new bond and attraction forces between adsorbent
Adsorptions
Adsorption :- The binding and accumulation of
molecules at the surface
Adsorbate :- The substance, accumulates at the
surface
Adsorbent :- the material on the surface of which
the adsorption takes place is called
Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption
In adsorption, the substance is concentrated only at
the surface
while in absorption, the substance is uniformly
distributed throughout the bulk of the solid
SORPTION is used to describe both Both adsorption
and absorption simultaneously
Adsorption in action
(i) If a gas like O2, H2, CO, Cl2, NH3 or SO2 is
taken in a closed vessel containing powdered
charcoal, it is observed that the pressure of the gas
in the enclosed vessel decreases. The gas
molecules concentrate at the surface of the
charcoal, i.e., gases are adsorbed at the surface.
How adsorption take palce
Surface has unbalanced or residual attractive
forces.
These forces of the adsorbent are responsible for
attracting the adsorbate particles on its surface
During adsorption, there is always a decrease in
residual forces of the surface,
Thermodynamics of adsorptions
MUKESH SHARMA
and adsorbate , are formed,hence
H of adsorption is always negative.
When a gas is adsorbed, the freedom of movement
of its molecules become restricted. This leads to
decrease in the entropy of the gas after adsorption,
i.e., S is negative
Adsorption is accompanied by decrease in enthalpy
as well as decrease in entropy of the system.
For a process to be spontaneous, the
thermodynamic requirement is that, at constant
temperature and pressure, G must be negative,
, G = H TS, G can be negative if H has
sufficiently high negative value as TS is positive.
Types of Adsorption
Desorption.
The process of removing an adsorbed substance
from a surface on which it is adsorbed is called
desorption.
Factors affecting adsorption
Effect of adsorbate: The easily liquifiable gases
like NH3, HCl, CO2 etc. are adsorbed to a greater
extent than the permanent gases such as H2 ,O2, N2,
etc.
Effect of surface area [specific area] of the
absorbent: The greater the surface area of the
solid, the greater would be its adsorbing capacity.
Effect of temperature: Physical adsorption
decreases with increase in temperature.
Effect of pressure: An increase in pressure causes
an increase in the magnitude of adsorption of an
adsorbent
DPS JODHPUR
 Adsorption Isotherms :-
Freundlich Isotherm Effect of pressure at constant
temperature
x/m = k.p1/n(n>1)(i) (i) x/m decreases with an increase in temperature.
x/m= extent of adsorbtion
where x is the mass of the gas adsorbed on
mass m of the adsorbent at pressure P, k and n
are constants which depend on the nature of
the adsorbent and the gas at a particular
temperature. The relationship is
log x/m = log k+ 1/n log (ii)
Activationof adsorbent
increasing the surface area of solid adsorbent by
converting into fine powder
To make it more efficient in adsorbing the molecules
Activated charcoal is used in gas masks as it
adsorbs all the toxic gases and vapours and purifies
the air for breathing.
MUKESH SHARMA
Adsorption from Solution Phase
Solids can adsorb solutes from solutions also
When a solution of acetic acid in water is shaken with
charcoal, a part of the acid is adsorbed by the charcoal
and the concentration of the acid decreases in the
solution
(ii) x/m increases with an increase of surface area of the
adsorbent.
(iii) x/m depends on the concentration of the solute in
solution.
(iv) x/m adsorption depends on the nature of the
adsorbent and the
Applications of Adsorption
(i) Production of high vacuum
(ii) Gas masks
(iii) Control of humidity
(iv) Removal of colouring matter from
solutions
(v) Heterogeneous catalysis
(vi) Froth floatation process
(vii) Chromatographic analysis
(ix) Separation of inert gases
DPS JODHPUR
 COLLOIDS
Colloids :-It is a heterogenous mixture with Size of e.g. When metals and their sulphides simply
particles between 1nm to 1000 nm dispersion medium, they dont form colloids.
need stabilizer to preserve them.
Irreversible i.e easy separation but difficult to re
formation .
colloidal solutions of gold,silver, Fe(OH)3, As2S3, etc.
Classification based on type of particles of the
dispersed phase
Solute and solvent are replaced by dispersed phase &
Macromolecular colloids:
dispersion medium
Its not a type of substance but a state of substance the single molecules is large enough to have sizes of
a colloidal particles.e.g,proteins, starch, cellulose
Multimolecular colloids : ,
DISPERSED DISPERSION TYPE OF a large number of atoms or smaller molecules of a
substance aggregate together to form species having
PHASE MEDIUM COLLIDE EXAMPLES size in the colloidal range Consists of
Some colored a gold sol , Sulphur sol consists of particles of S8
glasses and gem sulphur molecules.
Solid Solid Solid Sol stones Associated colloids:-
At low concentrations, behave as normal, strong
Solid Liquid Sol paints , cell fluids
electrolytes solutions But At higher concentrations
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust exhibit colloidal state properties due to the formation
of aggregated particles (micelles)
Cheese, butter,
LiQuid Solid Gel jellies

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk , hair cream

Fog, Mist, Cloud,

Liquid Gas Aerosol insecticide sprays

Pumice Stone,
Gas Solid Solid Sol Foam Rubber

Froth, whipped
Gas Liquid Foam cream, soap lather

Classification based on nature of interaction

Lyophilic colloids (solvent attracting)
Directly formed by on mixing with a suitable liquid
like gum, gelatine rubber etc.).
self-stabilizing
reversible sols
example, gums, gelatin, starch, albumin in water
Lyophobic colloids (solvent hating colloids )
Can not be formed on simply mixing with a suitable
liquid
Critical Micelle Concentration
The formation of micelles takes place only
and above a particular conc. called CMC
formation of micelles takes place only
at a particular temperature called
Kraft temperature (Tk)
Properties of colloids
Brownian movement: Zig- zag movement of colloidal
particles in a colloidal sol (1)

MUKESH SHARMA DPS JODHPUR

 Tyndall effect:When a beam of light is allowed to pass
through a colloidal solution, the path of light is visible
and illuminated due to scattering of light by colloids
Electrical properties of Colloidals
Electrophoresis The movement of colloidal particles
under an applied electric potential is called
electrophoresis
The existence of charge on colloidal particles is
confirmed by electrophoresis experiment
Electroosmosis movement of the dispersion
medium in an electric field.
Theory of charge formation on colloids particles
(i) Due to the dissociation of the surface molecules
C15H31COONa C15H31COO + Na+
Sodium palmitate
(ii) Due to selective adsorption of ions
particles adsorb the ions ..
common with their own lattice ions and
present in excess
e.g colloid of AgI can adsorb either Ag+ or I-
which ever is in excess
Examples of charged colloidal particles
(-)ve collod particles :-Metal sulphides: As2S3, CdS
Metal dispersions : Ag, Au, P
(+)ve colloid particles :- Metal hydroxides: Al(OH)3,
Fe(OH)3 Metal oxide : TiO2
Stability of lyophobic colloidal system
The stability of the lyophobic sols is due to the
presence of charge on colloidal particles. (dispersed
phase) because this charge do not let the particles
come closer and aggregates to settle down to form
ppt
Coagulation or precipitation: it is aggregation of
colloidal particle which leads to settle down as Ppt
If, somehow, the charge is removed, the particles will
come nearer to each other to form aggregates (or
coagulate) and settle down under the force of gravity
Methods of coagulations
MUKESH SHARMA
All methods help in removing or neutralize the charge
from colloidal particle so they can come together and
form Ppt
1) By electrophoresis
(2) By mixing two oppositely charged sols
(3) By addition of electrolytes
(4) By persistent dialysis
The ions carrying the charge opposite to that of sol
neutralise the charge of colloid particles and causes
coagulation of the sol
Hardy schulze rule
Coagulating power of an electrolyte is directly
proportional to the valency of the active ions (ions
causing coagulation).
For example to coagulate negative sol of As2S3,,
Al 3+ > Mg 2+ > Na+
Similarly, to coagulate a positive sol such as Fe(OH)3, :
[Fe(CN)6]4 > PO43 > SO42 > Cl
Coagulation or flocculation value
The number of millimoles of an electrolyte required
to bring about the coagulation of one litre of a
colloidal solution is called its flocculation value.
Coagulation value or flocculating value
1/Coagulating power
Peptization : Process of converting a precipitate into
colloidal particles on adding suitable electrolyte is
known as peptisation
e.g. Fe(OH)3 solution is formed from FeCl3.
Electrol-disintegration (Bredigs arc method)
Preparation of colloid , when alternating
current passed through a metal( gold) electrode ,it
gives Electrical disintegration to form colloids of
metals like gold
Dialysis
It is a Purification method of colloids In this process,
the colloidal particles are separated from the
impurities (mainly electrolytes) by the diffusion
through a porous membrane such as parchment,
collodion, etc.
Electrodialysis
This is a special type of dialysis process, which is
accelerated by the application of a potential
difference across the membrane. So ions
migrate faster than the colloids .
Applications of colloids
1. Rubber plating (2)
DPS JODHPUR
 2. Sewage disposal Answer
3. Smoke screen (i) When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal
solution, then scattering of light is observed. This is known
4. Purification of water as the Tyndall effect. This scattering of light illuminates the
5. Cleaning action of soap path of the beam in the colloidal solution.
6. In medicine (ii) When NaCl is added to ferric oxide sol, it
7. Formation of delta dissociates to give Na+ and Cl- ions. Particles of ferric
8. Photography oxide sol are positively charged. Thus, they get
coagulated in the presence of negatively charged Cl-
9. Artificial rain
ions.
The styptic action of alum and ferric chloride solution is due
(iii) The colloidal particles are charged and carry
to coagulation of blood forming a clot which stops further either a positive or negative charge. The dispersion
bleeding medium carries an equal and opposite charge. This
River water is a colloidal solution of clay. Sea water makes the whole system neutral. Under the influence
contains a number of electrolytes. When river water meets of an electric current, the colloidal particles move
the sea water, the electrolytes present in sea water towards the oppositely charged electrode. When they
coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in its come in contact with the electrode, they lose their
deposition with the formation of delta charge and coagulate.
Dust particles along with water suspended in air scatter 2. A colloidal solution of AgI is prepared by 2
blue light which reaches our eyes and the sky looks blue to different methods as shown: (i) What is the charge of
you AgI colloidal particles in the two test tubes (A) and (B)? (ii)
EMULSION Give reasons for the origin of charge
(i) Oil-in-water emulsions (O/W)
(ii) Water-in-oil emulsion (W/O)
Applications of emulsions
(i) Cleansing action of soaps.
(ii) Milk, which is an important constituent of our diet
an emulsion of fat in water.
ANS (I) AgI/I- , because KI is in excess (B) AgI/Ag+
Digestion of fats in intestine is through emulsification 3 Arrange the following electrolytes will have maximum
Demulsification :-The process of decomposition of an coagulating value for AgI/Ag sol?+

emulsion into its constituent liquids is called (i)Na S(ii) Na PO (iii) Na SO (iv) NaCl
2 3 4 2 4

demulsification. Examples of demulsifiers are 4. Match the items given in Column I and Column II
surfactants, ethylene oxide, etc.
Protective collloids
Covering up of lyophobic particles by lyophilic Column I Column II
particles is known as its protective action and such
(i) Protective colloid (a) FeCl3 + NaOH
colloids are called protective colloids
Protection of lyophobic colloids increase their stability (ii) Liquid liquid colloid (b) Lyophilic colloids
Gold number :- is defined as amount of protective sol
Positively charged
that will prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of a gold
(iii) colloid (c) Emulsion
solution on the addition of 1 ml of 10% NaCl solution.
Smaller the gold number,higher is protective power Negatively charged
IMP Question: (iv) colloid (d) FeCl3 + hot water
1 . Explain what is observed
(i) When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.
(ii) An electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide MUKESH SHARMA DPS JODHPUR
sol.
(iii) Electric current is passed through a colloidal sol? (3)

MUKESH SHARMA DPS JODHPUR

 CATALYSIS 3. Reaction of the adsorbed substances
Catalysts :- . Substances, which increase the rate of a 4. Escape, or desorption, of the products
chemical reaction and themselves remain chemically Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts in biological systems.
and quantitatively unchanged after the reaction Mechanism of enzymes
Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the Step 1: Binding of enzyme to substrate to form an
activation energy activated complex.
Catalysts change the mechanism E + S ES

Catalysts do not change the equilibrium constant Step 2: Decomposition of the activated complex to
Catalysts are not consumed form product
A small quantity of catalyst should be able to affect ES E + S

The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme much like
Heterogeneous catalysis- a key fits into a lock.
the reactants and the catalyst are in Enzyme catalysis is unique in its efficiency and high
different phases. degree of specificity.
catalyst = solid reactants = li quid/gas characteristics are :
(i) Most highly efficient: (ii) Highly specific nature:
(iii) Highly active under optimum temperature:. The
optimum temperature range for enzymatic activity is
298-310K. . (iv) Highly active under optimum pH: which
is between pH values 5-7. (v) Increasing activity in
presence of activators and co-enzymes:

Homogeneous catalysis-
catalyst and reactants are in the same
phase, usually liquid.

Shape- Selective Catalyst Zeolites
The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore
,structure of the catalyst and the size of the reactant and
product molecules
Zeolites are good shape-selective catalysts
because of their honeycomb-like structures
. An important zeolite catalyst used in the petroleum
industry is ZSM-5. It converts alcohols directly into gasoline
(petrol) by dehydrating them to give a mixture of
hydrocarbons.
MECXHANISM OF CATALYSIS

(4)
1. Adsorption and activation of the reactants
2. Migration of the adsorbed reactants on the surface
MUKESH SHARMA DPS JODHPUR