Department of Management Studies

Faculty of Business Studies

Jagannath University

Course Title: Bangladesh Studies

Report on: Technological Growth of Bangladesh

Presented to

Presented by
Group: 14
Students of BBA 8th Batch
2nd Year 2nd Semester
Department of Management Studies
Section: - B
Session: 2012-2013

Submission Date:
 Group: 05
List of Group Members

8th Batch, Section B

Department of Management Studies

ID NAME REMARKS

B120202114 SHAHRIAR HASAN

B120202138 SABBIR AHMED

B120202171 NURUL ISLAM SHOZIB

B1202021 MOKTADIR RAHMAN DIPU

B120202179 MD. WALI ULLAH (Group Leader)

B120202190 MD. MILAN MIAH

Jagannath University, Dhaka

Supervisor Forwarding

Fahmida Akter Nipa

 Declaration

We, the members of group 5 declare that the information contained in this report
is authentic, dependable and real. The information is collected by the group
members group 5 to prepare this report and while we endeavor to keep the
information up to date and correct, we are representations or warranties of any
kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability,
suitability or availability with respect to the report or the information, or related
graphics contained on the report for any purpose.

The work we have presented does not breach any existing copyright and
no portion of this report is copied from any work done earlier for a degree or
otherwise.

We further undertake to indemnify the Department against any loss or

damage arising from breach of the foregoing obligations. Any reliance you
place on such information is therefore authentic.

Md. Rakib Hasan

On Behalf of the Group
Sunshine
 Acknowledgment

Md. Rakib Hasan

Executive Summary
 Table of Contents
S.N. Particulars Page No.

1 Introduction
2 At a Glance
3 Technology
4 Timeline of technology
5 History of Bangladeshi technology
6 Education
7 Google bus
8 Transportation
9 Communication
10 Banking
11 Recreation
12 Future technology
13 Negative impact of technology
14 Cyber crime
15 Findings
16 Recommendation
17 Reeference
 Introduction
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of, is a country in South Asia. It is
bordered by India to its west, north and east; Burma to its southeast and separated from Nepal
and Bhutan by the Chickens Neck corridor. To its south, it faces the Bay of Bengal.
Bangladesh is the world's eighth-most populous country, with over 160 million people, and
among the most densely populated countries. It forms part of the ethno-linguistic region of
Bengal, along with the neighboring Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura.

The present-day borders of Bangladesh took shape during the Partition of Bengal and
British India in 1947, when the region used to be known as East Pakistan, as a part of the
newly formed state of Pakistan. It was separated from West Pakistan by 1,400 km of Indian
territory. Due to political exclusion, ethnic and linguistic discrimination and economic
neglect by the politically dominant western wing, nationalism, popular agitation and civil
disobedience led to the Bangladesh Liberation War and independence in 1971. After
independence, the new state endured poverty, famine, political turmoil and military coups.
The restoration of democracy in 1991 has been followed by relative calm and economic
progress. In 2014, the Bangladeshi general election was boycotted by major opposition
parties, resulting in a parliament and government dominated by the Awami League and its
smaller coalition partners.

Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic with an elected parliament called the

Jatiyo Sangshad. Bengalis form the country's largest ethnic group, along with indigenous
peoples in northern and southeastern districts. Geographically, the country is dominated by
the fertile Bengal delta, the world's largest delta. The four largest and constitutionally
recognized religions in the country are Islam (89%), Hinduism (8%), Buddhism (1%) and
Christianity (0.5%).

Bangladesh is identified as a Next Eleven economy. It has achieved significant strides

in human and social development since independence, including in progress in gender equity,
universal primary education, food production, health and population control. However,
Bangladesh continues to face numerous political, economic, social and environmental
challenges, including political instability, corruption, poverty, overpopulation and climate
change.

Bangladesh is a founding member of SAARC, the Developing 8 Countries and

BIMSTEC. It contributes one of the largest peacekeeping forces to the United Nations. It is a
member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the
Non-Aligned Movement.
 At a Glance
People's Republic of Bangladesh

National
Flag

Emblem

Anthem: Amar Sonar Bangla

Government Seal of Bangladesh

Capital (and largest city ) Dhaka (2342N 9021E)

Official languages Bangla (Bengali)
Other languages English
Ethnic groups (1998) 98% Bengali
2% other
Demonym Bangladeshi
Government
President Abdul Hamid
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina
Speaker of the House Shirin Sharmin Chaudhury
Chief Justice Md. Muzammel Hossain
Legislature Jatiyo Sangshad
Formation
Partition of British India 14 August 1947
Declaration of Independence 26 March 1971
Liberation of Bangladesh 16 December 1971
Constitution 4 November 1972

Area
Total 147,570 km2 (94th)
 56,977 sq mi
Water (%) 6.4
Population

March 2013 estimate 156,594,962(8th)

Density 1,033.5/km2 (12th)

2,676.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2013 estimate

Total $419.2 billion (40th)

Per capita $2,800 (148th)

GDP (nominal) 2013 estimate

Total $153.58 billion (43rd)

Per capita $899 (150th)

Other

Currency Taka () (BDT)

Time zone BST (UTC+6)

Date format dd-mm-yyyy (dd-mm-yy)

Calling code +880

ISO 3166 code BD

 Technology
Technology is the collection of tools, including machinery, modifications,
arrangements and procedures used by humans. Engineering is the discipline that seeks to
study and design new technologies. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other
animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either
be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical
technology and information technology.

The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources
into simple tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire increased the available
sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling
their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the
telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed
humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for
peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has
progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many
societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global
economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce
unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of
Earth's environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society
and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the
notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to
machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in
society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or
worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the
pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and
alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism
view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition.
Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only
to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin
communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other
generations.
 TIMELINE OF TECHNOLOGY
2400 BC The abacus, the first known calculator, invented in Babylonia
300 BC Pingala invents the binary number system
87 BC Antikythera Mechanism invented in Rhodes to track movement of the stars

724 Liang Ling-Can invents the first fully mechanical clock

1041 Movable type printing press invented by Bi Sheng
1280 Eyeglasses were invented
1350 Suspension bridges built in Peru
1450 Alphabetic, movable type printing press invented by Johann Gutenberg
1500 Ball bearing invented by Leonardo Da Vinci together with flying machines,
including a helicopter, the first mechanical calculator and one of the
first programmable robots
1510 Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein
1576 Ironclad warship invented by Oda Nobunaga
1581 Pendulum invented by Galileo Galilei
1593 Thermometer invented by Galileo Galilei
1608 Telescope invented by Hans Lippershey
1609 Microscope invented by Galileo Galilei
1642 Adding machine invented by Blaise Pascal
1643 Barometer invented by Evangelista Torricelli
1645 Vacuum pump invented by Otto von Guericke
1657 Pendulum clock invented by Christiaan Huygens
1679 Pressure cooker invented by Denis Papin
1687 Newton, Principia: Newton's physics formed the foundation of modern science
1698 Steam engine invented by Thomas Savery
1671 Gottfried Leibniz is known as one of the founding fathers of calculus
1705 Steam piston engine invented by Thomas Newcomen
1708 Jethro Tull invents mechanical (seed) sower
1710 Thermometer invented by Rene Antoine Ferchault de Reaumur
1733 John Kay invents flying shuttle.
1742 Franklin stove invented by Benjamin Franklin
1752 Lightning rod invented by Benjamin Franklin
1767 Spinning jenny invented by James Hargreaves
1769 Steam engine invented by James Watt
1774 Priestly isolates oxygen
1779 First steam powered mills automate the weaving process.
1781 William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus.
1783 Hot air balloon invented by Montgolfier brothers
1791 Steamboat invented by John Fitch
1793 Eli Whitney develops the cotton gin
1798 Vaccination invented by Edward Jenner
1799 Humphrey Davy discovers nitrous oxide (laughing gas)
Oliver Evans invents the conveyer belt
1804 Locomotive invented by Richard Trevithick
 1814 Steam Locomotive (Blucher) invented by George Stephenson
1816 Miner's safety lamp invented by Humphry Davy
1816 Stethoscope invented by Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laennec
1820 The Arithmometer was the first mass-produced calculator invented by Charles
Xavier Thomas de Colmar
1821 Faraday demonstrates the principle of the electric motor.
1822 Charles Babbage designs his first mechanical computer
1821 Electric motor invented by Michael Faraday
1826 Photography invented by Joseph Nicephore Niepce
1830 Lawn mower invented by Edwin Beard Budding
1831 Von Liebig discovers chloroform
1834 Braille invented by Louis Braille
1834 Refrigerator invented by Jacob Perkins
1834 Combine harvester invented by Hiram Moore
1835 Morse code invented by Samuel Morse
1838 Electric telegraph invented by Charles Wheatstone (also Samuel Morse)
Daguerre perfects the Daguerrotype.
1839 Vulcanization of rubber invented by Charles Goodyear
1842 Anaesthesia invented by Crawford Long
1843 Typewriter invented by Charles Thurber
1846 Sewing machine invented by Elias Howe
1846 Rotary printing press invented by Richard M. Hoe
Pneumatic tire patented
Elias Howe invents the sewing machine
1849 Safety pin invented by Walter Hunt
Monier develops reinforced concrete
1859 Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species
Etienne Lenoir demonstrates the first successful gasoline engine
1862 Revolving machine gun invented by Richard J. Gatling
Isaac Singer commercializes the sewing machine
1862 Mechanical submarine invented by Narcs Monturiol i Estarriol
1866 Dynamite invented by Alfred Nobel
Lister demonstrates the use of carbolic antiseptic
1869 Mendeleev produces the Periodic Table
1870 Stock ticker invented by Thomas Alva Edison
1873 Christopher Sholes invents the Remington typewriter
James Clerk Maxwell states the laws of electro-magnetic radiation
1876 Gasoline carburettor invented by Daimler
1877 Phonograph invented by Thomas Alva Edison
1877 Microphone invented by Emile Berliner
1878 Cathode ray tube invented by William Crookes
Edison invents the incandescent lamp.
1880 Photophone invented by Alexander Graham Bell
1883 First skyscraper built in Chicago (ten stories)
1885 Motor cycle invented by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach
1888 Hertz produces radio waves.
 1888 Eiffel Tower is built
1891 Zipper invented by Whitcomb L. Judson
1893 Wireless communication invented by Nikola Tesla
1895 Diesel engine invented by Rudolf Diesel
Radio signals were invented by Guglielmo Marconi
Auguste and Louis Lumiere develop Cinematograph
Roentgen discovers X-rays
1898 Remote control invented by Nikola Tesla
1900 Planck develops quantum theory
First Zeppelin is built
1901 Vacuum cleaner invented by Hubert Booth
1903 Powered airplane invented by Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright
1905 Einstein writes the Theory of Relativity.
1907 Color photography invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere
Helicopter invented by Paul Cornu
Radio amplifier invented by Lee DeForest
1908 Henry Ford mass-produces the Model T.
1909 Bakelite invented by Leo Baekeland
1919 London to Paris air service begins
James Smathers develops the first electric typewriter
1923 Sound film invented by Lee DeForest
Television Electronic invented by Philo Farnsworth
1924 Electro Mechanical television system invented by John Logie Baird
1926 Robert Goddard experiments with liquid-fueled rockets.
1928 Antibiotics, penicillin invented by Alexander Fleming
1931 Iconoscope invented by Vladimir Zworykin
1937 Jet engine invented by Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain
Alan Turing develops the concept of a theoretical computing machine
1938 Ballpoint pen invented by Laszlo Biro
1943 Enigma: Adolf Hitler uses the Enigma encryption machine
Colossus: Alan Turing develops the the code-breaking machine Colossus
Aqua-Lung invented by Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan
1945 The atomic bomb
1946 Microwave oven invented by Percy Spencer
1951 Nuclear power reactor invented by Walter Zinn
1957 Sputnik I and Sputnik II: Sputnik I and Sputnik II are launched by the
Russians
1958 Silicon chip: The first integrated circuit, or silicon chip, is produced by the US
Jack Kilby & Robert Noyce
1960 Laser invented by Theodore Harold Maiman
1961 Uri Gagarin is the first man in space
Optical disc invented by David Paul Gregg
1963 Computer mouse invented by Douglas Engelbart
1967 Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) invented by John Shepherd-Barron
Hypertext invented by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson
1968 Video game console invented by Ralph H. Baer
 1969 The moon landing - Neil Armstrong sets foot on the moon
1971 E-mail invented by Ray Tomlinson
Liquid Crystal Display invented by James Fergason
Pocket calculator invented by Sharp Corporation
Floppy Disk invented by David Noble with IBM
1973 Ethernet invented by Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs
Personal computer invented by Xerox PARC
1983 Camcorder invented by Sony
1990 World Wide Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee
2001 Digital satellite radio
 History of Bangladeshi technology
According to the recent excavations made at the archaeological site of Wari-
Bateshwar, it can be said that the history of science and technology in Bangladesh starts in
the Chalcolithic age; some evidences of pit-dwelling from that period were found in those
excavations.

The history of modern science began after the arrival of the British empire in the
country. The educational reforms during this period gave birth to many distinguished
scientists in the region. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, born in Bikrampur of present day
Munshiganj District of Bangladesh, pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave
optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of
experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. IEEE named him one of the fathers of radio
science. He was the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a US patent, in 1904.
In 1924-25, while researching at the University of Dhaka, Prof Satyendra Nath Bose well
known for his works in quantum mechanics, provided the foundation for BoseEinstein
statistics and the theory of the BoseEinstein condensate.

After the Partition of India in 1947, Bangladesh or erstwhile East Bengal (later named
as East Pakistan) became a part of the Muslim majority country of Pakistan and several
talented Hindu scientists of Bangladeshi origin decided for moving to India because of the
growing communal dissonance in the region. The regional branch of Pakistan Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research was established in 1955 in Dhaka, which was the first
scientific research organization in East Pakistan. It was later renamed as Bangladesh Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research. The economic and other discriminations towards East
Pakistan and extensive investments in militarization by the central Government of Pakistan
led to a slow growth in the positive development of science and technology in this period. At
the time of independence of Bangladesh, there were six research organizations with twenty
institutions operating under their authority.

After gaining independence in 1971, some more research institutions began to be

established. Several universities were also established focusing on major disciplines of
science and technology. In 1983, the National Committee on Science and Technology was
created, having the President of Bangladesh as its head, to set up a national policy.
 Education
In the development of human resources through ICT education, there are two objectives
which are desired to meet the need for skilled human resources: those who can use ICT
products (ICT users) and those who can produce ICT products (ICT producers).

Some ICT education which have been done and are still being done in Bangladesh are among
others:

1. Formal Education

Vocational School program in Information Technology: Through this program it is

anticipated to get skilled manpower at the basic level in ICT, who can fill the position
of ICT operator, technical support, help desk and web designer.

Diploma program in ICT: This program is anticipated to produce semi-skilled

manpower to meet the need for skilled ICT manpower for industry.

Undergraduate program in ICT: This program is expected to produce ICT

programmers, software engineers, analysts and designers.

Graduate program in ICT: Through this program it is expected to provide manpower

with more specialized skills in the areas of ICT engineering.

2. Non-formal Education (out-of-school)

Besides ICT educational programs through formal educational institutions/schools in

various levels, in Bangladesh there are many out of school educational efforts which teach
various areas of ICT skills, which covers certain areas for example preparing manpower for
responsibilities as network technicians, computer technicians, programmers, graphic artists,
animators, operators, Web designers, etc. Some of these non-formal educational institutions
or ICT training centers are organized in partnership with foreign ICT training center, while
others are totally motorized by local experts.

3. ICT Literacy

Development of software in the Bangla language

One of the obstacles to the use of computer for the Bangladesh society is their low
mastery of English, so that they are reluctant to use computer. To overcome this obstacle and
to support efforts to make the populace ICT literates, the government had issued the
Presidential Decree about the Utilization of Computer with Application Programs in Bangla
Language through the development of application programs in Bangla language based on an
open source platform, LINUX & windows platform.
 ICT training in schools

The Directorate of Vocational Education has started this program since 2001. Its
objective is to train teachers and students in using information technology especially the
internet. For this activity the Directorate of Vocational Education cooperates with the
Network of School Information, a community of Vocational Schools which are internet users.
This network provides the training.

Socialization of computer-assisted learning media in High Schools

In 2002 the Directorate of Secondary Education conducted a training program on the

use of computer-assisted learning media in cooperation with the Center for Information and
Communication Technology for Education. This program was conducted in face-to-face
interaction involving 2300 high school teachers from 250 schools in 12 districts.

Healthy Internet

There are indications that internet users in Bangladesh comprising mostly of youths,
especially use it to get access of negative information such as pornography, racial issues,
etcetera. To make community of internet users avoid such negative contents, some private
parties motored by ICT Watch (an NGO organization), Association of Bangladesh Internet
Service Providers and Association of Cyber Cafe had done a campaign called Healthy
Internet. This activity consists of campaigns, training and distribution of information through
print materials.

ICT for Education

As mentioned above, to improve the quality of human resources, we had used ICT to expand
the educational opportunity, to improve the quality and relevance of education, and to
increase the efficiency of the educational system.

Various efforts to use ICT in education are among others:

E-learning

Starting from 2001, the Ministry of Science & ICT in cooperation with the Directorate
of Secondary Education, and the Directorate of Vocational Education are developing an e-
learning program. The objective of this program is to improve the quality of education at
high school and vocational school levels through the use of internet. But due to lack of
coordination and GOB initiative this program is yet to see the sun light. We have a plan to
initially 360 upazilla under this program and set up 360 institutes in each upazilla. At this
preliminary stage, learning materials are being developed for the following subjects:
Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Electronics, and Information Technology.

Online Courses

Aided by Daffodil International University we have a plan to provide lectures through

the internet for some courses.
 Online Tutorials

One use of information technology for education at higher education is for tutorial
purpose for institutions of distance education. BSDI that has made use of tutorial via internet
is the Daffodil International University.

Joint Research

As a medium which provides for collaboration through the use of information technology,
a joint research program has been conducted.

Electronic Library

There will be a network of electronic library called BSDI Digital Library Network
which is a network of electronic libraries from the DIU central library (Digital Library).
BSDI Digital Library Network is meant to support efforts to improve the quality of university
graduates, to increase sharing of information among institutions of higher learning and
research institutions in Bangladesh.

Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)

This is an off-line instruction program so it does not depend on access to the internet.
BSDI have developed computer assisted instruction learning materials for various subject
matters and courses. These are interactive learning materials which students can learn on
his/her own with minimal assistance from the teacher/lecturer.

Issues Concerning Education

1. Preparation of New Legislation Draft on National Education System

At present the government (The Ministry of Education) prepared a Draft on National

Education System. The draft also includes arrangement on ICT education and ICT for
education. BSDI will follow the draft with minimum revision and implement it in its 360
upazilla based institutes.

2. ICT Curriculum for general school

With the development of a new curriculum for elementary and secondary schools
which is competency based, this year the government is doing some limited try-outs in
certain schools. This curriculum also includes ICT education which will be taught since
elementary school, junior high school and senior high school and vocational school.
Hopefully by teaching ICT from the very beginning, Bangladesh will have enough qualified
ICT manpower.
3. Preparation of ICT teachers for general school.

To implement the competency-based curriculum especially in correlation with ICT

teaching in schools, the government needs to do various activities to prepare the teachers who
will teach in schools. We can work with the government to implement the agenda.

4. Increasing the role of non-formal education

Non-degree education to train skilled manpower in ICT needs to be encouraged.

Because non-formal education has a significant role, even a decisive role, to help prepare
skilled non-degree educated manpower in ICT in the future.

5. Inducing the local government to do its role

With the newly implemented decentralization system of administration, where the

local government has autonomy to self-administer in their upazialla, the success of provision
and development of ICT skilled human resource will be determined by the role of the local
government. As such, BSDI can take a series of activities to induce the local government in
socializing; utilizing and providing ICT trained human resources.

6. Promoting private sector participation

The role of the private sector in ICT mastery is very important. Both its role in
developing ICT resources and its infrastructure or in developing human resources, the private
sector has a very important role. However, we further needs to collaborate with the private
sector to take greater role to promote ICT education.

Finally we can say that the prime objective for Bangladesh which is a populous country with
cheap labor force is to turn its huge population to ICT literate manpower of international
standard. Our general likeness for education in liberal arts should be shifted to ICT related
technological education and our research and development activities in information
processing and ICT should be directed to solving indigenous problem.

Poverty and underdevelopment is in-built with our culture. Information propagated across the
country by many of our rural bards, preachers and poets illustrate that the world is an inn and
discourage material development and accumulation of wealth, and that poverty glorifies a
human. For sustainable socio-economy development we need to change this attitude and give
proper attention to education & ICT.
 Google Bus

Google Bus has been launched in Bangladesh to train its half a million of college and
university students the use of Internet. State Minister for Information Communication
Technology Junaid Ahmed Polok inaugurated Google Bus Bangladesh project at
Bangabandhu International conference center in Dhaka this morning. The project aims to
empower 5 lakhs undergraduates by conducting Internet workshops for a year visiting 500
college and university campuses in 35 locations across the country. The Google Bus itself has
been retrofitted with stowaway seats, 3G Internet connectivity and an array of monitors and
sound system where training audio-video material can be casted to all the screens, said in
press release of Google. Students also can connect online with their peers and learn about the
power and utility of the Internet as well as expose themselves to Google tools.

Bangladesh is a country on the move with an immense pool of youthful citizens to help it
progress and prosper. Equipped with the right training, we think this young, energetic and
highly motivated section of society would be able to maximize the endless possibilities of the
Internet and create a connected, digital Bangladesh for the global village, James McClure,
country manager emerging markets of Google Asia Pacific, said addressing the inaugural
session.

Palak said Bangladesh already is enjoying the advantage of demographic dividend and it has
huge potentiality to get benefit from demographic dividend as youths make up significant
number of the total population.

"We are implementing a number of ICT-based programs to educate youngsters in both

urban and rural areas to maximize the benefit of ICT to gain economic prosperity of the
country," he added.

Appreciating the initiative of Google, Palak said the launching of Google Bus Bangladesh
project will tremendously help students to motivate them to acquire knowledge through using
internet.

The project is already underway in Dhaka where several campus workshops have taken place.
Over the next months, it will make its way to academic institutions in and around Chittagong,
Khulna, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Barisal and other major cities.
 Transportation
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location
to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The
field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important
because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of
civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including roads, railways,

airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus
stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel
stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo
and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains,
trucks, people, helicopters, watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft. Operations deal with the way
the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing,
legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure
can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or

private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is
used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic
growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land.
While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to
make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

History

Humans first means of transport were walking and swimming. The domestication of
animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures,
allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and
duration. Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient
through the introduction of vehicles. Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels,
dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or
over large distances prior to the Industrial Revolution.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying
goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. Paved roads were built by many early
civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Persian and
Roman empires built stone-paved roads to allow armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds of
crushed stone underneath ensured that the roads kept dry. The medieval Caliphate later built
tar-paved roads. The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree trunks. Early water
transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for
propulsion, or a combination of the two. The importance of water has led to most cities, that
grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, often at the intersection of two
bodies of water. Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and
production and consumption were located as close to each other as feasible.

The Wright Brothers first flight in 1903

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions

fundamentally change transport. With telegraphy, communication became instant and
independent of transport. The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its
application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles.
Both speed and capacity increased rapidly, allowing specialization through manufacturing
being located independent of natural resources. The 19 th century also saw the development of
the steam ship, that sped up global transport.

With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into
th
the 20 century, road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical
private transport. The first highways were constructed during the 19 th century with macadam.
Later, tarmac and concrete became the dominant paving material. In 1903, the first
controllable airplane was demonstrated, and after World War I, it became a fast way to
transport people and express goods over long distances.

After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport,
reducing rail and water to freight and short-haul passenger. Scientific spaceflight was
launched in the 1950s, with rapid growth until the 1970s, when interest dwindled. In the
1950s, the introduction of containerization gave massive efficiency gains in freight transport,
permitting globalization. International air travel became much more accessible in the 1960s,
with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and
motorways, this introduced a decline for rail and water transport. After the introduction of the
Shinkansen in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and Europe started taking passengers on long-
haul routes from airlines.

Early in U.S. history, most aqueducts, bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and tunnels
were owned by private joint-stock corporations. Most such transportation infrastructure came
under government control in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, culminating in the
nationalization of inter-city passenger rail service with the creation of Amtrak. Recently,
however, a movement to privatize roads and other infrastructure has gained some ground and
adherents.
 Communication
Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of ideas,
feelings, intentions, attitudes, expectations, perceptions or commands, as by speech, non-
verbal gestures, writings, behavior and possibly by other means such as electromagnetic,
chemical or physical phenomena and smell. It is the meaningful exchange of information
between two or more participants (machines, organisms or their parts). Communication
requires a sender, a message , a medium and a recipient, although the receiver does not have
to be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication;
thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication
requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The
communication process is complete once the receiver understands the sender's message.

Communicating with others involves three primary steps:

1. Thought: First, information exists in the mind of the sender. This can be a concept,
idea, information, or feeling.
2. Encoding: Next, a message is sent to a receiver in words or other symbols.
3. Decoding: Lastly, the receiver translates the words or symbols into a concept or
information that a person can understand.

There are a variety of verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. These include body
language, eye contact, sign language, haptic communication, and chromatics. Other examples
are media content such as pictures, graphics, sound, and writing . The Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities also defines the communication to include the display of
text, Braille, tactile communication, large print , accessible multimedia, as well as written and
plain language, human-reader, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of
communication, including accessible information and communication technology. Feedback
is a critical component of effective communication.

Verbal communication

Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be

fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication,
listening skills and clarification. Human spoken and pictorial languages can be described as a
system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars ( rules) by which the
symbols are manipulated.

The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages.

Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the
thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable
communication with others around them. Languages seem to share certain properties
although many of these include exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a
dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various
mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human
languages. Communication is the flow or exchange of information from one person to
another or a group of people.
Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of

non-word messages. Some forms of nonverbal communication include chromatics, haptic,
gesture, body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact, object communication
such as clothing , hairstyles, architecture, symbols , info graphics , and tone of voice, as well
as through an aggregate of the above. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as
paralanguage. This form of communication is the most known for interacting with people.
These include voice lesson quality, emotion and speaking style as well as prosodic features
such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Research has shown that up to 55% of human
communication may occur through nonverbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through
paralanguage. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style,
spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotional expressions in
pictorial form.

Oral communication

Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, can

also employ visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of meaning. Oral
communication includes speeches, presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal
communication. As a type of face-to-face communication, body language and choice tonality
play a significant role, and may have a greater impact upon the listener than informational
content. This type of communication also garners immediate feedback, and generally
involves the cooperative principle.

Email
Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since c.1993 is a method of
exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates
across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the
author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging.
Today's email systems are based on a store- and-forward model. Email servers accept,
forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be
online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long
as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic mail was used
generically for any electronic document transmission. For example, several writers in the
early 1970s used the term to describe fax document transmission. As a result, it is difficult to
find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today. An
Internet email message consists of three components,

the message envelope,

the message header,
and the message body.
 The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an
originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive
information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time
stamp. Originally a text-only (ASCII) communications medium, Internet email was extended
to carry, e.g. text in other character sets, multi-media content attachments, a process
standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Subsequent RFCs have proposed standards
for internationalized email addresses using UTF-8. Electronic mail predates the inception of
the Internet and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it, but the history of modern, global
Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET. Standards for encoding email
messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the
Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the
early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.

Email is an information and communications technology. It uses technology to

communicate a digital message over the Internet. Users use email differently, based on how
they think about it. There are many software platforms available to send and receive. Popular
email platforms include Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, Outlook, and many others. Network-
based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first
published as Internet standard 10 ( RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email
messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message
envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.

Fax
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telescoping or telefax, is the telephonic
transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone
number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with
a fax machine (or a telecopies), which processes the contents (text or images) as a single
fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap , and then transmitting it through the
telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets
the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct
conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner; since the
1980s most machines modulate the transmitted audio frequencies using a digital
representation of the page which is compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white
or all-black

SmartPhone
A smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with more advanced computing capability
and connectivity than basic feature phones. Smartphones typically include the features of a
phone with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal digital assistant, a
media player, a digital camera, and/or a GPS navigation unit. Later smartphones include all of
those plus the features of a touchscreen computer, including web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd- party
apps, motion sensor, mobile payment and 3G.
 Podcast
A podcast is a digital medium consisting of an episodic series of audio, video, radio, PDF, or
ePub files subscribed to and downloaded through web syndication or streamed online to a
computer or mobile device. The word is a neologism and portmanteau derived from
"broadcast" and "pod" from the success of the iPod, as audio podcasts are often listened to on
portable media players. Merriam Webster defines Podcast: a program (as of music or talk)
made available in digital format for automatic download over the Internet. A list of all the
audio or video files associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributor's
server as a web feed, and the listener or viewer employs special client application software,
known as a pod catcher, that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any
new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded
automatically, which may seem to the user as if the content is being broadcast or "pushed" to
them. Files are stored locally on the user's computer or other device ready for offline use,
giving simple and convenient access to the content. Podcasting contrasts with webcasting
(Internet streaming), which generally isn't designed for offline listening to user-selected
content.
As discussed by Richard Berry, podcasting is a converged medium bringing
together audio, the web and portable media player, and a disruptive technology that has
caused some in the radio business to reconsider some of the established practices and
preconceptions about audiences, consumption, production and distribution. This idea of
disruptiveness is largely because no one person owns the technology; it is free to listen and
create content, which departs from the traditional model of "gate-kept" media and production
tools. It is very much a horizontal media form: producers are consumers and consumers
become producers and engage in conversations with each other.

Social network
A social network is a social structure made up of a set of social actors (such as
individuals or organizations) and a set of the dyadic ties between these actors. The social
network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social
entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures.
The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global
patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics. Social networks and the
analysis of them is an inherently interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social
psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmer authored early structural
theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations."
Jacob Moreno is credited with developing the first sociograms in the 1930s to study
interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s
and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the social and behavioral
sciences by the 1980s. Social network analysis is now one of the major paradigms in
contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal
sciences. Together with other complex networks, it forms part of the nascent field of network
science.
 E-commerce
Electronic commerce, commonly known as E- commerce or ecommerce, is trading in
products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. Electronic commerce
draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain
management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange
(EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern
electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the
transaction's life cycle, although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. E-
commerce businesses usually employ some or all of the following practices: Provide Entail or
virtual storefront on websites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall"
Buy or sell on websites or online marketplaces. Gather and use demographic data through
web contacts and social media. Use electronic data interchange, the business-to-business
exchange of data. Reach prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for
example, with newsletters). Use business-to-business buying and selling. Provide secure
business transactions

Global trends
In 2010, the United Kingdom had the biggest e-commerce market in the world when
measured by the amount spent per capita. The Czech Republic is the European country where
ecommerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises total revenue. Almost a
quarter (24%) of the countrys total turnover is generated via the online channel. Among
emerging economies, China's e- commerce presence continues to expand every year. With
384 million internet users, China's online shopping sales rose to $36.6 billion in 2009 and one
of the reasons behind the huge growth has been the improved trust level for shoppers. The
Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online.
China's cross-border e- commerce is also growing rapidly. E- commerce transactions between
China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion Yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and
accounted for 9.6% of China's total international trade In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce
market share of 80% in China. Other BRIC countries are witnessing the accelerated growth
of ecommerce as well. In Russia, the total ecommerce market is projected to total somewhere
between 690 billion rubles ($23 billion) and 900 billion rubles ($30 billion) in 2015, at 2010
values. This will equal 5% of total retail volume in Russia. Longer-term, the market size of
Russian e-commerce could reach $50 billion by 2020. Ecommerce players need to understand
unique insights about trust factor, online payments and language peculiarities to penetrate the
Russian market. Brazil's ecommerce is growing quickly with retail ecommerce sales expected
to grow at a healthy double-digit pace through 2014. By 2016, marketer expects retail
ecommerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion. India's ecommerce growth, on the other
hand, has been slower although the country's potential remains solid considering its surging
economy, the rapid growth of internet penetration, English language proficiency and a vast
market of 1.2 billion consumers (although perhaps only 50 million access the internet through
PCs and some estimate the most active group of e-commerce customers numbers only 2-3
million).

E-commerce traffic grew about 50% from 2011 to 2012, from 26.1 million to 37.5
million, according to a report released by Com Score. Still much of the estimated 14 billion
dollars in 2012 ecommerce was generated from travel sites. Ecommerce is also expanding
across the Middle East. Having recorded the world's fastest growth in internet usage between
2000 and 2009, the region is home to more than 60 million internet users. Retail, travel and
gaming are the region's top ecommerce segments, in spite of difficulties such as the lack of
region- wide legal frameworks and logistical problems in cross-border transportation. E-
Commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only
to sell to customers, but also to engage them. In 2012, ecommerce sales topped $1 trillion for
the first time in history. Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of
ecommerce. Some estimates show that purchases made on mobile devices will make up 25%
of the market by 2017. According to Cisco Visual Networking Index, in 2014 the amount of
mobile devices will outnumber the number of world population. Multichannel Selling is also
worth mentioning, when it comes to e-commerce. As stated in E- commerce trends for 2014,
multichannel selling is relatively young but though has already managed to become a key
driver for promotion of small business companies unable to compete with media giants in
Google. The essence of it lies in equipping a few shopping platforms like Amazon or Nextel
for goods promotion.

Impact on markets and retailers

Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price
competition, as it increases consumers' ability to gather information about products and
prices. Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of
online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant
growth in e-commerce, bookshops and travel agencies. Generally, larger firms are able to use
economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the
very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which
appear to have withstood the trend. Individual or business involved in e-commerce whether
buyers or sellers rely on Internet- based technology in order to accomplish their transactions.
E-commerce is recognized for its ability to allow business to communicate and to form
transaction anytime and anyplace. Whether an individual is in the US or overseas, business
can be conducted through the internet. The power of e-commerce allows geophysical barriers
to disappear, making all consumers and businesses on earth potential customers and
suppliers. EBay is a good example of e-commerce business individuals and businesses are
able to post their items and sell them around the Globe.

Distribution channels
E-commerce has grown in importance as companies have adopted pure-click and
brick- and-click channel systems. We can distinguish pure-click and brick-and-click channel
system adopted by companies. Pure-click or pure-play companies are those that have
launched a website without any previous existence as firm Bricks-and-clicks companies are
those existing companies that have added an online site for e-commerce. Click-to-brick
online retailers that later open physical locations to supplement their online efforts.
 Banking
In recent years, the banking industry around the world has been undergoing a quick
transformation. The deepening of information technology has facilitated better tracking and
fulfillment of commitments, multiple delivery channels for online customers. The
Bangladeshi banking has welcomed this change. As an increasing number of Bangladeshi
banks seem at the modern ways, such as Online banking, to make a customer's banking
experience more convenient, efficient, and effective. The use of internet in banking has vastly
reduced the physical transfer of paper money and currency from one place to another or even
from one person to another which reduces costs for banks. It is also called electronic banking.
It may include wire transfers, electronic funds transfers, and credit card, debit card. Internet
banking is allow to using automatic teller machine and telephone transaction and also
websites for performing simple and advanced transaction without physical presence of
customers in bank, allowing customer to submit their applications for different services, make
queries on their account balance and submit instruction to the bank and also electronically
transfer fund to their account, pay bill and other banking transaction online.

Bangladeshi banking has changed terrifically in the past few years. The changes are
multiple and at a fast pace in the term of transformation of technology advancement. It has
become completely dependent on technology as the service/ product channel. Up gradation of
technology, innovation and modernization are the key factors of having excellence in banking
sector. It becomes necessary for a bank to differentiate its products from others. The
differentiation can be in terms of specialization, new products, increasing added value by
technology convergence. Technology in banking sector is one of the focus areas of banks.
The banks in Bangladesh are using Information Technology (IT) not only to improve their
own internal processes but also to increase facilities and services to their customers.
Technological innovation not only enables a broader reach for consumer banking and
financial services, but also enhances its capacity for continued and inclusive growth. IT
improves the front end operations with back end and helps in bringing down the transaction
costs for the customers

What is E-Banking?
Electronic funds transfer means computer systems are used to perform financial transactions
electronically. The EFT is used for electronic payments and customer initiated transactions
where the cardholder pays using credit or debit card.

The transaction types are, Withdrawal, deposit, inter account transfer, inquiry, administrative
transactions that covers non-financial transactions including PIN change. Electronic Fund
Transfer transactions need authorization and a means to match the card and card holder. EFT
transactions require the cardholder's PIN to sent online in encrypted form for validation by
the issuer of the card.Other information may include the card holders address or the CVV2
security value printed on the card.
Electronic funds transfer transactions are activated during e-banking procedures. The
different methods of e-banking are

Online banking
Short message service banking
Telephone banking
Mobile banking
Interactive -TV banking

Online banking:

Online banking also called as internet banking, allows the customers to use all the
banking services from a computer which has internet access. The customer can perform
financial transactions on a secure website operated by the bank. Online banking offers
features such as bank statements, loan applications, funds transfer, e-bill payments and
account aggregation allows customers to monitor all their accounts in one place.

Telephone Banking/ Mobile Banking

Telephone banking is a service provided by the banks which provides customers to

perform transactions on phone. All the telephone banking systems uses automated answering
system with keypad response or voice recognition capability. To prove their identity
customers must provide a numeric or verbal password or answering the questions asked by
the call center representative. In telephone banking customer can't withdraws and deposits
cash but can do all the other transactions.

Mostly there will be a customer care representative to which the customers speak, although
this feature is not guaranteed. The customer care representatives are trained to do what are
available at the branch like cheque book orders, address change, debit card replacements.

Mobile banking is used for performing balance inquiry, account transactions,

payments etc. via a mobile phone. Mobile banking is performed via SMS or the Mobile
Internet, but can also use special programs downloaded to the mobile device

Sms Banking:

SMS banking is a service permitting banks to do select banking services from the
users mobile by the sms messaging. SMS banking services have push and pull messages.
Push messages are sent by the banks for alerting customer about new offers, marketing
messages, alerts to events happening in customers account such as large amount of
withdrawals from ATM or credit card etc.

Pull messages are those that are sent by the customer to bank for having some information or
to perform a transaction in their account. Examples include account balance enquiry,
requesting for current exchange rates and for new offers that are launched. The customer has
a choice to select the list of services he needs to be informed. This can be done by integrating
to internet banking or speaking to the customer care representative of the bank call center.
 Different Terms
Automated clearing House (ACH):

Automated clearing house (ACH) is an electronic network for financial transaction. In

clearing house, computers are employed to handle cheques. The nature of work involved in
clearing operations in voluminous, repetitive, routine in nature. ACH processes large number
of debit and credit transaction in batches.

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT):

Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) is a function of electronic banking that facilitates to

customer transfer of funds from any branch of a bank to any other branch of any bank in the
shortest time period. The EFT system presently covers all the branches

Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

ATM is an electronic machine which allows to customer to withdraw or deposit

funds, check account balances, transfer fund, and check statement information, Purchasing
online products, Train tickets reservations, Products from shopping mall, Donating to
charities, Claque processing module, Adding pre-paid cell phone/mobile phone credit,
Advertising channels for own or third party products and services, Pay premium

Card transaction

1-Debit card: debit card is a card which designate to customer to withdraw own
money from the bank in any time. It is also called a plastic card. Debit card is used for
cash withdraw from ATM, funds transfer, paying bills, accessing detail account
information, charging PIN etc. Bank gives debit card free of cost at the time of
opening account.

2-Credit card: Credit Card is a postpaid card. The Credit Card holder is empowered to
spend money wherever and whenever he wants with his Credit Card within the limits
fixed by his bank.

Smart card: smart card was first introduced in Europe 1990s for low value payment
system it is also called as stored value card or electronic purse system. The smart card
technology is used for purchase through the internet, purchase product and services
from market ,withdraw and deposits cash money .it is widely used in countries such as
France, Germany, Japan and Singapore to pay for public phone calls, transportation
and shopper loyalty programs.
 Importance of E-Banking
Businesses rely on efficient and rapid access to banking information for cash flow reviews,
auditing and daily financial transaction processing. E-banking offers ease of access, secure
transactions and 24-hour banking options. From small start-up companies to more established
entities, small businesses rely on e-banking to eliminate runs to the bank and to make
financial decisions with updated information. In an information-driven business climate,
companies who do not use e-banking are at a competitive disadvantage.

Saving Time

In E-banking system we can access our bank account by staying anywhere such as
home, office, university etc. we need not to go to the bank or any branch of that bank to
submit our paper. This process saves our valuable time and energy. Even we can access our
account at any time though the bank is shut down.

Activity Review

Business owners, accounting staff and other approved employees can access routine
banking activity such as deposits, cleared checks and wired funds quickly through an online
banking interface. This ease of review helps ensure the smooth processing of all banking
transactions on a daily basis, rather than waiting for monthly statements. Errors or delays can
be noted and resolved quicker, potentially before any business impact is felt.

Productivity

E-banking leads to productivity gains. Automating routine bill payments, minimizing

the need to physically visit the bank and the ability to work as needed rather than on banking
hours may decrease the time involved in performing routine banking activities. Additionally,
online search tools, banking actions and other programs can allow staff members to research
transactions and resolve banking problems on their own, without interacting with bank
employees. In some cases, month-end reconciliations for credit card transactions and bank
accounts can be automated by using e-banking files.

Lower Banking Costs

Banking relationships and costs are often based on resource requirements. Businesses
that place more demands on banking employees and need more physical assistance with wire
transfers, deposits, research requests and other banking activities often incur higher banking
fees. Opting for e-banking minimizes business overhead and banking expenses.
 Reduced Errors

Utilizing e-banking reduces banking errors. Automation of payments, wires or other

consistent financial activities ensures payments are made on time and may prevent errors
caused by keyboard slips or user error. Additionally, opting for electronic banking eliminates
errors due to poor handwriting or mistaken information. In many cases, electronic files and
daily reviews of banking data can be used to double or triple check vital accounting data,
which increases the accuracy of financial statements.

Reduced Fraud

Increased scrutiny of corporate finances through audits and anti-fraud measures

requires a high level of visibility for all financial transactions. Relying on e-banking provides
an electronic footprint for all accounting personnel, managers and business owners who
modify banking activities. E-banking offers visibility into banking activities, which makes it
harder for under-the-table or fraudulent activities to occur

Safety

E-banking system is 100% safe to make transaction. Even more if we lost our mobile
phone no one can access our account without the password. We can make transaction at
anytime from anywhere thats why there is no chance to be rubbed.

Receiving various types of services

Another important benefit of e-banking is we can have some other services and can
get various type of information by accessing our account. Without E-banking we just cant
not think about it.
 Recreation
Entertainment technology is the discipline of using manufactured or created components to
enhance or make possible any sort of entertainment experience. Because entertainment
categories are so broad, and because entertainment models the world in many ways, the types
of implemented technology are derived from a variety of sources. Thus, in theatre, for
example, entertainment technology practitioners must be able to design and construct
scenery, install electrical systems, build clothing, use motors if there is scenery automation,
provide plumbing (if functioning kitchen fixtures are required, or if "singing in the rain"), etc.
In this way, the entertainment technology field intersects with most other types of technology.

Traditionally, entertainment technology is derived from theatrical stagecraft, and in

fact stagecraft is an important subset of the discipline. However, the rise of new types and
venues for entertainment, as well as rapidly advancing technological development, has
increased the range and scope of its practice.

Entertainment Technology includes:

Scenery fabrication
Properties
Costume
Lighting
Sound
Video
Show control
Automation
Animatronics
Interactive environments
Computer simulation
 Future Technology
Future technology is beyond the reality of science and technology. Future technology
is completely and essentially different with high-tech, the latest technology and cutting-edge
technology. The latter represents just an advanced human invention created and been able to
master and use recently. Future technology emphasizes human expectations or unforeseen
things, which have not yet been invented or used. Only in a certain period, human beings
maybe master and use future technology. Where is the development of future technology?
How will the future technology exist? We look at several aspects to think about the future
development of technology. Of course, this is inseparable from our current life. Future
technology largely focuses on implementing real-time scenario. It shapes different fields like
medical technology, business technology, educational technology and green technology with
suitable applications.

Screen world

The ubiquitous screen will profoundly change the people, culture and business. The
impact of screen media and interactive window has not been released. We can imagine that
the touch screen will play a much more important role in our life. The touch screen can bring
us to have perfect communications with the real world. With the development of the science
and technology, it will make a great convenience in our daily life. We can use a multi-
functional screen device to deal with our daily schedule. It can tell us the weather and give us
an advice about the dress when we get up a new day. We can use the device to control our
washing machines, to prepare a healthy breakfast.

After breakfast, we sit in our cars and tell the vehicle systems our destination,
the car will then take us there itself. During our work we will have a TV meeting with
classmates in some other places. What surround us are many high-tech devices with a touch
screen. It makes a great improve in our work efficiency. After the work, we can choose to
play a virtual game. The touch screen will give us a real experience and we can control the
game role with our whole body. As the touch screen can take a great communication with our
idea, we will surround by many more screen. The huge influence will bring us a much more
convenient life.

Further natural interaction

Touch, voice are still the preliminary stage of human-computer interaction. There will
be many surprising applications waiting for us, such as when you look at the screen, it in fact
can see you, know your status, and constantly optimize learning, providing more in line with
your service. Technology evolved as a living entity is in duty bound to weaken the ability of
human rejection. We know the computer will be more and more intelligent, and the
intelligence will be reflected in the human-computer interaction. Beyond our reality, future
interaction will be much more actual and useful. The machine can give us 3-D virtual scene
simulating the real surroundings, and then we can take what we need.For example, we will
not need to spend much time in choosing the clothes. An interactive machine can give us a 3-
D virtual scene, where we can choose various clothes. Future interaction will have much
more intelligence.

Big data stream

In the future, people will live in a communicative society. We can get what we want
from the social net. We like to share with the whole world, and then endless data between
people, things and things will "float" around us. Their integration and convergence will
change our living conditions. The share tide and future interaction will bring us a large date to
process. The information society will process more and more data, and we need efficient
instruments to deal with the big data. What will the big data bring us? Big data represents our
past. It records what we have experienced. If we deal with the big date effectively, we will
solve many potential problems. Through integrating and analyzing the big date, we can make
new value.

Access rather than ownership

The concept of possession has changed. We will not need to buy any book, any music
and any general device. Digitization prefers access right to the concept of ownership. In the
future, the service will be concentrate. Many people will not have to possess almost
everything. We use a portable device to get music, videos, books and many others from the
Internet. As for the users, it cost much less money and take us little time to get what we want.
So it is very convenient.

Value shift

We will not get the harvest value by mass copy and selling copies. Value will not exist
in copies themselves, but rather the satisfaction of customer value. Such as cellphones do not
need money, but date flow gets money. The value is not to create value in kind, but rather to
create a "communication" user value. We will not have to pay for the electric charge, net cost,
and device outlay apart. We use everything, and we pay for the service once. We will not
need so many facilitators, and the service become simple. The value exists in our satisfaction.
 Negative Impact of Technology
The impact of technology on our social, mental, physical and environmental health can be
devastating if we dont keep ourselves in check. Theres no denying the benefits we have
gained from technological advancements, but as with all things in life moderation is key.
Being aware of the harmful aspects of the overuse of electronics will help you avoid any
unnecessary pitfalls. We have also compiled a list of reading material that delves deeper into
this relatively new area of study

The negative impact of technology is stated below:

Isolation

Social isolation is characterized by a lack of contact with other people in normal daily
living, such as, the workplace, with friends and in social activities. We isolate ourselves by
walking around in our own little world, listening to our iPods or staring at the screen of the
latest mobile device even when we are around other people. Studies have shown that people
who are socially isolated will live shorter lives.

Lack of Social Skills

The use of online social media outlets causes us to meet face-to-face with much less
frequency resulting in a lack of much needed social skills. We lose the ability to read body
language and social cues in other people.

Depression

Technology creates the perfect recipe for depression with the lack of human contact,
overeating and lack of exercise. There is a reason the use of antidepressants are on the rise
and the blame cant be completely dumped on the pharmaceutical companies. They arent
carting people into the doctors office and force feeding them the pills. This isnt to say that
depression isnt a real problem, but some people could cure their depression by living a
healthier lifestyle.

Poor Sleep Habits

Some of the negative effects of technology can be linked to the effect it has on sleep
habits. We get sucked into online activities that keep us up too late and the constant stream of
information can make it difficult to turn off our brains. Also, the ambient glow from screens
can affect the release of melatonin, the sleep chemical. Keeping technology out of the
bedroom would be a very healthy habit to acquire.

Pollution

With the rapid-changing world of electronics and technology, the turnover rate for
upgrades is staggering. This constant stream of out with the old, in with the new is adding to
the levels of toxicity in our air and land. E-waste is not always disposed of properly, causing
deadly chemicals to leach into the ground. Plants that manufacture the electronics are
emitting toxic fumes into the air. Plus there is little to no regulations on the disposal of
personal E-waste.

Lack of Privacy

The internet has stripped the world of privacy. Long gone are the days of having an
unlisted telephone number and staying offline to keep your information safe from prying
eyes. With a few flicks on a keyboard the average person can find anyones address and
contact information. For those with more sinister intentions, the use of phishing, viruses and
hacking helps to find any information they wish to obtain. Plus, people have no sense of
privacy online. They dont think twice about tweeting every move they make, freely giving
out their location on Google Map and putting their entire life story on Facebook.

Higher Level of Deceit

On the flip side of having no privacy, people use the internet to deceive others. Most
people dont dig too deeply when doing a search on someone to check them out. By creating
a few false profiles, people are able to pretend to be whomever they want. People are being
cat fished on dating sites. Hell, you could be talking to someone on the FBIs top ten most
wanted list and not realize it until you see them getting arrested on the news.

Warped Sense of Reality

Using the internet as an escape from real life is very easy to do. In real life you only
speak to a few people each day, theres no Photoshop or avatar for the reflection in your
mirror, bills must be paid and saying smartass things is frowned upon. However, online you
are a freaking rock star! You have enough friends to form a small country, you look great in
your picture or you have a kickass avatar, plus you get rewards or points for saying clever
things (more if the clever thing is also mean-spirited). Unfortunately we must live in the real
world whether we like it or not.

Stress

Constantly being plugged in and connected causes an extra layer of stress that
wasnt present before the overuse of technology.

Blackberry/iPhone Thumb

Tendonitis in the thumb, a.k.a. Blackberry/iPhone Thumb, is a form of repetitive

strain injury caused by the frequent use of thumbs to press buttons on mobile devices. The
same injury can also be obtained from playing too many video games.

Lack of Social Boundaries

Much in the same way that people over share on social media sites, there is an
increasing tendency to cross social boundaries. Cyber stalking someone or sending
unsolicited nude photos are examples of grossly crossing social boundaries.
 Lack of Sexual Boundaries

Exposure to sexual content is more likely to happen at a much younger age. Before
the internet the only chance a child had of being exposed to pornography was if their dad
didnt hide his Playboy magazine well enough. Now, well, lets just say you pray your filters
are doing their job when your kid searches for Puss and Donkey from Shrek.

Sexting is also a concern with technology being used at such a young age. There is no way in
hell a girl would have taken a nude photo of herself and handed it to a guy before the
popularity of texting. Yet, using your phone to snap a quick boob shot and texting it to your
boyfriend seems to be no big deal. If you wouldnt print the picture out and hand it to the guy,
then you shouldnt text it. And guys girls do not want pictures of your penis. So stop
sending them.

Lack of Social Bonds

Creating a lasting bond with other people requires face-to-face interaction. The more
we isolate ourselves with technology the fewer bonds we will form. People are expected to do
more work at home which takes away time they would be spending with their families. Also,
younger people prefer communicating online versus face-to-face. When people are in the
same room and communicating via text or instant messaging instead of speaking to each
other, theres a problem.

Constant Distraction

When we are focused on a device instead of whats going on around us we miss a

great deal. Think of the number of times you have been texting or talking to a friend and
missed the opportunity to flirt with the hot guy standing beside you. There is also a rise in the
number of injuries incurred by people texting while walking.

Neck and Head Pain

Constantly looking down at devices can cause neck pain and over time will cause the
neck to lose its natural curve. Eyestrain can also cause headaches, blurred vision and
migraines.

Shortened Attention Span

The use of social media has shortened our attention span from 12 minutes to 5
minutes. Constant news feeds, getting information in 140 characters and videos that are 10
minutes or less has literally rewired our brains. People who are online an average of 5 hours a
day have trouble remembering peoples names, forget pots on the stove and even their own
birthday.

Addiction
 People are not only dependent on technology they are also addicted to it. Studies have
shown that when cell phones are taken away subjects heard or felt fathom vibrations,
continuously reached for phones that werent there and became fidgety and restless. These
are some of the same withdrawal symptoms you would expect from doing drugs.

Lack of Empathy

The constant stream of violent scenes on video games, TV, movies and YouTube
causes people to become desensitized to destruction of any kind. The normalizing of bad
things happening and the culture of narcissism created by social media creates a society of
people who lack empathy. When people stop caring, the world goes to hell in a hand basket.

More Violence

After people lose empathy and are accustomed to violence, it becomes the social
norm. Teenage girls are videoing themselves violently beating another girl; the number of
school shootings are rising and videos of people attacking homeless people are a few
examples of violent behavior caused by media.

Higher Energy Consumption

Although individual devices are becoming more energy efficient, the increased overall
use is causing a higher consumption of energy. People dont turn their devices off; they keep
computers on or plugged in, mobile devices charging and televisions plugged in. Also
manufacturing all of these high tech toys causes an increase in greenhouse gas emissions.

Developmental Issues in Children

Children are using more technology now than they have ever used in the past. All of
the negative effects that social media and television is having on adults are far greater when it
comes to the developing minds of children. There is no way to know what long term effect
technology will have on our children because this is the first generation to have unlimited
access.

Neurosis

Technology causes people to suffer from mental and emotional disturbances, such as
anxiety, phobias and delusions, which are all symptoms of neurosis. Being convinced youre
very ill after looking up strange diseases on WebMD or thinking you are famous because you
have had a viral video are a couple of ways technology neurosis manifests itself.

Loss of Hearing and Eyesight

Using headphones and ear buds can cause people to lose their hearing over time.
Likewise, straining your eyes looking at computer and device screens can cause people to
need glasses much earlier in life.
 Cyber Crime
Computer crime, or Cybercrime, refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network.
The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Net
crime is criminal exploitation of the Internet. Dr. Debarati Halder and Dr. K. Jaishankar
(2011) define Cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of
individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause
physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication
networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones
(SMS/MMS)".Such crimes may threaten a nations security and financial health. Issues
surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding
cracking, copyright infringement, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also
problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or
otherwise.

Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes,

including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Activity crossing
international borders and involving the interests of at least one nation state is sometimes
referred to as cyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors
accountable for their actions through the International Criminal Court. A report (sponsored by
McAfee) estimates the annual damage to the global economy at $445 billion.

Classification
Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities. Generally, however, it may be
divided into two categories:

Crimes that target computers directly;

Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is
independent of the computer network or device.

Crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices include:

Computer viruses
Denial-of-service attacks
Malware (malicious code)

Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:

Cyber stalking
Fraud and identity theft
Information warfare
Phishing scams
 Spam
The unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes is un-lawful in some
jurisdictions. While anti-spam laws are relatively new, limits on unsolicited electronic
communications have existed for some time. Another cybercrime that's kind of new is called
phishing. which is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may contain links to other
websites that are affected by malware. Sometimes can be used in online banking when the
site reports that the account number is incorrect. One is then redirected to the page again and
usually there is a small change to the screen, but it is hard to recognize. If one re-enters the
personal information again, the phishers have the private bank account information.

Computer as tool
When the individual is the main target of Cybercrime, the computer can be considered
as the tool rather than the target. These crimes generally involve less technical expertise as
the damage done manifests itself in the real world. Human weaknesses are generally
exploited. The damage dealt is largely psychological and intangible, making legal action
against the variants more difficult. These are the crimes which have existed for centuries in
the offline. Scams, theft, and the likes have existed even before the development in high-tech
equipment. The same criminal has simply been given a tool which increases his potential pool
of victims and makes him all the harder to trace and apprehend.

Computer as a target
These crimes are committed by a selected group of criminals. Unlike crimes using the
computer as a tool, these crimes require the technical knowledge of the perpetrators. These
crimes are relatively new, having been in existence for only as long as computers have -
which explains how unprepared society and the world in general is towards combating these
crimes. There are numerous crimes of this nature committed daily on the internet.

Fraud & Financial Crimes

Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to
do or refrain from doing something which causes loss. In this context, the fraud will result in
obtaining a benefit by:

Altering in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is common
form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by
entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
Altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized
transactions. This is difficult to detect;
Altering or deleting stored data;
Altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing
code for fraudulent purposes.
Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud,
identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information.
 Obscene or offensive content
The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful,
obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may
be illegal. Over 25 jurisdictions within the USA place limits on certain speech and ban racist,
blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory
material that tends to incite hate crimes. The extent to which these communications are
unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in
which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs. One
area of Internet pornography that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is
child pornography.

Harassment
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs
obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender,
race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through
newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, cyber
stalking, hate crime, online predator, and stalking). Any comment that may be found
derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.

There are instances where committing a crime, which involves the use of a computer,
can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of United States v. Neil Scott
Kramer, Kramer was served an enhanced sentence according to the U.S. Sentencing
Guidelines Manual 2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a cell phone to persuade, induce, entice,
coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct. Kramer
argued that this claim was insufficient because his charge included persuading through a
computer device and his cellular phone technically is not a computer. Although Kramer tried
to argue this point, U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual states that the term computer "means
an electronic, magnetic, optical, electrochemical, or other high speed data processing device
performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or
communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device."

Connecticut was the first state to pass a statute making it a criminal offense to harass
someone by computer. Michigan, Arizona, and Virginia have also passed laws banning
harassment by electronic means.

Harassment as defined in the U.S. computer statutes is typically distinct from cyber
bullying, in that the former usually relates to a person's "use a computer or computer network
to communicate obscene, vulgar, profane, lewd, lascivious, or indecent language, or make
any suggestion or proposal of an obscene nature, or threaten any illegal or immoral act,"
while the latter need not involve anything of a sexual nature.
 Threats
Although freedom of speech is protected by law in most democratic societies, (in US
this is done by First Amendment) it does not include all types of speech. In fact spoken or
written "true threat" speech/text is criminalized because of "intent to harm or intimidate", that
also applies for online or any type of network related threats in written text or speech. The US
Supreme Court definition of "true threat" is "statements where the speaker means to
communicate a serious expression of intent to commit an act of unlawful violence to a
particular individual or group".

Drug trafficking
"Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet" according to cyber
authorities and personnel. to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other
Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web
sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access
chat rooms.

The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face
communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more
comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug
trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction
fades away.

Cyber terrorism

Government officials and Information Technology security specialists have

documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. But
there is a growing concern among federal officials[who?] that such intrusions are part of an
organized effort by cyber terrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map
potential security holes in critical systems. A cyber terrorist is someone who intimidates or
coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by
launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on
them.

Cyber terrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed

through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple
propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be
considered cyber terrorism. As well there are also hacking activities directed towards
individuals, families, organized by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among
people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives,
robberies, blackmailing etc.
 Cyber extortion is a form of cyber terrorism in which a website, e-mail server, or
computer system is subjected to repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious
hackers, who demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks. According to the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, cyber extortionists are increasingly attacking corporate
websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate and demanding payments to restore
their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI and many go unreported
in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators typically use a
distributed denial-of-service attack.

Cyber Warfare
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) notes that the cyberspace has emerged as a
national-level concern through several recent events of geo-strategic significance. Among
those are included, the attack on Estonia's infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian
hackers. "In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyber-attacks, this time in a
coordinated and synchronized kinetic and non-kinetic campaign against the country of
Georgia. Fearing that such attacks may become the norm in future warfare among nation-
states, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be adapted by war fighting
military commanders in the future.
 Findings
Economic Crisis
No wonder the biggest obstacle faced by Bangladesh regarding ICT is the economic
crisis. This condition forces the government to prioritize on short term programs to help
improve the economy of the general population through social security net, aids to poor
students to decrease drop-out rate, improvement of teachers welfare, etc.

As such the government has to postpone various programs that had been planned
including the program to support education & ICT development. The despondent economy
also makes the peoples spending capacity shrunk, so they prioritize their spending on primary
needs such as food and clothing, so that the need to use ICT to get access to information
become the last choice. In that case allocation of huge fund can only solve the problem.

Infrastructure
Another obstacle to the development of ICT is the poor condition of the infrastructure,
in terms of quantity and also quality. Of course this poor condition affects the ease to get
access to information. In connection with the availability of infrastructure it makes access to
information costly, which in turn makes the use of ICT low.

General public awareness and knowledge of ICT low

The public ICT literacy is still very low. What concerned us most is that ICT literacy
among students and teachers are also low, especially those that live in the perimeters or
remote areas. We have to take huge public awareness campaign through various media.

Other
Internet is not available in remote corner of the country
Lack of knowledge about IT sector
Highly expensive instruments
In adequacy of Government support
Private sector are highly expensive
Misuse of technology
We cannot utilize our skilled manpower
 Recommendation

We must make our people educated

We have to provide technical support
We have to make ensure the necessary information in time.
We have to ensure political stability
We have to train our young generation from childhood
The corruption has to be reduced
We have to respect our talent
We need more Entrepreneur
Net cost should be reduced
Steps like providing SIM or Google bus should be continue
Stop misuse of technology
Save power
Make the salary higher for the programmer and other technology related job
Encourage people
Try to aware the people about technology
Controlling advertising and other media
Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh
http://techedunews.com/technology-in-education-bangladesh/
http://www.academia.edu/5450414/GROWTH_AND_DEVELOPMENT_IN_INDIAN_B
ANKING_SECTOR_INTRODUCTION
http://www.slideshare.net/ARIFKHAN778/information-technology-in-agriculture-of-
bangladesh-and-other-developing-countries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery
http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=239708
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction
http://enlightenme.com/construction-careers/
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/construction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Technology
http://www.slideshare.net/shimamohd/introduction-of-ict
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_in_Bangladesh
http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/information-technology/importance-of-e-banking.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime
http://roogirl.com/25-negative-effects-of-technology/