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AS 1170.4-2007 Structural design actions - Earthquake actions in Australia

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AS 1170.42007

Australian Standard

Structural design actions

Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia


AS 1170.42007
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee BD-006, General Design
Requirements and Loading on Structures. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 22 May 2007.
This Standard was published on 9 October 2007.

The following are represented on Committee BD-006:

Association of Consulting Engineers Australia


Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Steel Institute
Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia
Concrete Masonry Association of Australia
Department of Building and Housing (New Zealand)
Engineers Australia
Housing Industry Association
Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand
James Cook University
Master Builders Australia
New Zealand Heavy Engineering Research Association
Property Council of Australia
Steel Reinforcement Institute of Australia
Swinburne University of Technology
Timber Development Association (NSW)
University of Canterbury New Zealand
University of Melbourne
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University of Newcastle

Additional Interests:

Australian Defence Force Academy


Australia Earthquake Engineering Society
Australian Seismological Centre
Building Research Association of New Zealand
Environmental Systems and Services
Geoscience Australia
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science
New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering
Primary Industries and Resources South Australia
Seismology Research Centre, Australia
University of Adelaide

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04303.

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.

Keeping Standards up-to-date


Australian Standards are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.

Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.

Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to


notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
mail@standards.org.au, or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
AS 1170.42007

Australian Standard

Structural design actions


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Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia

Originated as AS 21211979.
Revised and redesignated as AS 1170.41993.
Second edition 2007.

COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 8349 X
AS 1170.42007 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee BD-006, General Design Requirements and Loading on Structures, to supersede
AS 1170.41993, Minimum design loads on structures, Part 4: Earthquake loads.
After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards
New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian Standard rather than an
Australian/New Zealand Standard.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of structures with earthquake actions
and general detailing requirements for use in the design of structures subject to earthquakes.
This Standard is Part 4 of the 1170 series Structural design actions, which comprises the
following parts, each of which has an accompanying Commentary* published as a
Supplement:
AS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions (this Standard)
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AS/NZS
1170.0 Part 0: General principles
1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions
NZS
1170.5 Part 5: Earthquake actionsNew Zealand
This edition differs from AS 1170.41993 as follows:
(a) Importance factors have been replaced with the annual probability of exceedance, to
enable design to be set by the use of a single performance parameter. Values of
hazard are determined using the return period factor determined from the annual
probability of exceedance and the hazard factor for the site.
(b) Combinations of actions are now given in the BCA and AS/NZS 1170.0.
(c) Clauses on domestic structures have been simplified and moved to an Appendix.
(d) Soil profile descriptors have been replaced with five (5) new site sub-soil classes.
(e) Site factors and the effect of sub-soil conditions have been replaced with spectral
shape factors in the form of response spectra that vary depending on the fundamental
natural period of the structure.
(f) The five (5) earthquake design categories have been simplified to three (3) new
categories simply described as follows:
(i) Ia minimum static check.
(ii) IIstatic analysis.
(iii) IIIdynamic analysis.
(g) The option to allow no analysis or detailing for some structures has been removed
(except for importance level 1 structures).

* The Commentary to this Standard, when published, will be AS 1170.4 Supp 1, Structural design actions
Earthquake actionsCommentary (Supplement to AS 1170.42007).
3 AS 1170.42007

(h) All requirements for the earthquake design categories are collected together in a
single section (Section 5), with reference to the Sections on static and dynamic
analysis.
(i) The 50 m height limitation on ordinary moment-resisting frames has been removed
but dynamic analysis is required above 50 m.
(j) Due to new site sub-soil spectra, adjustments were needed to simple design rules
throughout the Standard. The basic static and dynamic methods have not changed in
this respect.
(k) The equation for base shear has been aligned with international methods.
(l) Structural response factor has been replaced by the combination of structural
performance factor and structural ductility factor (1/R f to S p/) and values modified
for some structure types.
(m) A new method has been introduced for the calculation of the fundamental natural
period of the structure.
(n) The clause on torsion effects has been simplified.
(o) The clause on stability effects has been removed.
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(p) The requirement to design some structures for vertical components of earthquake
action has been removed.
(q) Scaling of results has been removed from the dynamic analysis.
(r) The Section on structural alterations has been removed.
(s) The clauses on parts and components have been simplified.
(t) The informative Appendices have been removed.
The Standard has been drafted to be applicable to the design of structures constructed of
any material or combination thereof. Designers will need to refer to the appropriate material
Standard(s) for guidance on detailing requirements additional to those contained in this
Standard.
This Standard is not equivalent to ISO 3010:2001, Basis for design of structuresSeismic
actions on structures, but is based on equivalent principles. ISO 3010 gives guidance on a
general format and on detail for the drafting of national Standards on seismic actions. The
principles of ISO 3010 have been adopted, including some of the detail, with modifications
for the low seismicity in Australia. The most significant points are as follows*:
(i) ISO 3010 is drafted as a guide for committees preparing Standards on seismic actions.
(ii) Method and notation for presenting the mapped earthquake hazard data has not been
adopted.
(iii) Some notation and definitions have not been adopted.
(iv) Details of the equivalent static method have been aligned.
(v) Principles of the dynamic method have been aligned.
Particular acknowledgment should be given to those organizations listed as additional
interests for their contributions to the drafting of this Standard.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information and guidance.

* When published, the Commentary to this Standard will include additional information on the relationship of
this Standard to ISO 3010:2001.
AS 1170.42007 4

Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be an
integral part of this Standard.
Notes to the text contain information and guidance. They are not an integral part of the
Standard.
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5 AS 1170.42007

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL


1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 6
1.3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 7
1.4 NOTATION AND UNITS........................................................................................... 9
1.5 LEVELS, WEIGHTS AND FORCES OF THE STRUCTURE.................................. 11

SECTION 2 DESIGN PROCEDURE


2.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 15
2.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE ............................................................................................ 15

SECTION 3 SITE HAZARD


3.1 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE (P) AND PROBABILITY
FACTOR (kp)............................................................................................................. 18
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3.2 HAZARD FACTOR (Z) ............................................................................................ 18

SECTION 4 SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS


4.1 DETERMINATION OF SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS.................................................... 27
4.2 CLASS DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................. 28

SECTION 5 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN


5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 30
5.2 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES ................................................................................. 30
5.3 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY I (EDC I)................................................... 31
5.4 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY II (EDC II) ................................................ 31
5.5 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY III (EDC III).............................................. 34

SECTION 6 EQUIVALENT STATIC ANALYSIS


6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 35
6.2 HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCES.................................................. 35
6.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL FORCES.................................... 36
6.4 SPECTRAL SHAPE FACTOR (Ch(T)) ..................................................................... 37
6.5 DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY () AND
STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE FACTOR (Sp) .................................................... 38
6.6 TORSIONAL EFFECTS ........................................................................................... 40
6.7 DRIFT DETERMINATION AND P-DELTA EFFECTS .......................................... 40

SECTION 7 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS


7.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 42
7.2 EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS ...................................................................................... 42
7.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL .................................................................................... 42
7.4 MODAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 43
7.5 DRIFT DETERMINATION AND P-DELTA EFFECTS .......................................... 43

SECTION 8 DESIGN OF PARTS AND COMPONENTS


8.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 44
8.2 METHOD USING DESIGN ACCELERATIONS ..................................................... 46
8.3 SIMPLE METHOD ................................................................................................... 46

APPENDIX A DOMESTIC STRUCTURES (HOUSING) .......................................... 48


AS 1170.42007 6

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
Structural design actions

Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia

SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L

1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out procedures for determining earthquake actions and detailing
requirements for structures and components to be used in the design of structures. It also
includes requirements for domestic structures.
Importance level 1 structures are not required to be designed for earthquake actions.
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The following structures are outside the scope of this Standard:


(a) High-risk structures.
(b) Bridges.
(c) Tanks containing liquids.
(d) Civil structures including dams and bunds.
(e) Offshore structures that are partly or fully immersed.
(f) Soil-retaining structures.
(g) Structures with first mode periods greater than 5 s.
This Standard does not consider the effect on a structure of related earthquake phenomena
such as settlement, slides, subsidence, liquefaction or faulting.
NOTES:
1 For structures in New Zealand, see NZS 1170.5.
2 For earth-retaining structures, see AS 4678.

1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES


The following referenced documents are indispensable to the application of this Standard.
AS
1684 Residential timber-framed construction (all parts)
1720 Timber structures
1720.1 Part 1: Design methods
3600 Concrete structures
3700 Masonry structures
4100 Steel structures
AS/NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.0 Part 0: General principles
1170.1 Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions
1170.3 Part 3: Snow and ice actions
Standards Australia www.standards.org.au
7 AS 1170.42007

1664 Aluminium structures (all parts)


BCA Building Code of Australia
NASH Standard Residential and low-rise steel framing, Part 12005, Design criteria

1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS/NZS 1170.0 and those below
apply. Where the definitions in this Standard differ from those given in AS/NZS 1170.0, for
the purpose of this Standard, those below apply.
1.3.1 Base, structural
Level at which earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure, or the
level at which the structure as a dynamic vibrator is supported (see Figure 1.5(C)).
1.3.2 Bearing wall system
Structural system in which loadbearing walls provide support for all or most of the vertical
loads while shear walls or braced frames provide the horizontal earthquake resistance.
1.3.3 Braced frame
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Two-dimensional structural system composed of an essentially vertical truss (or its


equivalent) where the members are subject primarily to axial forces when resisting
earthquake actions.
1.3.4 Braced frame, concentric
Braced frame in which bracing members are connected at the column-beam joints (see
Table 6.2).
1.3.5 Braced frame, eccentric
Braced frame where at least one end of each brace intersects a beam at a location away
from the column-beam joint (see Table 6.2).
1.3.6 Connection
Mechanical means that provide a load path for actions between structural elements, non-
structural elements and structural and non-structural elements.
1.3.7 Diaphragm
Structural system (usually horizontal) that acts to transmit earthquake actions to the
seismic-force-resisting system.
1.3.8 Domestic structure
Single dwelling or one or more attached dwellings (single occupancy units) complying with
Class 1a or 1b as defined in the Building Code of Australia.
1.3.9 Ductility (of a structure)
Ability of a structure to sustain its load-carrying capacity and dissipate energy when
responding to cyclic displacements in the inelastic range during an earthquake.
1.3.10 Earthquake actions
Inertia-induced actions arising from the response to earthquake of the structure.
1.3.11 Moment-resisting frame
Essentially complete space frame that supports the vertical and horizontal actions by both
flexural and axial resistance of its members and connections.

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia


AS 1170.42007 8

1.3.12 Moment-resisting frame, intermediate


Concrete or steel moment-resisting frame designed and detailed to achieve moderate
structural ductility (see Table 6.2).
1.3.13 Moment-resisting frame, ordinary
Moment-resisting frame with no particular earthquake detailing, specified in the relevant
material standard (see Table 6.2).
1.3.14 Moment-resisting frame, special
Concrete or steel moment-resisting frame designed and detailed to achieve high structural
ductility and where plastic deformation is planned under ultimate actions (see Table 6.2).
1.3.15 Partition
Permanent or relocatable internal dividing wall between floor spaces.
1.3.16 Parts and components
Elements that are
(a) attached to and supported by the structure but are not part of the seismic-force-
resisting system; or
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(b) elements of the seismic-force-resisting system, which can be loaded by an earthquake


in a direction not usually considered in the design of that element.
1.3.17 P-delta effect
Additional induced structural forces that develop as a consequence of the gravity loads
being displaced horizontally.
1.3.18 Seismic-force-resisting system
Part of the structural system that provides resistance to the earthquake forces and effects.
1.3.19 Shear wall
Wall (either loadbearing or non-loadbearing) designed to resist horizontal earthquake forces
acting in the plane of the wall.
1.3.20 Space frame
A three-dimensional structural system composed of interconnected members (other than
loadbearing walls) that is capable of supporting vertical loads, which may also provide
horizontal resistance to earthquake forces.
1.3.21 Storey
Space between levels including the space between the structural base and the level above.
NOTE: Storey i is the storey below the ith level.
1.3.22 Structural performance factor (S p)
Numerical assessment of the additional ability of the total building (structure and other
parts) to survive earthquake motion.
1.3.23 Structural ductility factor ()
Numerical assessment of the ability of a structure to sustain cyclic displacements in the
inelastic range. Its value depends upon the structural form, the ductility of the materials and
structural damping characteristics.
1.3.24 Top (of a structure)
Level of the uppermost principal seismic weight (see Clause 1.5).

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au


9 AS 1170.42007

1.4 NOTATION AND UNITS


Except where specifically noted, this Standard uses SI units of kilograms, metres, seconds,
pascals and newtons (kg, m, s, Pa, N).
Unless stated otherwise, the notation used in this Standard shall have the following
meanings:
ac = component amplification factor
a floor = effective floor acceleration at the height of the component centre of mass
ax = height amplification factor at height h x of the component centre of mass
b = plan dimension of the structure at right angles to the direction of the action, in
metres
C(T) = elastic site hazard spectrum for horizontal loading as a function of period (T)
C(T 1) = value of the elastic site hazard spectrum for the fundamental natural period of
the structure
C d(T) = horizontal design response spectrum as a function of period (T)
C d(T1 ) = horizontal design action coefficient (value of the horizontal design response
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spectrum for the fundamental natural period of the structure)


C h (T) = spectral shape factor as a function of period (T) (dimensionless coefficient)
C h (T1 ) = value of the spectral shape factor for the fundamental natural period of the
structure
C v (T v ) = elastic site hazard spectrum for vertical loading, which may be taken as half
of the elastic site hazard spectrum for horizontal loading (C(T))
C vd (T) = vertical design response spectrum as a function of period (T)
C h (0) = bracketed value of the spectral shape factor for the period of zero seconds
di = horizontal deflection of the centre of mass at level i
d ie = deflection at level i determined by an elastic analysis
d st = design storey drift
E = earthquake actions (see Clause 1.3 and AS/NZS 1170.0)
Eu = earthquake actions for ultimate limit state
= represented by a set of equivalent static forces F i at each level (i) or by
resultant action effects determined using a dynamic analysis
Fc = horizontal design earthquake force on the part or component, in kilonewtons
Fi = horizontal equivalent static design force at the ith level, in kilonewtons
Fj = horizontal equivalent static design force at the jth level, in kilonewtons
Fn = horizontal equivalent static design force at the uppermost seismic mass, in
kilonewtons
Fr = horizontal design racking earthquake force on the part or component, in
kilonewtons
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)
G = permanent action (self-weight or dead load), in kilonewtons
Gi = permanent action (self-weight or dead load) at level i, in kilonewtons
hi = height of level i above the base of the structure, in metres

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AS 1170.42007 10

hn = height from the base of the structure to the uppermost seismic weight or mass,
in metres (see Clause 1.5)
h si = inter-storey height of level i, measured from centre-line to centre-line of floor,
in metres
hx = height at which the component is attached above the structural base of the
structure, in metres
Ic = component importance factor
i, j = levels of the structure under consideration
Ks = factor to account for height of a level in a structure
k = exponent, dependent on the fundamental natural period of the structure (T 1)
kc = factor for determining height amplification factor (a x )
k F,i = seismic force distribution factor for the ith level
kp = probability factor appropriate for the limit state under consideration
kt = factor for determining building period
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mi = seismic mass at each level


N-values = number of blows for standard penetration (Standard Penetration Test)
n = number of levels in a structure
P = annual probability of exceedance
P-delta = second order effects due to amplication of axial loads
Q = imposed action for each occupancy class, in kilonewtons
Qi = imposed action for each occupancy class on the ith level
Rc = component ductility factor
Sp = structural performance factor
T = period of vibration, which varies according to the mode of vibration being
considered
T1 = fundamental natural period of the structure as a whole (translational first
mode natural period)
Tv = period of vibration appropriate to vertical mode of vibration of the structure
V = horizontal equivalent static shear force acting at the base (base shear)
Vi = horizontal equivalent static shear force at the ith level
W = sum of the seismic weight of the building (G + c Q) at the level where
bracing is to be determined and above this level, in kilonewtons
Wc = seismic weight of the part or component, in kilonewtons
Wi = seismic weight of the structure or component at the ith level, in kilonewtons
Wj = seismic weight of the structure or component at level j, in kilonewtons
Wn = seismic weight of the structure or component at the nth level (upper level), in
kilonewtons
Wt = total seismic weight of the building, in kilonewtons

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au


11 AS 1170.42007

Z = earthquake hazard factor which is equivalent to an acceleration coefficient


with an annual probability of exceedance in 1/500, (i.e., a 10% probability of
exceedance in 50 years)
= structural ductility factor ( = mu)
= stability coefficient
c = earthquake imposed action combination factor

1.5 LEVELS, WEIGHTS AND FORCES OF THE STRUCTURE


For the purposes of analysis, the masses of the structure, parts and components are taken as
acting at the levels of the structure (see Figure 1.5(A)).
The seismic weight at a level is determined by summing the weights that would act at that
level, including the weight of the floor plus any items spanning from one level to the next,
e.g., walls, half way to the level above and half way to the level below and adding the
factored imposed actions on that level. This mass is then assumed to act at the height of the
centre of the floor slab (excluding consideration of any beams).
The centre of mass of the uppermost (top) weight (including roofing, structure and any
additional parts and components above and down to half way to the floor below) shall be
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considered to act at the centre of the combined mass (see Figure 1.5(B)). For more
complicated situations, the uppermost seismic weight shall be assessed depending on the
effect on the distribution of forces. Where a concentrated weight exists above the ceiling
level that contributes more than 1/3 of W n , it shall be treated as the top seismic weight and
W n and W n 1 recalculated.
The building height (h n ) is taken as the height of the centre of mass of W n above the base.
Figure 1.5(C) illustrates the structural base for various situations.

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia


AS 1170.42007 12

Uppermost seismic mass


Force F n Level n
Storey n

Force F n - 1 Level n - 1

Force F i + 1 Level i + 1
Storey i + 1

Force F i Level i hn

Storey i h si
h
Force F i - 1 Level i - 1

Force F i Level 1

Storey 1
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Base

Level i + 1

Storey i + 1

Wi Level i
h si Wi
2
Storey i
h si
2 Level i - 1

FIGURE 1.5(A) ILLUSTRATION OF LEVEL, STOREY, WEIGHT AND FORCE

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au


13 AS 1170.42007

Centre of
Plant gravity of W n
Top
Wn

Storey n

hn
Storey n - 1

Base

FIGURE 1.5(B) EXAMPLE OF DETERMINATION OF THE TOP OF THE STRUCTURE


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www.standards.org.au Standards Australia


AS 1170.42007 14

Building height, h n Building height, h n

(a) Base shear reaction (b) Base shear reaction


at ground level below ground level
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Building height, h n Building height, h n

(c) Base shear reaction (d) Base shear reaction


taken as at lowest level at ground level

NOTE: Building height measured from top of slab at relevant level.

FIGURE 1.5(C) EXAMPLES OF DEFINITION OF BUILDING BASE WHERE


EARTHQUAKE MOTIONS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE TRANSMITTED
TO THE STRUCTURE

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au


15 AS 1170.42007

S E C T I ON 2 D E S IG N PRO CE D U RE

2.1 GENERAL
Earthquake actions for use in design (E) shall be appropriate for the type of structure or
element, its intended use, design working life and exposure to earthquake shaking.
The earthquake actions (E u ) determined in accordance with this Standard shall be deemed to
comply with this provision.

2.2 DESIGN PROCEDURE


The design procedure (see Figure 2.2) to be adopted for the design of a structure subject to
this Standard shall
(a) determine the importance level for the structure (AS/NZS 1170.0 and BCA);
(b) determine the probability factor (k p) and the hazard factor (Z) (see Section 3);
(c) determine if the structure complies with the definition for domestic structures
(housing) given in Appendix A and whether it complies with the requirements
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therein;
(d) determine the site sub-soil class (see Section 4);
(e) determine the earthquake design category (EDC) from Table 2.1; and
(f) design the structure in accordance with the requirements for the EDC as set out in
Section 5.
Importance level 1 structures are not required to be designed to this Standard, (i.e., for
earthquake actions), and domestic structures (housing) that comply with the definition
given in Appendix A and with the provisions of Appendix A are deemed to satisfy this
Standard.
All other structures, including parts and components, are required to be designed for
earthquake actions.
NOTE: During an earthquake, motion will be imposed on all parts of any construction. Therefore,
parts of a structure (including non-loadbearing walls, etc.) should be designed for lateral
earthquake forces such as out-of-plane forces.
A higher level of analysis than that specified in Table 2.1 for a particular EDC may be used.
Domestic structures that do not comply with the limits specified in Appendix A shall be
designed as importance level 2 structures.
NOTE: Structures (including housing) that are constructed on a site with a hazard factor Z of 0.3
or greater should be designed in accordance with NZS 1170.5 (see Macquarie Islands, Table 3.2).
For structures sited on sub-soil Class E (except houses in accordance with Appendix A), the
design shall consider the effects of subsidence or differential settlement of the foundation
material under the earthquake actions determined for the structure.
NOTE: Structures, where the structural ductility factor () assumed in design is greater than 3,
should be designed in accordance with NZS 1170.5.
Serviceability limit states are deemed to be satisfied under earthquake actions for
importance levels 1, 2 and 3 structures that are designed in accordance with this Standard
and the appropriate materials design Standards. A special study shall be carried out for
importance level 4 structures to ensure they remain serviceable for immediate use following
the design event for importance level 2 structures.

www.standards.org.au Standards Australia


AS 1170.42007 16

TABLE 2.1
SELECTION OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORIES
Importance (k pZ) for site sub-soil class
level, type of Structure Earthquake
structure height, hn design
(see E e or D e Ce Be Ae (m) category
Clause 2.2)
Not required to
be designed for
1
earthquake
actions
Top of
Refer to
roof
Domestic Appendix A
8.5
structure
(housing) Top of Design as
roof importance
>8.5 level 2
12 I
0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 >12, <50 II
50 III
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2 <50 II
>0.05 to 0.08 >0.08 to 0.12 >0.11 to 0.17 >0.14 to 0.21
50 III
<25 II
>0.08 >0.12 >0.17 >0.21
25 III
<50 II
0.08 0.12 0.17 0.21
50 III
3
<25 II
>0.08 >0.12 >0.17 >0.21
25 III
<12 II
4
12 III
NOTES:
1 Values for kp and Z are given in Section 3. Site sub-soil class are given in Section 4.
2 A higher earthquake design category or procedure may be used in place of that specified.
3 Height (h n ) is defined in Clause 1.5. For domestic structures refer to Appendix A.
4 In addition to the above, a special study is required for importance level 4 structures to demonstrate they
remain serviceable for immediate use following the design event for importance level 2 structures.

Standards Australia www.standards.org.au


17 AS 1170.42007

Structure location and importance level


Annual probability of exceedance (from AS/NZS 1170.0 or BCA)
k p , Z value (Section 3)
1 Determine

Does the structure comply with the definition of Y


Appendix A
domestic structures (Housing) and is h n 8.5
2 Look up
No

Soil class, A, B, C, D or E (Section 4)

3 Determine EDC (Table 2.1)

4 Apply EDC I EDC II EDC III


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Use Clause 5.2 Use Clause 5.2 Use Clause 5.2


Clause 5.3 Clause 5.4 Clause 5.5
Simple static check Static analysis Dynamic analysis
(Section 6) (Section 7)

5 Design parts EDC I EDC II EDC III


and components (Clause 5.3) (Section 8) (Section 8)

FIGURE 2.2 FLOW DIAGRAMDESIGN PROCEDURE

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AS 1170.42007 18

S E C T I ON 3 S IT E H A Z A RD

3.1 ANNUAL PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE (P) AND PROBABILITY


FACTOR (k p)
The probability factor (kp ) for the annual probability of exceedance, appropriate for the
limit state under consideration, shall be obtained from Table 3.1.

TABLE 3.1
PROBABILITY FACTOR (k p)
Annual probability of exceedance Probability factor
P kp
1/2500 1.8
1/2000 1.7
1/1500 1.5
1/1000 1.3
1/800 1.25
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1/500 1.0
1/250 0.75
1/200 0.7
1/100 0.5
1/50 0.35
1/25 0.25
1/20 0.20
NOTE: The annual probability of exceedance in Table 3.1
is taken from the BCA and AS/NZS 1170.0.

3.2 HAZARD FACTOR (Z)


The hazard factor (Z) shall be taken from Table 3.2 or, where the location is not listed, be
determined from Figures 3.2(A) to 3.2(F). A general overview of the hazard factor (Z) for
Australia is shown in Figure 3.2(G).

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19 AS 1170.42007

TABLE 3.2
HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR SPECIFIC AUSTRALIAN LOCATIONS
Location Z Location Z Location Z
Adelaide 0.10 Geraldton 0.09 Port Augusta 0.11
Albany 0.08 Gladstone 0.09 Port Lincoln 0.10
Albury/Wodonga 0.09 Gold Coast 0.05 Port Hedland 0.12
Alice Springs 0.08 Gosford 0.09 Port Macquarie 0.06
Ballarat 0.08 Grafton 0.05 Port Pirie 0.10
Bathurst 0.08 Gippsland 0.10 Robe 0.10
Bendigo 0.09 Goulburn 0.09 Rockhampton 0.08
Brisbane 0.05 Hobart 0.03 Shepparton 0.09
Broome 0.12 Karratha 0.12 Sydney 0.08
Bundaberg 0.11 Katoomba 0.09 Tamworth 0.07
Burnie 0.07 Latrobe Valley 0.10 Taree 0.08
Cairns 0.06 Launceston 0.04 Tennant Creek 0.13
Camden 0.09 Lismore 0.05 Toowoomba 0.06
Canberra 0.08 Lorne 0.10 Townsville 0.07
Carnarvon 0.09 Mackay 0.07 Tweed Heads 0.05
Coffs Harbour 0.05 Maitland 0.10 Uluru 0.08
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Cooma 0.08 Melbourne 0.08 Wagga Wagga 0.09


Dampier 0.12 Mittagong 0.09 Wangaratta 0.09
Darwin 0.09 Morisset 0.10 Whyalla 0.09
Derby 0.09 Newcastle 0.11 Wollongong 0.09
Dubbo 0.08 Noosa 0.08 Woomera 0.08
Esperance 0.09 Orange 0.08 Wyndham 0.09
Geelong 0.10 Perth 0.09 Wyong 0.10
Meckering region Islands
Ballidu 0.15 Meckering 0.20 Christmas Island 0.15
Corrigin 0.14 Northam 0.14 Cocos Islands 0.08
Cunderdin 0.22 Wongan Hills 0.15 Heard Island 0.10
Dowerin 0.20 Wickepin 0.15 Lord Howe Island 0.06
Goomalling 0.16 York 0.14 Macquarie Island 0.60
Kellerberrin 0.14 Norfolk Island 0.08

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AS 1170.42007 20
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance

FIGURE 3.2(A) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTORIA
AND TASMANIA

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21 AS 1170.42007
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance

FIGURE 3.2(B) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR SOUTH AUSTRALIA

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AS 1170.42007

Standards Australia
22

FIGURE 3.2(C) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR WESTERN AUSTRALIA

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23 AS 1170.42007
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Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance

FIGURE 3.2(D) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR SOUTH-WEST OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

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AS 1170.42007 24

Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
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FIGURE 3.2(E) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR NORTHERN TERRITORY

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25 AS 1170.42007

Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance
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FIGURE 3.2(F) HAZARD FACTOR (Z) FOR QUEENSLAND

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AS 1170.42007

Standards Australia
26

Hazard (z)
1 in 500 years annual
probability of exceedance

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FIGURE 3.2(G) HAZARD FACTOR (Z)
27 AS 1170.42007

SECT ION 4 S ITE SU B- SO I L C L ASS

4.1 DETERMINATION OF SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS


4.1.1 General
The site shall be assessed and assigned to the site sub-soil class it most closely resembles.
The site sub-soil classes shall be as defined in Clause 4.2, that is, Classes Ae to E e as
follows:
(a) Class A eStrong rock.
(b) Class B eRock.
(c) Class C eShallow soil.
(d) Class D eDeep or soft soil.
(e) Class Ee Very soft soil.
4.1.2 Hierarchy for site classification methods
Site classification shall be determined using the methods in the following list, in order of
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most preferred to least preferred:


(a) Site periods based on four times the shear-wave travel-time through material from the
surface to underlying rock.
(b) Bore logs, including measurement of geotechnical properties.
(c) Evaluation of site periods from Nakamura ratios or from recorded earthquake
motions.
(d) Bore logs with descriptors but no geotechnical measurements.
(e) Surface geology and estimates of the depth to underlying rock.
Where more than one method has been carried out, the site classification determined by the
most preferred method shall be used.
4.1.3 Evaluation of periods for layered sites
For sites consisting of layers of several types of material, the low-amplitude natural period
of the site may be estimated by summing the contributions to the natural period of each
layer. The contribution of each layer may be estimated by determining the soil type of each
layer, and multiplying the ratio of each layers thickness to the maximum depth of soil for
that soil type (given in Table 4.1) by 0.6 s. In evaluating site periods, material above rock
shall be included in the summation.

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AS 1170.42007 28

TABLE 4.1
MAXIMUM DEPTH LIMITS FOR SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS C
Maximum
Soil type and description Property
depth of soil
Representative undrained Representative
shear strengths SPT N-values
(kPa) (Number) (m)
Cohesive soils Very soft <12.5 0
Soft 12.5 25 20
Firm 25 50 25
Stiff 50 100 40
Very stiff or hard 100 200 60
Cohesionless soils Very loose <6 0
Loose dry 6 10 40
Medium dense 10 30 45
Dense 30 50 55
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Very dense >50 60


Gravels >30 100

4.2 CLASS DEFINITIONS


4.2.1 Class AeStrong rock
Site sub-soil Class A e is defined as strong to extremely strong rock satisfying the following
conditions:
(a) Unconfined compressive strength greater than 50 MPa or an average shear-wave
velocity over the top 30 m greater than 1500 m/s.
(b) Not underlain by materials having a compressive strength less than 18 MPa or an
average shear wave velocity less than 600 m/s.
4.2.2 Class BeRock
Site sub-soil Class Be is defined as rock satisfying the following conditions:
(a) A compressive strength between 1 and 50 MPa inclusive or an average shear-wave
velocity, over the top 30 m, greater than 360 m/s.
(b) Not underlain by materials having a compressive strength less than 0.8 MPa or an
average shear wave velocity less than 300 m/s.
A surface layer of no more than 3 m depth of highly weathered or completely weathered
rock or soil (a material with a compressive strength less than 1 MPa) may be present.
4.2.3 Class CeShallow soil site
Site sub-soil Class Ce is defined as a site that is not Class Ae , Class B e (i.e., not rock site),
or Class Ee site (i.e., not very soft soil site) and either
(a) the low-amplitude natural site period is less than or equal to 0.6 s; or
(b) the depths of soil do not exceed those listed in Table 4.1.
The low-amplitude natural site period may be estimated from
(i) four times the shear-wave travel time from the surface to rock;
(ii) Nakamura ratios;

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29 AS 1170.42007

(iii) recorded earthquake motions; or


(iv) evaluated in accordance with Clause 4.1.3 for sites with layered sub-soil.
Where more than one method is used, the value determined from the most preferred method
given in Clause 4.1.2 shall be adopted.
4.2.4 Class DeDeep or soft soil site
Site sub-soil Class De is defined as a site that is
(a) not Class A e, Class Be (i.e., not rock site) or Class Ee site (i.e., very soft soil site); and
(b) underlain by less than 10 m of soil with an undrained shear-strength less than
12.5 kPa or soil with Standard penetration test (SPT) N-values less than 6; and either
(i) the low-amplitude natural site period is greater than 0.6 s; or
(ii) the depths of soil exceed those listed in Table 4.1,
where the low-amplitude natural site period is estimated in accordance with Clause 4.2.3.
4.2.5 Class EeVery soft soil site
Site sub-soil Class Ee is defined as a site with any one of the following:
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(a) More than 10 m of very soft soil with undrained shear-strength less than 12.5 kPa.
(b) More than 10 m of soil with SPT N-values less than 6.
(c) More than 10 m depth of soil with shear wave velocities of 150 m/s or less.
(d) More than 10 m combined depth of soils with properties as described in Items (a), (b)
and (c) above.

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AS 1170.42007 30

SECT ION 5 EARTHQU AKE DES I GN

5.1 GENERAL
Structures required by Section 2 to be designed for earthquake actions shall be designed in
accordance with the general principles of Clause 5.2, the provisions of the appropriate
earthquake design category (see Clauses 5.3, 5.4 or 5.5) and the requirements of the
applicable material design Standards.

5.2 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES


5.2.1 Seismic-force-resisting system
All structures shall be configured with a seismic-force-resisting system that has a clearly
defined load path, or paths, that will transfer the earthquake actions (both horizontal and
vertical) generated in an earthquake, together with gravity loads, to the supporting
foundation soil.
5.2.2 Tying structure together
All parts of the structure shall be tied together both in the horizontal and the vertical planes
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so that forces generated by an earthquake from all parts of the structure, including structural
and other parts and components, are carried to the foundation.
Footings supported on piles, or caissons, or spread footings that are located in or on soils
with a maximum vertical ultimate bearing value of less than 250 kPa shall be restrained in
any horizontal direction by ties or other means, to limit differential horizontal movement
during an earthquake.
5.2.3 Performance under earthquake deformations
Stiff components (such as concrete, masonry, brick, precast concrete walls or panels or stair
walls, stairs and ramps) shall be
(a) considered to be part of the seismic-force-resisting system and designed accordingly;
or
(b) separated from all structural elements such that no interaction takes place as the
structure undergoes deflections due to the earthquake effects determined in
accordance with this Standard.
All components, including those deliberately designed to be independent of the seismic-
force-resisting system, shall be designed to perform their required function while sustaining
the deformation of the structure resulting from the application of the earthquake forces
determined for each limit state.
Floors shall be
(i) continuous over a series of internal walls at right angles or near right angles; or
(ii) tied to supporting walls at all supported edges.
Provision shall be made for floors to span without collapse if they become dislodged from
edges to which they are not tied.
5.2.4 Walls
Walls shall be anchored to the roof and restrained at all floors that provide horizontal
support for the wall. Walls shall be designed for in-plane and out-of-plane forces.
Out-of-plane forces on walls shall be designed in accordance with Section 8.

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31 AS 1170.42007

5.2.5 Diaphragms
The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm, as determined by analysis, shall not exceed
the permissible deflection of the attached elements. Permissible deflection shall be that
deflection that will permit the attached element to maintain its structural integrity and
continue to support the prescribed forces.

5.3 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY I (EDC I)


This Clause shall not apply to structures of height (h n ) over 12 m.
All structures subject to earthquake design category I (EDC I) shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 5.2 and the requirements of this Clause.
The structure and all parts and components shall be designed for the following equivalent
static forces applied laterally to the centre of mass of the part or component being
considered, or to the centres of mass of the levels of the structure (see Figure 5.2), in
combination with gravity loads (see combination [G, E u , c Q] in AS/NZS 1170.0):
F i = 0.1W i . . . 5.3
where
W i = seismic weight of the structure or component at level i as given in Clause 6.2.2
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Each of the major axes of the structure shall be considered separately.


Vertical earthquake actions and pounding need not be considered, except where vertical
actions apply to parts and components.

F3 W3

Storey 3

F2 W2

Storey 2
F1 W1

Storey 1
Base

FIGURE 5.2 ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY I

5.4 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY II (EDC II)


5.4.1 General
All structures subject to earthquake design category II (EDC II) shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 5.2 and Clauses 5.4.2 to 5.4.6.

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AS 1170.42007 32

5.4.2 Strength and stability provisions


5.4.2.1 General
The structural system shall be designed to resist the most critical action effect arising from
the application of the earthquake actions in any direction.
Except for structure components and footings that participate in resisting horizontal
earthquake forces in both major axes of the structure, this provision shall be deemed to be
satisfied by applying the horizontal force in the direction of each of the major axes of the
structure and considering the effect for each direction separately.
For structure components and footings that participate in resisting horizontal earthquake
forces in both major axes of the structure, the effects of the two directions determined
separately shall be added by taking 100% of the horizontal earthquake forces for one
direction and 30% in the perpendicular direction.
Forces shall be applied at the centre of mass of each floor except where offset from the
centre of mass is required for the consideration of torsion effects (see Clause 6.6).
Connections between components of the structure shall be capable of transmitting an
internal ultimate limit state horizontal action equal to the values calculated using this
section but not less than 5% of the vertical reaction arising from the seismic weight or 5%
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of the seismic weight of the component which ever is the greater.


5.4.2.2 Earthquake forcesEquivalent static method
Earthquake forces shall be calculated using the equivalent static method, in accordance with
Section 6 except where covered by Clause 5.4.2.3.
NOTE: Dynamic analysis, in accordance with Section 7, may be used if desired (see Clause 2.2).
5.4.2.3 Simplified design for structures not exceeding 15 m
Structures not exceeding 15 m tall and structural components within those structures shall
be deemed to meet the requirements of Clause 5.4.2.2 when they have been designed to
resist at the ultimate limit state a minimum horizontal static force given by the following,
applied simultaneously at each level for the given direction in combination with other
actions as specified in AS/NZS 1170.0:
F i = Ks[k pZSp/]W i . . . 5.4
where k p and Z are as given in Section 3 and S p and are given in Clause 6.5
K s = factor to account for floor, as given in Table 5.4
W i = seismic weight of the structure or component at level i

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33 AS 1170.42007

TABLE 5.4
VALUES OF Ks FOR STRUCTURES NOT EXCEEDING 15 m
K s factor
Total
Sub-soil
number of Storey under consideration
class
stories
5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st
Ae 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.5
Be 3.1 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.6
5
Ce 4.4 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.9
De, Ee 6.1 4.9 3.6 2.5 1.2
Ae 2.7 2.0 1.4 0.6
Be 3.5 2.6 1.7 0.9
4
Ce 4.9 3.6 2.5 1.2
De, Ee 5.8 4.4 3.0 1.4
Ae 3.1 2.0 1.0
3 Be 3.9 2.6 1.3
C e, D e, E e 5.5 3.6 1.8
Ae 3.1 1.6
2 Be 3.9 1.9
C e, D e, E e 4.9 2.5
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Ae 2.3
1 Be 3.0
C e, D e, E e 3.6

5.4.3 Vertical earthquake actions


Vertical earthquake actions need not be considered.
NOTE: For parts and components, see Clauses 5.4.6 and 8.1.3.
5.4.4 Drift
The inter-storey drift at the ultimate limit state calculated from the forces determined in
Clause 5.4.2 shall not exceed 1.5% of the storey height for each level (see Clause 6.7.2).
Attachment of cladding and facade panels to the seismic-force-resisting system shall have
sufficient deformation and rotational capacity to accommodate the design storey drift (dst).
This Clause is deemed to be satisfied if the primary seismic force-resisting elements are
structural walls that extend to the base.
5.4.5 Pounding
Structures over 15 m shall be separated from adjacent structures or set back from a building
boundary by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact.
This Clause is deemed to be satisfied if the primary seismic force-resisting elements are
structural walls that extend to the base, or the setback from a boundary is more than 1% of
the structure height.
5.4.6 Parts and components
Non-structural parts and components shall be designed in accordance with Section 8 except
that for importance level 2 and 3 structures not exceeding 15 m, parts and components of
non-brittle construction may be attached using connectors designed for horizontal capacity
of 10% of the seismic weight of the part.

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AS 1170.42007 34

5.5 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN CATEGORY III (EDC III)


5.5.1 General
All structures subject to earthquake design category III (EDC III) shall comply with the
requirements of Clause 5.2 and Clauses 5.5.2 to 5.5.6.
5.5.2 Strength and stability provisions
5.5.2.1 General
The seismic-force-resisting system shall be designed to resist the most critical action effect
arising from the application of the earthquake actions in any direction.
The design shall consider the earthquake loading applied, as specified in Clause 5.4.2.1.
Connections between elements of the structure shall be capable of transmitting an internal
ultimate limit state horizontal action equal to the values calculated using the dynamic
analysis but not less than 5% of the vertical reaction arising from the seismic weight or 5%
of the seismic weight of the component, whichever is the greater.
5.5.2.2 Earthquake forcesDynamic analysis
Earthquake forces shall be calculated using the dynamic analysis method given in Section 7.
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5.5.3 Vertical earthquake actions


Vertical earthquake actions need not be considered.
NOTE: For parts and components, see Clause 8.1.3.
5.5.4 Drift
The inter-storey drift at the ultimate limit state, calculated from the forces determined in
Clause 5.5.2, shall not exceed 1.5% of the storey height for each level (see Clause 6.7.2).
Attachment of cladding and facade panels to the seismic-force-resisting system shall have
sufficient deformation and rotational capacity to accommodate the design storey drift (dst).
5.5.5 Pounding
Structures shall be separated from adjacent structures or set back from a building boundary
by a distance sufficient to avoid damaging contact.
This Clause is deemed to be satisfied when the setback from a boundary is more than 1% of
the structure height.
5.5.6 Parts and components
Non-structural parts and components shall be designed in accordance with Section 8.

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35 AS 1170.42007

SECT ION 6 EQU I VA L E NT STAT IC


ANA L YS I S

6.1 GENERAL
Equivalent static analysis, when used, shall be carried out in accordance with this Section.
The procedure for equivalent static analysis is as follows:
(a) Decide on the form and material of the structure.
(b) Calculate k pZ using Section 3.
(c) Determine T 1, C h (T1), , and other structural properties.
(d) Determine the design action coefficients.
(e) Determine the seismic weight at each level (W i ).
(f) Calculate V using Clause 6.2.
(g) Calculate F i using Clause 6.3.
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(h) Apply the forces to the structure at the eccentricities specified in Clause 6.6.
(i) Take P-delta effects into account as specified in Clause 6.7.

6.2 HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT STATIC FORCES


6.2.1 Earthquake base shear
The set of equivalent static forces in the direction being considered shall be assumed to act
simultaneously at each level of the structure and shall be applied taking into account the
torsion effects as given in Clause 6.6 in combination with other actions as specified in
AS/NZS 1170.0.
The horizontal equivalent static shear force (V) acting at the base of the structure (base
shear) in the direction being considered shall be calculated from the following equations:
V = C d(T1 )W t . . . 6.2(1)
= [C(T 1)S p/]W t . . . 6.2(2)
= [k pZC h (T 1)S p/]W t . . . 6.2(3)
where
C d(T1 ) = horizontal design action coefficient (value of the horizontal design
response spectrum at the fundamental natural period of the structure)
= C(T 1)S p/ . . . 6.2(4)
C(T 1) = value of the elastic site hazard spectrum, determined from Clause 6.4 using
k p appropriate for the structure, Z for the location and the fundamental
natural period of the structure
= k pZC h (T 1) . . . 6.2(5)
C h (T1 ) = value of the spectral shape factor for the fundamental natural period of the
structure, as given in Clause 6.4
Wt = seismic weight of the structure taken as the sum of W i for all levels, as
given in Clause 6.2.2
Sp = structural performance factor, as given in Clause 6.5
= structural ductility factor, as given in Clause 6.5

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AS 1170.42007 36

T1 = fundamental natural period of the structure, as given in Clause 6.2.3


6.2.2 Gravity load
The seismic weight (W i ) at each level shall be as given by the following equation:
W i = G i + cQ i . . . 6.2(6)
where
G i and c Q i are summed between the mid-heights of adjacent storeys
G i = permanent action (self-weight or dead load) at level i, including an allowance
of 0.3 kPa for ice on roofs in alpine regions as given in AS/NZS 1170.3
c = earthquake-imposed action combination factor
= 0.6 for storage applications
= 0.3 for all other applications
Q i = imposed action for each occupancy class on level i (see AS/NZS 1170.1)
NOTE: Seismic mass is the weight divided by acceleration due to gravity (m i = W i /g).
6.2.3 Natural period of the structure
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The fundamental period of the structure as a whole (T 1, fundamental natural translational


period of the structure) in seconds, including all the materials incorporated in the whole
construction, may be determined by a rigorous structural analysis or from the following
equation:
T 1 = 1.25k th n 0.75 for the ultimate limit state . . . 6.2(7)
where
k t = 0.11 for moment-resisting steel frames
= 0.075 for moment-resisting concrete frames
= 0.06 for eccentrically-braced steel frames
= 0.05 for all other structures
h n = height from the base of the structure to the uppermost seismic weight or mass,
in metres
The base shear obtained using the fundamental structure period (T 1) determined by a
rigorous structural analysis shall be not less than 80% of the value obtained with T 1
calculated using the above equation.

6.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HORIZONTAL FORCES


The horizontal equivalent static design force (F i ) at each level (i) shall be obtained as
follows:
F i = k F,i V . . . 6.3(1)
Wi hik Sp
= n k p ZC h (T1 ) W t

(W h )
k . . . 6.3(2)
j j
j =1

where
k F,i = seismic distribution factor for the ith level
W i = seismic weight of the structure at the ith level, in kilonewtons
h i = height of level i above the base of the structure, in metres

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37 AS 1170.42007

k = exponent, dependent on the fundamental natural period of the structure (T 1),


which is taken as
1.0 when T 1 0.5;
2.0 when T 1 2.5; or
linearly interpolated between 1.0 and 2.0 for 0.5 < T 1 < 2.5
n = number of levels in a structure
The horizontal equivalent static earthquake shear force (V i ) at storey i is the sum of all the
horizontal forces at and above the ith level (F i to Fn ).

6.4 SPECTRAL SHAPE FACTOR (C h (T))


The spectral shape factor (C h(T)) shall be as given in Table 6.4 (illustrated in Figure 6.4) for
the appropriate site sub-soil class defined in Section 4.

TABLE 6.4
SPECTRAL SHAPE FACTOR (C h (T))
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Site sub-soil class


Period Ae Be Ce De Ee
(seconds) Strong rock Rock Shallow soil Deep or soft soil Very soft soil
0.0 2.35 (0.8)* 2.94 (1.0)* 3.68 (1.3)* 3.68 (1.1)* 3.68 (1.1)*
0.1 2.35 2.94 3.68 3.68 3.68
0.2 2.35 2.94 3.68 3.68 3.68
0.3 2.35 2.94 3.68 3.68 3.68
0.4 1.76 2.20 3.12 3.68 3.68
0.5 1.41 1.76 2.50 3.68 3.68
0.6 1.17 1.47 2.08 3.30 3.68
0.7 1.01 1.26 1.79 2.83 3.68
0.8 0.88 1.10 1.56 2.48 3.68
0.9 0.78 0.98 1.39 2.20 3.42
1.0 0.70 0.88 1.25 1.98 3.08
1.2 0.59 0.73 1.04 1.65 2.57
1.5 0.47 0.59 0.83 1.32 2.05
1.7 0.37 0.46 0.65 1.03 1.60
2.0 0.26 0.33 0.47 0.74 1.16
2.5 0.17 0.21 0.30 0.48 0.74
3.0 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.51
3.5 0.086 0.11 0.15 0.24 0.38
4.0 0.066 0.083 0.12 0.19 0.29
4.5 0.052 0.065 0.093 0.15 0.23
5.0 0.042 0.053 0.075 0.12 0.18
Equations for spectra
0 < T 0.1 0.8 + 15.5T 1.0 + 19.4T 1.3 + 23.8T 1.1 + 25.8T 1.1 + 25.8T
0.1 < T 1.5 0.704/T but 2.35 0.88/T but 2.94 1.25/T but 3.68 1.98/T but 3.68 3.08/T but 3.68
T > 1.5 1.056/T2 1.32/T2 1.874/T2 2.97/T2 4.62/T2
* Values in brackets correspond to values of spectral shape factor for the modal response spectrum and the
numerical integration time history methods and for use in the method of calculation of forces on parts and
components (see Section 8)

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AS 1170.42007 38

4.00
SPECTRAL ORDINATES (C h (T))
3.50

3.00

Soil Ae
2.50
Soil Be
2.00 Soil Ce
Soil De
1.50 Soil Ee

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

PERIOD IN SECONDS (T)

FIGURE 6.4 NORMALIZED RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR SITE SUB-SOIL CLASS


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6.5 DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY () AND STRUCTURAL


PERFORMANCE FACTOR (S p)
The ductility of the structure () and the structural performance factor (S p) shall be
determined either
(a) in accordance with the appropriate material standard where the data is provided; or
(b) as given in Table 6.5(A) or 6.5(B) for the structure type and material where the data
is not provided,
except that, for a specific structure, it shall be permissible to determine and S p by using a
non-linear static pushover analysis.
NOTES:
1 Where the design is carried out using other than recognized Australian material design
Standards, then the values given in the last row for each material type in Table 6.5A should
be used.
2 Where the design is carried out in accordance with NZS 1170.5, and Sp should be
determined as set out therein.
A lower value that is specified in this Clause or the relevant material standard may be
used. In all cases, the structure shall be detailed to achieve the level of ductility assumed in
the design, in accordance with the applicable material design Standard.

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39 AS 1170.42007

TABLE 6.5(A)
STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY FACTOR () AND STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE FACTOR (S p)BASIC STRUCTURES
Structural
Description Sp S p/ /S p
system
Steel structures
Special moment-resisting frames (fully ductile)* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Intermediate moment-resisting frames (moderately ductile) 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Ordinary moment-resisting frames (limited ductile) 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Moderately ductile concentrically braced frames 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Limited ductile concentrically braced frames 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Fully ductile eccentrically braced frames* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Other steel structures not defined above 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Concrete structures
Special moment-resisting frames (fully ductile)* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Intermediate moment-resisting frames (moderately ductile) 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
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Ordinary moment-resisting frames 2 0.77 0.38 2.6


Ductile coupled walls (fully ductile)* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Ductile partially coupled walls* 4 0.67 0.17 6
Ductile shear walls 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Limited ductile shear walls 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Ordinary moment-resisting frames in combination with a limited
2 0.77 0.38 2.6
ductile shear walls
Other concrete structures not listed above 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Timber structures
Shear walls 3 0.67 0.22 4.5
Braced frames (with ductile connections) 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Moment-resisting frames 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Other wood or gypsum based seismic-force-resisting systems not
2 0.77 0.38 2.6
listed above
Masonry structures
Close-spaced reinforced masonry 2 0.77 0.38 2.6
Wide-spaced reinforced masonry 1.5 0.77 0.5 2
Unreinforced masonry 1.25 0.77 0.62 1.6
Other masonry structures not complying with AS 3700 1.00 0.77 0.77 1.3
* The design of structures with > 3 is outside the scope of this Standard (see Clause 2.2)
These values are taken from AS 3700

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AS 1170.42007 40

TABLE 6.5(B)
STRUCTURAL DUCTILITY FACTOR () AND STRUCTURAL
PERFORMANCE FACTOR (S p)SPECIFIC STRUCTURE TYPES
Type of structure Sp /S p S p/
Tanks, vessels or pressurized spheres on braced or unbraced legs 2 1 2 0.5
Cast-in-place concrete silos and chimneys having walls continuous to
3 1 3 0.33
the foundation
Distributed mass cantilever structures, such as stacks, chimneys, silos
3 1 3 0.33
and skirt-supported vertical vessels
Trussed towers (freestanding or guyed), guyed stacks and chimneys 3 1 3 0.33
Inverted pendulum-type structures 2 1 2 0.5
Cooling towers 3 1 3 0.33
Bins and hoppers on braced or unbraced legs 3 1 3 0.33
Storage racking 3 1 3 0.33
Signs and billboards 3 1 3 0.33
Amusement structures and monuments 2 1 2 0.5
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All other self-supporting structures not otherwise covered 3 1 3 0.33

6.6 TORSIONAL EFFECTS


For each required direction of earthquake action, the earthquake actions, as determined in
Clause 6.3, shall be applied at the position calculated as 0.1b from the nominal centre of
mass, where b is the plan dimension of the structure at right angles to the direction of the
action.
This 0.1b eccentricity shall be applied in the same direction at all levels and orientated to
produce the most adverse torsion moment for the 100% and 30% loads.

6.7 DRIFT DETERMINATION AND P-DELTA EFFECTS


6.7.1 General
Storey drifts, member forces and moments due to P-delta effects shall be determined in
accordance with Clauses 6.7.2 and 6.7.3.
6.7.2 Storey drift determination
Storey drifts shall be assessed for the two major axes of a structure considering horizontal
earthquake forces acting independently, but not simultaneously, in each direction. The
design storey drift (dst) shall be calculated as the difference of the deflections (d i ) at the top
and bottom of the storey under consideration.
The design deflections (d i) shall be determined from the following equations:
d i = d ie /S p . . . 6.7(1)
where
d ie = deflection at the ith level determined by an elastic analysis, carried out using
the horizontal equivalent static earthquake forces (F i ) specified in Clause 6.3,
applied to the structure in accordance with Clause 6.6
Where applicable, the design storey drift (dst) shall be increased to allow for the P-delta
effects as given in Clause 6.7.3.

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41 AS 1170.42007

6.7.3 P-delta effects


6.7.3.1 Stability coefficient
For the inter-storey stability coefficient () calculated for each level, design for P-delta
effects shall be as follows:
(a) For 0.1, P-delta effects need not be considered.
(b) For > 0.2, the structure is potentially unstable and shall be re-designed.
(c) For 0.1 < 0.2, P-delta effects shall be calculated as given in Clause 6.7.3.2,
n n
= d st W j / hsi
F j . . . 6.7(2)
j=i j= i
where
i = level of the structure under consideration
h si = inter-storey height of level i, measured from centre-line to centre-line of the
floors
6.7.3.2 Calculating P-delta effects
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Values of the horizontal earthquake shear forces and moments, the resulting member forces
and moments, and the storey drifts that include the P-delta effects shall be determined by
(a) scaling the equivalent static forces and deflections by the factor (0.9/(1 )), which
is greater than or equal to 1; or
(b) using a second-order analysis.

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AS 1170.42007 42

SECT ION 7 DYNAM I C ANA L YS I S

7.1 GENERAL
Dynamic analysis, when used, shall be carried out in accordance with this Section. The
analysis shall be based on an appropriate ground-motion representation in accordance with
Clause 7.2. The mathematical model used shall be in accordance with Clause 7.3.
The analysis procedure may be either a modal-response-spectrum analysis in accordance
with Clause 7.4 or a time-history analysis in accordance with Clause 7.2(c).
Drift and P-delta effects shall be determined in accordance with Clause 7.5.

7.2 EARTHQUAKE ACTIONS


The earthquake ground motion shall be accounted for by using one of the following:
(a) Horizontal design response spectrum (Cd(T)), including the site hazard spectrum and
the effects of the structural response as follows:
C d(T) = C(T)S p/ . . . 7.2(1)
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= k pZC h (T)Sp/ . . . 7.2(2)


where values are as given in Section 6, except that
T = period of vibration appropriate to the mode of vibration of the structure
being considered
(b) Site-specific design response spectra developed for the specific site, which shall be
based on analyses that consider the soil profile and apply a bedrock ground motion
compatible with the rock spectra given in Clause 6.4.
(c) Ground-motion time histories chosen for the specific site, which shall be
representative of actual earthquake motions. Response spectra from these time
histories, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the site design
spectrum conforming to Item (a) or (b). A dynamic analysis of a structure by the
time-history method involves calculating the response of a structure at each increment
of time when the base is subjected to a specific ground-motion time-history. The
analysis should be based on well-established principles of mechanics using ground-
motion records compatible with the site-specific design response spectra.
Where design includes consideration of vertical earthquake actions, both upwards and
downwards directions shall be considered and the vertical design response spectrum shall
be as follows:
C vd (T) = C v (T v )S p . . . 7.2(3)
= 0.5C(T v )S p
= 0.5k pZC h (T v )S p
where
C v (T v ) = elastic site hazard spectrum for vertical loading for the vertical period of
vibration

7.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL


A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the spatial distribution of the
mass and stiffness of the structure to an extent that is adequate for the calculation of the
significant features of its dynamic response.

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43 AS 1170.42007

7.4 MODAL ANALYSIS


7.4.1 General
A dynamic analysis of a structure by the modal response spectrum method shall use the
peak response of all modes having a significant contribution to the total structural response
as specified in Clause 7.4.2. Peak modal responses shall be calculated using the ordinates of
the appropriate response spectrum curve specified in Clause 7.2(a) or 7.2(b) that
corresponds to the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions shall be combined in
accordance with Clause 7.4.3.
7.4.2 Number of modes
In two-dimensional analysis, sufficient modes shall be included in the analysis to ensure
that at least 90% of the mass of the structure is participating for the direction under
consideration.
In three-dimensional analysis, where structures are modelled so that modes that are not
those of the seismic-force-resisting system are considered, then all modes not part of the
seismic-force-resisting system shall be ignored. Further, all modes with periods less than
5% of the fundamental natural period of the structure (<0.05T1) may be ignored.
7.4.3 Combining modes
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The peak member forces, displacements, horizontal earthquake shear forces and base
reactions for each mode shall be combined by a recognized method.
When modal periods are closely spaced, modal interaction effects shall be considered.
7.4.4 Torsion
7.4.4.1 Three-dimensional dynamic analysis
Three-dimensional dynamic analysis shall take account of torsional effects, including
accidental torsional effects as described in Clause 6.6. Where three-dimensional models are
used for analysis, the effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for, either by
appropriate adjustments in the model, such as adjustment of mass locations, or by
equivalent static procedures, as described in Clause 6.6.
7.4.4.2 Two-dimensional dynamic analysis with static analysis for torsion
For static analysis for torsional effects, applied torsion at each level shall use either the
actions calculated by the equivalent static method or the combined storey earthquake forces
found in a two-dimensional modal response spectrum analysis for translation. The
eccentricity used shall be as required in Clause 6.6. Action effects arising from torsion shall
be combined with the translational action effects by direct summation, with signs chosen to
produce the most adverse combined effects in the resisting members.

7.5 DRIFT DETERMINATION AND P-DELTA EFFECTS


Storey drifts, member forces and moments due to P-delta effects shall be calculated in
accordance with Clause 6.7, using the deflections, forces and moments calculated from the
dynamic analysis.

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AS 1170.42007 44

SECT ION 8 DES IG N O F PARTS AND


COMPONENTS

8.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS


8.1.1 General
Non-structural parts and components and their fastenings, as listed in Clause 8.1.4, shall be
designed for horizontal and vertical earthquake forces as defined in Clauses 8.1.2 and 8.1.3.
Base isolation may be used to reduce the forces on a component. Where flexible mounting
devices (such as spring mountings) are used, they shall be fitted with restraining devices to
limit the horizontal and vertical motions, to inhibit the development of resonance in the
flexible mounting system, and to prevent overturning.
8.1.2 Earthquake actions
Design of parts and components shall be carried out for earthquake actions by one of the
following methods:
(a) Using established principles of structural dynamics.
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(b) Using the general method given in Clause 8.2.


(c) Using the forces determined by the simplified method given in Clause 8.3.
8.1.3 Forces on components
The horizontal earthquake force on any component shall be applied at the centre of gravity
of the component and shall be assumed to act in any horizontal direction. Vertical
earthquake forces on mechanical and electrical components shall be taken as 50% of the
horizontal earthquake force.
Mechanical connectors from the following shall be designed for 1.5 times the design force
for the supported element:
(a) Curtain walls.
(b) External walls.
(c) Walls enclosing stairs, stair shafts, lifts and required exit paths.
8.1.4 Parts and components
The following parts and components and their connections shall be designed in accordance
with this Section:
(a) Architectural components:
(i) Walls that are not part of the seismic-force-resisting system.
(ii) Appendages, including parapets, gables, verandas, awnings, canopies,
chimneys, roofing components (tiles, metal panels) containers and
miscellaneous components.
(iii) Connections (fasteners) for wall attachments, curtain walls, exterior non-
loadbearing walls.
(iv) Partitions.
(v) Floors (including access floor systems, where the weight of the floor system
shall be determined in accordance with Clause 6.2.2).
(vi) Ceilings.

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45 AS 1170.42007

(vii) Architectural equipment including storage racks and library shelves with a
height over 2.0 m.
(b) Mechanical and electrical components:
(i) Smoke control systems.
(ii) Emergency electrical systems (including battery racks).
(iii) Fire and smoke detection systems.
(iv) Fire suppression systems (including sprinklers).
(v) Life safety system components.
(vi) Boilers, furnaces, incinerators, water heaters, and other equipment using
combustible energy sources or high-temperature energy sources, chimneys,
flues, smokestacks, vents and pressure vessels.
(vii) Communication systems (such as cable systems motor control devices,
switchgear, transformers, and unit substations).
(viii) Reciprocating or rotating equipment.
(ix) Utility and service interfaces.
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(x) Anchorage of lift machinery and controllers.


(xi) Lift and hoist components including structural frames providing support for
guide rail brackets, guide rails and brackets, car and counterweight members.
(xii) Escalators.
(xiii) Machinery (manufacturing and process).
(xiv) Lighting fixtures.
(xv) Electrical panel boards and dimmers.
(xvi) Conveyor systems (non-personnel).
(xvii) Ducts and piping distribution systems.
(xviii) Supports for ducts and piping distribution systems, except supports in the
following situations:
(A) In structures classified as being in EDC I.
(B) For gas piping less than 25 mm inside diameter.
(C) For piping in boiler and mechanical rooms less than 32 mm inside
diameter.
(D) For all other piping less than 64 mm inside diameter.
(E) For all electrical conduit less than 64 mm inside diameter.
(F) For all rectangular air-handling ducts less than 0.4 m 2 in cross-sectional
area.
(G) For all round air-handling ducts less than 700 mm in diameter.
(H) For all ducts and piping suspended by individual hangers 300 mm or less
in length from the top of the pipe to the bottom of the support for the
hanger.
(c) All other components similar to those listed in Items (a) and (b).

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AS 1170.42007 46

8.2 METHOD USING DESIGN ACCELERATIONS


Architectural, mechanical and electrical components and their fixings shall be designed for
earthquake actions from the accelerations determined using the design methods given in
Sections 6 and 7, as appropriate for the particular structure in which the component or
fixing is incorporated.
The forces generated on the part or component in the specific structure being considered are
given as follows, based on the principles given in this Standard for design of the structure:
F c = a floor [I cac/Rc]W c 0.5W c . . . 8.2(1)
where
a floor = effective floor acceleration at the level where the component is situated,
calculated from the earthquake actions determined for the structure using
Sections 5, 6 and 7 divided by the seismic weight, but not less than k pZC h(0),
where the values of C h (0) are the bracketed values given in Table 6.1
NOTE: The fundamental natural period of vibration of a completed structure may
be determined by measurement.
Ic = component importance factor, taken as:
= 1.5 for components critical for life safety, which includes parts and
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components required to function immediately following an earthquake, those


critical to containment of hazardous materials, storage racks in public areas
and all parts and components in importance level 4 structures
= 1.0 for all other components
ac = component amplification factor
= 2.5 for flexible spring-type mounting systems for mechanical equipment
(unless detailed dynamic analysis is used to justify lower values)
= 1.0 for all other mounting systems
Rc = component ductility factor
= 1.0 for rigid components with non-ductile or brittle materials or connections
= 2.5 for all other components and parts
Wc = seismic weight of the component, in kilonewtons
For objects mounted on the ground, the acceleration should be taken as follows:
a floor = k p ZC h (0) . . . 8.2(2)
where
C h (0) = bracketed value of the spectral shape factor for the period of zero seconds,
as given in Clause 6.4

8.3 SIMPLE METHOD


Non-structural parts or components and their attachments shall be designed to resist the
horizontal earthquake force determined as follows and applied to the component at its
centre of mass in combination with the gravity load of the element:
F c = [k pZC h (0)]a x [I cac/Rc]W c but > 0.05W c . . . 8.3
where Ic , a c, R c, W c are as given in Clause 8.2; and
kp = probability factor (see Section 3)
Z = hazard factor (see Section 3)

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47 AS 1170.42007

ax = height amplification factor at height h x at which the component is attached,


given as follows:
= (1 + kch x )
k c = 2/h n for h n 12 m
= 0.17 for h n < 12 m
h x = height at which the component is attached above the structural base of
the structure, in metres
h n = total height of the structure above the structural base, in metres
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AS 1170.42007 48

APPENDIX A
DOMESTIC STRUCTURES (HOUSING)
(Normative)

A1 GENERAL
For the purposes of this Appendix, a domestic structure (housing) is a single dwelling or
one or more attached dwellings complying with Class 1a or 1b, as defined in the Building
Code of Australia (as shown in Figure A1).
Domestic structures (housing) exceeding 8.5 m in height (see Figure A1), shall be designed
in accordance with Section 2 for Importance Level 2 structures, using the annual probability
of exceedance specified for housing.

TABLE A1
DESIGN OF DOMESTIC STRUCTURES OF HEIGHT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
8.5 METRES
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Hazard at Provision for lateral Specific deemed


Material type Design required
the kpZ resistance to satisfy limits
0.11 Housing designed and As per the relevant As per the relevant No specific
detailed for lateral wind Standard Standard earthquake design
forces in accordance with required
AS 1684, AS 3600, AS 3700,
Adobe, pressed earth None provided Use Paragraph A2
AS 4100, AS/NZS 1664,
bricks, rammed earth or design as for
AS 1720.1 or NASH
or other earth-wall importance
Standard Part 12005
material not in level 2 (see
accordance with Section 2)
AS 3700
Other materials None provided Use Paragraph A2
or design as for
importance
level 2 (see
Section 2)
>0.11 Housing designed and As per the relevant As per the relevant Use Paragraph A2
detailed for lateral wind Standard Standard or design as for
forces in accordance with importance
AS 1684, AS 3600, AS 3700, level 2 (see
AS 4100, AS/NZS 1664, Section 2)
AS 1720.1 or NASH
Standard Part 12005
This includes any other materials that are not covered by accepted design Standards such as random stone
masonry or hay bale construction

A2 DESIGN AND DETAILING


Domestic structures required to be designed in accordance with this Paragraph shall comply
with the following requirements:
(a) Where the racking forces calculated in this item are greater than those calculated for
wind action, lateral bracing shall be provided in both orthogonal directions,
distributed into at least two walls in each orthogonal direction with a maximum
spacing between walls of 9 m to resist the following forces:

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49 AS 1170.42007

(i) For masonry veneer, reinforced masonry, timber, steel and concrete
structures
F r = 1.4 k p Z W . . . A2(1)
(ii) For unreinforced masonry and other structures
F r = 2.3 k p Z W . . . A2(2)
where
Fr = horizontal design racking earthquake force applied in each orthogonal
direction on the part or component, in kilonewtons
W = sum of the seismic weight of the building (G + 0.3Q) at the level where
bracing is to be determined and above this level (see Figure 1.5(A))
kp = probability factor appropriate for the limit state under consideration
Z = earthquake hazard factor, which is equivalent to an acceleration
coefficient with an annual probability of exceedance of 1/500 (i.e., a
10% probability of exceedance in 50 years)
(b) Walls shall be tied to other walls that they abut and shall be anchored to the roof and
all floors that provide horizontal in-plane and perpendicular to the plane of the wall
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support for the wall, with an anchorage capable of resisting 0.5 kN/m. Walls shall be
checked for stability under out-of-plane lateral loads of Z times the weight of the
wall.
(c) Non-ductile components, such as unreinforced masonry gable ends, chimneys and
parapets shall be restrained to resist a minimum force of 0.1W c , where W c is the
weight of the component. Masonry veneer walls tied to framing in accordance with
AS 3700 are deemed to comply with this Item (c).
NOTE: See AS 3700 for detailing requirements for masonry structures.

FIGURE A1 SECTION GEOMETRY

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AS 1170.42007 50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AS
4678 Earth retaining structures
NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.5 Part 5: Earthquake actionsNew Zealand
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51

NOTES
AS 1170.42007
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AS 1170.42007
52

NOTES
Standards Australia
Standards Australia develops Australian Standards and other documents of public benefit and national interest.
These Standards are developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested
parties are invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth Government,
Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak non-government national standards body. Standards Australia
also supports excellence in design and innovation through the Australian Design Awards.

For further information visit www.standards.org.au


Licensed to Gasco Pty Ltd on 29 Jan 2008. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.

Australian Standards
Committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers and other relevant sectors prepare Australian
Standards. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are a consensus of the views
of representative interests and also take account of comments received from other sources. They reflect the latest
scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept under continuous review after publication and are
updated regularly to take account of changing technology.

International Involvement
Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring the Australian viewpoint is considered in the formulation of
International Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in national Standards. This role is
vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets. Standards Australia represents Australia at both
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

Sales and Distribution


Australian Standards, Handbooks and other documents developed by Standards Australia are printed and
distributed under license by SAI Global Limited.
Licensed to Gasco Pty Ltd on 29 Jan 2008. 1 user personal user licence only. Storage, distribution or use on network prohibited.

For information regarding the development of Standards contact:


Standards Australia Limited
GPO Box 476
Sydney NSW 2001
Phone: 02 9237 6000
Fax: 02 9237 6010
Email: mail@standards.org.au
Internet: www.standards.org.au

For information regarding the sale and distribution of Standards contact:


SAI Global Limited
Phone: 13 12 42
Fax: 1300 65 49 49
Email: sales@sai-global.com

ISBN 0 7337 8349 X

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