FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREENING PERFORMANCE
OF BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU ATHLETES FROM BRAZIL:
DIFFERENCES CONSIDERING PRACTICE TIME AND
COMBAT STYLE
FABRICIO BOSCOLO DEL VECCHIO,1 DENIS FOSTER GONDIM,2 AND ANTONIO CARLOS PEREIRA ARRUDA3
1
Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education,
Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; and 3Human Performance Research Laboratory, University of Pernambuco,
Recife, Brazil
ABSTRACT
Boscolo Del Vecchio, F, Foster, D, and Arruda, A. Functional
movement screening performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes
from Brazil: differences considering practice time and combat
style. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 23412347, 2016Brazilian
jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a grappling combat sport that athletes, lying (guard
fighter) or kneeling (pass fighter) on the mat, attempt to force their
opponents to submit. Brazilian jiu-jitsu practices may result in
muscular imbalances, which increase the risk of injury. Instead,
the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is an evaluation routine
that could be related to injury incidence and seeks to detect
muscular imbalance and movement dysfunction. Thus, the aim
of the study was to investigate the injury profile and the FMS
score and their relationship, with consideration for the BJJ fight
style. Sports injuries were recorded in the last 12 months of 33
BJJ athletes, and the statistical analyses were applied to a routine
evaluation FMS and a score of 14 points or less was considered
low performance in FMS. We used a logistic regression; the
effect size (ES) was calculated, and 5% was assumed as the
statistical significance level. Pass fighters showed a higher per-
centage of injuries on the thorax (24.24%) than did guard fighters
(6.67%, p = 0.01). Upper limbs were the most injured part of the
body (x2 = 36.7; p , 0.001), and they were 79% of the injuries
that occurred in training sessions (x2 = 14.53; p , 0.001).
Despite the lack of statistical differences in the FMS performance
between guard and pass fighters (t = 1.97; p = 0.05), its mag-
nitude was considered medium (ES = 0.77). There was an asso-
ciation between FMS and presence of injury (x2 = 4.95; p =
0.03). Considering the FMS score as a predictor and the pres-
ence or absence of injury as the dependent variable, the data met
Address correspondence to Fabrcio Boscolo Del Vecchio, fabricio_
boscolo@uol.com.br.
30(8)/23412347
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
2016 National Strength and Conditioning Association
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
a Wald coefficient of 4.55, p = 0.03 and Exp (B) = 5.71. The
study found that almost half of the sample had injuries in the upper
limbs and a quarter had injuries in the lower limbs in the last year.
A poor FMS score was observed, and lower scores in the FMS
were associated with a higher risk of injury in BJJ athletes.
KEY WORDS martial arts, athletic injuries, risk assessment
INTRODUCTION
B
razilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a combat sport (CS) with
intermittent nature (2,12) in which competitors
perform various actions to induce the opponent
into submission, such as projections, inversions,
stabilizations, and particularly joint locks and chokes (2,13).
For competitive success in BJJ, its practitioners must develop
and perform various efforts that require motor coordination,
strength, and flexibility simultaneously (19), which are opti-
mized by executing drillsexhaustive repetitions of a posi-
tion or sequence of positions. Thus, it is possible that the
systematic training and the high volume of practice can pro-
vide differentiated muscle development, imbalances, and
joint injuries by stress (20,35).
From a competitive point of view, BJJ organization
considers different grades of skill; and although the matches
start in a standing position, most of the time and the gestures
are conducted with opponents on the ground (2,3,13). Thus,
it is common to consider the competitor as guard fighters
who prefer to drive groundwork fight in a supine position or
pass fighters who choose to develop the combat with the
knees on the floor, trying to move forward and pass the
guard of his opponent, trying to reach the opponents side
or abdomen (3). In this context, knees, shoulders, and elbows
have been reported as the most frequent injury sites in train-
ing (24,35). Frequently the subject who is guardfighting
presents overload in the knees (33,35) because of withstand-
ing the opponent trying to reverse positions, whereas the
pass fighter experiences greater stress on shoulders and el-
bows, because of the vulnerability of these joints (20,24).
VOLUME 30 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2016 | 2341
 FMS Performance and Injuries in BJJ Athletes
An evaluation routine of motor competence, known as
Functional Movement Screen (FMS), has been developed
(10). The FMS is used to assess movement pattern quality
for athletes and nonathletes. Some of the applications of
FMS are identifying specific areas with impaired mobility
and stability (11), muscle strength and flexibility, imbalances,
and proprioception, which could prevent injuries in the
medium term (25,26,28). Previously, it was found that
FMS may help to identify weaknesses in muscle groups
(11), and insufficient scores in FMS could be associated with
problems in the locomotor system and genesis of sports
injuries (17,25). In military people during physical training,
the FMS predicted any injury with a sensitivity of 0.220.60
and a specificity of 0.710.87 (30,22), which demonstrates
a low-to-moderate prognostic accuracy for determining the
injury risk in this population (22). However, among athletes,
a score of 14 or less on the FMS predicted serious injuries
with a specificity of 0.91 and a sensitivity of 0.54 (21).
Although the application of techniques to different
directions is a characteristic of high-level competitive
athletes in CS (16), it is known that most perform predom-
inant activities with one side of the body (22). This behav-
ior to maintain unilateral dominance could lead to
imbalances and increase the chance of injury (5), and there
is evidence to support this hypothesis: (a) the high preva-
lence of chronic low back pain (33) and (b) the common
joint injuries in BJJ athletes, especially in the shoulders and
knees (28). Concerning the FMS application in CS, to date,
only 2 studies have been conducted. In the first one, it was
observed that of the 25 fighters in Mixed Martial Arts eval-
uated, 13 exhibited bodily asymmetries and only one of
them reached over 14 points in FMS; thus, it could be
considered a protective factor against injuries (5). In young
people, it was shown that karate athletes with 3 years of
experience have significantly higher FMS scores (male =
16.1 6 1.9, female = 17.2 6 1.5 points) than those of control
subjects (male = 13.9 6 2.3, female = 14.3 6 2.1 points, p ,
0.01), especially in in-line lunge between girls and deep
squat and shoulder mobility and trunk stability push-up
in boys (6).
Considering that (a) scientific information about FMS and
CS is limited; (b) this instrument could be an interesting,
inexpensive, and practical tool to identify imbalances and
contribute to training planning and monitoring for mobility
and stability; and (c) the potential harmful effects of BJJ in
muscular imbalances and its relationship with injuries, this
study aimed to investigate the association between the
performance of BJJ practitioners in the FMS and sports
injury profile in the last 12 months, considering practice time
and fighting style.
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
This study was conducted in the initial training period of
athletes during preseason 2015. Brazilian jiu-jitsu schools
the TM
2342 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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of the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, were invited to
participate in the investigation, and those willing to be
included received visits from researchers previously
trained to apply individualized questionnaires (demo-
graphic data and injury history) and conduct FMS
routines.
From a cross-sectional study, scores in the FMS tests
were considered dependent variables, including their
categorization of the FMS general score (FMS-GS, 14
points or less indicated low performance and perform-
ances above 14 points were considered adequate (5)).
Demographic characteristicsgender (male or female),
age (younger than or equal to or older than 18 years),
practice time (less than 6 months, between 6 months
and 5 years, over 5 years), belt graduation (white, blue,
purple-to-black), and information related to injuries
within the last 12 months (presence or absence) were
considered independent variables.
Subjects
The study involved 33 practitioners of BJJ (26 men and 7
women) from 3 different schools of Recife, Brazil. They
showed ages 1449 years and to be included in the study
subjects had been active for at least 3 months continu-
ously and maintained a frequency of practice equal to or
higher than twice a week. Regarding the practice experi-
ence, athletes were categorized into 3 levels: beginners
(up to 6 months of practice); intermediate (6 months5
years of practice); and advanced (more than 5 years of
practice).
All subjects were informed about the nature and study
procedures. Having agreed to participate, they or their legal
guardians read and signed the free informed consent form,
which was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethics
committee in humans research of Superior School of
Physical Education of Federal University of Pelotas
[ESEF/UFPel]; protocol number 445.796/2013).
Procedures
Three BJJ schools were visited as often as necessary, until
all practitioners who agreed to join the study were
evaluated. The data collection regarding the anatomical
location and type of sports injuries in the last 12 months
occurred with the self-reported morbidity survey (SRMS)
specifically developed for BJJ practitioners (28). For this
SRMS, the athletes received support and help from
research to fill the questions to avoid possible incoherent
answers. Injury was classified as any trauma that occurs
during BJJ training or competition that promoted
impairment in training frequency, form, or intensity.
Injuries that occurred during warm-up or without partic-
ipation of training partners were not considered (28). Pre-
vious studies with CS athletes demonstrated that they could
read, interpret, and comply with these SRMS instruments
with high quality (31,36). After filling the SRMS, the
fighters were conducted individually into the FMS evaluation.
 the TM

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research | www.nsca.com

established literature (8,9) in

which each fighter performed
TABLE 1. Descriptive values of demographic variables from Brazilian jiu-jitsu
athletes (n = 33).* 3 attempts in each of the 7
proposed tests sequentially
Male (n = 26) Female (n = 7) applied. Three global integra-
tion testing bodies (deep
Mean 6 SD Mean 6 SD t p
squat, hurdle step, and in-
Height (m) 1.75 6 0.07 1.61 6 0.06 5.02 ,0.001 line lunge), followed by 2
Body mass (kg) 84.00 6 14.4 58.00 6 6.73 4.61 ,0.001 mobility tests (shoulder
BMI (kg$m22) 27.15 6 4.02 22.43 6 2.40 2.94 0.006 mobility and active straight-
Age (y) 29.34 6 8.14 24.00 6 4.39 1.66 0.107
leg raise), and finally, 2 stabil-
Practice time (y) 5.31 6 4.64 2.41 6 2.46 1.58 0.124
Sessions per week 4.42 6 1.20 3.71 6 1.70 1.26 0.216 ity tests (trunk stability push-
Hours per day (h) 3.15 6 2.37 2.21 6 0.81 1.02 0.316 up and rotary stability) were
Number of SI in last year 3.19 6 2.69 1.42 6 3.77 1.41 0.169 applied.
For each test, the researchers
*BMI = body mass index; SI = sport injuries.
used scores hierarchically
structured from 0 to 3 points,
and the scoring criteria were: 0
report of pain during move-
In the sports environment, FMS was used with colle- ment; 1failed to complete the required pattern of move-
giate athletes from different team sports, such as soccer, ment; 2movement pattern was realized with compensation
football, volleyball, and basketball (7,21), runners (18), imperfect execution; and 3perfect execution of the move-
and in CS athletes, such as MMA (5) and karate (6). In ment pattern without compensation (8,9). Each test admin-
general, the FMS exhibits high reproducibility with an istered used a triplicate system, and the best value of each
intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) greater than 0.8 attempt was recorded, whereas bilateral tests used lower
and reproducibility among evaluators with kappa values score values (10). For 3 tests (shoulder mobility, trunk sta-
ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 (23). In this study, before data bility push-up, and rotary stability), researchers conducted
collection, reproducibility and concordance between clearing tests, which are limiting tests that assess the occur-
evaluators was measured and ensured from the overall rence of pain in the investigated joints, and could have pos-
score analysis in FMS derived from 8 subjects who were itive or negative results (11). Positive results signified pain in
not part of the study sample (ICC = 0.97; F = 38.1, p , the execution, and a zero score was used in its occurrence,
0.001 and Cronbachs alpha = 0.98). The procedures even if the individual could perform the movement pattern
adopted in the following protocols were according to with quality (11).

Figure 1. Relative frequency (%) of the performance concerning Functional Movement Screen tests in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (n = 33).

VOLUME 30 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2016 | 2343

Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
 FMS Performance and Injuries in BJJ Athletes
Figure 2. Functional Movement Screen general score considering the grade level (panel A) and combat profile raise (x2 = 14.4; p = 0.002),
(panel B) of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (n = 33).
Statistical Analyses
Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were con-
ducted, and as measures of centrality and dispersion, mean
and SD are reported. Absolute and relative frequency distri-
butions were used for percentage data, and comparisons
between proportions were conducted with x2 tests. For para-
metric data, which has a normal distribution, a Students t test
for bivariate comparisons was used. For nonparametric dis-
tributions, the Mann-Whitney test was used. Functional
Movement Screen comparisons considering belt graduation
and practice time were performed with 1-way analysis of
variance, and a post hoc Tukey test if necessary. Logistic
regression was conducted to identify the association bet-
ween performance in FMS tests and the history of sports
injuries within the last 12 months. The effect size of differ-
ences (ES) between guard vs pass fighters and between belt
colors was calculated using the equation ES = (ME 2 MC)/
SDC, and values until 0.49 were considered small, between
the
2344 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
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0.5 and 0.79 as medium effect,
and equal to or higher than 0.8
as large (37). The significance
level was set at p , 0.05, and
the analyses were conducted
in SPSS (version 20.0).
RESULTS
A total of 33 subjects (includ-
ing 7 women) were evaluated;
the sample was predominantly
right handed (78.8%). Other
demographic variables are pre-
sented in Table 1. Nine were
white belt practitioners, 13
were blue belts, and 11 were
located between purple and
black. From the tactical point
of view, 19 were considered
guard fighters and 14 were pass
fighters (x2 = 0.76; p = 0.38).
The percentage of the scores
obtained in the different FMS
tests are shown in Figure 1, in
which differences in the pro-
portions of scores for the 7
tests performed can be
observed: deep squat (x2 =
27.0; p , 0.001), hurdle step
(x2 = 31.6; p , 0.001), in-line
lunge (x2 = 23.8; p , 0.001),
shoulder mobility (x2 = 12.7;
p = 0.005), active straight-leg
trunk stability push-up (x2 =
20.2; p , 0.001), and rotary sta-
bility (x2 = 30.9; p , 0.001).
No differences in FMS-GS were found between the sexes.
Men reached 12.7 6 3.4 points, and women reached 13.8 6
2.2 (t = 20.85, p = 0.40). Considering belt graduation, there
was no difference between white belts, blue belts, and
purple-to-black belts (F2,30 = 0.08; p = 0.915, Figure 2, panel
A) for the FMS-GS, and the magnitude of differences was
small between white and blue belts (ES = 0.15), white and
purple-black belts (ES = 0.14), and between blue and purple-
black belts (ES = 0.01). Despite the lack of statistical differ-
ence between guard and pass fighters (t = 1.97, p = 0.05,
Figure 2, panel B), the magnitude of differences was consid-
ered medium (ES = 0.77).
The injury history recorded in the SRMS from the 33
subjects showed that 15 (45.5%) reported not to have been
affected by injuries. Eighteen subjects (54.5%) had injuries,
with no significant differences in the proportions observed
(x2 = 0.27; p = 0.602), whereas 46% did not receive or did not
meet with specialized care and 54% had undergone medical
TM

TABLE 2. Number of episodes of sports injuries in Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners, according to the body site (n = 33).*
All athletes Guard fighter
AF RF AF RF
Head and neck 9 9.68 5 8.33
Torso/thorax 12 12.90 4 6.67
Upper limbs 46 49.46z 33 55.00
Lower limbs 26 27.96 18 30.00
Total 93 100.00 60 100.00
*AF = absolute frequency; RF = relative frequency.
Number of subjects less than the total of injuries, because the same subject could report more than 1 lesion.
zUnequal proportion (x2 = 36.7; p , 0.001).
consultation (x2 = 0.33; p = 0.56). Concerning the injured, 13
had injuries in 3 distinct body segments, whereas 3 others
had 2 different anatomical sites affected and showed 2 inju-
ries in 1 body site. The most common type of injury was
luxation (27.6%), followed by muscle strain (17%), joint sprain
(14.9%), and contusions (12.8%). Injuries involving skin cuts,
tendinitis, and low back pain had a percentage of 19.15%, and
8.55% of injuries had no medical diagnosis.
The pass fighters showed a higher percentage of injuries
on the thorax (24.24%) than did guard fighters (6.67%, p =
0.01), and the upper limbs were their most injured area (x2 =
36.7, p , 0.001; Table 2). It is noteworthy that 79% of injuries
occurred in training and only 21% in competitions, with
statistically different proportions between environments
(x2 = 14.53; p , 0.001). Concerning absence from training
due to injuries, 27.9% of lesions generated an absence of up to
7 days, 37.2% demanded between 8 and 30 days, and 20.9%
required more than 30 days of recovery.
There was a significant association between FMS-GS and
injury history within the last month (x2 = 4.95; p = 0.03).
From this sample, 22 individuals scored 14 points or less in
FMS (of which 15 had injuries within the last 12 months),
whereas 11 scored above 14 points (3 of these experienced an
injury). A logistic regression considering FMS-GS as a pre-
dictor and presence or absence of injury history within the
last 12 months as the dependent variable showed a Wald
coefficient of 4.55, p = 0.03 and Exp (B) = 5.71, indicating
association between FMS performance and injury history
when BJJ fighters scored 14 points or less in FMS-GS.
DISCUSSION
The aim of this study was to investigate the association
between performance in FMS and the presence of sports
injuries in BJJ athletes. Despite the possible reverse causality
implied in this type of observational design, and the absence
of causal relationship of score on the FMS and injury
occurrence, it is emphasized that the main finding of this
study was the observation of a significant association
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the TM
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research | www.nsca.com
Pass fighter Comparison between groups
AF RF Z p Power
4 12.12 20.6 0.1 0.08
8 24.24 22.4 0 0.61
13 39.39 1.44 0.1 0.29
8 24.24 0.59 0.6 0.08
33 100.00
between low scores in FMS (14 points or less) and greater
incidence of reported previous injuries in the last 12 months
in BJJ athletes.
A higher incidence of injury in black belt competitors was
reported in a study conducted during the World BJJ
championship, which involved brown belt practitioners
(24). Additionally, the authors state that the elbows and
knees are more likely to be injured (with 7.5 injuries per
1,000) than the shoulder and ankle joints (with 5.0 per
1,000), which corroborates the findings of this investigation,
particularly concerning guard fighters, who had higher
injury rates reported in the upper limbs. This probably
occurred because the upper limbs is widely attacked in train-
ing, because most of the joint locks are applied at the elbows
and shoulders (13). Guard fighters usually require a high
level of flexibility and strength to apply various techniques,
which require the fighter to push or pull the opponent to
create space or try a submission, respectively (2,12,33).
As CS develop shortening and muscle imbalances, these
characteristics stimulate the fighter to perform compensa-
tory movements with other muscle groups or joint com-
plexes, which would increase the chance of injury because of
these structural commitments. The results of this research
are slightly different from those found in MMA athletes,
which revealed higher incidence of skin lacerations, followed
by nose fractures and hand and eye problems (4). However,
it is important to be aware that submissions and joint lock
techniques are the main technical components in BJJ leading
to the opponents withdrawal, whereas these are the second
cause of victories in MMA combats, after the technical
knockouts (4,13). These results have disagreements from
those in this research, probably because of the nature of
the CS. Even when it comes to CS, MMA has a high degree
of injuries because of traumatic techniques, which are con-
trary to the nature of BJJ rules (2,12).
It is important to highlight that the FMS test has a high
degree of reliability as a predictor of injuries in various
sports or athletic practices (7,21,26). In a recent study,
VOLUME 30 | NUMBER 8 | AUGUST 2016 | 2345
 FMS Performance and Injuries in BJJ Athletes
results were related to scores in FMS with injury probabil-
ities in runners (18), and performances above 14 points
have been considered as protective against injury (5,18).
These values coincide with the results obtained from this
investigation: results were near but predominantly below
14 points, corroborating the high injury rate reported by
our BJJ athletes. However, a previous study (18) related
Deep Squat (DS) and Active Single Leg Raise (ASLR) test
scores with a higher probability of injury, perhaps because
of the greater use of lower limbs demanded by sports like
running. In contrast, isolating the results of the ASLR and
DS tests would not be very significant in BJJ, as the higher
incidence of injuries reported in the literature and in this
study were in the upper limbs. In addition, the recommen-
dation of the FMS guidelines suggests that the screening
should be performed considering the general scores anal-
ysis (through the 7 tests) to have assessment of the overall
condition of the evaluated subject without having to take
the same partial findings (811). In other sports, it has been
observed that a higher risk of injury was associated with an
imbalanced muscle strength profile (15,27), and a progres-
sive resistance training program potentially decreases
shoulder rotator muscle imbalances and, consequently,
the risk of shoulder injuries in athletes (29). However,
more research is required with CS and martial arts,
because this relationship is unclear (32), although judo
athletes with a history of low back pain exhibit deficits in
hip rotation and greater asymmetry between limbs (1).
However, it is noteworthy that this asymmetry is func-
tional, derived from a very high level of specific function,
strength, and control required in CS (1,17,34).
We recognize that the sample size of female BJJ practi-
tioners (n = 7) is smaller than that of the male practitioners (n
= 26) in this study. But, we found no gender differences in the
FMS score, in agreement with a recent study with karate
athletes (6). As for the injury aspects, there is scarce informa-
tion and no differences between sexes with respect to low
back pain (33), but more research in this area is needed.
The study limitation was the utilization of questionnaires to
identify the sports injuries of BJJ practitioners, because this
type of procedure can lead to errors in responses because of
memory bias (36). Future studies should use an observation
process during competitions and training to analyze the rela-
tionship between injury profile and the scores obtained in the
FMS test. However, it is recognized that lesions observed in
competitions are just the tip of the iceberg, and do not rep-
resent what is found in daily practice (14,36). New research
about this topic is needed to further identify relationships
between the injury possibilities and the FMS score to further
direct the training process considering the imbalances and
preventing musculoskeletal injuries (1,32,34).
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Functional Movement Screen does not have technically
proven validity for this specific population; however, it might
the TM
2346 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Copyright National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
be considered a reliable tool to be applied in a systematic
training plan for CS (5,6), including BJJ athletes. Functional
Movement Screen is a screening tool that can be used as part
of a comprehensive assessment, providing utile information
if applied during off-season or preseason. If athletes score
lower performances than 14 points, perhaps they should
consider participation in a complementary conditioning pro-
gram (5). For this, it is recommended that coaches observe
the scores of their athletes (monthly, quarterly, or even semi-
annually) and insert corrective exercises focusing on improv-
ing the weakness of movement patterns that may be found
by the systematic use of this evaluative tool.
Combat sports favor muscle imbalances. However, in BJJ,
the predominance of fighting styles (guarding or passing)
should still be considered, and this implies analysis by
coaches/trainers to suit the identification of the weaknesses
detected by FMS (low scores) linked to their training. Then,
through prophylactic exercises, the movement patterns can
be improved. It is important to be aware that low fitness,
misuse of loads, and weak performance (score 0 to 2 in each
FMS test, resulting in 14 points) could lead the individual to
an injury-worsening condition and, consequently, higher rate
of absence from their training routines.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to confirm that there is no conflict of
interest associated with this publication and that there has
been no financial support for this work that could have
influenced its outcome. The authors thank Prof. Haroldo
Bezerra, Thatiana Campos and Thatiana Oliveira for assist-
ing with the data collection.
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