastic
material (even nonlinear elastic) = 1. In a neighborhood of = c , a
singular perturbation analysis produces
max
= 1 ()2/(2+1) (2.232)
c
2/(2+1)
2 22
= (2 + 1) p(c )2/(2+1) . (2.233)
c c
The results of the analysis presented in [104] for three dierent cases are
depicted in Figs. 2.51, 2.52, and 2.53.
Finally, we turn our attention to the analysis of the initial and post-
buckling behavior of rectangular viscoelastic plates; a formulation of the
buckling equations which are suitable for dealing with this problem may
be found in the work of Brilla [106] although only the stability problems,
both linearized and nonlinear are dealt with. The buckling of circular
viscoelastic plates has been treated in [140] and will be discussed in the
next chapter. The governing equations for the large deection theory of
viscoelastic plates considered in [106] are of two types, the rst of which
is of the form
h3
Kijk (D)w,ijk
12 (2.234)
= K(D)(q + h$ik $j w,ij ,k )
with i, j, k, = 1, 2, and
are polynomial operators in D = , the Lijk (D), and K(D), have
t
analogous representations, and
1
K(D) [Kijk (D)] = L(D)1 Lijk (D) (2.237)
The operators K(D), L(D), Kijk (D), and Lijk (D) are the dierential
operators of linear viscoelasticity, w and are, of course, the transverse
and satisfy
()
Kijk (D)$ij $k 0 (2.239)
with equality holding only for =0. The polynomials Kijk and L are
assumed to have only negative real roots. The boundary conditions
considered in [106] are either of the form
w
w= = 0, on , (2.240)
n
being the boundary of the domain occupied by the thin plate (in
which (2.234), (2.235) are to hold), or
where the kn = cos(xk , n) are the direction cosines of the (unit) out-
ward normal n to . Also, with respect to the Airy function , we
have either
3
= = 0, on (2.242)
n n3
or
2 2
= = 0, on (2.243)
n2 sn
where , denote, respectively, the normal and tangential derivatives
n s
on . Finally, if the dierential operator Lijk (D) is of order k, then
the initial conditions for the problem assume, in general, the form
'
w ''
= w ( = 0, 1, . . . , k 1)
t '
t=0
' (2.244)
''
= 0 ( = 0, 1, . . . , k 1)
t 't=0
it follows that, for suciently small , there exists > 0 such that
# r 3
h ()
Kijk (,ij , ,k ) K Nij (,i , ,k )
2 (2.254)
=0
12
where
2 = (, ).
The polynomial on the left-hand side of (2.254) has positive coe-
cients for suciently small and is a monotonically increasing function
for > 0; this, in turn, implies that the roots of this polynomial are
either negative or have negative real parts; for a real viscoelastic mate-
rial the roots must, in fact, all be negative. If, in addition, the roots are
simple, then the solution of (2.247) can be expressed in the form
#
# r
w(x, y, t) = Ank won n (x, y)enk t (2.255)
n=1 k=1
where the (real) roots of (2.252) have been denoted by nk and won =
(w0 , n ). It can be shown that the coecients Ank in the expansion
(2.255) are given by [106]:
n1 n2 n(k1) n(k+1) nr
Ank =
(nk n1 ) (nk n(k1) )(nk n(k+1) ) (nk nr )
(2.256)
h3 (0)
K (n,ij , n,k ) K0 Ny0 (n,i , n,j ) = 0 (2.259)
12 ijk
and
h3 (r)
K (n,ij , n,k ) Kr Nij0
(n,i , n,j ) = 0 (2.260)
12 ijk
If the Laplace transform is applied to (2.247), we nd that the values of
, in question, are eigenvalues of the system
h3 (0) 0
K w,ijk () + Nij K0 w,ij () = 0 (2.261)
12 ijk
and
h3 (r) 0
K w,ijk (0) + Nij Kr w,ij (0) = 0 (2.262)
12 ijk
Whenever is an eigenvalue of (2.261), one of the roots of (2.252) is
equal to zero and, as increases above this value, one of the nk becomes
negative; when is an eigenvalue of (2.262) one of the roots of (2.252)
must be innite. In [106], eigenvalues of (2.261) are called critical values
for innite critical time and are denoted by cr . For < min cr each of
the nk > 0 and the basic solution of (2.47) is stable. For = min cr
we have neutral stability, while for > min cr at least one of the
nk < 0 and the solution is said to be unstable (with innite critical
time). On the other hand, eigenvalues of (2.262) are said to be critical
and
(1 + D) 2 = 1 E(1 + D)[w, w] (2.265)
2
where 0 (x, y) satises 2 0 = 0, with boundary conditions that cor-
respond to the given loading condition(s) on the edge(s), K is the plate
bending stiness, E the Young modulus, and , constants which serve
to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of the plate. For = = 0,
(2.264), (2.265) reduce to the usual set of von Karman equations for a lin-
early elastic, isotropic plate, in Cartesian coordinates, with = 0 +
the (total) Airy function. Using the boundary conditions (2.240), or
(2.241), and the initial conditions
w(x, y, 0) = w0 (x, y), (x, y, 0) = 0, (2.266)
and
= 1 E[w, w]
2 (2.268)
2
and
2 1 t 2 1 (t )
+ 1 e d
0
(2.270)
1 1
= E [w, w] [w0 , w0 ] e t
2
Taking the scalar product of (2.269) with w, and then using [w, w] as
given by (2.270), it is possible to show that
t
1
(w) e (t ) d
1
K (w, w) + 1 w,
0
2h
h (0 , [w, w]) + ,
E
t 1
1 (t )
+ 1 , e d
0
= K (w0 , w0 ) e t h (0 , [w0 , w]) e t h , [w0 , w0 ] e 1 t
1 1
(2.271)
from which, with the assumption of nite total energy, we obtain, in the
limit, as t
2
=0
K (w, w) h (0 , [w, w]) + h , (2.272)
E
Because (, ) 0, a nonzero solution of (2.272) exists if and only
if is larger than the critical values (with innite critical time) of the
linearized problem, which are also critical values of the non-linear prob-
lem (2.267), (2.268). If w0 = 0, the right-hand side of (2.271) is equal
to zero and, setting t = 0, we then nd that
2 2
=0
K (w, w) h (0 , [w, w]) + h , (2.273)
E
which leads to the following conclusion: the critical values for zero criti-
cal time, which are the eigenvalues of (2.274), are critical values for zero
critical time of the linearized problem. No numerical computations for
the critical values or the corresponding eigenfunctions (buckling modes)
have been carried out in [106]; there exists no postbuckling analysis ei-
ther, so that these are likely subjects for future research work in this
area.
Figure 2.19 clearly displays the comparative results for shear buckling
of a linearly elastic isotropic rectangular plate for four dierent kinds of
edge support conditions; all the graphs of K against are monotonically
decreasing and as the graphs do not intersect for > 1 it is sucient
to display, as we have done in Table 2.9, the results for just one aspect
ratio, say = 2. Once again, we see an increase in the buckling load as
we move from edges which are all simply supported to edges which are
pairwise simply supported and clamped to the case where all edges are
clamped.
For linearly elastic rectangular plates which are orthotropic Figs. 2.23
and 2.24 display the variation of the buckling constant k (for a plate
which is
3 compressed in the x-direction) with the eective aspect ratio
2
2 Es h 1 3 Et 1
P
c = + + 2
+ 2
9 b 4 4 Es 2
Designation of
G12
dierent cases E11 E22 G12 = E22 /E11
E 21 12
E11
A 1.887 1.5772 0.6123 0.8358 0.3245 0.3 0.25074
B 3.761 2.648 1.061 0.7041 0.2823 0.3 0.21123
C 7.068 3.578 1.409 0.5064 0.1994 0.3 0.15192
D 14.130 4.282 1.714 0.3031 0.1213 0.3 0.09093
E 36.390 4.788 1.959 0.1315 0.0538 0.3 0.03945
F 69.660 5.071 2.062 0.0728 0.0296 0.3 0.02184
G 1.5772 1.87 0.6123 1.1964 0.3882 0.25074 0.3
H 1.648 3.761 1.061 1.4202 0.4009 0.21123 0.3
I 3.578 7.068 1.409 1.9747 0.3937 0.15192 0.3
J 4.282 14.13 1.714 3.2292 0.4002 0.09093 0.3
K 4.788 36.39 1.959 7.6045 0.4091 0.03945 0.3
L 5.071 69.66 2.062 13.7362 0.4065 0.02184 0.3
M 2.6 7.5 2.1 2.89 0.424 0.08675 0.25
N 7.5 2.6 1.1 0.347 0.147 0.25 0.08673
Table 2.7 Minimum Values of K( cr ) for a Linearly Elastic
Isotropic Rectangular Plate, Compressed in the x-Direction;
the Corresponding Value of = 1. Based on the Data Pre-
sented in [32].
Table 2.9 Variation of K( cr ) for an Isotropic Linearly
Elastic Rectangular Plate with Aspect Ratio = 2, Under
Shear Loading. Based on the Data Presented in [32].
.072 2.72 .8
2 1 1
K[w,rrrr + w,rrr 2 w,rr + 3 w,r ]
r r r
(3.1)
1
= Nr0 w,rr + N0 w,r
r
1
where Nr0 = (0 ),r , and N0 = (0 ),rr . An alternative form for the
r
full set of von Karman equations, in the case of axially symmetric de-
formations, may be obtained by multiplying both (1.80) and (1.81) by
r and integrating; this yields the system
d 1 d dw d dw
Kr r = + c1 (3.2)
dr r dr dr dr dr
and 2
1 d 1 d d 1 dw
r r = + c2 (3.3)
Eh dr r dr dr 2 dr
One other form of the von Karman equations for axisymmetric buck-
ling of an isotropic, thin, linearly elastic circular plate which is prevalent
in the literature, especially in the work of Friedrichs and Stoker [72],
[143], is obtained by introducing the functions
p = 1 ,r ( Nr )
r (3.8)
q = a w,r
r
the constant = K/a, and the linear operator
2
a2 d 1 d 2 d 3 d
G r = a2 + (3.9)
r dr r dr dr2 r dr
2 Gq pq = 0 (3.10a)
Remarks: In the work of Friedrichs and Stoker, op.cit., the rst equa-
tion in the set (3.10) (with the denitions (3.8), (3.9)) has the form
2 Gq + pq = 0; the dierence in sign appears as a result of dening
1
the Airy function so that, in the radially symmetric case, Nr = ,r
r
1
instead of Nr = ,r . If we had dened the Airy function so that
r
1
Nr = ,r , for axially symmetric deformations, then in lieu of (3.4)
r
we would have
1 1 1
K(w,rrr + w,rr 2 w,r ) = ,r w,r (3.4)
r r r
and, with the denitions of p, q, and G in (3.8), (3.9), the rst equation
in (3.10) would read
2 Gq + pq = 0 (3.10a)
while the equilibrium equation in (3.7) would become
0
1 Nr 1
,rr + ,r + 2 =0 (3.7)
r K r
dw
with = .
dr
Remarks: If (r) and w(r) are to have continuous fourth derivatives,
so that (1.80), (1.81) may be interpreted in the classical sense, then the
boundary conditions which must be satised at the center of the plate
are shown in [72], [143] to be
' '
dp '' dq ''
= 0, =0 (3.11)
dr 'r=0 dr 'r=0
Remarks: For circular, isotropic, linearly elastic plates the two basic
support conditions that we will consider along the edge at r = a are of
the clamped and simply supported kinds; in the rst case, we have, as
a consequence of (1.139)
for 0 < 2, with the obvious simplications for the axially symmetric
case.
Remarks: For the case where one considers only rotationally symmetric
buckled states of an isotropic, linearly elastic, circular plate, which is
simply supported along its edge at r = a, and is subject to a uniform
compressive thrust Nr = h, per unit length, along r = a, which lies in
the plane of the plate, several fairly general results have appeared, most
notably in [72], [144], and [145]; in the rst paper it was shown there
is one pair of buckled states with no internal node for all values of the
thrust parameter greater than the rst eigenvalue (predicted by the
linear buckling theory) and that no other buckled states exist when is
less than or equal to the second eigenvalue. In the second of the papers
referenced above, i.e., [140], it was proven that for every positive integer
n, a pair of axially symmetric buckled states with n1 internal nodes
exists when the thrust is slightly larger than n , the nth eigenvalue
of the linear buckling problem. In [145], Wolkowisky uses the Schauder
xed point theorem to prove that the pairs of buckled states established
in [140] continue to exist for all > n ; in fact, Wolkowisky [145] proves
that for all > n there exist n pairs of nontrivial solutions of (3.10a,b);
the members of each pair dier only in the sign of q. The q in the rst
pair has no internal nodes, the q in the second has one internal pair, and
so on up to the q in the nth pair which has n1 internal nodes.
We begin our delineation of the results on initial buckling of a lin-
early elastic, isotropic, circular plate subject to the action of a radial
compressive force Nr = h along its edge at r = a, by looking at
rotationally symmetric buckling into the rst mode for a plate with a
clamped edge. In this case, the equation governing initial buckling is
(3.7), with = w (r) and Nr0 = h, and the boundary conditions are
(see (3.11)) w(a) = w (a) = 0. If (3.7) is multiplied through by r2 we
obtain 0 2
d2 d Nr r
r2 2 + r + 1 =0 (3.14)
dr dr K
which is Bessels dierential equation. It can be shown (see, e.g., Timo-
shenko and Gere [64]) that the solution of (3.14) subject to the clamped
boundary conditions w(a) = w (a) = 0 leads to a critical value of the
1 2
Gp = q (3.23b)
2
which implies the vanishing of the bending moment at the edge of the
plate.
a a a
Remarks: As q = w,r , q = w,rr + 2 w,r
r r r
so
dq a aw,r
r + (1 + )q = (aw,rr + w,r ) (1 + )
dr r q
and (3.25) is, thus, a direct consequence of the condition of simple sup-
port, (1.140), with w, = 0 and R2 = a.
Remarks: If one has determined p and q, then all other physical quan-
tities of interest may be easily computed, e.g., the circumferential mem-
brane stress is
pc = B0 p rp (r) + p(r), (3.26)
while the normal deection w is
a
1
w(r) = q(r)rdr (3.27)
a r
dQ1 dQ1
u2 +u + (u2 1)Q1 = 0 (3.30)
du du
Equation (3.30) is the Bessel equation of the rst order and has the
general solution
Q1 (u) = c1 J1 (u) + c2 Y1 (u) (3.31)
where J1 (u) and Y1 (u) are, respectively, the Bessel functions of the rst
and second kinds of the rst order. Because Y1 is not bounded in a
neighborhood of u = 0, the conditions in the physical problem require
and '
1 dJ1 1 '
c1 a1 20 2 J1 '' =0 (3.33)
u du u u=0
1
As J1 (u) = J0 (u) J1 (u), where J0 is the Bessel function of zero order,
u
except for the trivial solution in which c1 = 0, the boundary condition
(3.32) is satised only if 0 is a root of the transcendental equation
0 J0 (0 ) (1 )J1 (0 ) = 0 (3.34)
2
= 1 + 0.241 (3.38)
cr h
p(1 )
w(r) = 0, u(r) uo (r) = r (3.39)
Eh
and, if we set v(r) = u(r) u0 (r), then in terms of w, v, the von Karman
1 1 1
v2,rr + v2,r 2 v2 + w1,r w1,rr + (1 v)w1,r
2
=0 (3.44b)
r r 2r
1 1
v3,rr + v3,r 2 v3 + w1,r w2,rr
r r (3.44c)
w1,r w2,r
+w2,r w1,rr + (1 ) =0
r
For the simply supported circular plate, the conditions (3.41a) imply
that
w i (0) = vi (0) = 0, all i
' (3.45a)
wi (a) = 0, wi,rr + wi,r '' = 0, all i
r r=a
''
v1,r + v1 ' =0
r r=a
'
1 2 '
v2,r + w1,r + v2 '' =0 (3.45b)
2 r r=a
'
v3,r + w1,r w2,r + 3 '' =0
r r=a
The rst out-of-plane equation has the solution
rJ12 (a)
We may now write the third-order equation for the lateral deection
in the form
1 1 p
0
w3,rrr + w3,rr 2 w3,r + w3,r
r r K
p (3.53)
12 1 2 2 2
= 2 v2,r + w1,r + w1,r w1,r
h 2 r K
J1 (r)
= 0, = p0 /K (3.56)
J0 (a) 1
p2 = 6.017K/a2 h2 (3.57)
and, then,
p, 0) [(p, q)] A(p, q) = Gp, 2 Gq + pq
G ( (3.62)
thus, if N (A) denotes the null space of A, we have (p, q) N (A) if and
only if Gp = 0 and 2 Gq + pq = 0. Therefore,
N (A) = span (
p0 , q 1 ) (3.63)
We write
p = p + p
(3.64)
q = $q1 + q
where
p = $2 p2 +
(3.65)
q = $3 q3 +
and, as q belongs (via the Lyapunov-Schmidt decomposition) to N (A) ,
the orthogonal complement of N (A),
a
q(r)q1 (r)dr = 0 (3.66)
0
p, $q1 ), (I P ) (p, q) = (
P (p, q) = ( p, q) (3.67)
The von Karman equations for this problem have the form G = 0 and,
thus, employing the projection P ( onto N (A)) we have P G = 0 or
1
# Gp q 2 , 2 Gq + pq , (
p, q1 )$ = 0 (3.68)
2
However,
a
1
(Gp q 2 )dr
0 a2
1 a
= G(p + p)dr ($q1 + q)2 dr
2 0
a
0
(3.70)
1 a 2 2
= Gpdr ($ q1 + 2$q1 q + q2 )dr
2 0
0
a a
1 1 a 2
= $2 Gp2 dr $2 q12 dr q dr
0 2 0 2 0
a
1 2
as q1 qdr = 0. Using the fact that Gp2 = q we have, from (3.70),
0 2 1
a
1 1 a 2
(Gp q 2 )dr = q dr
2 2 0
0
a
1 (3.71)
= ($3 q3 + )2 dr
2 0
= O($6 )
a
Next, we need to compute ( 2 Gq + pq)q1 dr. We begin with
0
2 Gq + pq = 2 Gq + pq + pq
= 2 G($q1 + q) + pq + pq
= $ 2 Gq1 + 2 G
q + pq + pq
But
2 Gq1 =
p0 q 1
so
2 Gq + pq = $
p0 q1 + 2 G
q + pq + pq
= $
p0 q1 + 2 G
q + p($q1 + q) + pq
= $q1 + 2 G
q + pq + pq
+ pqq1 dr
a 0 a
2 2
= $ q1 dr + q1 G($3 q3 )dr
0 0
k
+ ($2 p2 )($q1 + $3 q3 + )q1 dr + O($7 )
0
a
where we have used the fact that qq1 dr = 0. Therefore,
0
a a
0 = $ q12 dr +$ 3 2
(Gq3 )q1 dr
0
a
0
a (3.72)
+$3 p2 q12 dr + $5 p2 (q3 + $2 q5 + )dr + O($7 )
0 0
or a
a
0 = $ q12 dr + $3 (p0 q3 p2 q1 )q1 dr
0
a 0
(3.73)
+$3 p2 q12 dr + O($5 )
0
as
2 Gq3 + p0 q3 + p2 q1 = 0, (3.74)
Therefore,
a a a
( 2 Gq + pq)q1 dr = $ q12 dr p0 $3 q3 q1 dr + O($5 )
0 0 0 (3.75)
=0
Hence,
A p0 $ B = 0
2
a a (3.76)
A = q12 dr, B = q3 a1 dr
0 0
Therefore,
q = $q1 + ($3 q3 + ) (3.78)
Remarks: As has been pointed out in [155], G.F. Carrier [158] argued
that it is pointless to speak of material orthotropy at the center of a
circular plate and that such a concept is simply a mathematical ab-
straction. In practical terms, cylindrical orthotropy does not exist at
r = 0 because of the coincidence there of the radial and circumferential
directions.
The scope of the nonlinear analysis which is presented in [155] is lim-
ited to axisymmetric deformations and proceeds as follows: we rst de-
ne, in the usual way, the in-plane strains by
1 1
err = u (r) + w2 (r), e = u(r) (3.89)
2 4
where u(r), w(r) have the same interpretation as for the case of the
isotropic circular plate undergoing axisymmetric deformations. As the
plate is assumed to be subjected to a uniform radial compression applied
along its edge at r = a, r = 0 in (1.91) and, thus, the inverted version
of these constitutive relations assumes the form
rr Er 1 err
= (3.90)
(1 r ) e
E
with = = , while the moment-curvature relation is
Er r
Mr Er h3 1 r
= (3.91)
M (1 r )
d3 w 1 d2 w dw 12 dw du 1 dw u
3
= 2
+ 2 + 2 + + (3.93)
dr r dr r dr h dr dr 2 dr r
d3 d2 d d dv 1 d v
3 = 2 + + 12 + + (3.96)
d d d d d 2 d
which implies that the deformed shape of the circular plate remains
smooth at the center of the plate (at x = 0); in order that (3.101)
hold, it follows, from (3.99), (3.100), that the coecients of those terms
involving 1/x in these equations must vanish, which, in turn, implies
that
( 2 1)( + 1)
U (0) = W 2 (0) (3.102)
2(3 + 1)
and
12( + )
W (0) = U (0)W (0) (3.103)
(3 + 1)( + 1)
Expanding U (x) and W (x) in Maclaurin series, in a neighborhood of
x = 0, substituting the results in (3.99), (3.100), and then setting x = 0,
one obtains for U (0) and W (0) the relations
6(4 + 3 )( + )
U (0) = U (0)W 2 (0) (3.104)
(4 + 2)(3 + 1)
12(2 + + 1)
(4 + 2)W (0) = U (0)W (0)
( + 1)
(3.105)
12( + )
+ (0)W (0) + 6( + 1)W (0)W 2 (0)
( + 1)
If we introduce the variables Yi , i = 1, , 5,
Y1 = W, Y2 = U, Y3 = W , Y4 = U , Y5 = W (3.106)
with J the Bessel function of the rst kind of order , while for sim-
ply supported plates, the critical buckling loads are obtained from the
solutions of the equation
+1
( + )J () J+1 () = 0 (3.109)
2
rr Mr M
r = , = , r = , = (3.110)
fr fr mr mr
where
fr = Er /(1 r ) (3.111)
and
mr = Er h2 /12(1 r ) (3.112)
For simply supported plates, the qualitative nature of the load versus
deection and load versus radial shortening curves are similar to those
for clamped cylindrically orthotropic circular plates. Increases in the
orthotropy ratio result in increases in the postbuckling stiness and a
reduced transverse deection. Also, the zone of the normalized tensile
radial stresses which surrounds the origin r = 0, i.e. r = rr /fr , fr ,
as given by (3.111), is much larger than that for clamped plates; this
is depicted in Fig. 3.23a. In Fig. 3.23b we depict the corresponding
normalized circumferential stresses for the simply supported case. Both
Figs. 3.23a and 3.23b correspond to a load ratio of /cr = 3. Finally,
contrary to the case of an isotropic plate, a peak in the tensile stress r
r = = r = = 0, at r = 0 (3.113)
2u u 2u u 2u
I1,1 + I1,2 + I1,3 u + I1,4 + I1,5 + I1,6 +
r2 r 2 r
2v v 2v v 2v
J1,1 2 + J1,2 + J1,3 v + J1,4 2 + J1,5 + J1,6 =0
r r r
(3.114)
3
I1,2 = b cos 4 + c (3.116b)
8
3
rI1,3 = b cos 4 + c (3.116c)
8
1 1
rI1,4 = b cos 4 + b (3.116d)
8 8
1
rI1,5 = b sin 4 (3.116e)
2
1 1
I1,6 = a sin 2 b sin 4 (3.116f)
2 4
1 1 1
I2,1 = a sin 2 b sin 4 (3.116g)
r 4 8
3 3
I2,2 = a sin 2 + b sin 4 (3.116h)
4 8
3 3
rI2,3 = a sin 2 b sin 4 (3.116i)
4 8
1 1
rI2,4 = a sin 2 + b sin 4 (3.116j)
4 8
1 1
I2,6 = b cos 4 + b + (D3 G12 ) (3.116l)
4 4
and
1 1 1
J1,1 = a sin 2 b sin 4 (3.117a)
r 4 8
1 3
J1,2 = a sin 2 + b sin 4 (3.117b)
4 8
1 3
rJ1,3 = a sin 2 b sin 4 (3.117c)
4 8
1 1
rJ1,4 = a sin 2 + b sin 4 (3.117d)
4 8
1 1
rJ1,5 = b cos 4 b (D3 + G12 ) (3.117e)
2 2
1 1
J1,6 = b cos 4 + b + (D3 G12 ) (3.117f)
4 4
1 1 1
J2,1 = b cos 4 b + G12 (3.117g)
r 8 8
1 3 1
J2,2 = a cos 2 + b cos 4 + b + G12 (3.117h)
2 8 8
1 3 1
rJ2,3 = a cos 2 b cos 4 b G12 (3.117i)
2 8 8
1 1
rJ2,4 = a cos 2 + b cos 4 + c (3.117j)
2 8
r 1 1
J2,5 = b sin 4 + a sin 2 (3.117k)
4 8 4
i.e.
pr () = hrr |r=a , p () = hr |r=a (3.121)
and regularity conditions must, in addition, be prescribed at the center
of the plate, i.e., at r = 0, with respect to both the Airy function
and the transverse deection w. To the best of the authors knowledge,
the system of equations (3.114), (3.115) and the associated structure
(3.116a)(3.120) for the coecients, have never appeared explicitly in
the literature on plate buckling.
where the n (r) are the eigenfunctions which correspond to the eigen-
values on , and the cn are the (generalized) Fourier coecients in the ex-
pansion of the initial transverse perturbation w0 (r) with respect to the
n (r). For < n , it is clear from (3.134) that all transverse perturba-
tions of the viscoelastic plate tend to zero as t ; for n < < n
o
i = 1, 2, , with
w0 (r, t) = Z1 {S[wd (r, t)]} (3.138)
for 0 < r < 1, 0 < t < T , where wd (r, t) = w+ (r, 0), 0 < t < T, w+ (r, 0)
being the only positive solution of (3.135), then for 1 < < c the
operator Z1 is monotone. As the operator S is also monotone, in
(3.137), for 0 < r < 1, and 0 < t < T , we have, with 1 < < ,
with the sequence, dened by (3.137), bounded from above by the func-
(r, t) = w+
tion w
(r, ), 0 < t < T, where w+ (r, ) is the only positive
solution of (3.136). By taking the limit as i , in (3.137), one ob-
tains a function w(r, t), which satises the rst equation in (3.129), for
where () . The stress rates are related to the strain rates in (3.140),
t
by = Le where the tensor of moduli L possesses two branches, one
of which corresponds to loading and the other corresponds to elastic
unloading. The elastic part of L, which we denote by L, is taken to be
isotropic in [141] so that
E 1
Lijkl = (ik jl + il jk ) + ij kl (3.141)
1+ 2 1 2
L33 L33
K = L (3.146)
L3333
u(a)
= U , w(a)
= 0, w ,r (a) = 0 (3.148)
with the stress increments related to the strain increments by the plane
stress moduli (3.146); the variational principle described above serves as
the basis in [141] for implementing a nite element solution of the buck-
ling problem. We now delineate the initial buckling and postbuckling
results which follow from the elastic-plastic model of the circular plate,
beginning with the onset of buckling.
In both the elastic and plastic ranges, the prebuckling solution is that
of uniform radial compression, so that in the plastic range, the plane
stress moduli (3.146) at buckling correspond to an isotropic material.
The critical stress for buckling in the plastic range is (see Chapter 2.3)
given by the same expression as that in the elastic range except that,
instead of E and , an eective Youngs modulus Ef and an eective
Poisson ratio f are employed. The critical compressive stress is given
by + 6
2
2 Ef h
c cr = (3.150)
12 1 f2 a
with
E 1 E
=1+ 1 (3.151)
Ef 4 Et
and
Ef 1 E
f = 1 (3.152)
E 4 Et
where, for a clamped plate, is the smallest non-zero root of J1 ()
= 0,
while for a simply supported plate is the smallest non-zero root of
0 ()
J = (1 f )c J1 ()
The functions J0 , J1 are, once again, the Bessel functions of the rst
kind of orders zero and one, respectively, while the subscript c, above,
with
1 1
I0 =
xJ02 (x)dx, I1 =
xJ12 (x)dx (3.161a)
2 0
and
' '
Ef '' Lf '
'
Lf = ' , Nc = (3.161b)
1 f c (E/(1 )) Lf 'c
The rst three terms in the postbuckling expansion (3.158) are used,
in [141], to estimate max , the maximum applied stress that can be
supported by the plate, as well as the value of the amplitude of the
buckling mode at max ; the results obtained have the form
max 3 (1 + f )c
=1+ (3.162a)
c 4
and
r(s) sin (s)
(s) = , (s) = , (s) = (s) (3.168)
r (s) r (s)
dening strains (s), (s), (s), (s), and (s). We note that |r ,s | =
thus
2 (s) + 2 (s). The strain (s) = r ,s a is the local ratio of deformed
area to reference area for the parallelogram with sides r ,s and b; it is
convenient to think of as measuring stretching of the base curve r ,
while is a measure of shear, i.e., of the reduction in the angle between
r ,s and b . The strain measure is related to changes in curvature
which are associated with pure bending as opposed to stretching, while
(s) measures stretching in the azimuthal direction and (s) measures
the amount of bending about a. The strain vector associated with
axisymmetric deformations of the shell is, therefore,
S = (, , , , ) (3.169)
Now, let n1 (s0 , ) and m1 (s0 , ) denote the resultant contact force
and contact couple, per unit reference length of the circle r (s0 , ), of
radius r (s0 ), that are exerted across this section at r (s0 , ), by the
material with s s0 on the material with s < s0 . Let n2 (s, ) and
m2 (s, ) denote the resultant contact force and contact couple per unit
reference length of the curve r (s, ) that are exerted across this section
at r (s, ) by the material with 0 0 0 + $ on the material with
0 $ < 0 , where $ > 0 is a small number. It may be shown that,
in view of our limitation to axisymmetric deformations, the force and
+r (s)(s) = 0
The shell is dened to be nonlinearly elastic if there are functions
T, N
, H,
,
and M , of S and s, such that
T(S, s) = N
(S, s) = H(S,
s) = (S, (S, s) = 0
s) = M (3.175)
for S = (1, 1, 0, , )
We now specialize the theory delineated above so as to consider the
buckling of a nonlinear elastic, isotropic circular plate. We take the plate
to have unit radius so that s1 = 0, s2 = 1, and
When the edge pressure has intensity units of force per deformed
length, g(r) = r, while, if it has intensity units of force per reference
length, g(r) = 1; in [22] the latter situation is assumed. The integral
form of the balance of forces equation for the plate produces the relations
1
sN (s) = + T ()d cos (s) (3.179a)
s
1
sH(s) = + T ()d sin (s) (3.179b)
s
d
[sH(s)] = sN (s) (s) T (s) sin (s) (3.180b)
ds
which is equivalent to (3.172a) for the present situation.
By substituting from (3.179a,b) into (3.172b), we obtain
d
[sM (s)] (s) cos (s)
ds
1 (3.180c)
+ + T ()d ((s) sin (s) + (s) cos (s)) = 0
s
T, N
, and H
are invariant under the
(3.182b)
mapping (, ) (, )
and
and M
change sign under the mapping
(3.182c)
(, ) (, )
Second, it is assumed (in order to simplify the exposition in [22]) that
the constitutive functions are independent of s and satisfy the restricted
isotropy conditions (restricted because 0):
N (, , 0, , ) = T(, , 0, , )
(3.183)
M (, , 0, , ) = (,
, 0, , )
T(k, k, 0, 0, 0) = (3.185)
with
()2 = 0 ()
k() + 0 ()
M, H,
(3.188)
N 0 () N 0 ()
= 0 k() 0
M, () H, ()
The eigenvalues of (3.187), subject to (0) = (1) = 0, namely, 0 , are
the solutions of J1 (()) = 0, where J1 is the Bessel function of the rst
kind of order one and the corresponding eigenfunction is J1 ((0 )s).
and
0 (S(1))
N, (1) + N,0 (1) = N
(3.190b)
0
+ N, (1) + N,0 (1)
If we dene u = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) by
(L1 )(s) su1 (s)
(L2 z)(s) su2 (s) (3.191)
(L3 )(s) su3 (s)
d
(s ) = # (, n) (3.199a)
ds
d
(sn) = T # (, n) (3.199b)
ds
s (s) 0, as s 0 (3.199c)
It has been proven in [22] (see also [161]) that, for 0, (3.196), (3.197)
has a unique solution r0 (, ) and, equivalently, (3.199a-d) has a unique
solution (0 (, ), N 0 (, )); to analyze the buckling problem, we set
T,0 (s, ) N,0 (s, )
A (s, )
1 o
2N, (s, )
T,0 (s, )
B1 (s, ) A21 (s, ) + 0 (3.200)
N, (s, )
1 () A1 (0, )
1 () B1 (0, )
Then, the following result has been established in [22]: if < N 0 (0, )
< 0, the limits of 0 (s, ) and 0 (s, ), as s 0, exist and are equal and
positive. Moreover, 1 () + 1 () 1 or, equivalently,
and there are numbers A(), B(), C(), and D() such that
r0 (s, ) s0 (0, ) A()
= + s1 ()+1 ()
N 0 (s, ) N 0 (0, ) B()
(3.202)
C()
+ 2[1 ()+1 ()] + O(s2[1 ()+1 ()] ,
D()
where
0, (s, ) M, 0
(s, )
A3 (s, )
2M 0
, (s, )
(3.204)
0, (s, )
B
3 (s, ) A 2 (s, ) +
3 0 (s, )
M,
with
0
M, (s, ) = M, (r0 (s, )/s, r0 (s, ), 0, 0, 0), (3.205)
the value of M, at the trivial state (0 (0, ), N (0, )). As has been
noted in [22], the analysis of (3.203) is a far more dicult task than the
analysis of the linearized problem in the transversely isotropic case, i.e.,
(3.187). The expansions (3.202) may be used as the basis of an analysis
to determine the nature of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of (3.203)
subject to the boundary conditions (0) = (1) = 0.
DE BC, at r = 0 BC, at r = R
dp0
L0 : Gp0 = 0 =0 p0 = p0
dr
dq1
L1 : 2 Gq1 + p0 q1 = 0 =0 B q1 = 0
dr
1 2 dp2
L2 : Gp2 = q =0 p2 = p2
2 1 dr
dq3
L3 : 2 Gq3 + p0 q3 + p2 q1 = 0 =0 B q3 = 0
dr
etc.
Clamped Simple
w0 uR w0 uR
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1 3.4738 0.1733 2.84 0.0713
2 3.29 0.1723 2.7252 0.0954
5 3.1705 0.202 2.657 0.1327
8 3.14 0.23 2.6426 0.1583
Boundary
n v c /y condition max /t max /c rmax /Pc
1
12 1.28 1.02 S.S. 1.999 0.002 1.002 1.0
3
1
12 2.0 1.12 cl. 3.832 0.016 1.007 0.52
3
1
4 2.0 1.33 cl. 3.832 0.019 1.010 0.52
3
S.S., Simply supported; cl., clamped.
In this chapter, we present some of the basic results which pertain to the
buckling and postbuckling behavior of annular plates. We begin by look-
ing at annular plates which exhibit linear elastic behavior, treating rst
the problems of initial buckling for plates which possess either isotropic
or cylindrically orthotropic symmetry. Next, we present an analysis of
the postbuckling behavior of isotropic and cylindrically orthotropic lin-
ear elastic annular plates; this is followed by a discussion of the nature
of the prebuckling stress distributions and a study of the initial buckling
problem for a linearly elastic annular plate which exhibits rectilinearly
orthotropic material symmetry. As was the case for buckling and post-
buckling of circular plates possessing rectilinear orthotropic symmetry,
the corresponding problem for annular plates is once again complicated
by the mismatch between the geometry of the plate and its material
symmetry behavior; indeed, for the linearly elastic annular plate, the
problem of delineating the postbuckling behavior for the case where the
plate exhibits rectilinear orthotropic symmetry appears to have not been
treated at all. For plates which are annular and exhibit either nonlinear
elastic, viscoelastic, or elastic-plastic behavior, very few results appear
to exist in the literature; those results which do exist for annular plates
which do not exhibit linear elastic response are presented in 4.2. In
4.3 we oer a comparison of the initial and postbuckling behavior of
annular plates which results from varying the support conditions along
the edges of the plate (inner and outer), the type of material symmetry,
and the nature of the constitutive response.
ha2 2
4n un + n u n = 0 (4.5)
K
where
d2 1 d n2
2n = 2
+ 2 (4.6)
d d
The solutions to (4.5) may be expressed in terms of Bessel functions and
then studied for a variety of support conditions along the edges at r = b
and r = a; the loading condition of uniform compression along both
edges has been studied by a number of authors, but the most general
treatment appears to belong to Yamaki [162], whose results we present
below.
(i) The edges at r = a and r = b are clamped.
w
In this case, the boundary conditions are that w = 0 and = 0, at
both r = a and r = b. The general solution of (4.5) has the form
12
12
hr2 hr2
u0 = A0 J0 + B0 Y0 (4.7)
K K
r
+C0 + D0 ln ( for n = 0), =
a
and
12
12
hr2 hr2
un = An Jn + Bn Yn
K K
(4.8)
r
+Cn n + Dn n ( for n = 1, 2, ), =
a
with the A0 , B0 , An , Bn , etc., arbitrary constants of integration and
Jn , Yn , respectively, the Bessel functions of the rst and second kinds of
order n.
The graph depicting the initial buckling behavior for this case is shown
b
as curve (v) in Fig. 4.2; as 0, k 3.625.
a
(vi) The edge at r = a is simply supported, while the edge at
r = b is free.
The conditions at r = a are delineated in case (v) above, while the
conditions that the edge at r = b be free are delineated in case (iii)
above. The initial buckling behavior in this case is shown as curve (vi)
in Fig. 4.2; the plate always buckles into the axisymmetric form and
the buckling stress decreases as the hole size increases. This decrease
of buckling stress with an increasing hole size does not happen for any
cr b2 h
with k = , and again seek solutions of the form
K
w(r, ) = f (r) cos n (4.12)
with f (r) the transverse deection function and n the number of dia-
metric nodes; this problem has been solved by Manseld, [165], for a
number of boundary support conditions. When cr is compressive, the
buckling mode, as we have already noted, is axially symmetric; the re-
sults obtained in [165] for this subcase are depicted in Fig. 4.4 with
1
k(1 )2 / graphed against for various combinations of boundary
support conditions at r = a and r = b. Solutions of the initial buckling
problem are also presented in [165] for the case where buckling occurs
#
r
f (r) = Ai 1+i (4.14)
i=1
w = w,r = 0, at R = a (1.139 )
and, at r = b,
2w
1 w 1 2w
++ 2 2 =0 (1.140 )
r2
4 r r
2
w 1 w 1 2w
2
+ + 2 2
r r r r r
(1.141 )
1 1 2w 1 w
+ =0
r r r r2
If we set
Nr |r=a = rr |r=a h N (= h) (4.18)
then the prebuckling stress distribution in the annular circular plate is
given by
a2 b2
Nr = N 2
0
1 2 (4.19a)
a b2 r
a2 b2
N0 = N 2 1+ 2 (4.19b)
a b2 r
dA0
where = . In terms of the variables and , equation (4.26) is
d
2
b
d 1
+ = 0, at = 2 (4.27)
d
d d 1 1
+ = 0, at = 2
d d
d
By using the transformations A1 = and = , (4.29) may be
d
reduced to
d2 3 d 1 p2 C
+ + 1+ = 3 (4.30)
d2 C 2
where p2 = + 4, and C is an arbitrary constant. For the general
solution of (4.30) we set
Jp () Jp ()
S1,p () = Jp () d Jp () d (4.31)
2 sin(p)
Then,
1
() = (AJp () + BJp () + CS1,p ()) (4.32)
dA1
A1 = [AJp () + BJp () + CS1,p ()] (4.33)
d
dA1 a
A1 =
1
= 0, at = 2
d b
d2 A
1 dA1 1
+ 2 A1 = 0, at = 2
d2
d
3
1 d 2 A1 (3 ) dA1 (3 )
d A1 1
+ + A1 = 0, at = 2
d3 2
d 2 2 d 3
(4.34)
If we impose the boundary conditions (4.34) on the general solution
(4.33), we obtain the system of equations
1 a 1 a
AJ + BJp 2 =0
2
p
b b
1 1
1
A (1 + p) Jp 2 + 2 Jp1 2 (4.35)
1 1
+B (1 + + p) J 2 + 2 J
1
2 =0
p p1
1 a 1 1
1
Jp 2 + (1 + p) Jp 2 + 2 Jp1 2 = 0 (4.36)
b
and this leads to the initial buckling curve for n = 1, which is shown in
Fig. 4.6.
Approximate solutions of the general problem in Majumdar [166] are
generated by minimizing the potential energy using a Rayleigh-Ritz pro-
Lw = N M w (4.39)
and
b2 1 1
Mn g = 2 g,rr
1 b2 b2 r
(4.43b)
1 1 1 n2
+ 2+ 2 g,r 2 g
b r r r
with
d2 3 1
L=
+ + (4.53)
d2 2
which, together with the boundary support conditions, must be solved
in order to determine the axisymmetric behavior of annular plates sub-
jected to loads greater than the critical buckling load. In dimensionless
form, the boundary conditions are
S = 0
b
at = : dv , (4.54)
a + (1 + r ) V = 0
d
i.e., the outer edge is clamped and loaded, with P the magnitude of
the external compressive load. A nite-dierence scheme, similar to
that employed by Keller and Reiss [177], is used to solve the boundary
value problem consisting of (4.52)(4.55) and to obtain results for the
variation, with , of the following quantities in nondimensional form:
the deection w, the membrane tangential stress SM ,
dS
SM = + S, (4.56a)
d
B
the bending radial stress SR ,
B dV
SR = + (1 + r )V, (4.56b)
d
dV
SB = + (1 + r ) V (4.56c)
d
r E
= = (4.57)
Er
a 2
1 d dW
= 12 2
h d d
2
d2 1 d 1 dW
+ = (4.60)
d2 d 2 d
with boundary support conditions
2
d W dW
+ =0
d 2 d
3
d W 1 d2 W dW
+ (4.61a)
d3 d2 2 d
a 2 1 dW
12 2 =0
h d
at = b/a and either
dW
W = = 0, at = 1, for a clamped edge (4.61b)
d
or
d2 W dW
W = 2
+ = 0, at = 1,
d d (4.61c)
for a simply supported edge
Along the edge at = 1 we also have the uniform, radial, compressive
load of magnitude P. In the calculations presented in Huang [174], the
aspect ratio = b/a is taken to be 0.4, while the orthotropy ratio varies
over the range = 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0, for the case where the outer
edge at r = a is simply supported, while = 5.0 for the case in which
the outer edge at r = a is clamped. With the buckling parameter
given by
a 2
= 12 2 p (4.62)
h
Ai (x1 , , xk , ) = 0, i = 1, , k, (4.66)
is made where x0 , x1c , x1s are the amplitudes of the buckling modes (or
critical variables) and 0 = g01 (r), 1c = g11 (r) cos , 1s = g11 (r) sin
2 2 2
W (x0 , x1c , x1s ) = O |x0 | + |x1c | + |x1s | (4.68)
2 1
(i , j ) i j rdrd (4.70)
0 b
1 $
A= 0 , 2 [0 , 0 ] , 0 = 0.00361
2
1 $
B = 1c , 2 [1c , 1c ] , 1c = 0.00584
2 (4.71)
1 $
0 , 2 [1c , 1c ] , 0
C=
2
$
+ 1c , 2 [1c , 0 ] , 0 = 0.00919
'
pr () = Nx cos2 + Ny sin + 2Nxy cos sin 'r=b
2
' (4.76)
p () = (Ny Nx ) cos sin Nxy cos2 sin2 'r=b
In Fig. 4.40 we show the eect of varying the ratio of Youngs mod-
uli on the tangential normal stress distribution at = 0; note that at
large radial distances from the edge, at r = b, the (prebuckling) tangen-
tial stress distributions in the isotropic plate and the inextensible plate
(E2 /E1 = ) are nearly the same. Figure 4.41 depicts a comparison
of the tangential normal stresses along the line = for the cases
2
E2 /E1 = 1 and E2 /E1 = , and shows that these compressive stresses
are inuenced by changes in E2 /E1 , only at small radial distances from
the edge at r = b. In Fig. 4.42, we illustrate the eect of changing
E2 /E1 on the tangential stress distribution along the edge at r = b. As
E2 /E1 increases, stress concentrations develop at = 0 and = . Fig-
2
ure 4.43 shows the eect of varying the ratio E2 /E1 of Youngs moduli
E1
N (b, 0) = N b, = pi 1 + 2 (1 12 ) (4.78)
4 G12
In Fig. 4.47 we depict the radial stress distribution along the line =
4
for various values of E1 /G12 which range from 2.6 to 108 ; the graph
indicates
that a compressive stress concentration begins to form near
r = 2b as the ratio E1 /G12 increases. Figure 4.48 depicts, for b
r 2b, the relative displaced shape of the elastic annular plate for a low
shear modulus (E1 /G12 = 100) when it is subjected to a uniform radial
load along the edge at r = b; the plate, as in [71], is in a state of bi-axial
compression for r > 2b.
Also considered in [71] are problems which correspond to nonuniform
distributions of applied tractions along the edge at r = b, i.e., applied
loads which are given in (Cartesian) vector form by (p1 cos , p2 sin )
where p1 and p2 both act in the negative x and y directions, respectively,
in the rst quadrant of the annular a plate. In polar coordinates, the
we (x, y) = we (x, y), w0 (x, y) = w0 (x, y), then we (x, y) and w0 (w, y)
separately satisfy (1.68), with = 0 (x, y), if the applied load is even
about the x-axis (the averaged stress components Nx0 and Ny0 being even
0
functions, while Nxy is an odd function about the x-axis). In addition,
the 2-periodicity of w, as a function of r and , implies that w0 and its
even-order derivatives with respect to y vanish at y = 0, while odd-order
derivatives of we with respect to y also vanish at y = 0; this implies that
the symmetric and antisymmetric components of the buckling modes
are uncoupled from each other so that the buckled mode shape is either
symmetric or antisymmetric about the x-axis. In a similar fashion, for
applied loads which are symmetric about the y-axis, the buckled modes
are either symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to the y-axis. When
the loads are not symmetric with respect to the principal material di-
rections in the rectilinearly orthotropic annular plate, the even and odd
components of the buckling modes will be coupled together; such general
conditions were not considered in [71].
(iii) Boundary support conditions must be associated with (1.109),
with = 0 , at r = b and r = a in order to have a well-dened eigen-
value problem. The analysis presented in [71] is valid only for the case
of clamped supports at the inner and outer edges of the unsupported
region of the plate; therefore, it is noted in [71] that the buckling behav-
ior which we delineate, below, will change if dierent boundary support
conditions are used or if we employ the prebuckling stress distributions
that are associated with a nite annulus.
2
2 a
2 w 1 w
1 1 2w
VB
e
= + K +
r2 2 r r r2 2
0 b
2
w 1 w 1 2w
K(1 ) 2 + 2 2
r r r r
2
2
1 w 1 w
+K(1 ) rdrd
r r r2 (4.83)
2 1
= Kc2 2 + n2 1 ln
2
2
n
+n (1 ) (1 + )
2
+ 1 2(n 1)
2
2
Kc2 F (n, )
2
where = b/a and F (n, ) has the obvious denition which is implied
by (4.83). If the annular plate is subjected to a radial tensile stress
rr |r=b = along its inner edge, then the prebuckling elastic stress
distribution in the plate is given by
2
b2 a
rr
0
= 1
a2 b2 r2
2 (4.84)
b2 a
= 2
0
+1
a b2 r 2
which is analogous to (but not identical with) the prebuckling stress
distribution in an isotropic elastic annular plate subjected to a uniform
2 2
hc a G(n, )
2
where G(n, ) has the obvious denition which is implied by (4.85). By
equating VB e
, as given by (4.83), with W e , as given by (4.85), we obtain
the critical condition for buckling in the elastic domain of the annular
plate in the form
a2 h F (n, )
cr = (4.86)
K G(n, )
or, as K Eh3 /12(1 2 ),
2
1 h F (n, )
cr = (4.87)
12(1 2 ) a G(n, )
For = 0.3, some numerical results for the problem delineated above are
b
depicted in Fig. 4.68, as well as in Fig. 4.69, where = 1 1 .
a
When the annular plate has a large outer radius a, but is relatively
ab
thin, i.e. is small, Yu and Johnson [179] note that initial buckling
a
will usually be governed by the elastic model described above but, for
ab
1, the stress distribution in the plate which is associated with
a
cr , as given by (4.87), will usually cause yielding before buckling; in
this case
2a2 2
(rr )|r=b = cr = cr =Y (4.88)
a2 b2 1 2
4EEt
E0 = (4.96)
( E + Et )2
Dr = Er h3 /12(1 r )
is graphed against the plate aspect ratio b/a for various combinations of
boundary support conditions along the edges of the plate at r = a and
r = b ; the plate is assumed to be subjected to an in-plane compressive
loading along one or both edges. For all the combinations of boundary
support conditions considered, it is easy to see that for any xed value of
= b/a, the critical buckling edge stress cr increases as the degree, ,
of orthotropy increases. For the rst three cases considered (both edges
clamped and loaded, both edges simply supported and loaded, outer edge
xed and loaded and inner edge free), cr increases monotonically with
= b/a for any degree of orthotropy . For the fourth and sixth case
(outer edge simply supported and loaded, inner edge free and outer edge
so that we once again see the trend toward higher (initial) buckling loads
as the (joint) degree of lateral movement allowed at the edges of the plate
is increasingly restricted.
Because of the noted mismatch between the circular geometry of an-
nular elastic plates and the other deviation from isotropic material sym-
metry we have discussed, namely, rectilinear orthotropy, it is not pos-
sible to directly mesh this latter variation from isotropic response into
the comparative study delineated above; this is due, analytically, to our
inability to compare, in a simple way, the measure = E2 /E1 of devia-
tion from isotropy in the rectilinearly orthotropic case with the measure
= Er /E of deviation from isotropy in the cylindrically orthotropic
case. Also, for an elastic (circular) annular plate exhibiting rectilinear
orthotropic material symmetry, the available data base, even for the
problem of initial buckling, appears to be limited to the results in [71]
; these results, in turn, are limited to the type of loading and support
conditions rst studied for isotropic material response by Manseld [165]
We now want to look at the eect of varying the nature of the mate-
rial symmetry assumption (i.e. degree of orthotropy ) and the type of
boundary support conditions imposed along the edges, on the postbuck-
ling behavior of elastic annular plates. Because there appear to be no
results available for (circular) elastic annular plates with rectilinear or-
thotropic material symmetry, our discussion will be conned to those
postbuckling results which are available for cylindrically orthotropic
plates; all such results appear to be restricted to axially symmetric de-
formations of the plate. In [70] the outer edge at r = a is clamped and
subjected to a uniform, in-plane, compressive loading, while the inner
edge at r = b is free; from Fig. 4.23 it is easily seen that with = /cr ,
(the normalized postbuckling load), the maximum deection not only in-
creases with for each xed = Er /E and xed value of = b/a,
but for each xed value of the aspect ratio = b/a and each xed
postbuckling load > cr , the maximum deection Wmax increases as
the variance from isotropy increases. The very best comparative results
which are available in connection with the postbuckling behavior of elas-
tic annular plates may be those which follow from the work of Huang
[175]; in this case, the inner edge at r = b is free, the outer edge at r = a
is subjected to a uniform radial compressive loading, and that edge may
be either clamped or simply supported. Thus, in this case, it is possible
to gauge the eect on the postbuckling behavior of the plate of varying
both the boundary support conditions and the degree of deviation from
isotropic material response. Taking the measure of plate deection to be
|w()/h|, = b/a 0.4, Table 4.1 shows the eect on the postbuckling
deection of varying the postbuckling load > cr for the case of a
simply supported edge at r = a, for = 1, 3, 5, and 10, and for the
case of a clamped edge at r = a for = 5. For = Er /E = 5, we
see that achieving particular values of |w()/h| in the case where the
edge at r = a is clamped requires a postbuckling load about three times
larger than that which is needed to produce the same deection when
the edge at r = a is simply supported. Also, in addition to the obvious
conclusion that for both types of boundary support conditions at r = a,
and any xed , most buckling deections increase monotonically with
increasing > cr , we also note (at least for the case in which the outer
edge of the plate at r = a is simply supported) that achieving any par-
ticular value of |w()/h| requires an increasing postbuckling edge stress
When = 1, the material of the annulus is isotropic.
and these solution paths in the plane are depicted in Figs. 5.4a
and 5.4b for both positive and negative values of the initial deviation
the intersecting equilibrium paths for the perfect structure = 0 ,
:
which are shown as dotted curves, have been deformed into disjointed
branches by the presence of the initial imperfection = 0 and, with
respect to a loading that increases from = 0, those branches that do
not pass through the origin have become irrelevant. For various values
the signicant branches which do contain the origin make up the
of ,
two' families
' of curves depicted in Figs. 5.5a and 5.5b; in these graphs,
as '' converges to zero, the members of each family approach dierent
pairs of branches of the equilibrium paths which are associated with the
paths from
perfect structure. We note that, irrespective of the sign of ,
the origin in the plane never approach the fundamental path above
= c .
With a suciently small positive value of the corresponding equi-
librium path (Fig. 5.5a) possesses a local maximum with respect to
the load at the point (s , s ), with s < c , and with the rotation s
depending on . Now, suppose that the actual loading is increased be-
yond the load s ; for > s static equilibrium becomes impossible at
values of in a neighborhood of s : a dynamic process must ensue,
and the nal static conguration (if one exists) cannot be arbitrarily
close to s no matter how slightly s is exceeded. In accord with this
observation, s is designated as the buckling load of the imperfect struc-
ture; this kind of buckling, which is associated with a local maximum
on a static equilibrium path in the plane, and an expected jump
where w(x, y) = w(x, y) + w0 (x, y) yields the nal shape of the plate;
in rectilinear coordinates, the [ , ] is given by (1.51a) and the form of
(5.13) results from assuming that the thin plate is both linearly elastic
and isotropic.
The inuence of small deviations w0 (x, y), from initial atness, on
the out-of-plane deections of simply supported isotropic elastic square
plates which are subjected to unidirectional edge compression, has been
investigated by Hu, Lundquist, and Batdorf [109], while other types
of boundary support conditions along the edges have been studied by
Yamaki [94] and Coan [192]; only in a neighborhood of the critical elastic
buckling stress do the resulting lateral deections dier substantially
from those of an ideal at plate during the loading process. Thus, very
large postbuckling deections appear not to be greatly aected by small
initial irregularities. For the square plate which is simply supported
along all four edges, the postbuckling curves of Hu, Lundquist, and
Batdorf [109] are depicted in Fig. 5.8, where 0 is the initial deection
at the center of the plate while is the additional deection at the
center of the plate; the type of imperfection buckling displayed in this
gure is similar to that pictured in Fig. 5.7d for the case > 0. In [94]
Yamaki computed the values of /h for other types of boundary support
conditions along the edges of a square, linearly elastic isotropic thin
plate with an initial deviation (imperfection) given by 0 /h = 0.1; these
results are depicted in Figs. 5.9 and 5.10 along with the corresponding
dotted curves for the perfect plate in which there is no initial deection.
It is also worthwhile to comment, briey, on the type of inuence on the
buckling of a rectangular, isotropic linearly elastic plate, which is exerted
by the presence of a distributed load t(x, y) normal to the (initially) at
conguration for the plate. As noted in [32], the critical stress of a
rectangular plate increases when normal loads of sucient magnitude
are applied ... this increase is due to the eect of the additional tensile
membrane stresses caused by large deections of the plate under normal
loads and is related to the magnitude of deection that can be allowed.
+2Nxy w0,xy = 0
Introducing the Airy function as in (1.46), the rst two equilibrium equa-
tions (1.42) are, once again, satised identically, while (5.16) becomes
in which [A] and [D] are, respectively, the extensional and bending
stiness matrices. Employing (5.19) and (5.20) in (5.17) and (5.18) and
introducing the normalizations
x y z
= , = , = , = a/b (5.21a)
a b h
[A ] = [A]
1 = A22 [A ]
, A (5.21c)
1
=
[D ] = [D] , D [D ] (5.21d)
h2 A22
W, + 4D
D W, + 2 D 2 W,
+ 2D
11 16 12 66
3 W, + D
+4D 4 W,
26 22
(5.22)
2 (F, W, + F, W, 2F W,
2A26 F, + A22 F1
(5.23)
= 2 W,
2
W, W, + 2W0, W,
W0, W, W0, W, )
N x b2 N y b2 Nxy b2
= 2
, = 2 , = 2 (5.24)
h A22 h A22 h A22
= 0, 1 : , = , , = , W = 0, M = 0
(5.25)
= 0, 1 : , = 2 , , = , W = 0, M = 0
= 0, 1 : , = , , = , W = 0, W, = 0
(5.26)
= 0, 1 : , = 2 , , = , W = 0, M = 0
#
i #
j
W = Cpq (, ) (5.29)
p=1 q=1
and
2 2 2
= +
2 2
#m # n (5.30)
+ Fnk Xh ()Yk ()
h=1 k=1
and
Yk () = cosh(k ) cos(k )
(5.31b)
k (sinh(k ) sin(k ))
In Fig. 5.14, the results obtained in [114] are displayed and compared
with the results obtained by Yamaki [94] for an isotropic square plate
under uniaxial compression, both with an initial imperfection of the
form (5.34) with T = 0.1, and without the imperfection under various
constraint conditions: I is a plate with all edges simply supported, II
is the plate with the sides clamped and the ends simply supported, for
III the sides are simply supported and the ends are clamped, while IV
represents a plate clamped along all edges. The results obtained in [114]
are very close to those of Yamaki [94]. In Fig. 5.15, results are shown for
the clamped/simply supported isotropic plate under axial compression,
for plate aspect ratios of = 1 and = 3, and these are compared with
those of Sheinman, et.al. [194] for T = 0.1 with m = n = i = j = 4 or 6 in
(5.29), (5.30); it may be noted that, as the plate aspect ratio increases,
the initial imperfection causes a postbuckling behavior which is very
dierent from the theoretical behavior without the imperfections. In Fig.
5.16, results are shown for an anisotropic square plate under uniaxial
compression which has its edges clamped and its sides simply supported;
these results are compared with those of Minguet, et. al. [195]. Finally,
in Fig. 5.17, we show a comparison of analytical and experimental results
(based on the work in [114]) for a rectangular anisotropic plate under
uniaxial compression. The plate has clamped edges, simply supported
sides, and an initial imperfection of the form (5.34) with T = 0.05; the
results are compared with those of Engelstad, et. al. [196].
(b) Plates Exhibiting Elastic-Plastic Response
In 3 of Chapter 2 we discussed the initial and postbuckling be-
havior of square elastic-plastic plates subjected to axial compression;
that discussion was based, to a large extent, on the work presented by
Needleman and Tvergaard [104] and concerned a plate material which
is strain-hardening and characterized by a ow theory of plasticity with
a smooth yield surface. The constitutive theory employed in [104] is
given by (2.221)(2.225). Two types of in-plane boundary conditions
were considered in 2.3: one which requires all four edges of the plate
to remain straight throughout the loading history and one which leaves
the edges unconstrained; in the elastic range, these in-plane boundary
0.1 r
w0 (r) = (1 r 0.9r2 ), r = (5.36)
a
while for the case of a clamped plate
1
w0 (r) = cos
r (5.37)
2
In the analysis presented in [157] the initial deection parameter
was varied over the values 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0. For the analyses of the
imperfection buckling of an annular plate, the inner edge of the plate
was assumed to be free; at the center of a circular plate one imposes, at
r = 0, the usual conditions, i.e., u(0) = w (0) = 0 where u is the plate
displacement in the radial direction. The axially symmetric large defor-
mation states for cylindrically orthotropic circular and annular plates
possessing an initial deection w0 (r) are governed by that straightfor-
ward modication of (1.101), (1.102), (1.103) which is analogous, e.g.,
in the case of the rst von Karman equation, in rectilinear Cartesian
coordinates, to retaining W = w0 in (1.45); the relevant constitutive
relations are given by the obvious modications of (1.104 a,b) where,
e.g., rr , err , etc., must be replaced by rr rr
0
, err e0rr , with rr , err
the stress and strain components in the present state of the plate, while
0
rr , e0rr correspond to the state given by the initial deection w0 . The
plates in the examples considered in [157] are buckled by controlling
the radial shortening applied uniformly at the outer circumference at
r = a; the exural conditions assumed to exist along this boundary are
those which correspond to either the simply supported or clamped edge
conditions.
In the work presented in [157] the authors employ a nite dierence
discretization of the governing equations and rst consider the computa-
tion of the initial buckling loads and subsequent postbuckling behavior
of at isotropic circular and annular plates; the results are summarized
in Table 5.1 and are compared with earlier results of Nadai [186] and
Meissner [172], where the rst column in the table refers to the number
of mesh divisions in the nite dierence scheme. A comparison of the
accuracy of two dierent mesh divisions is shown in Fig. 5.19, the results
being those in the postbuckling regime (i.e. load-radial shortening re-
sponse) for initially at, clamped, and simply supported circular plates.
To check that the initial deections had been correctly incorporated into
the program, the computations were checked against Massonnets [198]
(i) For initial buckling occurring in the elastic range of the perfect plate,
imperfections can lead to a substantial reduction in the load-carrying
capacity of the plate if c y .
(ii) For initial buckling occurring in the plastic range of the perfect
plate, max is only slightly higher than c ; furthermore, an asymptotic
analysis of the postbuckling behavior of the perfect plate in the plastic
range, which is based on the work of Hutchinson [45], [46], yields a good
estimate of max as well as of the development of the unloading region
after buckling.
= 1 (1 r2 )
w 0, (5.41)
2
and is a solution of(5.38), (5.39), for all values of , which corresponds
to a state of uniform compressive stress. Substituting
+ ,
= w=w
(5.42)
into (5.38), (5.39), and subsequently dropping the on and w, we
obtain the reduced forms, i.e.,
2
w + w = [, w]
(5.43)
1
2 = [w, w]
2
and denotes the unit circle. The choice of the perturbation parameter
is not unique, of course. To determine the coecients w(m) , (m) , and
(m) in the expansions (5.44)(5.46), the primary state is rst expanded
about = (0) , i.e., about $ = 0. Thus, it is assumed in [201] that
#
w0 (r; ($)) = wom (r)$m
m=0 (5.48)
#
0
(r; ($)) = om (r)$m
m=0
with R denoting the domain occupied by the rectangular plate, and the
T being the components of the applied traction on R. Also,
2
1 w $
E= + (w) 2 (1 )[w,
w]
2 R t
+(1 2 )1 [(1 )e e + e e ]
(5.58)
+ N w , dxdy
, w
w)
= (w, + (w,
2 w)
+ (w,
w)
(5.59)
where
(f, g) = f (x )g(x )dxdy (5.60)
R
1 2
V () = ( ) (1 ) [, ] dxdy
2 R
+ (1 2 )1 {(1 )e e + e e } dxdy (5.61)
R
+ N , , dxdy
R
2 () = ( 1 )/1 (5.70)
and set
w(x, y; ) = W (x, y; 2 )
(5.71)
(x, y; ) = 2 (w, y; 2 )
with W (x, y; 0) = 0, (x, y; 0) = 0. The functions W and satisfy
LW = 2 [, W ]
(5.72)
2 = 1 [W, W ]
2
and o
N () = 1 T , on RT
o (5.73)
U (, W ) = 1 U , on Ru
The in-plane boundary conditions involve xed traction and displace-
o
ment vectors which are the same as those that hold for = 1 at the
rst branching. Problem (5.72), (5.73) for (W, ) clearly admits a zero
eigenvalue and the energy functional takes the form
1 1
V (, 2 ) = (, L) 2 {(, [, ]) + (, [, W ])} (5.74)
2 2
where = 1 satises
2 + [W, ] = 0, in R (5.75)
= 1 1 + 2 (5.76)
where
2 F1 + [1 , W ] = 0
(5.79)
2 + [,
W] = 0
2V (; 2 ) = 12 2 (1 , [, 1 ] + [F1 , W ])
(5.80)
+2 (, L) 2 , [, ]
+ [,
W]
2
= (,
V () L)
2 (,
[, ])
+ [,
W ]) (5.81)
is
L 2 [, ]
2 [,
W ] = 0, in R (5.82)
where satises the second equation in (5.79). Equations (5.82), (5.79)
are the linearized variational equations (of the von Karman equations),
at xed load, for small static displacements superposed on the base
displacement W ; therefore, a solution to these equations may be given
an interpretation as a neighboring equilibrium solution.
To examine the postbuckling behavior of the plate we let (W, ), =
o
1 + , be the primary buckling solution for (5.68), (5.69) and we
denote by (w, the bifurcating solution at loads near c , i.e. at
)
parameter values of 2 = ( 1 )/1 and 2c = (c 1 )/1 . We now
introduce the new load parameter
c 1 (2 2c )
= =
c c
n=0
() = a = (0)
+ , a (5.86)
and the perturbation equations are then used so as to infer that a =0
[c , ])
if (, = 0; in this case, therefore, = b 2 , in the rst approxi-
mation, and by using the equations governing the term (1) in (5.84)
a formula may be generated for the bifurcation parameter b. If a = 0,
then the bifurcating solution has a portion which exists under decreas-
ing load and a bifurcation diagram of some norm of the solution against
the loading parameter would show the primary and secondary branches
crossing at an angle; thus, a secondary branch exists for both decreas-
ing and increasing load levels, which indicates, as the authors in [203]
point out, a destabilization of the primary solution with an imperfection-
sensitive type of behavior on the part of the secondary branch associ-
ated with a decreasing load parameter. For a = 0, the sign of b is
crucial, i.e., b > 0 indicates a relatively stable secondary branch, and an
imperfection-insensitive instability on the primary branch, while b < 0
indicates imperfection-sensitive behavior on the primary branch, while
the secondary branch exists only for decreasing loads.
With a = 0, b < 0, a dynamic jump may be experimentally observed
under loading: the bifurcating equilibrium branch, in this case, can be
maintained only under decreasing load levels and is, therefore, unlikely
u1,2 (0, y) = u1,2 (, y) = u2,1 (x, 0) = u2,1 (x, 1) = 0
(5.88)
u2,1 (0, y) = u2,1 (, y) = u1,2 (x, 0) = u1,2 (x, 1) = 0
and
h/2
Mx = xx zdz
h/2
h/2
My = yy zdz (6.6b)
h/2
h/2
Mxy = xy zdz
h/2
The relations (6.12), with MHT = M T may also be found, e.g., in 9.4
of [217].
In certain situations it may be the case that the coecients and/or
are eld-dependent, i.e., = (T ), = (H). In such case, one
would have, e.g.,
h/2
E
NT =
(T ) T dz
1 h/2
h/2 (6.16)
E
T
(T ) T zdz
M =
1 h/2
2 2
where = + is the two-dimensional Laplacian while 2 is the
x2 y 2
biharmonic operator. Modications (which will be discussed later) must
be made to (6.19) if imperfection buckling is considered, i.e., if the plate
possesses an initial prebuckling deection w0 = w0 (x, y) or is subject to
a transverse normal loading. As in Chapter 1, we may introduce the
Airy stress function (x, y) by
2 0 2 0 2 $0xy 2w 2 2w 2w
$ + $ 2 = ( ) , (6.22)
y 2 xx x2 yy xy xy x2 y 2
where $0xx , $0yy , $0xy are the middle surface strains, as given by (6.7) and
the constitutive relations (6.9), we easily obtain the second of the two
generalized von Karman equations which apply in the case of hygrother-
mal buckling, i.e.,
2w 2 2w 2w
2 = Eh{( ) } (1 )NHT (6.23)
xy x2 y 2
If, as in Chapter 1, we introduce the nonlinear (bracket) dierential
operator by
[f, g] = f,yy g,xx 2f,xy g,xy + f,xx g,yy
we may write (6.23) in the form
1
2 = Eh[w, w] (1 )NHT (6.24)
2
as 1 = 2 = , 1 = 2 = . Then
h/2
E
N
HT
11
+ N 12
= $HT dz
HT
1 h/2
h/2 (6.30)
E
NHT21 22
+ NHT = $HT dz
1 h/2
11 12
and it is clear that (6.28) reduces to (6.9) with NHT = NHT + NHT =
21 22
NHT + NHT given by (6.10).
From (6.28) we have, immediately, that
0 1
$xy = Nxy (6.31a)
2G12 h
N
2 21
= NHT 22
+ NHT
HT
yields
1 E2 HT
1
$0xx = (Nx + N )
|cij |h 1 12 21
(6.31b)
E2 21 2 )
(Ny + N
1 12 21 HT
1 E1 HT
2
$0yy = (Ny + N )
|cij |h 1 12 21
(6.31c)
E1 12 1 )
(Nx + N
1 12 21 HT
i.e.,
|cij | = E1 E2 /(1 12 21 ) (6.32)
where
M 1 = M 11 + M 12
HT HT HT
(6.37)
M
2 21
= MHT 22
+ MHT
HT
With i = i = 0, i = 1, 2, (6.36) reduces to the rst of the von Karman
equations for the non-hygrothermal case, e.g., (1.68).
The second generalized von Karman equation for hygrothermal bend-
ing and bucking for the case of rectilinear orthotropic symmetry, follows
as in the isotropic case from the compatibility equation (6.22), i.e.,
2 o 2 o 2 $oxy 1
2
$xx + 2
$yy 2 = [w, w]
y x xy 2
In the present situation, the middle surface strains $oxx , $oxy , and $oyy are
given by (6.33); introducing the Airy function into (6.33), we now write
this system in the form
1 1 1
$oxx = (,yy 21 ,xx ) + (NHT 21 NHT2
)
hE hE
1 1
1 1 2 HT
$oyy = (,xx 12 ,yy ) + (N 12 N 1
) (6.38)
hE2 hE2 HT
$oxy = 1 ,xy
2hG12
1 1 1 212
,yyyy + ( ),xxyy
E1 h h G12 E2
1 1
+ ,xxxx = [w, w] (6.39)
E2 h 2
1 1 HT 1 2 HT
(N 21 N 2
),yy (N 12 N 1
),xx
E1 h HT E2 h HT
Assuming that the thin plate exhibits linearly elastic response, we have,
in lieu of (6.4), the constitutive relations
1
err eHT = (rr )
E
1
e eHT = ( rr ) (6.42)
E
e = ( 1 + )
r r
E
Eh (6.44)
N = (e0 + e0rr ) NHT
1 2
Nr = 2Ghe0r
h/2
E
where NHT = e dz.
1 h/2 HT
It is easily shown that the polar coordinate equivalent of the equilib-
rium equations (6.17a), i.e., (compare with (1.72a))
1 1
Nr,r + Nr, + (Nr N ) = 0
r r
(6.45)
N 1 2
r,r + N, + Nr = 0
r r
is satised by introducing the Airy (stress) function = (r, ) dened
by
1 1
Nr = ,r + 2 ,
r r
N = ,rr (6.46)
Nr 1 1
= 2
, ,r
r r
(6.47)
1
2 (r, ) = Eh[w(r, ), w(r, )] (1 )NHT
2
where h/2
E
NHT =
e dz
1 h/2 HT
h/2 (6.48)
E
MHT
e zdz
=
1 h/2 HT
while 2 w is given by (1.75a), i.e.,
2 1
2 w = w,rrrr + w,rrr 2 w,rr
r r
2 1 2
+ 2 w,rr + 3 w,r 3 w,r
r r r
1 4
+ 4 w, + 4 w, ,
r r
with an analogous expression for 2 , while
1 1
[, w] = w,rr ( ,r + 2 , )
r r
1 1
+( w,r + 2 w, ),rr
r r
1 1 1 1
2( w,r 2 w, )( ,r 2 , ),
r r r r
1 1
= Nr w,rr 2Nr ( 2 w, w,r )
r r
1 1
+N ( w,r + 2 w, )
r r
1 1
[w, w] = 2{w,rr ( w,r + 2 w, )
r r
1 1
( w,r 2 w, )2 }
r r
2 1
K[w + w w ]
r r (6.51a)
N 1
= Nr w + w {MHT + MHT },
r r
h/2
d 1 E
where =
, Nr = , N = , MHT
(r) = eHT (r, z)zdz,
dr r 1 h/2
and
1 2 1 1
[ + 2 + 3 ]
Eh r r r
(6.51b)
1 (1 ) 1
= w w {NHT + NHT }
r Eh r
Both the systems (6.47) and (6.51a, b) neglect the eects of initial (pre-
buckling) deections and an applied transverse loading; special cases of
these systems, which have appeared in the literature in connection with
problems associated with the thermal bucking of isotropic linearly elastic
circular plates, will be analyzed later in this report.
For a linearly elastic orthotropic body exhibiting cylindrical orthotropy
there exist three planes of elastic symmetry; one of these is normal to
the plane of anisotropy, the second passes through that axis, and the
third is orthogonal to the rst two. For a thin plate, the rst plane
of elastic symmetry, for a cylindrically orthotropic material, is chosen
parallel to the middle plane of the plate; with this convention, the con-
stitutive equations generalize those in (6.42) for an isotropic plate (in
1
err eHT = E rr E
r
r
r 1
e eHT = rr + (6.52)
E E
r
1
r = r
Gr
where the radial and angular hygrothermal strains erHT and eHT are
dened, respectively, by
erHT = r H(r, , z) + r T (r, , z)
(6.53)
eHT = H(r, , z) + T (r, , z)
where
1
eorr = ur,r + (w,r )2
2
1 1 1
eo = ur + u, + 2 (w, )2 (6.56)
r r 2r
o = u 1 u + 1 u + 1 w w
r ,r r, ,r ,
r r r
Inverting the relations (6.54) we obtain
Er r E
rr = err + e
1 r 1 r
(6.57a)
1
{Er erHT + r E eHT }
1 r
E r E
= err + e
1 r 1 r
(6.57b)
1
{ Er erHT + E eHT }
1 r
r = Gr r (6.57c)
For the cylindrically orthotropic case, the averaged stresses and bending
moments are still dened by the relations following (6.43); thus, by
(6.57a, b, c)
Er h r E h o
Nr = eorr + e NHT r
1 r 1 r
Er h o E h (6.58)
N = err + eo NHT
1
r 1
r
Nr = 2Gr heor
then
1 1
Mr = Dr [w,rr + ( w,r + w,) MHT
r
r r2
1 1
M = D [r w,rr + ( w,r + w, )] MHT
(6.62)
r r2
r ( w ),r
Mr = 2D
r
with
h/2 h/2
Er r E
HT
M r
= er
zdz + e zdz
1 r h/2 HT 1 r h/2 HT
h/2 h/2 (6.63)
E r E
r
e zdz
HT
M = e zdz +
1 r h/2 HT 1 r h/2 HT
The expressions in (6.58) for the averaged stresses and (6.62), for
the bending moments generalize, for the case of cylindrical (polar) or-
thotropic behavior, the corresponding relations (1.93) and (1.94) for the
non-hygrothermal case.
The rst of the generalized von Karman equations for a plate possess-
ing cylindrically orthotropic symmetry is obtained by substituting the
1 1 1
(rMr ),rr + 2 M, M,r
r r r
1
+ Mr,r + Nr w,rr (6.64)
r
1 1 w
+N ( w,r + 2 w, ) + 2Nr ( ),r = 0
r r r
where the stress resultants Nr , N , and Nr are, again, given by (6.46)
in terms of the Airy stress function (r, ). Equation (6.64) is identical
with (1.106) of Chapter 1. Carrying out the process indicated above, we
obtain
1 1
Dr w,rrrr + 2Dr 2 w,rr + D 4 w,
r r
1 1 1
+2Dr w,rrr 2Dr 3 w,r D 2 w,rr (6.65)
r r r
1 1
+2(D + Dr ) 4 w, + D 3 w,r
r r
1 1
= ( ,r + 2 , )w,rr
r r
1 1
+,rr ( w,r + 2 w, )
r r
1 1 1 1
+2( 2 , ,r )( w,r 2 w, )
r r r r
1 1 1
+ (rMHT ),rr + 2 (MHT ), (MHT
r
),r
r r r
To obtain the polar coordinate equivalent form of the strain compati-
bility relation without transforming this relation directly, we proceed as
follows: with respect to the linearized strains
err = ur,r
1 1
e = ur + u, (6.66)
r r
= u + 1 u 1 u
r ,r r,
r r
it is easy to check that
(rr, ),r err, (r2 e,r ),r + rerr,r = 0 (6.67)
1
eorr, = {(Nr, + NHT,
r
) r (N, + NHT,
)} (6.72b)
Er h
and
r
reorr,r = {(Nr + NHT
r
),r r (N + NHT
),r } (6.72d)
Er h
1
[(Nr r N ), + r(Nr,r r N,r )]
Er h
1
+ (Nr, rNr,r )
2Gr h
1
+ [(r2 (N,rr Nr,rr ) + 2r(N,r Nr,r )]
E h
1 (6.73)
= w,rr (rw,r + w, ) (w,r w, )2
r
1
[(NHT r NHT ), + r(NHT,,r r NHT,r
r r
)]
Er h
1
[r2 (NHT,rr
NHT,rr
r
)
E h
+2r(NHT,r NHT,r
r
)]
1 1 2r 1
,rrrr + ( ) ,rr
E Gr Er r 2
1 1 2 1
+ 4
, + ,rrr
Er r E r
1 2r 1 1 1
( ) ,r ,rr
Gr Er r 3 Er r 2
1 r 1 1 1 1
+(2 + ) , + ,r
Er Gr r4 Er r 3
1 1 (6.74)
= h[w,rr ( w,r + 2 w, )
r r
1 1
( w,r 2 w, )2 ]
r r
1 1 1 r
+ [ 2 (NHT r NHT ), + (NHT,r r NHT,r
r
)]
Er r r
1 2
+ [(NHT,rr NHT,rr
r
) + (NHT,r NHT,r
)]
E r
Mtn
(iii) is free: Mn = 0 and Qn + = 0, on
s
where Mn is the bending moment on in the direction normal to
, Mtn is the twisting moment on , with respect to the tangential
and normal directions on , and Qn is the shearing force associated
with the direction normal to .
For the work to be considered in this report only rectangular and circu-
lar (or annular) domains will be covered. If is clamped, therefore,
or if, as in the case of a rectangular plate, one or more edges are clamped,
the pertinent boundary conditions will be exactly the same as for the
non-hygrothermal case, i.e., for a rectangle of width a and length b,
exhibiting isotropic response, the clamped boundary conditions are ex-
pressed by (1.130a, b). For a circular plate (or annular plate) exhibiting
isotropic response the relevant conditions are those in (1.139). Condi-
tions (1.130a, b) apply equally well to a rectangular plate exhibiting
rectilinear orthotropic response when all the edges are clamped, while
(1.139) still applies for circular (or annular) plates with clamped edge(s)
when the plate exhibits cylindrically orthotropic behavior.
We now consider thin elastic plates subject to hygrothermal expansion
or contraction which have one or more edges simply supported. For a
rectangular plate of width a and length b the condition Mn = 0 on
2 = 0,
(D21 w,xx + D22 w,yy ) + M HT
(6.78b)
y = 0, y = b; 0 x a
where Dij = cij h3 /12, the constitutive constants cij are given by (1.61)
and
h/2
M 1 = c11 $1HT (x, y, z)zdz
HT
h/2
(6.79a)
h/2
+c12 $2HT (x, y, z)zdz
h/2
h/2
2 = c21
M $1HT (x, y, z)zdz
HT
h/2
(6.79b)
h/2
+c22 $2HT (x, y, z)zdz
h/2
where h/2
M E
= eHT zdz
HT
1 h/2 (6.81)
eHT = H(r, , z) + T (r, , z)
On the other hand, for a circular (or annular) plate with edge(s) at
r = Ri , i = 1, 2, which exhibits cylindrically orthotropic symmetry, we
have as the expression of Mn = 0 on the condition
1 1 r
Dr [w,rr + ( w,r + 2 w, )] + MHT = 0,
r r (6.82)
r = Ri , i = 1, 2
and Dr = Er h3 /12(1 r ).
Along any edge of a thin plate which is free, we must have Mn = 0
Mtn
as well as Qn + = 0. Conditions equivalent to Mn = 0 along
s
a portion of (or all of ) for various cases of interest have been
elucidated above. For rectangular plates of width a and length b, it has
Mtn
been shown in Chapter 1 that the condition Qn + = 0 on is
s
My,y + 2Mxy,x = 0,
(6.83a)
y = 0, y = b; 0 x a
Mx,x + 2Myx,y = 0,
(6.83b)
x = 0, x = a; 0 y b
and
K[w,xxx + (2 )w,xyy ] + MHT,x = 0
(6.84b)
x = 0, x = a; 0 y b
h/2
E
with MHT = $HT zdz and $HT = H + T.
1 h/2
For the case in which the rectangular plate exhibits rectilinear or-
thotropic symmetry, (6.83a,b) still represent the conditions equivalent
M=n
to Qn + = 0 along all four edges, but now, the bending moments
s
Mx , My , and Mxy are given by (6.35). An easy computation then shows
that in lieu of (6.84a, b) for the isotropic case we have
2
D21 w,xxy + D22 w,yyy + 4D66 w,xxy + M HT,y = 0,
(6.85a)
y = 0, b; 0 x a
and
1
D11 w,xxx + D12 w,xyy + 4D66 w,xyy + M HT,x = 0,
(6.85b)
x = 0, a; 0 y b
Mn Mtn
Qn = +2 (6.86a)
n s
Mn Mtn
+2 =0 (6.86b)
n s
1 1
K{(w,rr + w,r + 2 w, ),r
r r
(6.88)
1 1
+(1 )( 2 w,r 3 w, )} + MHT,r = 0, r = Ri , i = 1, 2
r r
where MHT (r, ) is given by (6.81). For the same annular plate, this time
exhibiting cylindrically orthotropic behavior, we have as a consequence
of (6.62)
1 1
Dr [w,rrr + ( w,r + 2 w, ),r ]
r r
4 w r (6.89)
+ D r ( ),r + MHT,r = 0,
r r
r = Ri , i = 1, 2
where $oxx , $oxy , $oyy are the middle surface strains as dened by (6.7) and
N T is given by (6.11a). The bending moments are given as
Mx = K(w,xx + w,yy ) M
T
My = K(w,yy + w,xx ) M T (6.92)
Mxy = (1 )Kw,xy
and
1
2 = Eh[w, w] (1 )N T (6.93b)
2
where t = t(x, y) is the applied transverse force. In considering small
deection theory one ignores the bracket operator on the right-hand side
of (6.93b), in which case, the Airy function, as given by (6.20), satises
has been considered; for this specic type of distribution it is easy to see
that, as a direct consequence of (6.11a) and (6.14),
EH
NT = To (x, y)
1 (6.95)
3
M T = E h T1 (x, y)
1 12
For such a temperature distribution within the context of the small
deection equations, it will generally be the case that one is dealing
with a thermal bending problem when N T = To = 0 and a thermal
buckling problem when M T = T1 = 0. The boundary conditions
associated with the thermal bending and buckling of, say, a rectangular
plate of width a and length b exhibiting isotropic material symmetry are
as follows:
(i) If all the edges are clamped, then the conditions coincide with
(1.130a, b).
(iii) If the edges are all free, then the conditions in (6.96) hold as well
as
K[w,yyy + (2 )w,xxy ] + M,y T
=0
y = 0, b; 0 x a
(6.97)
K[w,xxx + (2 )w,xyy ] + M,x T
=0
x = 0, a; 0 y b
with the coecients of linear thermal expansion along the x and y axes,
1 and 2 , respectively, taken to be constants. The constitutive relations
in this situation are given as follows (where $oxx , $oxy , $oyy are, once again,
the middle surface strains):
E1 h E2 21 H
Nx = { }$oxx +} }$o N 1
1 12 21 1 12 21 yy T
E1 12 h E2 h 2 (6.99)
Ny = { }$oxx + { }$oyy N
1 12 21 1 12 21
T
Nxy = (2G12 h)$oxy
and the cij are given by (1.61). The relevant von Karman equations for
thermal bending/buckling become (see (6.36), (6.39)):
D11 w,xxxx + {D12 + 4D66 + D21 }w,xxyy
(6.103a)
1 M
+D22 w,yyyy = [, w] M 1 +t
T,xx T,yy
and
1 1 1 212
,yyyy + ( ),xxyy
E1 h h G12 E2
1 1
+ ,xxxx = [w, w]
E2 h 2
(6.103b)
1 1 T2 ),yy
(N 21 N
E1 h T
1 2 T1 ),xx
(N 12 N
E2 h T
As for the boundary data in this case, with respect, e.g., to a rectangular
plate of width a and length b, we have the following:
1, M
where M 2 are given by (6.102).
T T
(iii) If all four edges are free, then the conditions in (6.104) apply as
well
as
D21 w,xxy + D22 w,yyy + 4D66 w,xxy + M 2 = 0,
T,y
y = 0, b; 0 x a
(6.105)
1 = 0
D 11 w,xxx + D12 w,xyy + 4D 66 w,xyy = M T,x
x = 0, a; 0 y b
The same comments apply as in the isotropic case with regard to dif-
ferent types of boundary data holding along pairs of parallel edges of
1
the plate; in a small deection situation, the bracket term [w, w]
2
would be deleted from the right-hand side of (6.103b) while for purely
thermal buckling equation (6.103b) would be deleted in its entirety and
(6.103a) would be employed with 0.
When the temperature dierence T varies linearly through the thick-
ness of the plate, as in (4.94), the thermal stress resultants N i , i = 1, 2
T
and the thermal moments M i , i = 1, 2, as given by (6.100) and (6.102),
T
respectively, reduce to
E1 1 + E2 2 21
1
NT = ( 1 12 21 )hTo (x, y)
(6.106a)
N 2 = ( E1 1 12 + E2 2 )hTo (x, y)
T
1 12 21
and
3
1 = (c21 1 + c22 2 )h T1 (x, y)
M (6.106b)
T
12
The von Karman system for this case now assumes the form
K w = [, w] MT + t(r, )
2
(6.112)
2
1
= Eh[w, w] (1 )NT
2
where [, w] and [w, w], as well as 2 w, are given by the expressions
2 1 1 2
directly following (6.48) and = 2 + + 2 2 ; for the small de-
r r r r
ection case one again deletes the bracket [w, w] in the second equation
Our last case in this sequence concerns the thermal bending and/or
buckling of thin elastic circular (or annular) plates exhibiting cylindri-
cally orthotropic behavior. The thermal strains in the radial and angular
directions are given by (see (6.53))
erT = r T (r, , Z), eT = T (r, , z) (6.117)
Er h r E h o
Nr = 1 err + 1 e NT
o r
r r
E r h o E h (6.118)
N = err + eo NT
1 r 1 r
Nr = 2Gr heor
with
h/2
Er r + r E
N r
= ( ) T (r, , z)dz
T 1 r h/2
h/2 (6.119)
Er r + E
NT = ( ) T (r, , z)dz
1 r h/2
and
1
Mr = Dr [w,rr + ( w,r +
1
w, )] MTr
r r2
1 1
M = D [r w,rr + ( w,r + w, )] MT (6.120)
r r2
r ( w ),r
Mr = 2D
r
with
h/2
Er r + r E
M r
= ( ) T (r, , z)zdz
T 1 r h/2
h/2 (6.121)
Er r + E
MT = ( ) T (r, , z)zdz
1 r h/2
Employing (6.120) in (6.64), and using (6.46), we obtain the rst of the
von Karman equations for thermal bending and/or buckling of a thin,
1 1
Dr w,rrrr + 2Dr 2
w,rr + D 4 w,
r r
1 1 1
+2Dr w,rrr 2Dr 3 w,r D 2 w,rr
r r r
1 1
+2(D + Dr ) 4 w, + D 3 w,r
r r
1 1
= ( ,r + 2 , )w,rr
r r
(6.122)
1 1
+,rr ( w,r + 2 w, )
r r
1 1 1 1
+2( 2 , ,r )( w,r 2 w, )
r r r r
1 1
+ (rMTr ),rr + 2 (MT ),
r r
1
(MT ),r + t(r, )
r
while the second of the relevant von Karman equations for this case
becomes
1 1 2r 1
,rrrr + ( ) ,rr
E Gr Er r2
1 1 2 1
+ 4 , + ,rrr
Er r E r
1 2r 1 1 1
( ) 3 ,r 2 ,rr
Gr Er r Er r
1 r 1 1 1 1
+(2 + ) , + ,r (6.123)
Er Gr r4 Er r 3
1 1 1 1
= h[w,rr ( w,r + 2 w, ) ( w,r 2 w, )2 ]
r r r r
1 1 1 r
+ { 2 (NT r NT ), + (NT,r r NT,r
r
)}
Er r r
1 2
+ {(NT,r
NT,rr
r
) + (NT,r NT,r
)}
E r
(ii) For small deections, the rst term on the right-hand side of
(6.123), in square brackets, is deleted.
(iii) The (purely) thermal bending problem is governed by (6.122) with
= 0.
(iv) For an axially symmetric problem, both (6.122) and (6.123) reduce
to (variable coecient) ordinary dierential equations in the radial
variable r; we have w = w(r), = (r) and T = T (r, z) so that
the resultants NTr , NT and moments MTr , MT are functions only of
r. In (6.122) and (6.123), therefore, derivatives of all quantities,
of any order, with respect to vanish.
The boundary data for an annular elastic plate of inner radius R1 =
a and outer radius R2 = b > a, exhibiting cylindrically orthotropic
symmetry, may be specied as follows:
w
(i) If both edges are clamped, then w = 0 and = 0, along r =
r
Ri , i = 1, 2.
The usual considerations apply if one edge is, e.g., clamped while the
other is simply supported, or if one edge is simply supported while the
other is free, etc.; for a circular plate of radius R = b, R1 = a = 0.
Remarks: All of the problems considered above may be posed in terms
of the middle surface displacements u, v and the out-of-plane deection
w in lieu of w and the Airy function ; the idea is most feasible within
the context of small deection theory. For an isotropic rectangular plate,
small deection theory corresponds to the substitution of the expressions
for the middle surface strains $oxx , $oxy , and $oyy from (6.7) into the con-
stitutive relations (6.91), suppression of all those terms involving the
out-of-plane displacement w, and then substitution of the resultant ex-
pressions for Nx , Ny , and Nxy into the in-plane equilibrium equations
(6.17a); this process leads to the pair of equations
Eh Eh T
1 2 (u,xx + v,xy ) + 2(1 + ) (u,yy + v,xy ) = N,x
(6.128)
Eh Eh
(u,xy + v,xx ) + T
(u,xy + v,yy ) = N,y
2(1 + ) 1 2
which must be solved in conjunction with (6.93a), which we repeat here
as
K2 w = Nx w,xx + Nxy w,xy + Ny w,yy M T + t (6.129)
For the small deection case considered above, (6.128) and (6.129) are
decoupled, just as (6.93a), (6.93b) are if, in (6.93b), we delete the bracket
where A is the area of the middle surface of the plate, while the potential
V = twdxdy
A
b a
Eh Eh
= { (u,x + v,y )2 + [(u,y + v,x )2
o o 2(1 2 ) 4(1 + )
K
4u,x v,y ] + (w,xx + w,yy )2
2 (6.130)
+(1 2
)K[w,xy w,xx w,yy ]
b a
Eh
= {[ (u,xx + v,xy )
o o 1 2
Eh
+ (u,yy + v,xy ) N,x
T
]u
2(1 + )
Eh Eh (6.131)
[ (u,xy + v,xx ) + (u,xy + v,yy ) N,y
t
]v
2(1 + ) 1 2
+[K(w,xxxx + 2w,xxyy + w,yyyy )
T
+M,xx T
+ M,yy t]w}dxdy
(a,b) (a,o)
[2Mxy w](o,b) + [2Mxy w](o,o)
In order that (6.131) be satised for arbitrary variations u, v, w,
(w,x ), and (w,y ), all the expressions within the square brackets in
(6.131) must vanish identically, which leads to (6.128) and (6.129), with
Nx = Nxy = Ny = 0; the resultant system governs the thermal bending,
under an arbitrary temperature distribution T (x, y, z), of a linearly
elastic isotropic rectangular plate. From (6.131) it is readily deduced
that the following (natural) boundary conditions must be satised:
(i) On the edges x = 0, a, for 0 y b
u is prescribed or Nx = 0
v is prescribed or Nxy = 0
(6.132a)
w is prescribed or Mx,x + 2Mxy,y = 0
w,x is prescribed or Mx = 0
u is prescribed or Nxy = 0
v is prescribed or Ny = 0 (6.132b)
w is prescribed or My,y + 2Mxy,x = 0
(iii) At the corners (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b), and (a, b)
MT
w= (x2 + y 2 ) + d + ex + f y (6.135)
2(1 + )K
1 T 12 ET (z)
xx = yy = N + 3 MT z , xy = 0 (6.136)
h h 1
For the case where the plate has clamped edges, instead of free edges,
it again follows that a simple solution exists. With constant M T , and
Mx = My = M T , Mxy = 0 (6.137)
ET (z)
xx = yy = , xy = 0 (6.139)
1
If, on the other hand, the middle surface of the plate is free of in-plane
tractions, then Nx = Ny = Nxy = 0 and
1 T ET (z)
xx = yy = N , xy = 0 (6.140)
h 1
m n
with m = , n = and
a b
b a
4
(Mmn , tmn ) = (M T , t) sin m sin n ydxdy
ab o o
To satisfy the boundary conditions we take the deection to have the
form
# #
w= mn sin m sin n y (7.3)
m=1 n=1
#
#
NT = Nmn sin m sin n y (7.7)
m=1 n=1
with
b a
4
Nmn = N T sin m sin n ydxdy,
ab o o
The expressions in (7.8) are now substituted into (6.128) with the result
that
m Nmn (1 2 )
amn =
2 + 2 )
Eh(m n
(7.9)
n Nmn (1 2 )
bmn =
Eh(m 2 + 2 )
n
If, in lieu of the boundary data (7.6), one assumes that tangential dis-
placements are allowed along each edge, but that normal displacements
are prevented, the relevant boundary conditions are
1 Eh
Nxy = (u,y + v,x ) = 0
21+ (7.11a)
for x = 0, a; 0 y b, and y = 0, b; 0 x a
and
u = 0, for x = 0, a; 0 y b
(7.11b)
v = 0, for y = 0, b; 0 x a
with
mn b a T
N
mn = N cos m cos n ydxdy
ab o o
4, m > 0, n > 0
mn = 2, m > 0, n = 0 or m = 0, n > 0
1, m = n = 0
The same procedure described above for the rst set of boundary con-
ditions now leads to
mn (1 2 )
bmn = n Nmn (1 )
2
m N
a
mn = 2 + 2 )
, 2 + 2 )
(7.14)
Eh(m n Eh(m n
and
#
# Eh
{ mn + nbmn )
Nx =
2
(m a
1
m=0 n=0
Nmn } cos m cos n y
# #
Eh
Ny = { (m amn + nbmn ) (7.15)
1 2
m=0 n=0
mn } cos m cos n y
N
#
# 1 Eh
N = mn + mbmn ) sin m sin n y
(n a
xy 21+
m=1 n=1
with
a2 x x x
Ho (x) = { 3( )2 + ( )3 }
6K a a a
(7.19)
a2
x x
Ha (x) = { ( ) }3
6K a a
Using (7.19) in (7.18) and substituting the resultant expression for
w(x, y) into (7.1), it follows that
where
t(x, y) 2 M T
F (x, y) =
K K (7.21)
{M (0, y)Ho (x) + M T (a, y)Ha (x)}
4 T
and
2w
= 0, for x = 0, a; 0 y b
w= (7.22)
x2
We express F in terms of the Fourier series
# m
F (x, y) = fm (y) sin m x; m = (7.23)
m=1
with a
2
fm (y) = F (x, y) sin m xdx
a o
where
0, m even
km = 4M T
3
, m odd
aKm
#
w= (Am cosh m y + Dm y sinh m y + km ) sin m x (7.29)
m=1,3,
1 T
w = 0, w,yy = M
K
(7.30)
1
for y = b; 0 x a
2
We write
#
MT = 2
Mm sin m x; mm = Km km (7.31)
m=1
and substitute (7.29) into (7.30); after solving for Am and Dm we obtain
#
4M T 1 cosh m y
w(x, y) = (1 ) sin m x (7.32)
aK 3 1
m=1,3, m cosh m b
2
1
For the case in which the plate is clamped along the edges at y = b,
2
and subject to a constant thermal moment M T , it has been noted in
[217] that the deection, once again, assumes the form in (7.29), but
2 1
K(w,rrrr + w,rrr 2 w,rr
r r
2 1 2
+ 2 w,rr + 3 w,r 3 w,r
r r r
(7.35)
1 4
+ 4 w, + 4 w, )
r r
1 1
= t (MT,rr + MT,r + 2 MT, )
r r
h/2
E
with MT= T (r, , z)zdz being the thermal moment.
1 h/2
Equation (7.35) holds for a r < b, 0 < 2. The associated
clamped, simply supported, and free edge boundary conditions are given,
respectively, by
w
(i) w = 0 and = 0, at r = a, b if the edges are clamped
r
1 1
(ii) w = 0 and K[w,rr + ( 2 w, + w,r )] + MT = 0, at r = a, b if the
r r
edges are simply supported
1
in (6.102) in the form MT = 1 MT , with MT = T zdz, so that
h/2
The superposed bar over the 1 in (7.52) does not appear in [226] and has
been placed there so as not to confuse this parameter with a hygroscopic
coecient. With the denition of MT , as given above, and (7.50) it is
easily seen that
1 2
MT = h (T1 T2 ) k (7.53)
12
which has the Fourier representation
#
4k 1 m
MT = sin x, (7.54)
m=1,3,5,...
m a
where
4k 1
P = (7.56)
a2
From (7.54) it follows that MT = 0 along the edges at x = 0 and x = a.
Then, by virtue of (7.51a), it follows that both w and w,yy must vanish
bpm bqm
Am (pm tan h qm tan )
2 2
(7.65b)
bqm bpm
+Bm (pm tan + qm tanh )=0
2 2
These relations may be solved for Am , Bm (see [226] for the details),
which are then substituted back into (7.64) so as to yield the deection
at any point of the plate. The expression obtained for w(x, y) can also
be employed in (6.101) so as to compute the thermally induced moments
at any point in the plate, e.g.,
#
Mx = D11 2
m {Am cosh pm y cos qm y
m=1,3,5,..
+Bm sinh pm y sin qm y} sin m x
#
D12 [Am {(p2m qm
2
) cosh pm y cos qm y
m=1,3,5,...
2pm qm sinh pm y sin qm y} (7.66)
+Bm {(p2m qm
2
) sinh pm y sin qm y
#
41 k 1
sin m x
a
m=1,3,5,... m
The expressions for the moments, e.g., (7.66) and the nal result (7.67)
for the deection at the center of the plate are subject to the criticism
(because of the relevance of the boundary conditions (7.57)) which has
been levied above.
An alternative approach to solving problems of thermal deection for
plates that has been used extensively in the literature is based on the
concept of an inuence function and usually goes under the title of May-
sels method; this approach is actually an extension of Bettis reciprocal
theorem to thermoelastic problems, and excellent treatments have ap-
peared in several places in the literature, e.g., in Nowacki [222] and in
Tauchert [217]. In what follows, we will adhere closely to the presenta-
tion in [217] and will assume that the plate exhibits isotropic response;
we will also take t 0, so that, in either rectangular or polar coordinates,
the relevant partial dierential equation is given by
K2 w = M T (7.68)
If the plate occupies the domain A in the x, y plane when in its unde-
ected state, and w (, y; x, y) is the Greens function for the operator
K2 then it is easily shown (i.e. [217] or [222]) that
w(x, y) = M T (, ) 2 w (, ; x, y)dA(, ) (7.69)
A
2 2
2 = +
2 2
m n
where m = , n = , provided M T vanishes along the edges of the
a b
plate. Substituting (7.73) into (7.69), and carrying out an elementary
computation, we are led to the following expression for the deection:
4 # # sin m x sin n y
w(x, y) = 2 + 2 )2
abK m=1 n=1 (m n
(7.74)
M T (, ) sin m sin n ydd
AT
but, once again, such a solution is subject to the criticisms raised earlier
as now M T does not vanish along the edges of the plate.
As a second example, we consider the application of Maysels relation
(7.69) to the thermal deection of a solid circular plate of radius b; in
this case (7.69) assumes the following form in terms of polar coordinates:
2 b
w(r, ) = M T (, ) 2 w (, ; N, )dd (7.76)
0 0
where
2 1 1 2
2 =
+ +
2 2 2
In lieu of (7.76) we may write, in analogy with (7.70), that
2 b
w(r, ) = w (, ; r, ) 2 M T (, )dd
0 0
2
w (b, ; r, )
M T (b, ) (7.77)
0
T
M (b, )
w (b, ; r, ) bd
w
If the circular plate is clamped along its edge at r = b then w = =
0, for r = b, 0 < 2, and (7.77) reduces to
2 b
w(r, ) = w (, ; r, ) 2 M T (, )dd (7.78)
0 0
#
M #
N
w(x, y) = cmn mn (x, y) (7.80)
m=1 n=1
#
M #
N
mx 2ny
w= cmn sin 1 cos (7.83)
m=1 n=1
a a
for the transverse deection, then we satisfy the kinematic boundary con-
ditions for this problem but not the static boundary condition Mx = 0
along the edges x = 0 and x = a, 0 y a. Retaining only the
term corresponding to m = 1, n = 1 in (7.83), it is easily veried
that the Rayleigh-Ritz method yields an approximation to w(x, y) in
1
which the maximum deection, which occurs at x = y = a, is given
2
by 0.0191a2 M T /K. As noted in [217], two-and three-term approxima-
tions using (7.83), yield maximum deections of 0.0144a2 M T /K and
0.0157a2 M T /k, respectively, while the exact value of the maximum
deection in this case is given (approximately) by 0.0158a2 M T /K.
To implement the Galerkin procedure, we work directly with the rele-
vant dierential equation instead of with the associated potential energy;
the equation, for the problem of thermal exure of an isotropic, homo-
geneous thin plate is just (6.93a) with 0, i.e.,
K2 w + M T t = 0 (7.84)
e(x, y) = K2 w + 2 M T t (7.85)
x=a
w
(Mx Mx ) dy
x x=0
a
$
+ y )w y=b
(My,y + 2Mxy,x K y=0
0
y=b
w
(My My ) dx
w y=0
$
xy )w x=a,y=b
(2Mxy R x=0,y=b
$
xy )w x=a,y=0 = 0
+ (2Mxy R x=0,y=0
#
M #
N
w = cmn mn (x, y) (7.88)
m=1 n=1
which is, of course, equivalent to (7.85). One also obtains (7.89) if certain
of the boundary conditions, as noted in [217], are static; however, these
2 = (1 )N T (7.91b)
must be satised in which the integration extends across the entire plate
along a line given by x = const; a relation such as (7.92) cannot hold
unless Nx > 0 along part of this line while Nx < 0 along its complement,
thus leading to the conclusion that for this class of problems, compres-
sive stresses will always occur in the plane of the plate. A very well
known example of the type referenced above occurs in the often quoted
paper of Gossard, Seide, and Roberts [216], which will be discussed in
some detail later in this chapter; although our focus, with respect to
the discussion of the work in [216], will be on postbuckling behavior, it
should be clear that the buckling problem described, e.g., by the system
(6.93a,b), within the context of small deection theory is mathemati-
cally isomorphic to the initial buckling problem for the full non-linear
system. Indeed, some specic initial buckling problems for such systems
will be discussed at the end of this section.
A second class of thermal buckling problems in the realm of small
deection theory, which is discussed in [221] and which is mathematically
similar to the rst class of problems, concerns the buckling of plates
which are subjected to heat and loads in their plane with, once again,
their edges unrestrained in the plane of the plate. As an example, we
consider the plate strip of Fig. 7.3, which is loaded at its ends by a
uniformly distributed stress 0 ; the strip, of width b, is reinforced along
its edges at y = 0, y = b by longitudinals of area A which act as a heat
sink, thus causing the temperature to be higher along the center of the
plate than near its edges. For illustration purposes, the temperature will
for which two special cases are of interest: If c1 = 0 then only the edge
stress distribution o acts to buckle the panel and only the diagonal
terms in (7.105) survive. In this case, the critical value of o is given by
the same expression that has already been noted in Chapter 2, namely,
2 E h
(o )cr |c1 =0 = K ( )2 (7.106a)
12(1 ) b
2
E 2 E h
( )Tcr |0 =0 k ( )2 = (0 )cr |c1 =0 (7.107)
2 12(1 2 ) b
with k again given by (7.106b). If the rst 2 2 block in (7.105) is
retained and 0 is set equal to zero, it is possible to show that
E 2 E h
( )Tcr |0 =0 = k1 ( )2 (7.108)
2 12(1 ) b
2
* (7.117)
m 2 1
m = ( ) NT
a K
a2 2
(N T )cr = (1 + ) (7.118)
b2 a2
The (nondimensional) variation of the bending moment Mx in a square
plate is shown in Figs. 7.7 and 7.8 for two dierent values of the tem-
perature level N T /(N T )cr ; such plots are sucient to determine both
Mx and My throughout the entire plate because of the double symme-
try exhibited by the plates; the results depicted in Figs. 7.7 and 7.8
indicate that the maximum bending moment occurs at the center of the
plate. Finally, in Fig. 7.9 we show, for various aspect ratios, the varia-
tions in Mx at the center of the plate, with the temperature parameter
N T /(N T )cr . All of the results depicted in Figs. 7.67.9 are valid only
for values of N T that are suciently close to (N T )cr because of the small
deection assumption employed in their derivation.
For the special case (in rectangular coordinates) in which (6.94) re-
duces to
T (x, y, z) = To (x, y) (7.119)
so that, by virtue of (6.95),
Eh
NT = To (x, y); M T = 0 (7.120)
1
Equations (6.93a) and (6.93b) for the case of isotropic response, reduce
to
2 + EhTo = 0 (7.121b)
1 1
2 w = (Nx w,xx + 2Nxy w,xy + Ny w,yy ) Nij w,ij (7.122)
K K
must be solved subject to the specication of boundary conditions on
w. As an example, we consider a rectangular plate with 0 x a, 0
y b, which is simply supported along its edges; for this case M T = 0
along the edges of the plate so our previous criticisms do not apply.
One approach to dealing with (7.22) is similar to Maysels method,
which was discussed in connection with the thermal bending of plates.
We introduce the Greens function w , which satises the equation
1
w (x, y; 1 , 2 ) = (x 1 )(y 2 ) (7.123)
K
in the sense of distributions and the same boundary conditions as w.
Combining (7.122) and (7.123) we obtain
a b
w(x, y) = w (x, y; 1 , 2 )Nij (1 , 2 )w,ij (1 , 2 )d1 d2 (7.124)
o o
Now, for the rectangular plate described above which is simply supported
on all four edges, w (x, y, 1 , 2 ) is given by (7.73) with 1 , 2 .
If we assume that the solution of the integral equation (7.125) can be
represented in series form as
#
w(x, y) = Aik sin i sin k y, (7.126)
i,k
n m
n = , m = (thus automatically satisfying the boundary condi-
a b
tions of simple support) then by substituting the series representations
4 #
Aik + Amn Gnimk =0
abk(i2 + k2 ) n,m (7.127)
(i, k = 1, 2, , )
where
Gnimk = i2 animk + 2i k cnimk + k2 bnimk
with
a b
animk =
N11 (1 , 2 ) sin i 1 sin n 1 sin k 2 sin m 2 d1 d2
o o
a b
bnimk = N22 (1 , 2 )) sin i 1 sin n 1 sin k 2 sin m 2 d1 d2
o o
a b
The condition for buckling of the plate is, of course, that the (innite)
determinant of the system of equations (7.117) be zero. A related (clas-
sical) treatment of the thermal buckling of a simply supported isotropic
rectangular plate which employs the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure may be
found in Klosner and Forray [227]; in [227], the temperature distribu-
tion is of the form (7.119) and, in fact, is assumed to be symmetrical
about the centerlines of the plate so that it is representable in the form
nx my
of a double Fourier series in the functions cos cos (the plate
a b
in [227] has length 2a and width 2b).
There are many excellent treatments of the problem of general thermal
deections of an isotropic elastic circular plate, one of which may be
found in [228]. We assume that the plate has radius b > 0 and is
subjected to the radially symmetric subcase of (6.113), namely,
with the t0j , t1j real constants and m, n arbitrary positive integers. A
solution of (7.137) is now sought in the form of a power series. Substi-
tuting (7.138) in (7.137) and setting
t0j
cj = , dj = jt1j
j+2
Setting
dw
u(r) =
dr
hP # j
m
b 0 = cj b
K j=1
where
#
#
w0 (r) = j rj , w1 (r) = j r j (7.145)
j=0 j=0
and
K[w (b) + w (b)] + T1 (b) = 0
b (7.146b)
w(b) = 0
It will be assumed that w0 (b) = 0; as noted in [228], if w0 (b) = 0 then b
is the radius of the clamped plate with given temperature distribution
t0 (r) for which P is a critical buckling load.
Using (7.141) again, and working with the special case of the recurrence
relation (7.142) for m = 0, it is not dicult to show that the transverse
deection assumes the form
+ * 6
hP
w(r) = 0 J0 r + w10 (r) + (7.150)
K
with J0 the Bessel function of the rst kind of order zero and w10 (r) the
form assumed by w1 (r) for m = 0. Applying the boundary conditions
(7.146a) we now nd as the expression for the transverse deection of
the circular, isotropic plate clamped along its edge at r = b
+ * 6
w10 (b) hP
w(r) = * + * 6 J0 r
h hP K
J0 b
K K (7.151)
+ * 6
hP
J0 b + w10 (r) w10 (b)
K
2 = EhTm
1 (7.154)
2 w = (,yy w,xx 2,xy w,xy + ,xx w,yy )
K
if we again assume that t 0. Following the stability analysis in [229], we
let T0 represent the maximum value (upper bound) of Tm on the domain
of the plate so that 0 Tm T0 and we introduce the dimensionless
temperature parameter T = Tm /T0 so that 0 T 1. If b represents
a characteristic length associated with the plate, then in rectangular
coordinates, we may introduce the dimensionless variables = x/b, =
y/b, in which case (7.154) would assume the form
2 = T
(7.155)
2 w = (, w, 2, w, + , w, )
where
= /b2 EhT0 (7.156)
while, by virtue of the denition of K,
2
b
= 12(1 )
2
T0 (7.157)
h
2 2
and, of course, = 2
+ . Following the discussion in [229],
2
the edge(s) of the plate are assumed to be free of applied forces and
moments so that the buckling (stability) problem consists of nding the
temperature parameter T , which minimizes the value of in (7.155);
this may be achieved, e.g., by following the Raleigh-Ritz procedure and
considering the expression
= N /D (7.158)
with
= (w, + w, )2 2(1 )[w, w, w,2
] dd
N
A
= 2 w w w 2
w 2
dd
D , , , , , , ,
A
1 1 dTm
G (r) + G (r) 2 G = Eh (7.159)
r r dr
and
1
Nr = G, N = G (r) (7.160)
r
Using the plate radius b as a reference length and introducing the nondi-
mensional coordinate = r/b we may rewrite (7.159) in the form
1 1 dT
g () + g () 2 g = (7.161)
d
with
g() = G()/EhbT0 (7.162)
The solution of (7.161) which satises the boundary condition Nr (b) = 0
and also satises the condition that Nr (0) and N (0) remain bounded,
is 1
1
g() = T ()d + T ()d (7.163)
0 0
0
=
2 2 (7.164)
1 w 1 dg w
g() + 2 dd
0 0 d
where
2 w 1 w 1 2w
w = + +
2 2 2
and
1 w 1 2w 2w
L(w, w) = 2 + 2 2
2
2
2 (7.165)
1 w 1 w
2
2
Following the analysis in [229] we now introduce the admissible functions
w = w (, ) = wm () cos m, m = 0, 1, 2... (7.166)
which are subject to the boundary conditions
1 mr
mr (b) = 0, qr + =0 (7.167)
b r=b
where qr , mr , and mr are (in r, coordinates) the z-direction shear
force, bending moment, and twisting moment, respectively, per unit
length along the edge at r = b. With respect to the set of admissible
functions in (7.166), the boundary conditions (7.167) become
2
d wm dwm
+ m 2
wm =0 (7.168a)
d2 d =1
d3 wm d2 wm dwm
3
+ 2 2
+ [1 + m2 (2 )]
d d d (7.168b)
+m3 (3 )wm =1 = 0
dwm m2 dg 2
0 = g() + w d
d d m
0
1 2
dwm m2 dg 2
g() + w d
d d m
and eect the same splitting in both (7.163) and (7.172), i.e., if we set
T ()d
I =
0
1 (7.174)
II = T ()d
then
1
g = T ()d + I + II
0 , 0 (7.175)
dg = 1 T ()d T () + I + II
d 2 0
and
1 1
g = T ()d + II I
, 1
dg 1 1
= 2 T ()d T () + + 1 I + II
d 2
(7.176)
An analogous result holds for g() with in the interval [0, ], namely,
we have
g() = (1 2 ), 0 (7.181)
2
By introducing (7.180) and (7.181) into (7.177) we see that the function
to be maximized becomes
' 2
' 1 dwm
D ' = (1 )
2
d
m=0 2 0 d
2 (7.182)
1 2 1 1 dwm
+ d
2 d
= 1 1 (7.183)
d 2 +1 , 1
2 2
dg dg
so that, as per (7.171a), 0, for 1 while 0, for
d d
0 . Using (7.180), (7.181), and (7.183), it follows that the
function to be maximized is given by
2
2
1 dwm wm
D = (1 ) 2
d + m 2
d
2 0 d 0
2
1 2
1 1 dwm
+ d (7.184)
2 d
1 2
1 wm
m 2
2
+1 d
wm () = C2 (1 + c1 + c2 2 ) (7.185)
1
2 (1 ), 0
2
g() = 2 (7.186a)
1
, 1
2
and
1 2 ), 0
dg 2 (1
2
= 1 (7.186b)
d +1 , 1
2 2
2
2
1 dw m wm
D = (1 2 ) d + m2 d
2 0 d 0
2
1
1 2 1 dwm
+ d (7.187)
2 d
1 2
1 wm
+m2 2
+ 1 d
with
Ec1 a2 Ea21
r2 = + (1 2L3 )
2m 2 2 32
Ea21
r = L3 (7.192a)
4
64
2
r = Ea1 L2
6
288 3
and
Ec1 a3
+ (km3 + 0 )
2 a1
a 2 426
(7.194b)
1
= 3(1 )km1
2
1+ L3
h 25
2 3
0 (x, y) = 1 b2 ET0 1 3 y + 2 y
12 b2 b3
x x
x B1 sin hR1 sin R2 + (7.195)
a a
x x
B2 cos hR1 cos R2 + 1
a a
a a
R1 = k1 , R2 = k2 (7.196a)
b b
2 3
0
yy 0,xx = 1 ET0 1 3 y + 2 y
12 b2 b3
x
(7.197b)
x x x
D1 sin hR1 sin R2 + D2 cos hR1 cos R2
a a a a
and
0
xy 0,xy = 1 ET0 1 y y
2
x x
b b
x x (7.197c)
D3 sin hR1 cos R2 + D4 cos hR1 sin R2
a a a a
with the stress components in the domain b y 0 identical with
those given by (7.197a,b,c). In (7.197a,b,c) the Di s are given by
D1 = B1 (k12 K22 ) 2B2 k1 k2
D2 = B2 (k 2 k 2 ) + 2B1 k1 k2
1 2
(7.198)
D3 = B1 k2 + B2 k1
D4 = B1 k1 B2 k2
and then minimizing with respect to the unknown coecients amn , leads
to a set of simultaneous equations constituting a characteristic value
problem of the form
# #
2 K
K a
pq pq + Kpqmn amn = 0 (7.201)
b2 E(T0 )cr h m=1,3,5 n=1,3,5
p = 1, 3, 5...., q = 1, 3, 5, ...
The solutions of (7.201) yield sets of relative values of the coecients
amn , and associated values of the critical temperature (T0 )cr ; the ex-
pressions for the coecients kpq , kpqmn in (7.201) are quite involved and
are delineated in Appendix A of [216].
2 K
= ,
b2 E(T 0 )cr h
in which case
x y x 3y
w0 = a11 cos cos + 0.0365 cos cos
2a 2b 2a 2b
(7.203)
3x y 3x 3y
+0.1360 cos cos + 0.0042 cos cos
2a 2b 2a 2b
It is easily computed, based on (7.203) that the deection wc at the
center of the rectangular plate is wc = 1.1767 a11 in which case
wc x y x 3y
w0 = cos cos + 0.0365 cos cos
3y (7.204)
1.1767 2a 2b 2a 2b
3x y 3x
+0.1360 cos cos + 0.0042 cos cos
2a 2b 2a 2b
In Table 7.2, we have indicated the convergence of the critical tem-
perature parameter as additional terms are included in the deection
function; as indicated in [216], retaining further terms in the deection
function beyond those four already chosen above has a negligible eect
2 0 = E 2 T (7.207)
and the stress boundary conditions and is given by (7.195), (7.196a,b,c).
The function 1 is taken to be the solution of
$ 2
1 = E w,xy
2 w,xx w,yy , (7.208)
where
# #
amn mx ny
ws = cos cos (7.213)
a
m=1,3,5 n=1,3,5 11
2a 2b
In (7.212) the ratios amn /a11 , which were obtained from the initial buck-
ling solution, must also be substituted into the stress function .
For a plate with aspect ratio a/b = 1.57 it has already been determined
that
x y x 3y
ws = cos cos + 0.0365 cos cos
2a 2b 2a 2b
3x y 3x 3y
+0.1360 cos cos + 0.0042 cos cos
2a 2b 2a 2b
in which case (7.212) yields the following relation between the temper-
ature dierential T0 and the center deection wc :
b2 ET0 h 2 wc
2
= 5.39 + 1.12(1 ) (7.214)
2 K h2
with T0 the average temperature over the surface of the plate. As the
plate is subjected to the temperature distribution given by (7.219), the
plate will expand and this expansion will result in a distribution of aver-
age edge thrusts which are caused by the restraining spring forces acting
along the edges of the plate; we denote these average edge stresses by
and , respectively, along the edges x = 0, a and y = 0, b. The mag-
nitudes of and depend on the temperature distribution, the plate
dimensions, and the elastic moduli of the plate. Employing (7.217) and
(7.219) it may be shown that the second of the large deection equations
has the form
in (7.205) is satised if
2 2 ##
= x + y +
cpq cos
px
cos
qy
(7.220)
2 2 p=0 q=0
a b
in which
9 ( 2
# p2 b q 2 a
cpq = E Bi + Apq 4 + (7.221)
i=1
a b
where
4 p2 b a2 a
Apq = Tpq ab + (7.222)
2 a b
while the Bi , i = 1, 2, ...9 are given in [235]; the work in [235] covers the
case of a laterally loaded plate subject to edge thrusts in the plane of the
plate with lateral displacements in the large deection range but does not
consider temperature eects. Specic expressions for the coecients brs ,
and
b
,yy kx u(x, y) dy = 0 at x = 0, a; for 0 y b (7.223b)
0
where
ky b ky b
11 = , 12 = 1 +
2E 2E
(7.229a)
= x , = 1 + kx a
k a
22 22
2E 2E
1 # # 2 s 2
ky b
11 = 2E ET0 8 E
ars
b
r=1 s=1
(7.229b)
# # 2
22 = kx a 1 r
ET0 E a2
2E 8 r=1 s=1 rs a
From (7.228) we obtain the average edge (thrust) stresses in the form
and
and it is easy to see that, with respect to the notation employed in the
present work
while F = and
1 = c11 1 + c12 2
(7.239)
2 = c21 1 + c22 2
while
2 12 N
2 = E1 1 + E2 2 21
N T T
1 12 21
(7.241b)
E1 1 12 + E2 2
21 NT E1 1 NT
1 12 21
where
h/2
NT = T (x, y, z)dz
h/2
with = s11 s22 s212 . It is any easy task to show that, based on (1.61)
and (7.246)
1 1 s12
E1 = , E2 = , 12 =
s11 s22 s11 (7.247)
s12 1
21 = , G12 =
s22 s66
We now consider a simply supported orthotropic plate which occupies
the region 0 x a, 0 y b, 12 h z 12 h in the three-space
and assume a temperature distribution which varies linearly through the
plate of the form
1 T1 T2
T (x, y, z) = (T1 + T2 ) + z (7.248)
2 h
1 w 1 s11 + 2 s12
+ NT dx
2 x h
y=0
b
s22 E2 hw02 2 2x
v= A cos
0 h 8b2 a
2 2
s12 E2 hw0 2y
+ B cos (7.252b)
h 8a2 q 2 b
2
1 w 1 s12 + 2 s22
NT dy
2 y h
x=0
with
E2 h 2 s11 s22 s22 s11
C1 =
8 a2 q 2 b2
2 (7.253b)
E 2 h s11 s22 s22 s12
C2 =
8 a2 q 2 b2
w0 16(MT /h)(1 a2 + 2 b2 )
= 4 (7.255)
h [(Dx /a4 ) + (2H/a2 b2 ) + (Dy/b4 )]
We note, however, the objection to the analysis which has been raised
following (7.250) as well as the observation that the double Fourier series
for MT , as given by (7.254), formally vanishes for x = 0, a (0 y b)
and y = 0, b (0 x a) whereas, in point of fact
h/2
1
MT T (x, y, z)zdz = (T1 T2 )h2 = 0
n/2 12
for y = 0, b, 0 x a, where
h/2
T2 = (c11 1 + c12 2 )
M T (x, y, z)dz (7.257a)
h/2
h/2
T2 = (c21 1 + c22 2 )
M T (x, y, z)dz (7.257b)
h/2
so that
M 1 = (c11 1 + c12 2 ) h(T1 + T2 ) A
T
2 (7.258)
M 2 = (c21 1 + c22 2 ) h(T1 + T2 ) B
T
2
Setting D11 = 1 , D12 = 2 , D21 = 1 , D22 = 2 , the boundary condi-
tions of simple support which are represented by (7.256a,b), (7.257a,b)
become
w(0, y) = w(a, y) = 0
1 w,xx (0, y) + 2 w,yy (0, y) = A (7.259a)
1 w,xx (a, y) + 2 w,yy (a, y) = A
for 0 y b and
w(x, 0) = w(x, b) = 0
1 w,xx (x, 0) + 2 w,yy (x, 0) = B (7.259b)
1 w,xx (x, b) + 2 w,yy (x, b) = B
w,xx (0, y) = w,xx (a, y) = A /1 , 0 y b
(7.260b)
w,yy (x, 0) = w,yy (x, b) = B /2 , 0 x a
and
d
Mr = K + MT
dr r
(7.263)
d 1
M = K + MT
dr r
Nr 1
Replacing NT in (7.264) by 2 and then setting v(r) = r we
K K
obtain the equation
d2 1 d 1 1 dMT
+ + 1 = (7.265)
dv 2 v dv v2 dv
in which case,
w(r) = CJ0 (r) + C1 (7.268)
K
(Nr )cr = (3.832)2 (7.269a)
a2
so that
K(1 )
(NT )cr = (3.832)2 (7.269b)
a2
2M0
= C2 J1 (v) v (7.272)
)
3 a2 (1
M0 r 2 C2
w = C3 + J0 (r) (7.273)
a2 (1
2 )
and
Mr = K w,rr + w,r + (1 + )T1
r
(7.280)
1
M = K w,r + w,rr + (1 + )T1
r
In [222], Nowacki works directly with the equilibrium equations, for the
symmetric situation, in the form
(rNr ),r N = 0
(rMrr ),r M Qr = 0 (7.281)
(rQ),r (rNr w,r ),r tr = 0
with Q the shear force and t the external loading of the plate. By
inserting Q from the second equation in (7.281) into the third equation
in this set, and then employing the relations (7.280), one obtains
1
K 4r w + K(1 + ) 2r T1 = (rNr w,r ),r + t (7.282)
r
r
v(r) = [(rNr ),r Nr ] + rT0 (7.284)
Eh
1
Then, as = w,
a
(1) = c(3 ), c = 4w0 /a (7.292)
Substituting (1) for in the rst equation in (7.289) and using the
boundary conditions, yields
c2 7
= 96 ( 4 + 6 b)
(1) 5 3
(7.293)
5 3 96 T0
b= 2
1 c 1
If we now substitute (1) , from (7.293), for in the second equation in
(7.289), multiply this equation by 3 , and integrate from = 0 to
= 1, we obtain
3 k b 1 1
c+c = m (7.294)
64 24 14 8
4 5 3
In (7.294) we recall that c = w0 , while the presence of b =
a 1
96 T0
accounts for the inuence of the temperature distribution on
c2 1
4 h2
(T0 )cr (7.295)
3(1 + ) a2
4 Drr
(T0 )cr (7.296)
3 Ar ha2
where h/2
Drr = Err zdz
h/2 (7.297)
Ar = (r Err + Er )
1 0 2
$2 = $0xx $0yy (xy )
4
1 2 1 2
= u,x v,y + u,x w,y + v,y w,x (7.299b)
2 2
1
u2,y + v,x 2
+ 2u,y v,x + 2u,y w,x w,y + 2v,x w,x w,y
4
Assuming a temperature distribution T of the form
T (x, y, z) = T0 (x, y) + g(z)T1 (x, y) (7.300)
Basuli [244] writes (7.298) in the form
b a
1 12
= K (w)2 + 2 $21
2 h
0 0
12
2(1 ) 2 $2 + w,xx w,yy w,xy2
tw (7.301)
h
E
$1 hT0 f (h)T1 2 w dxdy
1
=0 (7.302b)
v x v,x y v,y
2
+
w x w,x y w,y x2 w,xx
(7.302c)
2 2
+ + 2 =0
xy w,xy y w,yy
which yields (upon following Berger [240] and setting $2 = 0) the rela-
tions
Eh Eh
$1 N T
= 0, $1 N T
= 0 (7.303a)
x 1 2 y 1 2
and
2 2
2
(K 2 w + M T ) + 2 (K 2 w + M T )
x y
Eh
$1 N T
w,x (7.303b)
x 1 2
Eh
$1 N T
w,y t = 0
y 1 2
in the general case and
{$1 (1 + )T0 } = 0, {$1 (1 + )T0 } = 0 (7.304a)
x y
2 E 2 E
K 2 w + f (h)T1 + K 2 w + f (h)T1
x2 1 y 2 1
E
{[$1 (1 + )T0 ]w,x } (7.304b)
1 x
E
{[$1 (1 + )T0 ]w,y } t = 0
1 y
K 2 (2 2 )w = t 2 M T (7.306)
2 h2
$1 (1 + )T0 = , (2 const.) (7.307)
12
whose substitution into (7.304b) produces
E
K 2 (2 2 )w = t f (h) 2 T1 (7.308)
1
We now consider the application of the system (7.307), (7.308) to the
thermal buckling of a simply supported rectangular plate which occupies
the domain 0 x a, 0 y b in the x, y plane; in this case, the
assumed temperature distribution has the form given by (7.300).
Remarks: In [244] Basuli writes the conditions of simple support along
the edges of the plate in the form
w = w,xx = 0, x = 0, a; 0 y b
(7.309)
w = w,yy = 0, y = 0, b; 0 x a
K(w,xx + w,yy ) + M T = 0, x = 0, a; 0 y b
K(w,yy + w,xx ) + M T = 0, y = 0, b; 0 x a
with w = 0 along each of the four edges; thus (7.309) holds, in the case
of simply supported edges if and only if M T (0, y) = M T (a, y) = 0, for
Assuming the edges of the plate are constrained against in-plane motion
is equivalent to requiring that
u(0, y) = u(a, y) = 0; 0 y b
(7.314)
v(x, 0) = v(x, b) = 0; 0 x a
By substituting (7.312) and (7.313) into (7.308) we obtain, in the usual
manner, the relations
q
wmn = mn
m 2 n 2 (7.315)
m 2 n 2
K + + + 2
a b a b
so that the deection has been determined up to the constant 2 . We
now write out (7.307) in the form
1 2 1 2 2 h2
u,x + v,y + w,x + w,y (1 + )T0 = (7.316)
2 2 12
We now substitute the expansion (7.313) into (7.317) and use standard
results involving trigonometric integrals, e.g.,
a b
mx ny 1
cos2 sin2 dxdy = ab
0 0 b b 4
The further substitution of the expressions for the wmn in (7.315) into
(7.318) then produces an algebraic relation from which 2 may be deter-
mined; once 2 has been computed (7.313), (7.315) serve to completely
determine the deection w(x, y).
Remarks: Basuli [244] considers a specic example for which
2y
T0 (x, y) = T0 = const., T1 (x, y) = T1 cos (7.319)
b
However, while the series on the right hand side of (7.320) converges
to the value of M T (x, y), at each point of continuity of M T in the
For all x, 0 < x < 1, the series on the right-hand side of (7.321) con-
verges to 1; however, convergence breaks down at x = 0, x = where
the series converges, by the Fourier theorem, to the average value of the
left-hand and right-hand limits (of the periodic extension, with period
2, of the odd extension of f (x) to (, )). The situation is depicted
below:
du v 1 2 2 h2
+ + w,r (1 + )T0 = (7.328)
dr r 2 12
2 2
d 1 d d 1 d
+ + 2 w
dr2 2 dr dr2 r dr
2 (7.329)
1 E d 1 d
= t f (h) + T1
K 1 dr2 r dr
and obtains, for a uniform load distribution t, that special case of (7.324)
which has the form
t
w = AI0 (r) + B r2 (7.330)
4K 2
E d2 1 d
with t = t f (h) + T1 . Clearly, t = t if either f (h) =
1 dr 2 r dr
dw
0 or if T1 is harmonic. With u(b) = 0, and w(b) = (b) = 0, the
dr
solution of the system (7.328), (7.329) follows the same pattern as that
outlined above for temperature distributions more general than (7.300)
and will, therefore, not be repeated here. Somewhat more problematic,
however, is the solution of (7.328), (7.329), which is presented in [244] for
the case of a simply supported circular plate subject to the temperature
distribution (7.300) and the assumption of constrained in-plane motion;
in [244] Basuli takes the conditions of simple support along the edge of
the plate at r = b to have the form w = 0, at r = b, and
d2 w w dw
+ = 0, at r = b (7.331)
dr2 r dr
However, by virtue of (7.323), with w, = 0, and R1 = 0, R2 = b, we
have, along the edge at r = b, w(b) = 0 and
2 '
d w 1 dw '' '
K + ' + MT 'r=b = 0 (7.332)
dr 2 r dr '
r=b
The problem that arises now is the same one which has been discussed
at length earlier in this section, namely, in view of (6.111)
' E h/2
E
MT 'r=b = T (b, z)zdz = f (h)T1 (b) (7.333)
1 h/2 1
b
Fig. 7.25 depicts, for an annular plate with aspect ratio = 0.4,
a
the relation between the temperature rise and the normalized deection
/h, for the same temperature distribution (7.337); the plate in Fig.
7.25 has both inner and outer edges simply supported. For the same
plate and the same temperature distribution, the analogous results for
an annular plate with both inner and outer edges clamped are depicted
in Fig. 7.26. The results in [247] for the case where the same annual
plate has its inner edge clamped and its outer edge simply supported is
shown in Fig. 7.27. The results shown in Fig. 7.25 (the annular plate
with both edges simply supported) are open to the criticism that even if
T0 = 0, so that T1 (a) = 0 is a direct consequence of (7.338), i.e., it does
not necessarily follow that T1 (b) = 0; in fact T1 (b) = 0, when T0 = 0, if
and only if a = b which reduces the problem to one for a solid circular
plate of radius a.
Both Biswas [248] and Pal [249] have applied Bergers approximation
method to linearly elastic thin plates exhibiting anisotropic response.
In [248], Biswas solves the large-deection problem for a rectilinearly
orthotropic rectangular plate which is simply supported and subjected
to a stationary temperature distribution, while in [249], Pal obtains
solutions for cylindrically orthotropic circular plates using the method
of successive approximations; it is also demonstrated in [249] that the
Amn
m2 2
16MT
n2 2
1 2 + 2 2
mn 2a b
= + * 6
m4 4 m2 n 2 2 n4 4 2 m2 2 n2 2 Dy
Dx 4 + 2H + Dy 4 + Dx + 2
a a2 b2 b a2 b Dx
(7.350)
An additional criticism of the procedure followed in [248] would focus
on the fact that, as MT is constant on the open domain 0 < x < a,
0 < y < b, both MT,xx and MT,yy vanish in (7.347).
The relation (7.350) for the coecients Amn still contains the unknown
constant 2 , which arises in (7.346). Assuming that
u = 0, on x = 0, a, for 0 y b
(7.351)
v = 0, on y = 0, b, for 0 x a
in which case, substitution of (7.349) and (7.352) into (7.346) and inte-
gration over the domain 0 x a, 0 y b, yields
#
# 2 2
1 2 m n2 2 2 h2
Amn + = (7.353)
m=1,3,... n=1,3,...
8 a2 b2 12
Dy H a 2
= 0.32, = 0.2, = 20, = 0.5
Dx Dx h 1
Fig. 7.28 depicts the predictions for the theory delineated above of
the variation of the central deection of the plate with changes in the
a 2 h3
1
temperature parameter .
h Dx
and
h/2 h/2
T = T (r, z)dz, T = T (r, z)zdz (7.355b)
h/2 h/2
w r T T
w
= , = , T = , T = 2 (7.356)
h a h h
xa yb
T (x, y, z) = T0 + T1 1 1 (7.369)
a b
which are precisely the same as the equations for thermal deections of
a plate strip as derived by Williams [250].
A highlight of the work presented in [242] is the conclusion that the so-
lution of Bergers equations, for the response of thermally heated plates,
represents the rst term in a perturbation solution of the generalized von
Karman equations; this conclusion is arrived at in the following manner:
We write (in rectangular Cartesian coordinates) the governing equations
for the classical analysis of thermally heated isotropic plates in the form
Nx,x + Nxy,y = 0 (7.371a)
where e0 is e = $0xx + $0yy , based on the functions u0 (x, y) and v0 (x, y).
0 NT = 2 (2 const.)
Khe (7.375)
1
If the edges of the plate are restrained in the plane of the plate, then
the rst equation in (7.374a) becomes
ET MT
K 4 w0 + h 2 w0 = t 2 (7.376)
1 1
We note that the rst relation in (7.374a) and (7.375) are formally equiv-
alent to (7.305), (7.306), i.e., the solution generated by Bergers approx-
imation method is formally the same as that generated by the zeroth
order perturbation solution of the generalized von Karman system for
thermal deection of an isotropic plate.
Finally, we consider the work of Banerjee and Datta [243]; in this
paper, a modied energy expression is developed and a new system of
governing dierential equations, in decoupled form, is obtained for thin
plates undergoing large deections. The equations obtained are tested
for circular and square plates with immovable as well as movable edge
conditions under uniform static loads, and an extension to cover the
case of thermal loading is outlined. For both movable and immovable
edges the results obtained appear to be in excellent agreement with other
known results for the same test problems considered. The basic motiva-
tion for the work presented in [243] appears to be the analysis reported
in Nowinski and Ohnabe [241], who establish that the Bergers approxi-
mation leads to meaningless results for problems involving movable edge
conditions.
where e1 and e2 are, respectively, the rst and second invariants of the
middle surface strains, i.e.,
2
du 1 dw u
e1 = + +
dr 2 dr r
2
(7.378)
u du 1 dw
e2 =
+
r dr 2 dr
with 2
du u 1 dw
e1 = + + (7.380)
dr r 2 dr
u2
It is now noted that if the expression (1 2 ) 2 in (7.379) is replaced
4 r
1 dw
by , with a factor depending on , decoupling of (7.379)
4 dr
is possible; carrying out this replacement and using the usual ideas of
the variational calculus, one obtains the following system of decoupled
dierential equations from the energy functional :
12 d2 w dw
w 2
4
+ Ar1
h dr2 r dr
2 (7.381a)
6 dw d2 w t
2 2 w + 2 2 =
h dr dr K
2 w w 2 w w t
+2 + =
x2 x y 2 y K
and
2 2
u v 1 w v w
A= + + + (7.382b)
x y 2 x 2 y
2 w w 2 w w
+2 +
x2 x y 2 y
2 w Ef (h)
+12T0 (1 2 ) = 2 T1
h2 K(1 )
(7.385)
h/2 h/2
where f (h) = zg(z)dz and it is assumed that g(z)dz = 0.
h/2 h/2
The constant of integration A is determined by the following thermal
analogue of (7.382b):
2 2
u v 1 w v w
+ + + (1 + )T0 = A (7.386)
x y 2 x 2 y
It does not appear that the equations (7.385), (7.386) have been applied
to any sample problems involving thermal buckling of isotropic rectan-
Table 7.1 Buckling Loads for the Circular Plate (with permission of
the Taylor & Francis Group plc)
l1 l2 l3 Temperature Distribution
0 0.63 26.6
l4
1 0.59 99.2
l5 l6
2 0.67 20.0
l4
3 0.69 47.1
l5 l6
b2 EaT0cr t
Terms retained
2 D
a11 6.35
ory of Thermal Stresses, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., 1960. With per-
mission of Elsevier Science.)
FIGURE 7.11b
The tentlike temperature distribution. (Adopted, in modied
form, from [216].)
FIGURE 7.15b
Growth of deections with temperature. (Adopted, in modi-
ed form, from [216].)
where in the case, e.g., of thermal expansion, the strain tensor compo-
nents $xx , $xy , and $yy are related to the Cartesian stress components
xx , xy , and yy by that special case of (6.4), which has the following
and
wi
K 1 c 2 w = ,yy w,xx 2,xy w,xy + ,xx w,yy (8.7b)
wc
and
1
= (8.9)
h
so that (x, y) is the Airy function associated with the stress tensor
components xx , xy , and yy instead of the stress resultants Nx , Ny ,
Eh
and Nxy . We also assume that T,z = 0 so that N T = T (x, y).
1
Employing this latter assumption and (8.8), (8.9) in (8.7a,b), and noting
that E = E , it is easily seen that the governing equations may be
written in the form
2
2 2w 2w 2w
=E E 2 (T ) (8.10a)
xy x2 y 2
K
4 w = ,yy w,xx + ,xx w,yy 2,xy w,xy (8.10b)
h
1 2
4 (f, g) ( f )(2 g) + 2 (f 2 g + g 2 f )
2
1
{4 (f g) + f 4 g + g 4 f }
4
However, for all suciently smooth pairs (f, g) it follows that, in fact,
4 (f, g) = [f, g]
1 1
(f, g) [f, g] = f,rr
4
g,r + 2 g,
r r
1 1
2 f, g, (8.14)
r r
,r
,r
1 1
+g,rr f,r + 2 f,
r r
1
(iv) [rh(), g] = g,rr (h + h, )
r
2 1
(v) [, g] = 2 g,
r r ,r
2
4 w + (w,xxy + w,yyy )
a
(8.33)
2 2 t
2
(w,yy + w,xx ) = exp (y/a)
a K0
with
t = t (1 + ) 2 (KT ) (8.34)
We suppose that the edges of the plate at x = 0 and x = a are simply
supported and that the distributed applied loading is such that
# mx
t = ey/a qm sin (8.35)
m=1
a
d4 w1 2 2
2 d w1
+ 2( ) +
dx4 a2 dx2
4 2 1 # mx (8.36)
+ 4 ( )2 w1 = qm sin
a K0 m=1 a
a4 #
qm mx
w1 (x) = sin (8.37)
K0 4 m=1 (m2 + 2 )2 m2 2 a
On the other hand, substitution of the sum in (8.35) into (8.33) yields
d4 Ym d3 Ym d 2 Vm
a4 4
+ 2a3 3
+ 2 a2 ( 2 2m2 )
dy dy dy 2 (8.38)
dY m
2 3 m2 a + 4 m2 (m2 2 ) = 0
dy
#
4
Ym = Am,j exp (rm,j y/a) (8.39)
j=1
and substituting into (8.38) we nd that the rm,j must be the roots of
the quartic equation
4
rm 3
+ 2rm + ( 2 2m2 )rm
2
2m2 rm + m2 (m2 2 ) = 0 (8.40)
while the Am,j are determined by the boundary conditions along the
plates edges at y = 0 and y = b.
An analysis similar to that outlined above may be eected to ana-
lyze the plane stress distribution in a rectangular heated plate with an
exponential variation in thickness. Indeed, if h = h0 exp (y/a), a
solution of (8.20), with 2 (T ) = 0, may be obtained in the form
sin mx
#
=
Y
m
cos a
m=1
# 4 (8.41)
m =
Y B esm,j y/a
m,j
j=1
2 ( 2 w) (1 )[ , w] = t/K0 (8.46)
where
#
4
Rk = Ak,i k,i (8.48)
i=1
2 w = 2 (8.69)
while
[K, w] = 2 K
(8.70)
[, w] = 2 K
= (1 + )
2 / (8.74)
with
the root of the cubic
2 /) =
(1 + T (8.75)
and b
xx 0 + O(1/
T )
1 (8.85)
b
yy (1 2 )
T + O(1/
T )
2
The asymptotic results delineated in (8.84) and (8.85) are in agreement
with analogous results for inextensional plate theory as given, e.g., in
Manseld [260]. The variation of the principal plate curvatures with the
temperature gradient through the thickness of the plate is depicted in
Fig. 8.1, while the variation of both the middle surface stresses and the
bending stresses with the temperature gradient through the thickness of
the plate is shown in Fig. 8.2.
For the case in which the circular lenticular plate has a uniform spher-
ical curvature 0 when T is zero, and is initially stress-free, the govern-
ing dierential equations, assuming an initial deection wi , are (8.29a),
with 2 (T ) = 0, and (8.29b), with t 0, i.e.
1 2 1
2 (1 + ) ,
h h (8.86a)
1
+ E([w, w] [wi , wi ]) = 0
2
and
2 (K 2 (w wi )) (1 )[K, w wi ]
(8.86b)
+(1 + ) 2 (KT ) [, w] = 0
1
wi = 0 r02
2
+ (1 + )( y
x 20 ) = 0 (8.87)
(1 + ) = (1 + )(
0 +
T ) (8.88)
{(1 + )(0 + T ) (x + y )} 2 K
(8.89)
= ( + 1 )[K, w]
= (1 + )(
2
20 )/ (8.90a)
with
a root of the cubic
( 0 ) {1 +
(
+
0 )} =
T (8.90b)
J = 272 ( T )2 4(
0 + 20 )3 (8.91)
and note that for J < 0, (8.90b) possesses three real roots; the (alge-
braically) largest and smallest roots correspond to stable congurations,
while the middle root is associated with an unstable conguration. When
T = 0 there are two stable states for |
0 | > 21/2 , which are given by
= 0
1% & (8.92)
= 20 4)1/2
0 + (
2
It is noted, in [254], that when
and
0 +
T are of opposite sign, and
J = 0, snap-through buckling of the plate will occur and the curvature
in which case,
Eh30
K(r) = r3m K0 r3m , m < 1 (8.101)
12(1 2 )
b r
Setting = , and = , (so that the outer and inner boundaries of
a a
the annular plate correspond, respectively, to = 1 and = ), and
employing (8.94) in the equilibrium equation
$ = keH/RT n (8.109)
with H the creep activation energy, R the universal gas constant, and T
the absolute temperature. To study the creep buckling of plates, (8.109)
is replaced by the two-dimensional equations
1
$i = kn eH/RT J2n1 (2i j ) (8.110)
2
with the subscripts i, j denoting xx, yy in cyclic substitution, xx , yy
being the usual in-plane stresses in the x and y directions, respectively,
while J2 is the stress invariant
J2 xx
2 2
+ yy xx yy (8.111)
4 h2 w0p (2 + + 1)
*
3 16h2
2 (2 + + 1) 81b2 k3 w0p2 3 t eH/RT0 + eH/RTi
9
(8.118)
For creep exponent n = 5, on the other hand,
ws (t) 2160k5 5 t 1
ln p =
w0 h2 (102 + 10 + 4)
e4H/5RT0 (eH/5RT0 + eH/5RTi ) b 2 (8.119)
4
1+e
H/5R T1 T1
0 i
and
1 1 18, 225 k5 5 t 1
p4 w(t)4 = 32
h6
2
( + + 1)3
w0
(8.120)
b 2
eH/RT0 + eH/RTi
The predictions embodied in (8.117)(8.120) were studied, numeri-
cally, in [261] for specic values of the various parameters involved, e.g.,
k3 = 3.05 108 /M P a sec and k5 = 5.71 105 /M P a sec. In Figs.
8.88.10 we indicate the type of predictions which follow from the work
in [261], for the lateral deections as functions of time, and for applied
axial stresses of 6.9, 13.8, and 34.5 MPa, respectively; these gures, for
given values of T and , compare the predictions with respect to lat-
eral deection which are made by the creep power law (8.110) when the
creep exponent n is taken as either 3 or 5. All the curves in Figs. 8.8
8.10 display the familiar phenomena of increasing strain rate with time.
NT 2 MT
K(p) 4 w + 2 w = t p2 (hw) (8.121)
1 (p) 1 (p)
with p and K(p), (p) the viscoelastic time operators correspond-
t
ing to the exual rigidity K and Poissons ratio for the elastic case.
Equation (8.121) is identical to the governing equation for the analysis
of a viscoelastic plate with in-plane loads
Nx = Ny = NT /(1 (p))
4 W C 2 W = 0 (8.123)
and where T (x), which represents the magnitude of the deection, sat-
ises
NT
K()T (t) T (t) =0 (8.124)
C(1 (p))
with c representing a separation constant. Thus, the mode shapes are
time independent and only the amplitudes vary with time. If NT =
with the notation employed being the same as that in [271]. When the
boundary conditions for the plate contain the Poissons ratio (as in
the case for a plate with either free or simply supported edges) then
in solving (8.126) or (8.127) one simply replaces by (0) or (),
respectively.
For both Kelvin-and Maxwell-type viscoelastic materials, the upper
and lower critical buckling loads are expressible in terms of the elastic
critical loads, with the correlations being indicated in Table 8.1. It may
be shown that the physical interpretation of the critical temperatures is
the same as for the critical buckling loads discussed in [271]. If
2w
where w,ij = and we sum, as usual, on repeated indices. Thus,
xi xj
with the understanding that is time-dependent,
Ex3
ij = {(1 )w,ij + [w,kk + (1 + )t ]ij } (8.128)
1 2
12 12
2 (1 + $) = 3 (1 2 ) (8.136)
h2 h
where $ = h1 /2, or
2 k 2 = (8.137)
with
12 12
k2 = 2
(1 + $) and = 3 (1 2 ) = const. (8.138)
h h
We note that, following the analysis in [262], the fourth-order equation
(8.131) may be replaced by two equations of the second order: using the
fact that
K(1 + ) 2 w = M11 + M22
or
M M11 + M22
2 w = ; M= (8.139)
K (1 + )
From (8.131) we then obtain
2 M = m(t)K 2 (8.140)
+ m(s)
2 W =0 (8.143)
s
with
W = west dt
0 (8.144)
m(s)
= (1 + )t
s being the transform parameter. In equations (8.137) and (8.143) we
introduce the complex coordinate system given by
3 = x1 ix2
x3 = x1 + ix2 , x (8.145)
2
4 k 2 = (8.146a)
x3 x
3
2W m(s)
4 + =0 (8.146b)
x3 x
3 s
We now let x3 = f () be the function which maps the domain of the
plate onto the unit circle so that, in the system of coordinates (, ),
(8.146a,b) reduce to
2 dx3 d
x3 dx3 d
x3
4 k2 = (8.147a)
d d d d
2W m(s)
dx3 d
x3
4 + =0 (8.147b)
s d d
2 a2 k 2 a21
2 = 1 ; 2 = (8.149)
4 4
The closed form solution of (8.149) is given in the form
2
+ a1
= AI0 (2 )
42
(8.150)
a21
= AI0 (2r) + 2
4
with I0 (2r) the modied Bessel function of zeroth order and A a con-
stant to be determined by the boundary condition = 0 at r = 1. A
direct computation shows that
a21 1
A= (8.151)
42 I0 (2)
in which case,
a21 I0 (2r)
= 1 (8.152)
42 I0 (2)
To solve (8.147b), we again apply the assumption (8.148), in which case,
(8.147b) reduces to
2W
+ 2 = 0 (8.153)
with
m(s)
2 =a2 (8.154)
4s 1
Substituting for in (8.153) from (8.152) we obtain
2W 2
2 a1 I0 (2r)
= 1
42 I0 (2) (8.155)
= P + QI0 (2r)
where
2 a21 P
P = , Q= (8.156)
42 I0 (2)
= B + P r2 + Q I0 (2r)
W (8.157)
2
= 0 at r = 1; applying
with B determined by the boundary condition W
this boundary condition we have
Q
B = P I0 (2) (8.158)
2
in which case,
= P Q I0 (2) + P r2 + Q I0 (2r)
W (8.159)
2 2
and
12z
Nij (x, y) +
Mij (x, y)
Pij = h2 (8.162)
h
The equations of equilibrium and the constitutive relations governing
u, v, w, Nij , etc., are obtained from the requirement that I (0) = 0 where
the Lagrangian form of the functional I (0) is
1
I (0) = Pij E ij + Pij vk,i vk,j W ( ) dV0
V0 2 (8.163)
Fi vi dS (0) Fi (vi vi )dS (0)
(0) (0)
SF SV
(0) (0)
In (8.163) SF , SV are the undeformed areas over which the traction
rates Fi and velocities vi are prescribed. The potential W ( ) is dened
such that the time rate of change of Greens strain tensor Eij is
W
Eij E ij = (8.164)
t Pij
The nominal surface tractions per unit undeformed area Fi are given by
(0)
Fj = (Pij + Pik uj,k )ni (8.165)
with n(0) the unit normal vector to the undeformed area. Using the
simplications indicated in [264], Williams takes
with
1
Eij = (ui,j + uj,i + u3,i u3,j ) (8.167)
2
1
W ( ) = (c11 P11
2
+ c22 P22
2
) + c12 P11 P22 + c13 P11 P12
2 (8.168)
+c23 P22 P12 + c33 P12 2
+ T (P11 + P22 )
Following the analysis in Neale [264], the material coecients cij in [263]
have the form
3k(3J2 )(k1)/2
G= (8.172)
4J2 E0k
27 3
so that the choice k = 3 leads to G = /E0 ; this restriction to k = 3
4
is then followed in the remainder of the development in [263]. Assum-
ing that the eects of bending and stretching are equally important in
inducing stress in an elastic-plastic plate, that spatial rates of change
are signicant over distances of order a, and introducing the associated
h/2 '
'
Fj vj dz ' = N 12 u + N22 v M 12 w1 M 22 w 2
h/2 y=b
(8.174b)
+w (Q2 + N12 w2 + N22 w2 )
t
where
h/2
(Q1 , Q2 ) = (P13 , P23 )dz (8.174c)
h/2
In writing down (8.174a) and (8.174b), terms of order (h/a)2 have been
neglected. Integrating the bending moment M12 by parts we obtain
'a 'b
' '
Fi vi dS = 2[M 12 w]
' '
S a b
b 'a
'
+ [N 11 u + N 12 v + V 1 w M 11 w 1 ]' dy (8.175)
a
b
a 'b
'
+ [N 12 u + N 22 v + V 2 w M 22 w 2 ]' dx
a b
(0) N T + N 11 N 22
$11
Eh
N 11
(0) NT + N22 N11
$22
Eh N
22
(0) 2(1 + )N12 N
2$12
Eh G 12
= 3 G
(8.179)
T + M 11 M 22 ) 9h 11
w 12(M M
11
Eh3
22
M
w 22 12(MT + M22 M11 )
Eh3
M 12
24(1 + )M 12
2w 12
Eh3
where NT , MT are given by the usual relations, i.e.,
h/2
(NT , MT ) = E T (1, z)dz
h/2
and where the hardening matrix G is dened at the end of this section. If
we let a superposed asterisk again denote quantities which are prescribed
along the boundary of the plate, then the natural boundary conditions
assume the following form:
N 11 = N 11 or u = u
N 12 = N 12 or v = v
M 11,1 + 2M 12,2 + (N11 w1 + N12 w2 ) = V 1 or w = w
t
M 11 = M 11 or w 1 = w 1
on x = a and (8.180)
N 12 = N 12 or u = u
N 22 = N or v = v
22
M 22,2 + 2M 12,1 + (N12 w1 + N22 w2 ) = V or w = w
t
M 22 = M 22 or w 2 = w 2
where
2EGN 2
N T + N 1+ =0 (8.185)
9h2
is a consequence of the constitutive relations. It may be expected that
this prebuckled membrane state persists for NT < (NT )cr with (NT )cr
corresponding to the critical temperature parameter.
To determine (NT )cr , and the behavior of the plate in a neighborhood
of the critical temperature, Williams [263] adopts the procedure given
by Danielson [275], i.e., the time variable is replaced by the distance
w = 0, N = N (NT ) , M = 0 (8.199)
We now substitute the expansions (8.186), (8.187) into both (8.198) and
(8.200) and subtract the resulting equations so as to obtain
a b
(N e + N w(1) w M
(1) (1)
a b
+2s{N e + (w (N + N (1) ) + N w ) w
(2) (1) (1) (2)
+w (N + N (2) ) + N w ] w M | + ...)dxdy = 0
(1) (2) (3) (3)
(8.201)
Restricting the strain-rate variations to have the form
(k) (k) (k)
$ = se , w , = sw
, , r = s
(8.202)
Eh3 /[12(1 + )]
[(1 + g )w11 + (1 + g )w22 ]
(1) (1) (1)
M11 =
1 + 2g
Eh3 /[12(1 + )]
[( g )w11 + (1 + g )w22 ]
(1) (1) (1)
M22 = (8.212)
1 + 2g
(1) Eh3 /12 (1)
M12 = w12
1+
As (Ncr )(0) < 0 the eect of the hardening parameter is always to reduce
the buckling temperature and the absolute value of the stress from those
values which apply for a linearly elastic material in a small neighborhood
of G = 0.
The solution of (8.211) which is the easiest to secure is the one which
corresponds to the case in which the plate is simply supported along all
its edges.
x x
w(1) = As sin + Bs cos (8.226)
a a
where 2a is the width of the strip, while for a strip with clamped edges
at x = a
x x a2
w(1) = Ac sin + Bc cos + 2 (c1 x + c2 ) (8.227)
a a
In the simply supported case we have
3
Bs = 0, As = 0; = , , ...
or 2 2 (8.228)
0, Bs = 0, = , 2, ...
As =
Bc = 0, Ac = 0; = , 2, ...
or (8.229)
Ac = 0, Bc = 0; tan = ( = 4.4934, 7.7252, ...)
Numerical results for these two situations are delineated in tables 8.6 and
8.7 with = 0.3; for all the cases depicted, the minimum buckling stress
and temperature are those which are associated with an even mode. The
eect of G is to reduce both the buckling temperature and stress with
the eect now monotonic over the range of G considered.
We now want to briey summarize some of the results obtained in [263]
relative to the postbuckling behavior of the plate and the nature of the
dependence of that behavior on the hardening parameter G. The rst
parameter which arises in a postbuckling calculation is w(2) (s), which is
so that
1 (1)2
Eh(1 + g )(u1 + w1 ) = (1 + )(1 + 2g )N11
(2) (2)
2 (8.232)
24(1 + )g (1)2
+ [(1 )(1 + 3g ) + 2
+ 3g ]M
Ncr h2 (1 + g )2 11
(2)
while the second-order equilibrium equation (8.188) requires that N11 =
(2)
const. The form of N11 can be obtained by integrating (8.232) over
a x a and using the fact that u(2) (a) = 0. In both the clamped
and simply supported cases one obtains (with Bi = Bs or Bc )
(2) 3Ncr Bi2 4g (1 )(1 + 3g ) + 2 + 3g 2
N11 = 1+
h2 (1 + g )2 1 + 2g
(8.233)
The form of N (2) may now be computed by employing (8.209); numerical
(2)
results for both N (2) and N11 (with = 0.3) are presented in Tables
8.8 and 8.9; Table 8.8 covers the case of a clamped strip , while Table
8.9 addresses the same situation for a simply supported strip. As
(2)
N11 s2 (N11 + N (2) )
=1+ + O(s3 ) (8.234)
Ncr Ncr
p
cr 3Et
= e = f (0.352, 0.500) + (0.324, 0.250) 1 + (8.235)
cr Es
In (8.236),
Es (1 e2 ) 1 1 Es
f= , = e (8.236)
E(1 )2 2 2 E
where e , Es , and Et are the elastic Poissons ratio, the secant mod-
ulus, and the tangent modulus of the maternal, respectively. For the
12(2M11 M22 )2
G11 = (2N11 N22 )2 +
h2
G12 = (2N11 N22 )(2N22 N11 )
12(2M11 M22 )(2M22 M11 )
+
h2
12M12 (2M11 M22 )
G13 = 6 N12 (2N11 N22 ) +
h2
24(2N11 N22 )(2M11 M22 )
G14 =
h2
12[5(N11 M22 + N22 M11 ) 4(N11 M11 + N22 M22 )]
G15 = = G24
h2
72[N12 (2M11 M22 ) + M12 (2N11 N22 )]
G16 = = G34
h2
12(2M22 M11 )2
G22 = (2N22 N11 )2 +
h2
12M12 (2M22 M11 )
G23 = 6 N12 (2N22 N11 ) +
h2
24(2N22 N11 )(2M22 M11 )
G25 =
h2
72[N12 (2M22 M11 ) + M12 (2N22 N11 )]
G26 = = G35
h2
2
2 12M12 864N12 M12
G33 = 36 N12 + 2
, G36 =
h h2
12[(2N11 N22 )2 + 108(2M11 M22 )2 /5h2
G44 =
h2
(8.244)
HG13 HG13
1 + HG11 + HG12
2 2
HG23 HG23
1 + HG22
2 2
A=
1 + + (HG33 )/2 1 + + (HG33 )/2
2 2
1 + + (HG33 )/2
(sym)
2
(8.245)
12 12 HG46 HG46
+ HG44 2 + HG45
h 2 h 2 2
12 HG56 HG56
+ HG55
h2 2 2
D=
1+ HG46 1 + HG66
6 2 + 6 2 +
h 4 h 4
1+ HG66
(sym) 6 2 +
h 4
(8.247)
where
GE
H= (8.248)
9h2
where
1 + g + g 0 0
1 + g 0 0
1+ 1+
A(0) = (8.250)
2
2
1+
(sym)
2
where
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
(2M11 M22 )2 (2M11 M22 )(2M22 M11
108 (1) (1)
(2M22 M11 )2
= 2
(2)
D1
5h
(sym)
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
3M12 (2M11 M22 3M12 (2M11 M22
(1)
3M12 (2M22 M11 ) 3M12 (2M22 M11
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
(1)2 (1)2
9M12 9M12
(1)2
9M12
(8.255)
T )cr
(N
G
a/b
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
cr
N
G
a/b
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
T )cr
(N
G
a/b
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
cr
N
G
a/b
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
G cr
N T )cr
(N
0 0.2937 0.2056
0.1 0.2910 0.2047
0.2 0.2885 0.2039
0.3 0.2861 0.2031
G cr
N T )cr
(N
0 1.175 0.8225
0.1 1.054 0.7841
0.2 0.9860 0.7658
0.3 0.9390 0.7553
(2)
cr (2) N11 + N (2)
G N N (2) /Ncr N11 /Ncr
Ncr
(2)
cr (2) N11 + N (2)
G N N (2) /Ncr N11 /Ncr
Ncr
(a) (b)
Ncr (G)
Ncr (G)
G (c)
Ncr (0) Ncr (0)
[79] N
olke, K. Der Baningenieur, 17, 1936, 111.
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isymmetric Static Analysis of Orthotropic Thin Annular
Plates, Int. J. Non-Linear Mechanics, 19, 1984, 255-272.
[176] Alwar, R.S. and Reddy, B., Large Deection Static and
Dynamic Analysis of Isotropic and Orthotropic Annular
Plates, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech., 14, 1979, 347-359.
[196] Engelstad, S.P., Reddy, J.N., and N.F. Knight, Jr., Post-
buckling Response and Failure Predictions of Graphite-
Epoxy Plates Loaded in Compression, AIAA J., 30,
1992, 2106-2113.
[204] Bauer, L., Keller, H.B., and E.L. Reiss, Multiple Eigen-
values Lead to Secondary Bifurcation, SIAM Review, 17,
1975, 101-122.