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 Numerical Control is a system in which
actions are controlled by the direct insertion
of numerical data at some point. The
system must automatically interpret at least
some portion of the data

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 Data is sent to the machine tool by means of
punch cards or tapes. The reader at the
machine performs no calculations or
interpolations.

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A numerical control, or NC, system controls many machine
functions and movements which were traditionally performed by
skilled machinists.
Numerical control developed out of the need to meet the
requirements of high production rates, uniformity and consistent
part quality.
Programmed instructions are converted into output signals which
in turn control machine operations such as spindle speeds, tool
selection, tool movement, and cutting fluid flow.

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 By integrating a computer processor, computer
numerical control, or CNC as it is now known, allows
part machining programs to be edited and stored in the
computer memory as well as permitting diagnostics and
quality control functions during the actual machining.
All CNC machining begins with a part program, which
is a sequential instructions or coded commands that
direct the specific machine functions.
The part program may be manually generated or,
more commonly, generated by computer aided part
programming systems.
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 CNC : Computer and Numeric Control
Conventionally, an operator decides and adjusts various
machines parameters like feed , depth of cut etc
depending on type of job , and controls the slide
movements by hand. In a CNC Machine functions and
slide movements are controlled by motors using
computer programs.

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 NUMERICAL
DATA
(NC CODE)

NUMERICAL
MANUFACTURING CONTROLLER
OPERATOR
Drive Control

PROCESSED
PART

MACHINE UNIT

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All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly
control motion in various directions. Each of these directions of motion is
called an axis. Depending on the machine type there are commonly two to
five axes.
Additionally, a CNC axis may be either a linear axis in which movement is in
a straight line, or a rotary axis with motion following a circular path.

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 Hareesha N G, Dept of Aero Engg, DSCE,
Absolute Coordinate
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System Blore Incremental Coordinate System
12
Each axis consists of a mechanical component, such as a slide that moves, a
servo drive motor that powers the mechanical movement, and a ball screw to
transfer the power from the servo drive motor to the mechanical component.
These components, along with the computer controls that govern them, are
referred to as an axis drive system.

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 Using a vertical mill
machining center as an
example, there are typically
three linear axes of motion.
Each is given an alphabetic
designation or address. The
machine table motion side
to side is called the X axis.
Table movement in and out
is the Y axis, while head
movement up and down
the column is the Z axis.

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 If a rotary table is added to the machine table, then
the fourth axis is designated the b axis.

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The method of accurate work positioning in relation to the cutting tool is called
the rectangular coordinate system. On the vertical mill, the horizontal base line
is designated the X axis, while the vertical base line is designated the Y axis.
The Z axis is at a right angle, perpendicular to both the X and Y axes.

Increments for all base lines are specified in linear measurements, for most
machines the smallest increment is one ten-thousandth of an inch (.0001). If the
machine is graduated in metric the smallest increment is usually one thousandth
of a millimeter (.001mm).

The rectangular coordinate system allows the mathematical plotting of points in

space. These points or locations are called coordinates. The coordinates in turn
relate to the tool center and dictate the tool path through the work.

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Advantages:
High Repeatability and Precision e.g. Aircraft parts
Volume of production is very high
Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined. E.g. Turbines
Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap
More safe, higher productivity, better quality
Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times

Disadvantages:
Costly setup, skilled operators
Computers, programming knowledge required
Maintenance is difficult
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 Lathes for metal and plastics
Used to produce 3D product shapes and moulds
for plastic products.
Milling machine for mould making and surface
milling.
Used to produce dies for
die cutting printed products.

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 Automated version of a manual lathe.
Programmed to change tools automatically.
Used for turning and boring wood, metal and
plastic.

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 Has 3 to 5 axes.
Used for wood, metal and plastic.
Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting
dies, printing plates and signs.

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 Controlled by G and M codes.
These are number values and co-ordinates.
Each number or code is assigned to a
particular operation.
Typed in manually to CAD by machine
operators.
G&M codes are automatically generated by
the computer software.
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 The tool or material moves.
Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
Larger machines have a machine control unit
(MCU) which manages operations.
Movement is controlled by a motors (actuators).
Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
Tool magazines are used to change tools
automatically.

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 Most are made from
high speed steel (HSS),
tungsten carbide or ceramics.
Tools are designed to direct waste away from
the material.
Some tools need coolant such as oil to protect
the tool and work.

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 Tool paths describes the route the cutting tool takes.
Motion can be described as point to point, straight cutting or
contouring.
Speeds are the rate at which the tool operates e.g. rpm.
Feeds are the rate at which the cutting tool and work piece
move in relation to each other.
Feeds and speeds are determined by cutting depth, material
and quality of finish needed. e.g. harder materials need
slower feeds and speeds.
Rouging cuts remove larger amounts of material than finishing
cuts.
Rapid traversing allows the tool or work piece to move rapidly
when no machining isHareesha
taking place.
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 Is a method where a single computer
controls many numerical control machine
tools. These machine tools may or may not
be of a similar nature

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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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 o Reduces time for o Reduces storage
delivery of part problems
Reduces scrap rate of o Less setup time
material o Reduces actual
o Reduces tooling machining time
costs Allows rapid design
o Reduces layout time changes in part Less
o Increases machine jigs and fixtures are
and tool life needed
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 Tool Home

Top
View

1.) X & Y Rapid To Hole Position

Front
View

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Top
View 2.) Z Axis Rapid Move
Just Above Hole
3.) Turn On Coolant

4.) Turn On Spindle

.100
Front
View

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Top
View
5.) Z Axis Feed Move to
Drill Hole

Front
View

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Top
View 6.) Rapid Z Axis Move
Out Of Hole

Front
View

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Top
View 7.) Turn Off Spindle

8.) Turn Off Coolant

9.) X&Y Axis Rapid

Move Home
Front
View

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 Heres The CNC Program! Tool At Home

Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
View N035 M30

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 Tool At Home

Top O0001
O0001
View Number Assigned to this program

Front
View

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 Tool At Home

Top O0001
View N005 G90 S600 M03
N005 Sequence Number
G90 Absolute Programming Mode
S600 Spindle Speed set to 600 RPM
M03 Spindle on in a Clockwise Direction

Front
View

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Top O0001
View N005 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
G00 Rapid Motion
X1.0 X Coordinate 1.0 in. from Zero
Y1.0 Y Coordinate 1.0 in. from Zero

Front
View

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Top O0001
View N005 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 Z.1 M08
Z.1 Z Coordinate .1 in. from Zero
M08 Flood Coolant On

Front
View

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Top O0001
View N005 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
G01 Straight Line Cutting Motion
Z-.75 Z Coordinate -.75 in. from Zero
Front F3.5 Feed Rate set to 3.5 in./min.
View

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Top O0001
View N005 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front G00 Rapid Motion
Z.1 Z Coordinate .1 in. from Zero
View M09 Coolant Off

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 O0001
N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
Top
View N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G91 Incremental Programming Mode
Front G28 Zero Return Command
View X0, Y0, Z0
X,Y,& Z Coordinates at Zero

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Top O0001
View N005 G54 G90 S600 M03
N010 G00 X1.0 Y1.0
N015 G43 H01 Z.1 M08
N020 G01 Z-.75 F3.5
N025 G00 Z.1 M09
Front N030 G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
View N035 M30
M30 End of Program

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 Example: A Milling Operation
NC CODE (Word Address Format) SPINDLE
STOP !
N50 G00 X15 Y12.5 Z0 SPINDLE
N55 M03 STARTED !
N60 G01 Z-2.5 F500 M08
N65 G01 X50
N70 G01 Y45
N75 G01 X15
N80 G01 Y12.5
N85 G00 Z0 M09
N90 M04 Z Y
X
(0,0,0)

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