National Water Development Agency

(A Govt. of India Society, Under the Ministry of Water Resources)

Feasibility Report of Ken- Betwa Link Project *

Page
Chapter Description
No
Executive Summary i
Index Map v
Salient Features vi

Chapter - 1 Introduction 1
Chapter - 2 Physical Features 11
Chapter - 3 Interstate Aspects 15
Chapter - 4 Surveys and Investigations 18
Chapter - 5 Hydrology 29
Chapter - 6 Design Features 44
Chapter - 7 Reservoir 60
Chapter - 8 Irrigation Planning 68
Chapter - 9 Command Area Development 85
Construction Programme, Manpower and Plant
Chapter - 10 105
Planning
Chapter - 11 Environmental and Ecological Aspects of the Project 114
Chapter - 12 Cost Estimate 129
Chapter - 13 Financial Aspects 143

Abbreviations 146

* (The Feasibility Report of Ken Betwa Link was circulated in

1996, however, not yet approved by the Technical Advisory
Committee of NWDA.)
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Ken-Betwa link project envisages diversion of surplus waters of Ken

basin to water deficit Betwa basin. The quantity of water proposed to be
diverted from Ken basin, after considering in basin demands and
downstream commitments earmarked for providing irrigation in Madhya
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, is 1020 Mm3. This link canal will provide
irrigation to water short areas of upper Betwa basin of Madhya Pradesh by
way of substitution and also to enroute areas of Madhya Pradesh & Uttar
Pradesh. The command envisaged in the earlier proposed Ken Multi-
purpose Project (KMPP) by Madhya Pradesh State Government is also to
be irrigated from this project. Apart from drinking water facility & enroute
irrigation of 47000 ha in Chhatarpur & Tikamgarh districts of Madhya
Pradesh and Hamirpur & Jhansi districts of Uttar Pradesh, provision for
downstream commitments of 1375 Mm3 for M.P. and 850 Mm3 of water for
U.P. has also been kept.

A dam is proposed on river Ken at Daudhan 2.5 km upstream of existing

Gangau weir. The 75% dependable yield of Ken upto Daudhan site has
been assessed as 6188 Mm3. The net water availability at dam site after
accounting all the upstream requirements is obtained as 3291 Mm3. The
downstream commitments from Ken at Daudhan are 2225 Mm3. Out of
which, 850 Mm3 is provided to Uttar Pradesh and 1375 Mm3 to Madhya
Pradesh as per Interstate agreement of 1981 on river Ken. This 1375 Mm3
will be utilised to irrigate the entire command of KMPP. The surplus water
for diversion at Daudhan is 1020 Mm3. Out of which, 659 Mm3 is
transferred to Betwa river upstream of Parichha weir and 312 Mm3 is
utilised in the enroute command.

The dam proposed at Daudhan is an earthen dam with a side channel

spillway with FRL of 287 m and gross storage capacity of 2775 Mm3. The
maximum height of the dam is 73.80 m. The total length of the side
channel spillway is 326 m. 15 gates of 18 m x 18 m size are provided to
pass the design flood of 45104 cumecs. Two power houses, one (Power
House No.1) at the foot of the dam and other (Power House No.2) at the
end of 2 km long tunnel are proposed. The installed capacities of Power
House No.1 and 2 are 3 x 20 MW and 2 x 6 MW respectively. The Power
House No.1 will be a pumped storage scheme and the pondage between
the existing Gangau weir and Daudhan dam will be utilised to store water
releases from the Power House. This storage will be pumped back by the

i
Francis type reversible turbine of this Power House during off peak
periods.

The total length of the link canal from Ken at Daudhan to its outfall point is
231.45 km including a 2 km long tunnel in its head reaches. The design
discharge of the link canal at its head is 72 cumecs. The canal is designed
as a trapezoidal section with rounded corners and lined for the entire
length. The full supply depth and bed width of the canal at its head are
3.56 m and 12 m respectively with 1 in 10,000 bed slope. The side slopes
of the canal are 1.5 (H): 1 (V). The canal crosses several rivers/streams.
The link canal after traversing about 230.00 km outfalls in an existing
reservoir namely Barwa Sagar from where the diverted water will join
Betwa river through a natural stream in the upstream of Parichha weir.

The Betwa command comprises of four projects namely Barari,

Neemkheda, Richhan and Kesari in the upper reaches of the Betwa basin.
An area of 1.27 lakh ha in the Raisen and Vidisha districts of Madhya
Pradesh will be benefitted by utilising 659 Mm3 of water annually from this
link by way of substitution. This link is also to provide annual irrigation to
47000 ha area enroute in the drought prone Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh
districts of Madhya Pradesh and Hamirpur and Jhansi districts of Uttar
Pradesh. The water use for this command is 312 Mm3. Besides, an area
of 3.23 lakh ha annually under earlier proposed KMPP command (termed
as Ken command in this report) in the Chhatarpur and Panna districts of
Madhya Pradesh will be benefited. The water use in this command is
1375 Mm3, which will be met from releases of Daudhan dam into Ken river
through Power House No.1.

The link will also provide 11.75 Mm3 water for drinking water supply to the
enroute villages of Chhatarpur & Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh
and Hamirpur & Jhansi districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Detailed surveys and investigations of the headworks and the main canal
have been carried out for establishing the feasibility of the project. The
preliminary designs and preparation of cost estimates have been done on
the basis of these surveys and investigations.

Auxiliary and incidental benefits that will occur by the commissioning of this
scheme are of immense value to the people of the area. Ground water will
get supplemented due to increased use of surface water for irrigation. The
scarcity of drinking water in these dry areas will be mitigated considerable.
The afforestation programme could be implemented on canal banks

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resulting in environmental improvement. The communication system will
improve because of canal roads and CD works raising marketing
opportunities. The formation of the reservoirs will help tourism
development, fish and aquaculture, bird sanctuaries etc. Besides, there
will be an increase in employment opportunities during the construction of
project.

Interlinking river development programme, particularly those that include

the development of one or more dams and reservoirs, can produce far-
reaching changes in the environment of the region. Environmental effects,
or changes resulting from project development, may occur upstream, on
site, downstream or along the link project as well as changes in population
distribution and land use in the immediate reservoir area as well as other
zones due to increased development for irrigated agriculture, industry or
other purposes (fisheries, resettlement). Adequately planned such big
projects provide major economic benefits. However, as with many other
developments, there may be direct & indirect adverse environmental &
social effects (costs) as well as beneficial environmental impacts
secondary to the initial project purposes. With careful planning, adverse
effects can be minimized or mitigated, and secondary beneficial effects
enhanced. Net benefits from the link project often will increase when it
become regional development project that integrate irrigation, power
generation and municipal water supply with catchment area management,
conservation, tourism, fisheries and rural development. Thus,
environmental & socio-economic analysis is one of the ways in which
resource development project can be analysed, to identify and minimise
potential resource conflicts/adverse environmental effects, thus enhancing
overall project viability. It was felt necessary to carry out a study to access
the likely effects on various aspects such as agro-economic, socio-
economic and environmental impacts. National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi was engaged by NWDA to carry
out the bench mark survey of the socio & agro-economic conditions
prevailing in the region of the link project.

The total cost of the link project has been estimated as Rs. 1988.74 crore
(1994-95 price level) comprising Rs. 991.07 crore for Main Project (Unit-I:
Head works Rs. 367.92 crore, Unit-II: Canals Rs. 572.44 crore and Unit-III:
Power Rs. 50.72 crore). The cost of canal system is Rs. 554.11 crore for
Ken command (i.e. KMPP) and the estimated cost of four projects is Rs.
443.55 crore for Betwa command. The schedule of construction of the link
project is planned for a period of 9 years including pre-construction year.
The annual benefits accrued from the project are estimated to be in the

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order of Rs. 449.79 crore (1994-95 price level). The rates at April 1994-95
price level have been worked out based on the Unified Schedule of Rates
(USR), April 1991 of Water Resources Department, Govt. of Madhya
Pradesh after considering escalation @ 10% per annum.

The Benefit-Cost ratio for the Ken-Betwa link project as a whole has been
computed based on the corresponding annual costs and annual benefits
from this project, which comes to 1.87. The internal rate of return (I.R.R.)
of the project works out to 13.00%.

iv
v
 Ken-Betwa link project
SALIENT FEATURES

1.0 Name of the project Ken-Betwa link project

2.0 General
2.1 River basin(s)
(a) Name Ken and Betwa river basins
(b) Located in states Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
2.2 Name of
(a) Rivers Ken and Betwa
(b) States Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
(c) Districts
Panna and Chhatarpur of Madhya
(i) Reservoir
Pradesh
(ii) Head works Chhatarpur
Chhatarpur & Tikamgarh of Madhya
(iii) Command area Pradesh and Jhansi & Hamirpur of Uttar
Pradesh
(iv) Power houses Chhatarpur
(d) Tehsils
Bijawar of Chhatarpur district and Panna
(i) Reservoir
of Panna district
(ii) Head works Bijawar of Chhatarpur district
(iii) Power house Bijawar of Chhatarpur district
Chhatarpur & Nowgong of Chhatarpur
district, Jatara & Tikamgarh of Tikamgarh
(iv) Command area
district, and Mahoba of Hamirpur district
and Mauranipur of Jhansi District
(e) Village near the head
Daudhan
works
Distance from
2.3 Access to the project Name
project site
(a) Air port Khajuraho 31 km (by road)
(b) Railway station Satna 110 km (by road)
Chhatarpur- Panna 19 km
(c) Road
State Highway (W.B.M.road)
2.4 Estimated life of the project 100 years

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3.0 Type of the project Multipurpose
3.1 Irrigation
(a) Culturable Command I Enroute command 0.47 lakh ha
Area
ii Ken command 2.41 lakh ha
iii Betwa command 1.02 lakh ha
(b) Annual irrigation I Enroute command 0.47 lakh ha
ii Ken command 3.23 lakh ha
iii Betwa command 1.27 lakh ha
3.2 Power (Generation)
(a) Installed capacity (MW)
I 3x20=60 MW in PH-1 (one unit standby)
ii 2x6=12 MW in PH-2
(b) Firm power 25 MW at 60% load factor
I Annual energy (MKwh) i) Firm 18 Mkwh (Mu)
ii) Total 191.67 Mkwh (Mu)
(d)Cost of Power per Kw Rs. 7,044.83
installed capacity
4.0 Hydrology
4.1 Catchment area upto dam 19,534 Sq Km
site
4.2 Precipitation
4.2.1 In the catchment area Period from 1901 to 1983
(a) Normal 1,174.07 mm (annual)
(b) Maximum 1,662.10 mm (annual)
I Minimum 660.00 mm (annual)
4.2.2 In the command area Period from 1987 to 1991
(a) Average annual 950 mm
(b) Average monsoon 1,100 mm
I Average non-monsoon 20 mm
4.3 Annual yield at Daudhan 6,188 Mm3 at 75% dependability
dam
4.4 Climatic data
4.4.1 (a) Project area
(i) Temperature 44o C (Max.) & 6.7 oC (Min.)
(ii) Humidity 95% in monsoon & 9% in non-monsoon
(iii) Wind speed 16.1 km/hr (Max.) & 1.0 km/hr (Min.)
(b) Command area
(i) Temperature 47.3 oC (Max.) & 4.0 oC (Min.)
(ii) Humidity 95% (Max.) & 9% (Min.)
(iii) Wind speed 4.2 km/hr (Av.)

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4.5 Utilization of water
4.5.1 From Daudhan reservoir
(a) For direct irrigation
(i) In M.P 1,375.00 Mm3
(ii) In U.P. 850.00 Mm3
(b) For irrigation through link canal
(i) In Enroute command 312.00 Mm3
(ii) In Betwa command 659.00 Mm3
(c) For drinking purpose in 11.75 Mm3
the vicinity of link (MP & UP)

(d) Transmission losses 37.25 Mm3

Total 3,245.00 Mm3
4.5.2 Committed utilization in Major (Mm3) Medium Minor (Mm3)
upstream projects (Mm3)
(i) Existing - 42.31 162.54
(ii) Ongoing - - 69.10
(iii) Proposed 1,099.95 402.66 340.09
4.6 Design flood for spillway 45,104 cumec
5.0 Reservoir/ Weir
A Daudhan reservoir
(i) Water levels
(a) F.R.L. 287 m
(b) M.D.D.L. 268 m
(c) Dead storage level 238 m
(ii) Free board 4.0 m
(iii) Wave height 3.01 m (Max.)
(iv) Live storage 2,752.69 Mm3
(v) Capacity at
(a) F.R.L. 2,775 Mm3
(b) M.D.D.L. 1,390 Mm3
(c) D.S.L. 22.31 Mm3
(vi) Accumulated 50 years 100 years
sedimentation after
(a) pto new zero elevation 25.0 Mm3 75.0 Mm3
(b) Above new zero 199.73 Mm3 311.76 Mm3
elevation
(vii) Evaporation losses Av. Annual 152.93 mm
Av. Non-monsoon 165.15 mm
Av. Monsoon 135.89 mm

viii
B Weir at Gangau
(i) Water levels
(a) Storage level 234.90 m
(b) River bed level 219.30 m
(c) Live storage capacity 56.40 Mm3
6.0 Submergence under Daudhan dam
6.1 Land and property submerged
A Area submerged At FRL
(i) Forest area 6,400 ha
(ii) Culturable area 2,171 ha
(iii) Unculturable area 79 ha
Total 8,650 ha
B Property affected at FRL
(a) Village affected 10 Nos.
(a) Building/houses 750 Nos.
(c) Wells 50 Nos.
(d) Road/rails (Km) No major roads and railway lines
6.2 Number of families affected 900 (approx.)
6.3 Number of persons affected 8,550 (approx.) (The detailed study on
survey and investigation for rehabilitation
& resettlement of families would be
carried out and incorporated at the time of
preparation of the detailed project report.)
7.0 Head works
7.1 Dam
7.1.1 Earth/ rock fill dam
(a) Type of dam Earthfill
(b) Length of the dam at top
(i) Right flank 1,224 m
(ii) Left flank 244 m
(c) Top width 8m
(d) Maximum height above(foundation level)
(i) Right flank 73.80 m
(ii) Left flank 19.95 m

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7.2 Masonry/concrete dam
(a) Type of dam Concrete
(b) Elevation at top 291.0 m
(c) Elevation of deepest 232.0 m
foundation
(d) Length at top 247.0 m (considering both sides of
spillway)
(e) Width at the top 8m
(f) Maximum height above 55 m
foundation
7.3 Spillway
(a) Type of spillway Side channel
(b) M.W.L. 288 m
(c) Length 326 m
(d) Max. height above 28 m
deepest foundation
(e) Crest level 269 m
(f) No. of gates 15 nos.
(g) Type of gates Radial
(h) Size of gates 18 m x 18 m
(i) Design discharge 44,000 cumecs
(j) Tail water level 234.75 m
(k) Type of energy Ski-jump bucket type device
dissipation
8.0 Canal system
8.1 Canal system
(a) Purpose of the canal Irrigation
(b) Type of flow Gravity flow
(c) Type of lining P.C.C.
(d) Length of the main canal 231.45 km (including 2 km long tunnel)
(e) FSL at head 259.0 m
(f) FSL at end 220.62 m
(g) Bed width at head 12 m
(h) Side slope 1.5:1
(i) Bed slope 1:10,000
(j) Discharge capacity 72 cumecs upto 134 km , 62 cumecs from
134 km to 195 km& 57 cumecs from 195
km to terminal point at Barwa Sagar
(k) Total number of canal 59
structures on main canal
(l) Total assumed head 6.725 m
losses across the
structure

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 (m) Gross command area 51,500 ha
(n)Culturable command area 47,000 ha
(o) Annual irrigation 47,000 ha Enroute & 1.27 lakh Ha. In
Betwa command
8.2 Branch canals
(a) Number 28 Nos.
(b) Total length 140 km
9.0 Power (Components)
9.1 Surge shaft
(a) Type Simple
(b) Size 23.5 m dia
(c) Height above 32.55 m
Foundation level
(d) Elevation at top 292.552 m
(e) Capacity 3,92,869 Mm3
(f) Surge level Max. 291.052 m, Min. 282.928 m
9.2 Penstocks for PH-1 for PH-2
(a) Number 3 2
(b) Diameter 4.0 m 3.7 m
(c) Length 33.0 m 19.0 m
9.3 Power house
(a) Type Underground for PH-1 and surface for PH-
2
(b) Head PH-1 PH-2
Max.=52.25 m Max.=28.00 m
Min.=33.25 m Min. = 9.00 m
(c) Dimension 33m x 18 m 19m x 12.5 m
(d) Installed capacity 3x20 MW 2x6 MW
(e) Turbines
(i) Types Francis vertical Francis Verti cal
shaft (reversible) shaft
(ii) Number 3 2
(iii) Capacity (H.P.) 26,820 8,046
(f) Number of standby units 1x20 MW (Power House-1)
(g) Cost of power Rs. 5,071.86 lakh
component

xi
9.4 Tailrace
(a) Type
(b) Water level
(c) Size of draft tube gate
9.5 Cost (1994-95 price level)
Cost of K-B link project
Unit I Head Works
Unit II Canals(Link and
Enroute command)
Unit III Power
Sub-total
(b) Ken command : Canal
system
(c) Betwa command : Upper
Betwa projects
Total cost
(d) B.C. Ratio for the K-B
link project as a whole
(e) Internal rate of return
(f) Cost of irrigation
(g) Cost of generation of
power
PH-1 PH-2
a tail race tunnel, a channel leading
which outfalls in the to K-B link canal
pool between the
existing Gangau
weir and proposed
Daudhan dam
Max. - 235 m Max. - 259 m
Min. - 225 m Min. - 255.4 m
2.5m x 8.2 m 2.1 m x 7.0 m
Rs. 36,791.63 lakh
Rs. 57,243.77 lakh
Rs. 5,071.86 lakh
Rs.99,107.26 lakh
Rs.55,411.32 lakh
Rs.44,355.50 lakh
Rs.1,98,874.08 lakh
1.87
13.00%
Rs. 40,000 per ha
54 Paise per Kwh
xii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
This report deals with the feasibility studies of Ken-Betwa link after carrying
out detailed survey and investigations. It is proposed to divert the surplus
waters of river Ken at Daudhan (2.5 km upstream of existing Gangau weir)
through Ken-Betwa link canal to river Betwa for meeting water
requirements in the water deficit Betwa basin. The purpose of carrying out
this study is to establish the techno-economic viability of the project after
considering the water requirements in the donor and acceptor basins. This
study is a part of long term planning of water resources development
including transfer of water from surplus to deficit regions. The National
Water Policy, adopted by the Government of India in 1987, emphasized
the need for inter basin transfer of water. It states water should be made
available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including
transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective,
after taking into account the requirements of the areas/basins. The
National Perspective is described briefly in the following paragraphs.

1.2 National perspectives for water resources development

The erstwhile Union Ministry of Irrigation (now Ministry of Water
Resources) and the Central Water Commission in the year 1980
formulated the National Perspectives for Water Resources Development,
which comprises two main components, viz. Himalayan Rivers
Development and Peninsular Rivers Development. Himalayan Rivers
Development envisages construction of storage reservoirs on the main
Ganga and the Brahmaputra and their principal tributaries in India and
Nepal alongwith inter-linking canal systems to transfer surplus flows of the
eastern tributaries of the Ganga to the West apart from linking of the main
Brahmaputra with the Ganga. Peninsular Rivers Development of the
National Perspectives Plan includes interlinking of major rivers flowing in
the Peninsular India including the southern tributaries of Yamuna. The
major parts of this component are (I) interlinking of Mahanadi-Godavari-
Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery, (ii) interlinking of west flowing rivers, north of
Bombay and south of Tapi, (iii) interlinking of Ken with Chambal and (iv)
diversion of west flowing rivers. The interlinking of these rivers will
envisage construction of storage reservoirs at potential sites and canal
systems for transferring the waters from surplus to deficit basins/areas.
The canals will also include tunnels and lifts, wherever necessary.

1
1.3 Aims of the project and description of works
The main aim of the Ken-Betwa link project is to make available water to
water deficit areas of Upper Betwa sub basin from the surplus waters of
Ken basin. A preliminary water balance study of the Ken river upto
Greater Gangau dam site was carried out by NWDA, which indicated that
surplus waters are available in the Ken basin. Accordingly a preliminary
feasibility study for diverting surplus waters of Ken to water short areas of
Betwa basin was carried out to ascertain whether the proposal was
feasible. It was found that the proposal is techno-economically viable.
The proposal included construction of a dam across the Ken river
upstream of the existing Gangau Weir, for storing and transferring of the
waters through a link canal from Ken river to Betwa river. The quantity of
water proposed to be diverted from Ken basin, after considering inbasin
demands and downstream commitments (viz. 1375 Mm3 for Madhya
Pradesh and 850 Mm3 for Uttar Pradesh), is 1020 Mm3.

The proposed Ken-Betwa link project envisages the following works:

i. A dam at the Daudhan on Ken river 2.5 km upstream of the existing
Gangau weir with FRL of 287.0 m and gross storage capacity of
2775 Mm3.

ii. A 2 km long tunnel followed by about 230 km long link canal for
transferring 1020 Mm3 of water from Ken river. Out of 1020 Mm3,
659 Mm3 (after meeting enroute irrigation requirements) will be
released into Betwa river upstream of Parichha weir by utilising the
existing Barwa Sagar as terminal reservoir. The link canal will
offtake from the tail race of Power House No.2 with FSL at 259.0 m.

iii. Two power houses, one at the foot of the dam and other at the end
of 2 km long tunnel. The installed capacities of powerhouse No.1
and powerhouse No.2 are 3X20 MW and 2X6 MW respectively.

iv. The existing outlet (i.e. waste weir on the extreme right side) of
Barwa Sagar shall be used to drop the link canal water into Betwa,
through Barwa river.

v. Diversion of 659 Mm3 of water to Betwa basin upstream of Parichha

weir will be utilised by way of substitution to provide annual irrigation
to 1.27 lakh ha (CCA 1.02 lakh ha) of drought prone areas of Upper
Betwa sub-basin. This irrigation will be provided through four
projects identified by the Water Resources Department, Govt. of

2
 Madhya Pradesh namely Barari, Richhan, Neemkheda and Kesari.
This command is termed as Betwa command in this report.

vi. Annual irrigation to an area of 47000 ha enroute of the K-B link,

where the level of irrigation is less than 30% of the Culturable area.

vii. Annual irrigation to an area of 3.23 lakh ha (C.C.A. 2.41 lakh ha) as
envisaged under Ken Multi-purpose Project earlier proposed by
Madhya Pradesh State Government. This command is termed as
Ken command in this report.

viii. A provision of 11.75 Mm3 for drinking water supply to the villages
and towns enroute of the link canal. This would cater to the needs
of about 3.3 lakh people at a rate of consumption of 100 lpcd.

1.4 Location of the project

The project area is located in the Panna and Chhatarpur districts of
Madhya Pradesh. The dam site is situated in Chhatarpur district near
Daudhan village about 2.5 km upstream of the age-old Gangau weir. The
Power House No. 1 is located at the foot of the dam on the left bank of Ken
river whereas the Power House No. 2 is located at the end of a 2 km long
tunnel on the right bank of Pukhraha nalla. The link canal runs through
Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh and part of Jhansi
and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh.

1.5 Accessibility
The project area is approachable by road from Chhatarpur-Panna state
highway. It is about 19 km (WBM road) towards south-west of this road.
The dam site is approachable by a dry weather motorable road about 5 km
from the Irrigation Inspection bungalow at Gangau. The project site is also
approachable by rail upto Satna railway station, which is about 110 km by
road towards Chhatarpur. Khajuraho is the nearest airport, which is 31 km
away from the dam site.

1.6 Climate
The climate of the project area is semi-arid to dry sub-humid. It is
generally tolerable except during the months of January, May and June.
The air being mostly dry except during south west monsoon season.
Summer is hot and winter is generally mild. About 90% of the annual
rainfall is received during the monsoon period i.e. from June to October.

3
The average maximum and minimum temperatures are 44.20C and 6.70C
respectively.

1.7 Topography, physiography and geology

The upper reaches of Ken river are flanked by undulating plateau with
sandstone, shale and limestone. Down below, recent alluvium engrosses
the river upto the Gangau dam. The stratigraphy of rock formations found
in the region is mostly alluvial soil, Deccan traps, Lameta beds and
Vindhyan system.

1.8 Population
a) Affected and benefited
Due to creation of Daudhan dam and reservoir about 900 families having a
total population of approximately 8550 persons will be affected from 10
villages. Classification of the population in the submerged area is given in
the Table 7.4 under chapter-7 Reservoir. A few clusters of population in
some peripheral villages around the reservoir will also be affected as lands
of these villages may come under submergence. The alignment of the link
canal does not affect any population.

The direct irrigation benefits from this project will be to 47000 ha enroute
area of the link and 3.23 lakh ha in the Ken command (as per the earlier
proposed Ken Multi-purpose Project of Madhya Pradesh Government).
This will cover a large population of about 150 villages enroute in
Chhatarpur and Jatara tehsils in Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh
and Mahoba and Mauranipur tehsils in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh and
also Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh under Ken
command.

The indirect benefits from this project will be irrigation to the drought prone
areas of Raisen and Vidisha districts of Madhya Pradesh State through
four identified projects namely Barari barrage, Neemkheda, Richhan and
Kesari dams, which otherwise are infeasible due to water deficiency in the
Betwa basin. Therefore, transfer of the surplus water from Ken to Betwa
will also facilitate to irrigate 1.27 lakh ha areas annually through these
projects, which in turn shall economically benefit a large population
residing there.

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 b) Occupation

i. Agriculture: About 15 to 20% of the people to be affected in the

submergence are having agriculture as their occupation. Also, most of
the people to be benefited in the command area are dependent on
agriculture, either cultivating their own lands or working as labourers in
agriculture fields.

ii. Other than agriculture: The majority of the population in the

submergence area is dependent on forest products as the reservoir
area is covered mostly by forests. A few of them are either agricultural
or industrial workers.

1.9 Natural resources

Forests are the main source of natural resources of the Daudhan reservoir
area. About 74 percent of the submerged area comes under forests.
Parts of these forests are reserved and a part on the north and south
banks of Ken river is under Panna National Park. The area of the national
park under submergence is about 45 Sqkm. Almost all the forests are
dense and mixed jungles comprising deciduous, a few evergreen to semi-
evergreen and a few xerophytic to semi-xerophytic types of species.
Some of the important species are Teak, Salai, Ber, Bad, Khair, Babul,
Amla, Tendu, Sheesam, Neem, Mahua, Palas, Beja, Haldu, Kari, Ghont,
Kullu etc. Some of the species of mammals are also reported to be in
these forests, which are Tiger, Panther, Cheeta, Jungle Cat, Wolf, Jackal,
Sloth or Indian Bear, Sambhar, Langur etc.

Extensive geological survey made by the Madhya Pradesh State Geology

and Mining Department reveals that large quantities of limestone occur in
the project area. These areas are highly siliceous and magnesious and do
not fetch much economic value. No other valued mineral mines are found
in the project area. The Panna diamond mine is nearby the project area
but does not fall in the jurisdiction of the proposed project boundary.

1.10 Land use and socio-economic aspects

On the basis of the statistics available for the year 1991-92, it is seen that
the area under non-agricultural uses in the enroute command is 6.45%.
The net sown area is 60.23% and the area sown more than once under
miscellaneous crops is 0.16%. Thus the gross cropped area works out to
60.4%. Details of the land use aspects are described in the Chapter-5
Hydrology of this report. Moreover, a comprehensive study of agro-

5
economic and socio-economic aspects of this project has been carried out
by the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi and
their findings are presented in brief in the para 9.5 of the Chapter-9 of
this report.

1.11 History of the project

(a) Earlier proposals
The Government of Madhya Pradesh formulated proposals for Ken Multi-
purpose project (KMPP) on the Ken river which is also known as Greater
Gangau dam and accordingly a detailed project report (1982) had been
prepared. As per the report, the project envisaged construction of a dam
across the Ken river about 210 m downstream of the existing Gangau weir.
The proposed FRL of the Greater Gangau dam was 278.89 m and
corresponding live storage was 2062 Mm3. This project was expected to
provide annual irrigation to 3.23 lakh ha in Chhatarpur and Laundi tehsils
of Chhatarpur district and Ajaigarh tehsil of Panna district. In this proposal
hydro power generation was also envisaged through construction of two
power houses, one (PH-1) at the foot of the dam and the other (PH-2) on
the left bank of Ken river at 630 m downstream from the first power house.
The installed capacities of the power houses were proposed as 2 x 15 MW
for PH No.1 and 2 x 10 MW for PH No.2.

As per the studies carried out by National Water Development Agency

(NWDA) in the context of the Ken-Betwa link, it was proposed earlier that
the above said Greater Gangau reservoir would be utilised as the head
works for the link. For this purpose, the reservoir at Greater Gangau was
planned with FRL of 284.2 m with live storage capacity of 2544 Mm3, keeping
the other features similar as per the KMPP of Madhya Pradesh State
Government. The Ken-Betwa link was proposed to offtake from the tail race of
the power houses No.1 with FSL 245.5 m to transfer (1100 Mm3) surplus
waters of Ken basin to water short Betwa basin. Accordingly the preliminary
feasibility report on K-B link was prepared in 1990 by NWDA and circulated to all
the concerned basin states. Based on the comments received and discussions
held in the TAC and with basin states, these proposals were further studied and
reviewed whereby it was opted to provide link canal alignment to offtake at
F.S.L. 260.0 m as against the earlier proposed F.S.L. 245.5 m. This is mainly to
serve the command area at higher elevations where the present level of
irrigation is seen to be low. Also it is seen that by the construction of Greater
Gangau dam, the existing Gangau weir, which has been functioning well since
1915, will be submerged. It was, therefore, felt better to locate the dam

6
upstream of this weir with possibility of utilising the arrangement for generation of
hydropower as a pumped storage scheme.

(b) Present proposals

Keeping in view of the above mentioned suggestions, it is decided to realign K-
B link canal with higher offtake level. To ascertain the potential reservoir sites on
Ken river, toposheet studies of Ken basin were carried out in the upper reaches
of Greater Gangau dam site. Three reservoir sites are identified viz. Jhalar
reservoir (C.A. 18205 Sqkm), Ghari Ghat reservoir (C.A. 18055 Sqkm) and
Daudhan reservoir (C.A. 19534 Sqkm). These sites are identified on the
downstream side of the confluence of Sonar and Bearma tributaries with Ken
with the obvious advantage of having adequate yield for the proposed irrigation
in Ken basin as planned, as well as transfer of the requisite quantity of water
through the link canal. Several parameters like submergence area, capacity of
the reservoir at different elevations, number of villages affected, forest and
culturable areas under submergence etc. are studied and finally Daudhan dam
site has been found suitable, which is located near Daudhan village at 2.5 km
upstream of Gangau weir. The catchment area at Daudhan site is 19534
Sqkm, which is only 0.16% less than that at Greater Gangau. Therefore, the
annual yield at Greater Gangau has been taken as valid at Daudhan site also.

The FRL of Daudhan dam site has been proposed as 287.0 m and the
corresponding gross storage capacity will be 2775 Mm3. While keeping
the general operational features of the State KMPP proposal more or less
the same, the power generation is proposal is slightly modified as under.
One power house will utilize the irrigation releases from the reservoir at the
tail race water level at 234.75 m. This power house is proposed to function
as a pumped storage power plant i.e. the water released will be further
picked up by Gangau weir, which can be pumped back to generate
additional power during peak period. The other power house is planned at
right bank of Pukhraha Nalla, 2 km away from the dam with a tail water
level 259 m from where Ken-Betwa link canal offtakes. The other details of
the proposal are already discussed in Para 1.3. It can be seen that this
site is more preferable to the Greater Gangau dam site because: (i) it
would not submerge the existing Gangau weir, (ii) it would provide enroute
irrigation to higher level command area along the link canal alignment and
(iii) additional power generation by pumped storage scheme during peak period.

7
1.12 Interlinking of the proposed project with other existing and
future projects

As mentioned in the para-1.1, with the transfer of water from Ken river to
Betwa river, four identified irrigation projects in the upper reaches of Betwa
basin can be taken up. Otherwise these projects can not be implemented
due to shortage of water in Betwa basin. Moreover, there are numerous
existing ponds (also called Tals) and reservoirs falling in the vicinity of
231.45 km long link canal, some of which can either be fed and/or water
can be picked up from them in case of emergency.

Although no detailed study has been taken up on this aspect, however, on

the basis of the toposheet studies and the proposed alignment of K-B link
canal, the following tals (or ponds) can be considered:

Name of Tal Tehsil/district

A Tals where K-B link water can be used
1 Bhitar tal Maharajpur/Chhatarpur
2 Motisagar Issanagar/Chhatarpur
3 Issanagar tal Issanagar/Chhatarpur
4 Ramnagar tal Palera/Tikamgarh
5 Kamla Sagar Mauranipur/Jhansi
6 Sidh Sagar Mauranipur/Jhansi
7 Barua Sagar Jhansi/Jhansi

B Tals from where water can be picked up:

1 Sareri tal Nowgong/Chhatarpur
2 Gajadhar tal Nowgong/Chhatarpur

3 Sukh Sagar Maharajpur/Chhatarpur

4 Kotra tal Palera/Tikamgarh

5 Gora tal Nowgong/Chhatarpur
6 Nand Sagar Issanagar/Chhatarpur

7 Dhanera tal Palera/Tikamgarh

8 Bahru tal Jatara/Chhatarpur

8
1.13 Interstate aspects

As the project is interstate between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, a

consensus on the sharing of water is a very important issue. The sharing
of Ken water between these two states is governed by the interstate
agreement of 1981, which is based on the yield assessed at that time. The
National Water Development Agency has played a key role in bringing
together the concerned states for a consensus with regard to the yield of
Ken basin at the dam site and efforts are still on for the optimum utilisation
of surplus waters for irrigation development in these states.

1.14 Stages of development of the project

As an alternative to the Ken Multi-purpose Project (KMPP) proposed by

the State Water Resources Department, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh the first
and the foremost demand of the Ken-Betwa link canal project is to fulfill the
requirements of irrigation to the entire culturable command area identified
in the KMPP and then to transfer the surplus waters of the Ken river
through a 231.45 km long canal to the Betwa river. While doing so, a
direct irrigation from the link canal to water short enroute areas in 47000
ha annually shall be taken up in stages alongwith the provision of domestic
water supply enroute and generating electricity through the proposed
power houses.

1.15 Fitment of the scheme in overall development plan of the river

basin

As a result of transferring 659 Mm3 of Ken water to the Betwa river, four
proposed projects upstream of Rajghat dam, which otherwise can not be
taken up for construction due to shortage of water in Betwa basin, can be
implemented. This will provide irrigation to the areas as mentioned below
against the respective projects.

Sl. Name of project Annual irrigation

No.
i Barari barrage 87009 ha
ii Neemkhera dam 1053 ha
iii Richhan dam 36828 ha
iv Kesari dam 1840 ha
Total 126730 ha

9
1.16 Cost and benefits of the scheme

The total estimated cost of the project has been worked out to be Rs.
1988.74 crore (1994-94 price level). The unitwise cost is as under:

A Main Project
Unit I : Head Rs. 367.92 crore
works
Unit II : Canals Rs. 572.44 crore
Unit III : Power Rs. 50.72 crore
B Ken Command Rs. 554.11 crore
C Betwa Command Rs. 443.55 crore

The annual benefits to be accrued from the project when completed with
the annual irrigation to areas of about 4.97 lakh ha (47000 ha in enroute
command, 3.23 lakh ha in Ken command and 1.27 lakh ha in Betwa
command) has been worked out to be Rs. 449.79 crore.

The benefit cost ratio for K-B link project as a whole works out to be as
1.87. The internal rate of return works out to be as 13.0%.

10
 CHAPTER 2

PHYSICAL FEATURES

2.1 Geographical disposition

2.1.1 Ken basin

The Ken river has its origin from the Ahirgawan village on the north-west
slopes of the Kaimur hills in the Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh at an
elevation of about 550 meters above mean sea level. The Ken is an
interstate river between Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The total
length of the river from its origin to confluence with the river Yamuna is 427
km, out of which 292 km lies in Madhya Pradesh, 84 km in Uttar Pradesh
and 51 km forms the common boundary between Uttar Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh. The river joins the Yamuna river near village Chilla in
Uttar Pradesh at an elevation of about 95 m. The river is the last tributary
of Yamuna before the Yamuna joins the Ganga. The river basin lies
between the latitudes of 23o12' N and 25o54' N and the longitudes of
78o30' E and 80o36' E. The total catchment area of the basin is 28058
sqkm, out of which 24472 sqkm lies in Madhya Pradesh and the remaining
3586 sqkm in Uttar Pradesh.

The basin covers the areas of Jabalpur, Sagar, Damoh, Panna, Satna,
Chhatarpur and Raisen districts of Madhya Pradesh and Hamirpur and
Banda districts of Uttar Pradesh. It is bounded by Vindhyan range in the
south, Betwa basin on west, free catchment of Yamuna below Ken on
east, the river Yamuna on north. The important tributaries of Ken are
Alona, Bearma, Sonar, Mirhasan, Shyamari, Banne, Kutri, Urmil, Kail and
Chandrawal. Out of these, Alona, Bearma, Sonar, Mirhasan and Shyamari
join Ken river upstream of the project site. River Banne, on which the
Rangawan dam is constructed, joins river Ken between proposed Daudhan
dam site and the existing Bariarpur P.U.W., while Kutri, Urmil, Kail and
Chandrawal join downstream of Bariarpur P.U.W. Urmil and Kail rivers
have part of their catchments in Uttar Pradesh, while river Chandrawal has
maximum catchment area in Uttar Pradesh.

2.1.2 Betwa Basin

The Betwa river originates in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh near
Barkhera village south-west of Bhopal at an elevation of about 576 metres
above mean sea level. The Betwa river is also an interstate river between

11
the two states viz. Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It flows in a
northeasterly direction through Madhya Pradesh and enters into Uttar
Pradesh near village Bangawan of Jhansi district. The total length of the
river from its origin to confluence with the Yamuna is 590 km, out of which
232 km lies in Madhya Pradesh and the balance 358 km in Uttar Pradesh.
The river joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur in Uttar Pradesh at an elevation
of about 106 m. The river basin lies between the latitudes of 22o54' N and
26o00' N and the longitudes of 77o10' E and 80o20' E. The total catchment
area of the basin is 43895 sqkm, out of which 30217 sqkm lies in Madhya
Pradesh and the remaining 13678 sqkm lies in Uttar Pradesh.

It covers the areas of Bundelkhand uplands, the Malwa plateau and the
Vindhyan scrap lands in the districts of Tikamgarh, Sagar, Vidisha, Raisen,
Bhopal, Guna, Shivpuri and Chhatarpur of Madhya Pradesh and Hamirpur,
Jalaun, Jhansi and Banda districts of Uttar Pradesh. During its course
from the source upto the confluence with the Yamuna, the river is joined by
a number of sub-tributaries, the important among them being Bina, Jamini,
Dhasan and Birma on the right bank and Kaliasote, Halali, Bah, Saga,
Narain and Kaithan on the left bank.

2.2 Topography of the Ken basin, reservoir and command area

The upper reaches of Ken river are flanked by undulating plateau with
sandstone, shale and limestone. Down below recent alluvium engrosses
the river upto Daudhan dam site. The stratigraphy of rock formations
found in the region is mostly alluvial soil, Deccan traps, Lameta beds and
Vindhyan system, whereas Betwa basin covers areas of Bundelkhand
uplands, Malwa plateau and Vindhyan scarp lands.

Left bank of the project site is gradually rising for a distance of about 350 m and
thereafter it has a slightly steeper rise that continues beyond the elevation of 287
m. The right bank is flat for about 350 m and thereafter it is steeper and
continues upto the top of hill. The spillway is located on the exposed rock
surface of the left bank and the power house number 1 is proposed to be located
at about 30 m left of the spill channel and 135 m downstream of the dam axis.
The power house number 2 is proposed at the end of a 2 km long circular tunnel
of 5 m diameter with concrete lining emerging through foothill portion of the right
bank of Pukhraha nalla.

The reservoir area lies in Panna and Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh and
occupied by Bundelkhand granite overlaid by Bijawar group and in turn by
Vindhyan Super group. Both sides of the reservoir are formed by hills with
elevation of more than 400 m.

12
Topographical features in the route of the link canal include isolated hill
tops, valleys, reserve forests, streams and rivers. The geological
formations include predominant archaeon clorestised rocks. The coarse
grained Bundelkhand formations are predominantly found in these
reaches.

2.3 Geology of the area

A Geologist from the Directorate of Geology and Mining, Madhya Pradesh

on request from the Ken Multi-purpose Project Authority of Madhya
Pradesh State made a reconnaissance geological survey of the proposed
Ken Multipurpose Project area falling in Bijawar and Panna districts of
Madhya Pradesh in the year 1967-68. This was followed by visits of
Geological Survey of India officials, who submitted exhaustive reports on
the investigations done/proposed to be done, at Ken Multi-purpose Project
site as proposed by the State Government. The Geologists from the
Geological Survey of India have also visited the project area twice during
1992-93 on the request of N.W.D.A. The Feasibility stage Geotechnical
Investigation of Ken-Betwa Link Project has been conducted by G.S.I.

The Geologists opined that the proposed dam site at Daudhan comprises
of very hard, compact and dense quartz aranite, which appeared to be
competent from foundation grade point of view. However, it accounts for a
very small part of the total area to be investigated. The thickness of the
riverine deposits and foundation conditions in overflow section and entire
right flank is yet to be ascertained. The lithounits met within the mapped
area comprise of hard, compact and fresh quartz aranite/sandstone of the
semri group of the Vindhyan Super Group overlaid partly by flood plain
alluvium. Presence of Bundelkhand granite and rocks of the Bijawar
Group are confirmed in the reaches along the proposed link canal
alignment.

Geophysical investigations along the dam axis were carried out by the
teams of Central Soil and Materials Research Station during 1993. The
investigation has revealed existence of sound rock within a depth of 3 m
on the left bank except in two small reaches, where the depth may be 7-8
metres. On the right bank hard strata (consolidated materials) exists at
about 4-8 m depth in a length of about 100 m starting from the river bank
beyond which groutable strata is available within 2-8 metres.

13
The geology of enroute command area covering the Chhatarpur and
Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh and Jhansi and Hamirpur districts
of Uttar Pradesh was not studied. This will be taken up at DPR stage of
the project.

2.4 Hydrogeology of Ken and Betwa basins

The Ken and Betwa sub-basins, which form part of the Ganga basin, are
varied in its geological setting. As per the report on Ground Water
Resources and Development Prospects of Madhya Pradesh, prepared by
the Central Ground Water Board, North-Central Region, Bhopal in March,
1994, the following types of hydro-geological formations are found in the
Ken and Betwa basins.

The older metamorphies occur in Panna, Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh

districts of Madhya Pradesh. Ground water occurs in them only in the
weathered mantle and the fractured zone underlying them. The wells are
recorded to be generally upto 25 to 30 m in depth with water levels in the
lean part of the year exceeding 10 m.b.g.1. Specific capacity of the wells
in these formations ranges from 20-100 lpm/m of draw down, where the
thickness of the aquifer is commendable. Hydraulic conductivity is
generally less than 1 m/d and the specific yield is generally less than
5%.

The purana formations of both Vindhyan and Cuddapah age comprise of

orthoquartzites, limestones and shale sequence are found in parts of Panna,
Raisen and Bhopal districts. The wells located in these areas are easily capable
of yielding 100-500 m3/d for a draw down of 3 m. Specific capacity is in the
range from 100 to 300 lpm/m of draw down and the hydraulic conductivity varies
from 5-15 m/d. Similarly specific yield is generally in the range of 5 to 15%.

The Deccan traps cover the Guna, Vidisha, Damoh, Sagar, Bhopal and
Raisen districts. They are generally simple and Aa type of flow, where
each flow is separable into vesicular and massive units. These flows are
generally 10-20 m in thickness, of which 25 to 40 percent is generally
vesicular. The characteristics red bole beds generally form the masker
horizons between the successive flows. The wells of these areas are
capable of yielding 250 to 750 m3/d for a draw down of 3 to 6 m. The
specific capacity ranges from 50 to 150 lpm/m of draw down. Hydraulic
conductivity ranges from 5 to 15 m/day. The specific yield in the area is
generally in the range of 5 to 10%.

14
 CHAPTER 3

INTERSTATE ASPECTS

3.1 Rivers and the Ken-Betwa link

The Ken river is an interstate river between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh with a catchment area of 28,058 sqkm, out of which 24,472 sqkm
(i.e. 87.22%) lies in Madhya Pradesh and the remaining 3586 sqkm
(12.78%) in Uttar Pradesh. The river is the last tributary of Yamuna before
it joins the Ganga. Out of its total length of 427 km, 292 km lies in Madhya
Pradesh and 84 km in Uttar Pradesh and the remaining 51 km forms a
common boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

Betwa is also an interstate river between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar

Pradesh that rises in the Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh and flows
through northeasterly direction across the Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh.
Out of the total catchment area of 43895 sqkm, 30217 sqkm (i.e. 68.84%)
lies in Madhya Pradesh and the rest 13678 sqkm (31.16%) in Uttar
Pradesh. The total length of the river from its origin to its confluence with
Yamuna is 590 km, out of which 232 km lies in Madhya Pradesh and the
balance 358 km in Uttar Pradesh.

Ken-Betwa link, proposed for transferring balance water of Ken river to

Betwa river, will traverse through these two states. Out of the total length
of 231.45 km, the length of the canal in Uttar Pradesh portion is only 18 km
and the rest is in Madhya Pradesh.

3.2 Interstate agreement on sharing of Ken water

Since the river Ken is an inter-state river between Madhya Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh, agreements were arrived at Rangawan dam in the year
1972, on Ken canal and head works of Uttar Pradesh and Bariarpur left
bank canal of Madhya Pradesh and on Urmil project in the year 1977. In
the meeting with Secretary, Irrigation, Government of India held at New
Delhi on 10.12.81, it was decided that an upstream use of 80 TMC should
be kept for the proposed Ken Multi-purpose Project.

The abstract of water use allocations as per the agreements and decision
indicated above, is as follows :

15
 Table 3.1
Ken system Mm3 TMC
Total 75% dependable yield at Ken dam 4489.94 158.56
Water use by M.P. u/s of Ken 2265.60 80.00
Water use by M.P. ex-Ken 1375.22 48.56
Water use by U.P. ex-Ken 849.60 30.00
Total 75% dependable yield at Rangawan dam 192.57 6.80
Use by M.P. for Kharif crops Existing water use 56.64 2.00
by M.P.
U/s of Rangawan dam 30.87 1.09
Use by M.P. from the balance water 8.78 0.31
Use by U.P. from the balance water 96.29 3.40
Water available to U.P. from the catchment 101.95 3.60
between Ken, Rangawan dam and Bariarpur
barrage
Total water to be spared to U.P. from Ken 1047.84 37.00
system
Urmil dam agreement
Total 75% yield at Urmil 94.87 3.35
U/s use by M.P. @ 20% 18.97 0.67
Use by M.P. from the balance water @ 60% 45.60 1.61
Use by U.P. from the balance water @ 40% 30.30 1.07
Total water available to M.P. 64.57 2.28

3.3 Water availability

The issue of yield of Ken river at Greater Gangau dam site was discussed
in the 18th Technical Advisory Committee meeting of NWDA held on
10.3.93. In that meeting, the Chairman, TAC informed that the yield
studies carried out by NWDA using runoff data of CWC at Banda gauge
and discharge site had been reviewed by CWC and found to be in order.
Accordingly, the virgin yield of 6188 Mm3 at Greater Gangau assessed on
the basis of runoff data at Banda site has been accepted by the TAC of
NWDA.

3.4 Submergence

The total area under submergence at MWL of 288 m and FRL of 287 m
comes to 9000 ha and 8650 ha respectively. The entire submergence
area lies in Madhya Pradesh. Details of submergence have been worked
out at the MWL of 288.0 m. It has been assessed that about 10 revenue

16
villages of Chhatarpur and Panna districts having population of about 8550
numbers would come under submergence of Daudhan reservoir. Details
are given in the Chapter-7 on Reservoir. As the entire submergence area
lies in Madhya Pradesh, a majority of the oustees would be settled in
Madhya Pradesh. The detailed study on survey and investigation for
rehabilitation &resettlement of families would be carried out and
incorporated at the time of preparation of the detailed project report.

3.5 Irrigation benefits

Out of the total enroute culturable command area of 47000 ha, 39950 ha
lies in Madhya Pradesh and remaining 7050 ha lies in Uttar Pradesh. The
land to be acquired for the canal shall be about 2135 ha in Madhya
Pradesh and 180 ha. in Uttar Pradesh. Care has been taken while aligning
the canal in the fields so that it does not pass through the habitant areas to
minimise the impact of rehabilitation due to project.

The proposed Ken-Betwa link project is an important major irrigation-cum-

power project for Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh.
This will be a major leap forward towards the integrated development of
the lower zone of Ken valley as well as upper reaches of Betwa. Since this
project would also achieve the objective of the proposed Ken Multi-
purpose Project, the existing Beniganj, Urmil and Rangawan projects
alongwith the Bariarpur left bank canal can be coordinated while providing
irrigation to an area of 3.23 lakh ha annually as proposed in Ken Multi-
purpose Project of Madhya Pradesh.

3.6 Need for fresh inter states agreements

The transfer of Ken water to Betwa which substitutes the water to be

utilised through the proposed four projects in upper reaches of Betwa sub-
basin will add a new dimension to the interstate aspects between Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In view of this, there is a need for fresh
interstate agreement on Ken between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
This agreement may cover water use of Madhya Pradesh upstream of
Daudhan, water use by Uttar Pradesh ex-Daudhan and water use by
Madhya Pradesh ex-Daudhan etc. There is also a need for agreement
between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh on Betwa river, which can
cover use of water that will reach Parichha weir from Ken-Betwa link. This
agreement should clearly indicate that 659 Mm3 water will be utilised in
upper Betwa sub-basin by substitution to irrigate 1.27 lakh ha areas
annually.

17
 CHAPTER 4

SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS

4.1 General

Before the finalisation of location of dam, various alternatives of locating

the dam both upstream and downstream of the existing Gangau weir had
been considered in the light of Ken Multi-purpose Project Report prepared
by the State Water Resources Department, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. Out
of these alternatives, the option of locating the dam 2.5 km upstream of the
existing Gangau weir, near Daudhan village, was finally selected for field
investigation.

As the project envisages inter-basin transfer of water through a link canal,

it was decided to carry out the required field survey for the alignment of the
link canal from Ken river to Betwa river covering a distance of about 230
km traversing through Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya
Pradesh and Jhansi and Hamirpur districts of Uttar Pradesh. In addition to
this, it was also decided to carry out the survey work for fixing the dam
axis, location survey for the two power houses and the command area
survey.

The dam axis survey was taken up during the month of May, 1992 and the
canal and cross-drainage survey in October, 1992. Survey of the Power
House No. 1 and colony area was taken up during the months of June,
1993. Survey of a tunnel alignment proposed alternately to replace the
originally proposed open canal alignment in the initial 9.4 km reach of Ken-
Betwa link and the resultant alternative location of Power House No. 2 was
also taken up during November, 1993.

The project proposal includes, interalia, enroute command area of 47000

ha. It was decided to take up the survey of a representative enroute
command area of about 100 ha at feasibility stage of the project.
However, the detailed command area survey is proposed to be taken up at
the time of preparation of DPR of the project.

Besides, geophysical investigations along dam axis and geotechnical

investigations of foundation and construction materials were also carried
out through Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi during
July, 1992 to February, 1994.

18
4.2 Topographical surveys

Topographical surveys have been carried out as per the guidelines given
in the Working Group Report prepared by Ministry of Irrigation,
Government of India 1980. Brief particulars of the surveys carried out for
the different components of the project proposals are given below.

4.2.1 River survey

The portion of Ken river between the proposed Daudhan dam axis and the
existing Gangau weir has been surveyed. The cross sections of the river
at every 200 m were taken with the help of soundings technique for
measuring the depth of water in the river at 25 m interval along each cross
section line. The aim of this survey is to determine the capacity of the
pondage between Daudhan dam site and the existing Gangau weir, which
is proposed to be utilised for the pumped storage scheme (Power House
No.1).

4.2.2 Reservoir survey

As mentioned earlier, the State Government of Madhya Pradesh formulated

Ken Multi-purpose Project which envisaged construction of dam at about 200
m downstream of the existing Gangau weir across river Ken. For this, the
survey of reservoir area was carried out by the Survey of India during the
period 1965-67 on request from the Irrigation Department, Govt. of Madhya
Pradesh. Maps are available to the scale of 1:15,846 showing contours from
RL 234.6 m to RL 295.5 m (or 770 ft to 970 ft.) with contour interval of 3.048 m
(or 10 ft.). The reservoir area toposheets prepared by the Survey of India are
utilised to work out the reservoir capacity of Daudhan reservoir of Ken-Betwa
link project and the corresponding submergence area at the maximum water
level for the purpose of land acquisition and compensation to the villages
coming under submergence.

4.2.3 Head works survey

In Ken Multi-purpose Project Report, Madhya Pradesh Government has

proposed various alternative alignments for a dam downstream of the
existing Gangau weir. This will naturally result in the submergence of the
existing Gangau weir, which, however, is still functioning well. A study of
toposheets by the NWDA revealed a possible option of locating the dam
2.5 km upstream of the existing Gangau weir near the village Daudhan.
After making careful reconnaissance and preliminary studies, the site was

19
found to be more suitable, and the location was finalised. Thereafter
survey work on the dam axis was taken up. Topographical survey for a
strip of 1 km width (500 m upstream and 500 m downstream) of the dam
axis was carried out upto an El 300 m on both the banks. This included
the cross section of the river at the dam axis by taking levels at 25 m
interval and fixing stones at every 50 m interval along the main dam axis.
In addition to this, 4 cross sections were taken on both upstream and
downstream of the dam axis at every 25 m interval and another 8 cross
sections on both upstream and downstream of dam axis at every 50 m
interval. Levels were taken upto the elevation of about 300 m on both
banks of the Ken river. A base line was fixed on the left bank of the river
and levels were recorded upto a chainage of 0.95 km on left side and 1.4
km on the right side of this base line respectively. A detailed contour plan
on the scale of 1:2,000 has been prepared for the surveyed site of
Daudhan dam.

At Daudhan dam, a side channel spillway has been proposed for passing
the flood discharge. Ski jump bucket type energy dissipator has been
proposed. The survey of the dam axis as described above also covers
areas of spillway, sloping floor and ski jump bucket etc

4.2.4 Survey of colony area

A site for temporary colony is, however, located near the proposed project
site along the Gangau - Palkohan road covering an area of 0.24 sqkm.
Block survey of this area was carried out and plan is prepared on 1:2,000
scale. It is proposed that the above colony site will be finally converted
into operational staff colonies, after the project construction is completed.

4.2.5 Survey of the canal alignment and canal structures

Strip surveys of 400 m width (200 m on either side of centre line of the
canal) along the 231.45 km long alignment of Ken-Betwa link from its
offtake point near Daudhan dam axis to the terminal point at Barwa Sagar
reservoir were carried out. The alignment was first marked on the field with
the help of bearings measured from the toposheet studies and after
making necessary corrections for the true-meridian and magnetic meridian
as indicated in each toposheet and as well as taking into account the
actual site conditions for fixing proper alignment wherever necessary.
Marking of the alignment was done by fixing stone pillars at 200 m interval.
Concrete pillars were also erected at every one km distance of the link
canal and also at each turning point. These pillars were painted with red

20
colour and chainage written with white paint. Double levelling was carried
out and the elevations of the link canal alignment at every 25 m interval
were found out. The levelling work was started by transferring a G.T.S.
bench mark of Survey of India on the Chhatarpur - Panna road where K-B
link crosses near the kilometer stone no. 47/4 on this road. The cross
sections of the link canal were taken at every 200 m interval by following
the single levelling method. About 130.0 km of K-B link canal survey was
completed during the first working season i.e. from October, 1992 to June,
1993 and the survey of the remaining length was completed in the
following working season i.e. from October, 1993 to March, 1994. The
contour plans and longitudinal sections of the alignment have been
prepared and used for the purpose of estimating earthwork quantities.

As per the guidelines of the Working Group Report, grid survey was
carried out for each cross drainage site along the link canal route.
Contour plans were prepared on the basis of the grid surveys to facilitate
the design work of cross drainage structures, besides marking of final link
canal alignment.

4.2.6 Survey of the power house, switchyard, surge tank etc.

As the K-B link project envisages generation of power through two different
power houses, block contour survey at these power house sites were
carried out. Since the power house No. 2 is located at the end of 2.0 km
long tunnel, a surge tank has to be constructed at proper place upstream
of the power house. Therefore, grid survey of the surge tank site was also
done. Contour plan of the two power house locations were prepared with
1 m contour interval. The surveys for the power houses were carried out
to cover sufficiently wide areas so as to accommodate the switchyards too.

4.2.7 Survey of the tunnel, penstock etc.

As it is proposed to locate the Power House No. 2 at the exit end of the
intake tunnel, topographical surveys of the natural ground over the
proposed tunnel alignment and probable surge tank location are carried
out. Further, the survey of penstock alignment to the power house No. 1
located at about 135 m downstream of the dam axis, was carried out. In
addition to this, a strip survey covering longitudinal section and cross
section of the tail race channel (i.e. link canal) from the power house No. 2
was carried out for a length of 1.75 km, which also covers the cross
drainage structure site on Pukhraha nalla.

21
4.2.8 Survey of the command area

The proposed culturable command area enroute of Ken-Betwa link canal is

around 47000 ha out of which 39950 ha lies in Madhya Pradesh and 7050
ha in Uttar Pradesh. Considering the large area and the time factor
involved in the field survey of the entire command, a sample survey of a
typical block of 100 ha command area was carried out. This is seen to be
sufficient for the purpose of the present stage of study report of the link
proposal. Accordingly, a typical block of command area near the Sukhani
Nadi has been chosen for survey of sample command area and the survey
work was completed during January/February, 1994. However, detailed
survey of the command area will be carried out at the time of preparation
of DPR of the project.

4.2.9 Survey of the construction plants site

As per the reconnaissance at the site, it is proposed that the site for the
construction plants can be located on the left bank of Ken river near
Daudhan village which appears to be suitable for the said purpose.
However, no detailed survey has been carried out for this purpose. The
same is proposed to be done at DPR stage of the project.

4.3 Other surveys

4.3.1 Archaeological surveys in the reservoir area

The reservoir area lies in Panna tehsil of Panna district and Bijawar tehsil
of Chhatarpur district in Madhya Pradesh. The reservoir area will not
submerge any important or historical monument, hence no detailed
archaeological survey was conducted.

4.3.2 Mineral surveys

It is seen that no significant mineral deposits suitable for commercial

exploitation, have been identified. Therefore, no detailed surveys for this
purpose were done. However, the Directorate of Geology and Mining,
Madhya Pradesh State conducted a reconnaissance survey at the request
of KMPP authority and their report has been obtained for the purpose.

22
4.3.3 Communication surveys

There is an already existing approach road on the left bank of Ken river,
which provides access to the existing Gangau weir constructed earlier
across the Ken river. The same can be utilised for Ken-Betwa link project
also with the required extensions and improvements. K-B link project
envisages the construction of a dam at a site near the Daudhan village,
which is only 2.5 km upstream of the existing Gangau weir. The dam site
is located about 57 km from the Chhatarpur town and about 21 km from
the Chhatarpur-Panna road. The nearest railway station is at Satna on
Bombay-Howrah route, which is about 110 km from the proposed dam site.
While one power house is located near the spillway of the dam, the other is
about 2 km from the Silon village.

4.4 Geological surveys

4.4.1 Visits of geologists

Geologists have visited the project site several times and carried out
different investigations. These are described below.

4.4.2 Geological investigations

In order to ascertain the feasibility of the project, an area of 45000 sqm

was mapped by Geological Survey of India on 1:12,500 scale on the left
flank of the proposed Daudhan dam. In addition to it, a couple of
reconnaitary traverses in different reaches along the proposed link canal
alignment has been carried out. It comprises of very hard, compact and
dense quartz-arenite, which appear to be very competent from the
foundation grade point of view. Since only a small part of the area has
been mapped, no assessment with regard to the foundation condition in
the dam site area has been made. The detailed geological mapping of the
entire area is proposed to be carried out at the time of preparation of DPR
of the project. As per the geological investigations conducted for the
proposed Ken project, the reservoir area comprises pink granite rock free
from faults etc. and is reported to be fully watertight.

23
4.5 Foundation investigations of earth dam, concrete dam and
canal structure

The work of foundation investigations (geotechnical and geophysical) was

arranged to be carried out through Central Soil and Materials Research
Station (CSMRS), New Delhi.

A preliminary foundation investigation (geophysical exploration) was

carried out at the dam axis which covers structures like earth and concrete
dam, spillways etc. The CSMRS team visited the project site two times.
The first visit was made during the month of June, 1993, in which a total
length of about 715 m along the dam axis was surveyed by Seismic
Refraction Method. The geoseismic longitudinal sections of rock
profile/hard strata prepared on the basis of this test are given in their report
of August, 1993. The remaining length of the dam axis was surveyed by
the second team in the month of October, 1993 and similar geoseismic
sections are given in the their second report of December, 1993.

A total length of 1413 m along the dam axis was surveyed by the seismic
refraction method with 25 profile lines each of 55 m and 2 profile line each
of 66 m long. It was found that the P-wave velocity of the overburden is
ranging from 200 to 740 m/sec and the range of the velocity in the bedrock
is from 2000 to 4600 m/sec. The depth to bedrock from the ground
surface is ranging from 0.4 m to 8.4 m.
Another team from geotechnical division of CSMRS visited the site in
December, 1993 to conduct foundation and borrow area investigation
tests. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected by means of
augur and core cutters from a number of locations along the dam axis as
well as from the canal alignment and were tested by CSMRS in their
laboratory at New Delhi.

The results of the foundation material tests indicate that

i. The foundation overburden strata mostly possess semi-pervious

characteristics along the dam axis.
ii. The soil samples collected from foundation pit in general possess
predominantly silt, clay and fine sand sizes with low to medium
plasticity characteristics. However, a few soil samples possess non-
plasticity characteristics also.
iii. In-situ dry density and moisture content tests show that the
foundation soil is likely to undergo differential settlement particularly

24
 at shallow depths. It is, therefore, suggested that the soil strata at
these levels may be densified by appropriate densification methods.
iv. The foundation materials possess good shear strength
characteristics.
v. The specific gravity of the material varies from 2.63 to 2.78.
vi. The tested soil samples in general possess low to medium
compressibility characteristics.

4.6 Construction materials investigation

The work of investigation of construction materials viz. Soils, rocks and

sand was also done through Central Soils and Materials Research Station,
New Delhi.

Investigation for the availability of the soil, rock, coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate etc. were done on the basis of the location map for construction
materials prepared by KMPP authority. Brief notes on the construction
material survey are as follows.

4.6.1 Soil

As the proposed earth dam involves huge quantity of earthwork, a number

of borrow areas have been identified on both upstream and downstream
side of the dam axis. A number of soil samples were collected from the
pits located in different borrow areas with the help of augur and were
tested by CSMRS in their laboratory at New Delhi.

i. The results of the borrow area material indicate that

ii. Most of the soil samples from borrow areas possess low to medium
plasticity characteristics except a few, which exhibit high plasticity
characteristics.
iii. The dry density of soil varies from 1.62 gm/cc to 1.95 gm/cc and the
moisture content from 11% to 18.3%.
iv. Specific gravity of the soil sample varies from 2.64 to 2.79.
v. The borrow area soil possess good shear strength characteristics.
vi. The soil samples in general possess low to medium compressibility
characteristics and are impermeable.
vii. The soil samples tested for filter material do not satisfy the filter
criteria except the piping ratio criteria, hence the option of using
these materials as filter material left to the designers.

25
4.6.2 Sand/fine aggregate

Various sand quarries are located in the vicinity of the link project.
Samples from these quarries were collected by the CSMRS team and
tested in their laboratory at New Delhi. Good sand is available in Banne
River, which has a minimum lead from the project site.

Results of the laboratory tests done by the CSMRS shows that the
samples from Banne river shoal and Barne river shoal are found to be
suitable for use as fine aggregate in concrete. However, in view of the
higher percentage of silt content, the sand has to be washed before using
in concrete.

4.6.3 Rock/coarse aggregate

Locations of the quarries for different types of rock have also been
identified in the nearby areas. Rock samples from these quarries were
collected by CSMRS and tested in their laboratory at New Delhi.

Results of the laboratory tests done by the CSMRS show that the rock
samples collected from Daudhan village quarry and Palkohan road quarry
are suitable for use as coarse aggregate in concrete for non-wearing
surfaces. The rock from downstream of dam axis quarry is unsuitable for
use as coarse aggregate in concrete.

4.7 Agro-economic, socio-economic and environmental survey

As the project construction is likely to make significant environmental and

economic impacts in the region, it was felt necessary to carry out a
detailed study to assess the likely effects on various aspects such as agro-
economic, socio-economic and environment. National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi was engaged by NWDA to carry
out the bench mark survey of the socio and agro-economic conditions
prevailing in the region of the link. Various study teams from NCAER had
visited the project areas as well as different locations along the link canal
route for collecting informations related to the subject. After collecting all
the relevant data a report was prepared in two volumes and submitted to
NWDA in October 1993.

Brief outcome of their study is presented as below

26
4.7.1 Assessment of likely economic impact from Agricultural
production

The methodology, adopted by the NCAER in this study, was suggested by

Dr. Gadgil and is based on direct benefits and costs. The increase in
income from crop farming with the availability of irrigation facilities is
considered as the direct benefit of the project. The changes in income of
the other activities of the house-holds in the command areas and
consequent changes in total employment are taken as the indirect effects
due to higher benefits in agriculture. This will generate demand for various
goods and services and give an impetus for various non-farm activities.
Detailed outcome of the study on this aspect has been presented in the
Chapter-9 on Command Area Development.

4.7.2 Assessment of environmental implications

The assessment of environmental impact was made by the NCAER on the

following aspects-

(a) the type and extent of area to be submerged,

(b) the likely modification of surface runoff,
(c) the likely modification of ground water regime and
(d) the submergence of inhabited areas.

Jungles and forest areas consisting of some important species of trees in

the submerged areas shall need a comprehensive afforestation plan to be
taken by the project construction authority. Surface runoff to the reservoir
area will not be adversely affected. The long hill streams will get
shortened resulting in enlargement of channels close to reservoir and
thereby increase in silting. However, the increase in silting might be
compensated due to reduction in erosion as a result of reduction in
distance travel. The ground water level of the places in and around the
proposed reservoir is likely to go up which would help in growing of
vegetables, fodder and other water intensive crops. It will also help in the
growth of natural vegetation around the villages. The ground water regime
along the canal alignment would generally remain unaffected as the canal
is proposed to be wholly lined. However, application of irrigation water to
the command area may lead to water logging in the command area, which
need proper implementation and management of water distribution system
as well as the drainage system.

27
The people of the submerged area shall need to be rehabilitated in a
model village created with all basic amenities like water supply, electricity,
sanitation etc. The aspect on resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R), land
acquisition and remaining issues relating to socio-economic &
environmental impact assessment are proposed to be studied in detail at
the DPR stage of the project.

4.8 Scope for further optimization of the link alignment

It has been observed from the field survey of the 231.45 km long K-B link
alignment starting from the offtake point at Daudhan reservoir upto its
terminal point in Barwa Sagar that the alignment passes through in some
reaches where deep cuttings are anticipated. Although it is not completely
possible to avoid the cuttings in certain reaches where the basin
boundaries are encountered but there is a scope for further realigning the
canal between RDs 100.00 km and 151.00 km so that deep cuttings can
be minimised. This may result in reduction of the canal length by about 10
to 15 km and may need to extend the command boundary of the enroute
command area towards further north. This aspect may be studied in more
details at DPR stage of the project.

28
 CHAPTER - 5

HYDROLOGY

5.1 General climate and hydrology

The climate of the area upto Daudhan dam site is semi arid to dry sub-
humid, the weather being mostly dry except in the monsoon season.
Summer is hot and winter is mild. About 90% of the annual rainfall is
received during the monsoon i.e. from June to October. The average
maximum and minimum temperatures are 44.0C and 6.7C respectively.

5.1.1 General hydrologic information about the region

5.1.1.1 Rainfall

There are 21 rain gauge stations in and around the Ken basin up to the
Banda gauge and discharge site at which the equation (i.e. rainfall-runoff
relationship) for working out the annual series has been developed. 16 rain
gauge stations (out of 21 stations), influence the catchment upto the
proposed Daudhan dam site.

The normal annual rainfall of the Ken basin upto Daudhan dam site is
1174.07 mm. The monsoon rainfall constitutes as much as 90%. The
maximum, minimum and the average annual weighted rainfall values are
1662.1 mm, 660.0 mm and 1181.3 mm respectively for the period from
1901 to 1983.

5.1.1.2 Relative humidity

The monthly mean relative humidity data for five IMD stations have
been considered. The maximum and minimum values of humidity are
95% and 9% during monsoon and summer seasons respectively.

5.1.1.3 Wind velocity

The normal monthly wind velocity data for the five IMD stations are
considered. The maximum and minimum wind velocities are 16.1 km/hr
and 1.0 km/hr respectively at Sagar and Nowgong IMD stations.

29
5.1.1.4 Cloud cover

The normal monthly cloud cover data for three stations viz. Chhatarpur,
Jabalpur and Sagar are considered. The maximum cloud cover occurs in
July or August whereas the minimum cloud cover occurs in December.

5.1.1.5 Sunshine

The monthly average coefficients of sunshine values at three different

stations namely Satna, Jabalpur and Guna are considered. The sunshine
values vary between 0.469 and 0.736.

5.1.1.6 Temperature

The monthly average and monthly maximum and minimum temperatures

for the five stations namely Nowgong, Panna, Damoh, Jabalpur and Sagar
falling in the sub-basin have been considered. It is seen that the maximum
and minimum temperatures in Ken basin vary between 45C and 6C
respectively.

5.1.1.7 Evaporation

There is no pan-evaporimeter installed in any of the districts in the sub-

basin. However, the pan evaporation data recorded in Sagar and Damoh
stations have been considered for this study.

5.2 Ken drainage basin

5.2.1 General

The catchment of Ken basin upto the Daudhan dam site is 19534 Sqkm,
which is 69.62% of the total basin area. The length of Ken river upto the
proposed Daudhan dam site is approximately 143 km. The upper reaches
of the Ken river are flanked by undulating plateau with sandstone, shale
and limestone. Down below, recent alluvium engrosses the river upto the
existing Gangau weir. The stratigraphy of rock formations found in the
region is mostly alluvial soil, deccan traps, lameta beds and Vindhyan
system.

5.2.2 Soil types

Although the soil type is mixed red and black as per the general
classification. The soils of the basin have been broadly grouped into five

30
categories by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning
(under Indian Council for Agricultural Research), Nagpur, as given below:

% area in the
Category
sub-basin
i Soil on hill and hill ridges (Entisols) 7.3
ii Plateau soils (Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols)44.0
iii Pediment soils (Entisols and Alfisols) 2.1
Soils of level alluvial plain and undulating flood
iv 43.6
plain (Inceptisols and Vertisols)
v Soils of Dissected flood plain (Inceptisols) 3.0

A brief description of these soils is given in the following paragraphs.

(i) Soils on hill and hill ridges (Entisols)

These soils are fine loamy to coarse loamy in texture and greyish brown to
dark reddish brown in colour. These soils are highly erodible, excessively
drained, stony and gravelly in nature. These soils are of shallow depth with
low nutrient status and are slightly acidic to neutral in reaction. They are
low in organic matter content and have poor water retention capacity.
These soils are unsuitable for normal crop husbandry. However, they may
be utilised for the purposes of forestry, pasture development and growing
grasses.

(ii) Plateau soils (Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols)

These soils occur on level to gently undulating terrain. They are yellowish
brown to dark brown in colour. These soils are shallow to deep coarse with
medium textured and low nutrient status. These soils are moderately
eroded. Their water retention capacity varies with the soil texture and
organic matter content. In this category too, the shallow soils are unfit for
normal crop husbandry whereas deep soils are suitable for growing kharif
crops like sorghum, millets, pulses and bajra.

(iii) Pediment soils (Entisols and Alfisols)

These soils occur on gently to undulating gnessic terrain comprising the

vast pediment and piedmont plains characterised by intermittent rocky
waste lands and shallow water bodies. They are shallow to deep, coarse to
medium in texture and poor in nutrient status. They are moderately eroded.
The deep soils in this category are fit for cultivation of crops like sorghum,

31
til, bajra, millets and groundnut. Shallow soils are best suited for raising
pastures.

(iv) Soils of level alluvial plain and undulating flood plain

(Inceptisols and Vertisols)

These soils occur on level to undulating terrain. These are deep to

very deep, fine to fine loamy, well to moderately well drained and
contain calcium carbonate deposits. They are neutral to slightly alkaline in
reaction. They are low in organic matter content, fairly rich in nutrient
status and are moderately eroded. These soils are best suited to crops like
jowar, arhar, soyabean and moong under dry land and sugarcane under
irrigated conditions. Wheat, gram and linseed may be grown during the
rabi season.

(v) Soils of dissected flood plain (Inceptisols)

These soils are very deep, well drained, calcareous, and gravelly with
abundant lime nodules in the soils. These are fine loamy in texture,
yellowish brown in colour with low organic matter content. They possess
moderate water retention capacity. These soils are severely eroded during
floods and need extensive conservation measures. Lands situated away
from the streams can be put under cultivation for kharif crops viz. jowar,
bajra and arhar.

5.2.3 Present land use

5.2.3.1 Pattern

The total geographical area of upper Ken sub-basin up to Daudhan dam

site is 19534 Sqkm. The annual land use particulars for the basin have
been worked out from available districtwise statistics of 1991-92 obtained
from the Land Records and Settlements Department, Madhya Pradesh. It
is seen that the areas under forest and land under non-agricultural use are
6.97% and 6.45% respectively. The net area sown is 60.23% and the area
sown more than once under miscellaneous crops is 0.16%. Thus the gross
cropped area works out to 60.39%.

An extract of the average land use statistics for the Ken basin is given in
table-5.1.

32
 Table - 5.1
Average land use in Ken sub-basin upto Daudhan dam site
(based on 1991-92 Statistics)
Type of land Area Basin
in ha. area in %
1 Forests 136152 6.97
2 Land under non-agricultural use 125994 6.45
3 Barren and unculturable land 122674 6.28
4 Permanent pastures and other grazing land 169360 8.67
5 Land under miscellaneous crops 3125 0.16
6 Culturable waste land 136347 6.98
7 Old fallows 43561 2.23
8 Current fallows 39654 2.03
9 Net area sown 1176533 60.23
Total Area 1953400 100.00

Source: Land Records Office, Gwalior (M.P.)

5.2.3.2 Culturable area

The culturable area of the basin comprises of culturable waste land, land
under miscellaneous crops and trees, fallow land and net area sown.
Maximum culturable area of the Ken basin upto Daudhan dam site is
1399220 ha (71.63% of the total area) in the year 1991-92.

5.2.3.3 Land holdings

The land holdings in the Ken sub-basin, as per 1990-91 statistics, have
been obtained from the information on land holdings in the eight districts
falling in the basin and are given in table-5.2.

Table -5.2
Land holding particulars
Land size Number Area in ha
Below 1 ha 139448 69596
Between 1 and 2 ha 136148 197001
Between 2 and 4 ha 124487 344805
Between 4 and 10 ha 92541 559043
Above 10 ha 26726 461852

Source: District Statistical book of 1990-91.

33
5.3 Command area
5.3.1 General

About 156 villages are coming under the command area of enroute
irrigation from K-B link. District and tehsilwise break-up of these villages on
the basis of census booklet is given in Table- 9.1 of chapter-9 'Command
Area Development'. The link canal provides annually enroute irrigation to
an area of 47000 ha.

Daudhan reservoir is also to provide irrigation in the downstream areas of

3.23 lakh ha annually as proposed in the Ken Multipurpose Project Report
prepared by the State Government of Madhya Pradesh.

K-B link project also envisages transfer of 1020 Mm 3 of water from

Ken basin. Out of which 659 Mm 3 is meant for substitution of water in
the upper reaches of Betwa basin for irrigating the water short
areas of 1.27 lakh ha annually through four projects viz. Barari
barrage, Neemkheda, Richhan and Kesari in Upper Betwa sub-
basin

5.3.2 Normal and yearly average rainfall of the command area

Districtwise normal and yearly average rainfall from 1987 to 1991 (January
to December) of the districts constituting the enroute command, Ken
command and Betwa command areas are given in table-5.3.

Table - 5.3
District wise normal and yearly rainfall
Unit : mm
Rainfall Name of districts
Chhatarpur Tikamgarh Panna Raisen Raisen
Normal 1987 1001.1 1176.4 1330.4 1133.8
1987 1107.5 1193.6 1178.8 975.3 1451.5
1988 891.3 732.8 1040.8 854.3 1018.0
1989 716.0 676.4 819.2 967.2 894.9
1990 1270.0 1392.3 1622.5 1378.8 1049.7
1991 808.9 704.4 910.7 1061.2 838.0

34
5.4 Availability of data
5.4.1 Availability of gauge and discharge data

There are four gauge and discharge sites in the Ken basin out of which two
fall within the catchment area upto the proposed dam site. The particulars
of the sites are given in table-5.4.

Table -5.4
Location of gauge and discharge sites in Ken basin

Site River on which Catchment Site maintained by

located area (Sqkm)
Gaisabad Bearma 5803 C.W.C.
Patheria Sonar 1778 C.W.C.
Banda Ken 25320 C.W.C.
Madla Ken N.A. C.W.C.

The gauge and discharge data at Banda has been considered for the
present study since the durations of records for the other two sites are very
short.

The ten daily observed flows at the Banda gauge and discharge sites for
the period from 1960-1990 have been used for the studies, in this report.

5.4.2 Availability of rainfall data

As stated earlier there are 21 raingauge stations in and around the

catchment area of Ken upto Banda G&D site, out of which 16 raingauge
stations influence the catchment upto the Daudhan site. The monthly
rainfall data of these stations for varying periods from 1901 to 1992 have
been collected and utilised in the study.

5.4.3 Temperature

The monthly average, monthly maximum and monthly minimum

temperatures for five stations namely Nowgong, Sagar, Damoh, Panna
and Jabalpur are considered.

5.5 Yield and water balance

Various studies have been made by different organisations for assessment

of surface water availability of Ken. The Government of Madhya Pradesh

35
(Water Resources Department) estimated the total surface flow at the
proposed Greater Gangau dam to be 4490 Mm3 at 75% dependability and
5280 Mm3 at 50% dependability based on the limited time scale rainfall-
runoff relationship developed for Rangwan dam site across the Banne
river, a tributary of Ken. The committee on the southern tributaries of
Yamuna constituted by the Planning Commission has assessed the total
annual yield of Ken as 12006 Mm3 at 50% dependability and 9785 Mm3 at
75% dependability based on 19 years observed data at Banda G&D site.
The Government of Uttar Pradesh, Irrigation Department in their report of
Bundelkhand region has assessed the annual yield of Ken upto Greater
Gangau dam site as 8992 Mm3 at 50% dependability and 5556 Mm3 at
75% dependability based on 12 years computed inflow data of existing
Bariyarpur weir located 17 km downstream of existing Gangau weir on
Ken.

The National Water Development Agency had however made an

independent study of yield assessment based on gauge and discharge
data at Banda G&D site maintained by C.W.C. and the annual yield was
worked out as 6211 Mm3 at 75% dependability. This study was sent to
Central Water Commission for taking a final view as advised by the T.A.C.
of NWDA in its 9th meeting. The C.W.C. has finally suggested to adopt
6188 Mm3 as gross availability of water at 75% dependability at Greater
Gangau site. As the catchment area at Daudhan dam site is only 0.16%
less than that of Greater Gangau, the annual yield at Greater Gangau has
been taken as valid at Daudhan dam site also.

Water balance at Daudhan dam site on the basis of this yield has been
worked out as given in table-5.5.

36
 Table - 5.5
Water availability in Ken basin at proposed Daudhan dam site

Sl. Details Quantity of water in Mm3

No. M. P. U. P. Total
I Gross availability at 75% 6188
dependability
II Requirements (-ve)
(i) upstream water needs, Inbasin
use
(a) Irrigation 2988
(b) Domestic 131
(c) Industrial 238
Sub-total 3357

III Regeneration from (+ve)

(i) Irrigation 165
(ii) Domestic 105
(iii) Industrial 190
Sub-total 460

IV Net availability of water 3291

V Requirements for use in 1375 850 2225
downstream command of KMPP

5.6 Water quality

There is a water quality site at Banda, which is maintained by Central

Water Commission. Different parameters of water quality are observed
regularly at this site. Based on these water quality parameters, it is
observed that quality of water of Ken river is in general fit for domestic,
industrial and agricultural purposes.

5.7 Reservoir area

The Daudhan reservoir water spread covers an area of 86 Sqkm. The

capacity of the reservoir was determined from the reservoir area map
prepared by the Survey of India, to a scale of l cm = 158.40 m (1 inch =
1320 ft) with contour intervals of 3.048 m (10 ft). The capacity between two
contours is worked out by using the following formula.

37
 V = h
-[ A1 + A2 + ( A1 A2 ) ]
3

where, h = difference of elevation between two contours

Al = Area of first contour
A2 = Area of the second contour

The elevation area capacity table thus worked out and the area capacity
curve has been prepared.

5.8 Estimation of sedimentation in Daudhan reservoir

5.8.1 Catchment area

The catchment area of Ken upto Daudhan dam site is 19534 Sqkm of
which 10194 Sqkm is expected to be covered by the upstream projects.
For the purpose of calculations the areas contributing the sediment, are
assumed as under:

(a) For the sedimentation period of 50 years, full catchment area of 19534
Sqkm has been considered for the first 15 years while balance catchment
area of 9340 (19534-10194) Sqkm has been considered for the next 35
years.

(b) For the sedimentation period of 100 years, full catchment area of
19534 Sqkm has been considered for the first 15 years while balance
catchment area of 9340 Sqkm has been considered for the next 85 years.

5.8.2 Sediment rate

The silt observation site on Ken river is located at Banda, which is about
150 km downstream of the proposed Daudhan dam site. Sediment data of
six years (1986 to 1991) collected at this site are considered for arriving at
the silt rate to the Daudhan reservoir as detailed below.

Calculation of sediment rate for Daudhan reservoir

Total sediment transport

(average of six years) = 9000612 Tonnes/yr.

Catchment area of Ken upto

Banda gauge and discharge site = 25320 Sqkm

Considering 15% bed load, the

total sediment transport per year =1.159000612=10350704 Tonnes/yr.

38
 3 3
Average density of silt = 1.145 t/m or 1145 kg/m

silt inflow = Total sediment = 10350704 = 9039916 m3/yr.

Density 1.145
silt rate = Silt inflow 9039916
= = 357.02 m3/Sqkm/yr.
Catchment Area 25320

Besides, the sediment rate of 357 m3/sqkm/year was also adopted for
design of Gandhisagar dam, a major project across Chambal in Madhya
Pradesh. The catchment areas of two reservoirs viz. Gandhisagar (23140
sqkm) and Daudhan (19534 sqkm) are also quite comparable.

The sediment rate for some of the major projects namely Tawa, Barna,
Sondur, Gandhisagar, Mahanadi reservoir and Hasdeo in Madhya Pradesh
and Matatila in Uttar Pradesh has also been studied based on the
information given in CBIP publication No. 137 on Major Dams in India,
1979. It is found that the designed sediment rates of these projects are in
the range from 130 to 706 m3/sqkm/year. Hence, the silt rate as worked
out i.e. 357 m3/sqkm/year has been considered for design of Daudhan
dam. Data obtained from CBIP Publication No. 137 are furnished in table-
5.6 for reference.

Table 5.6
Data from CBIP Publication No. 137

Sl. Catchment Dead storage Sediment rate

Name of dam 3 3
No. Area (sqkm) capacity (Mm ) (m /sqkm/year)
1 Matatila (U.P.) 20718 269.3 130
2 Gandhisagar (M.P.) 23140 835.0 361
3 Sondur (M.P.) 512 19.0 371
4 Mahanadi Reservoir (M.P) 3670 143.0 390
5 Tawa (M.P.) 5983 260.0 435
6 Hasdeo (M.P.) 6737 370.0 549
7 Barna (M.P.) 1176 83.0 706

5.8.3 Total sediment volume trapped

Based on the above mentioned assumptions of contributing area and the

rate of sedimentation, the estimated quantities of sediment deposit in
Daudhan reservoir are assessed as follows:

39
(a) During 50 years
Rate of silt deposition is 357 m3/SqKm/year
(i) For first 15 years the silt deposition from the
catchment area of 19534 Sqkm is
= 357 x 19534 x 15 = 104.60 Mm3
(ii) For the next 35 years the silt deposition from
the catchment area of 9340 Sqkm is
= 357 x 9340 x 35 = 116.70 Mm3

Total sediment deposition = 104.60+116.70 Mm3

= 221.30 Mm3 Say 221 Mm3
(b) During 100 years
(i) For first 15 years the silt deposition from the catchment
area of 19534 Sqkm is
= 357 x 19534 x 15 = 104.60 Mm3
(ii) For the next 85 years the silt deposition from
the catchment area of 9340 Sqkm is
= 357 9340 85 = 283.42 Mm3
Total sediment deposition = 104.60+283.42 Mm3
= 388.02 Mm3
Say 388 Mm3

5.8.4 Sediment distribution

The sediment distribution is worked out for two periods viz. 50 years and
100 years by empirical Area Reduction method as given in the Technical
Report No. 19 on Life of Reservoir, Published by CBIP, New Delhi. For this
purpose, the MWL of 288 m is adopted and bed level of the reservoir is
considered as 216 m. The type of reservoir is considered as hill type and
the standard classification is taken as type III. The total sediment during 50
years and 100 years will get distributed upto and above new zero
elevations as under:

Upto zero elevation:

For 50 years 25.0 Mm3
For 100 years 75.0 Mm3
Above zero elevation:
For 50 years 199.73 Mm3
For 100 years 311.76 Mm3

The new zero elevations after 50 years and 100 years have been found to
be as 225.0 m and 235.5 m respectively. However, the Minimum Draw

40
Down Level (MDDL) is fixed at 268.0 m, which is well above the zero
elevation after 100 years. Higher MDDL will result in additional head for
more power generation. The distribution of sediments above and below
MDDL will be as under:

Above MDDL
For 50 years 18.07 Mm3
For 100 years 34.36 Mm3
Upto MDDL
For 50 years 206.66 Mm3
For 100 years 352.40 Mm3

5.8.5 Revised area capacity curve

Sedimentation analysis has been carried out for Daudhan dam considering
50 years and 100 years sedimentation. The original area capacity curve for
Daudhan reservoir has been revised considering the results of
sedimentation studies. The revised area capacity curves have been plotted
for 50 years and 100 years sedimentation. The original area capacity and
revised area capacity curves for Daudhan reservoir are prepared.

5.8.6 Capacity of the pondage in between the existing Gangau dam

and the proposed Daudhan dam

The proposed pondage area in between the existing Gangau dam and the
proposed Daudhan dam has been surveyed and the contour plan and area
capacity curve have been prepared for the purpose.

5.9 Flood studies for the proposed Daudhan dam

5.9.1 General

Studies for probable maximum flood for the proposed Daudhan dam site
have been carried out by the unit hydrograph method, based on rainfall in
Ken catchment and corresponding observed flows at Banda G&D site. The
procedure followed for studies and the results obtained are discussed in
subsequent paragraphs.

41
5.9.2 Data used

An unprecedented flood was observed at Gangau weir site in

September, 1992. Therefore, the daily flow data at the Banda and
rainfall data upto Banda for September 1992 were used for the
analysis. A Thiessen Polygon was first developed for the rainfall
stations, from which Thiessen weights and the average rainfall values
were computed.

The average rainfall and observed runoff was used for computing the
(Ph1) index, excess rainfall, Direct Surface Runoff (DSRO) and Base flow.
The excess rainfall and DSRO were used for developing a unit hydrograph
by Conventional Nash Model. The unit hydrograph was then transferred to
Daudhan dam site by reducing the peak on proportionate area basis.
Storm duration of observed flood was taken on 0.13 tp, where tp is time lag
between the centroid of rainfall histogram and peak of the corresponding
storm hydrograph.

5.9.3 Computation of flood hydrograph at Daudhan dam site

Duration of the probable maximum storm was taken as 24 hours (1.1 tp) to
maximize the peak. The point probable maximum precipitation (pmp) of 24
hours duration is 480 mm. IMD monograph Hydrology/No.ll/19889 has
been used. Cumulative 6 hour precipitation was computed using the CWC
design report no. K&M/19/1992:

24 hours post PMP : 480 mm

24 hours areal PMP : 480 x 0.81 = 390 mm

6 hourly cumulative precipitation is as follows:

Time Cumulative
(hrs) Ppt (mm)
6 176
12 273
18 332
24 390

From the cumulative precipitation, hourly precipitation was computed. An

initial loss of 10 mm was assumed and uniform loss of 1.95 mm/hr,
which was computed from the observed flood data was used. Base

42
flow has been assumed as 0.15 Mm3/sqkm as per CWC publication -
K&M/19/1992.

The design flood hydrograph (PMF) has a peak of 45104 cumecs and has
been used in the study.

5.9.4 Flood routing

Modified Pulse method has been used for flood routing of the Daudhan
reservoir. It has been assumed that the inflow and outflow at FRL are
same and the routing is started from FRL 287 m. The design flood (PMF)
used is 45,104 cumec. There are 15 gates of the size 18 m x 18 m
provided over the spillway crest. It is assumed that one of the gates will be
inoperative and, therefore, only 14 gates open have been considered for
computing the maximum water level. The computations of flood routing
have been done with the help of computer. The maximum rise in water
level thus obtained is 287.42 m and the corresponding flow passing over
the crest is 43993 cumec. The flood routing has also been carried out with
13 gates open (2 gates inoperative) and it has been found that the
maximum rise in water level will be upto 288.23 m. Therefore, the
maximum water level (MWL) has been fixed as 288.00 m. After providing a
free board of 3.0 m above this MWL, the top of dam has been fixed as
291.00 m.

5.10 Navigation

Ken river has not been used for navigational purposes so far and there is
no plan for its use for navigation in future also.

43
 CHAPTER 6

DESIGN FEATURES

6.1 General:

The Ken-Betwa link project, which is a diversion cum storage scheme,

comprises of:

(i) a 73.80 m high and 1468 m long earth dam across river Ken near
Daudhan village;
(ii) a 326 m long side channel spillway on left flank;
{iii) an under ground power house with 3x20 MW installed capacity;
(iv) a surface power house at the end of the tunnel with 26 MW
installed capacity; and
(v) a 231.45 km long canal for transferring water from river Ken to
river Betwa.

The design features of each of these components are discussed in the

subsequent paragraphs.

6.2 Type of dam

Based on the geotechnical and topographical considerations, an earth dam

is proposed near Daudhan village at 2.5 km upstream of the existing
Gangau weir. Exposed rocks are seen all over on the left bank of the Ken
river. Geophysical investigations carried out by CSMRS have confirmed
the existence of sound rock at 3 m to 5 m below natural surface level. On
the other hand there is deeper overburden on the right side of the river.

The selection of a type of dam at a given site depends upon many

physical factors such as topography, geological and foundation
conditions, available materials, suitable site for spillway, data about
earthquake etc. Keeping these factors in view earth dam is proposed at
Daudhan with side channel spillway in the left flank. Small lengths of
concrete non-over flow section will be there on both the sides of spillway.
The abundance of availability of soil, coarse and fine aggregates nearby
also makes this option economical. The axis of the dam has been given a
slight turn of 5 degrees towards downstream side to facilitate easy
passage of releases from spillway towards river.

44
6.3 Geotechnical investigations

The work of geotechnical investigations for foundation, borrow area and

filter materials characterization of the proposed Ken-Betwa link project was
entrusted to the Central Soil and Materials Research Station in October,
1991. Accordingly, the field party of CSMRS has carried out foundation
investigations of the proposed Daudhan dam, which includes conducting
in-situ permeability test in auger holes and collections of undisturbed soil
samples from the auger holes as well as from the foundation trial pits
excavated along the dam axis. A short description of these investigations
is given in Chapter-4' Surveys and Investigations'. In addition to it, the field
party of CSMRS has also collected representative soil samples from
different borrow areas for conducting various test in the laboratory in order
to ascertain their suitability as construction material. Three filter materials
from different river bed quarries were also collected for ascertaining their
suitability besides collection of a representative samples from different
locations along the link canal alignment for studying their swelling
properties. Recommended design parameters are given below:

6.3.1 Recommended design parameters

The CSMRS has recommended following design parameters for the

proposed Daudhan dam.

Foundation materials
Insitu Dry Density, gm/cc
Average 1.61
Average minimum 1.52
Moisture content, %
Average 18.7
Average minimum 15.8
Specific Gravity, G
Average 2.69
Average minimum 2.67
Triaxial Shear test
Total Cohesion (c), Kg/cm2
Average 0.32
Average minimum 0.29
Total angle of shearing resistance (), degrees
Average 24.4
Average minimum 22.1

45
Effective Cohesion (c') kg/cm2
Average 0.22
Average minimum 0.19
Effective angle of Shearing Resistance (), degrees
Average 28.6
Average minimum 26.9
Borrow area materials
Standard Proctor Compaction Test
Daudhan borrow area materials
Maximum Dry Density (?d), gm/cc
Average 1.81
Average minimum 1.79
Optimum moisture Content, %
Average 15.6
Average minimum 14.8
Gangau borrow area materials
Maximum Dry Density (?d), gm/cc
Average 1.78
Average minimum 1.73
Optimum Moisture content, %
Average 17.7
Average minimum 16.3
Palkohan borrow area material
Maximum Dry Density (?d), gm/cc
Average 1.86
Average minimum 1.83
Optimum moisture content, %
Average 14.6
Average minimum 13.8
Kharyani borrow area materials
Maximum Dry Density (?d), gm/cc
Average 1.84
Average minimum 1.82
Optimum moisture content, %
Average 13.9
Average minimum 13.1
Specific Gravity, G
Average 2.72
Average minimum 2.70
Triaxial Shear test
Total Cohesion (c), kg/cm2

46
 Average 0.27
Average minimum 0.24
Total angle of shearing resistance (?), degrees
Average 20.3
Average minimum 18.7
Effective cohesion (c'), kg/cm2
Average 0.17
Average Minimum 0.14
Effective angle of shearing resistance (?), degrees
Average 25.2
Average minimum 24.0

6.4 Geology, seismicity and foundation conditions

6.4.1 Geology of the dam site

The CSMRS has carried out detailed geophysical investigations along

the dam axis. Geological Survey of India has also carried out some
geotechnical investigations along the dam axis and some reaches of
the link canal alignment. The investigations has revealed presence of
sound rock within a depth of 3 m to 5 m on the left bank, except in small
reaches, where depth may be 7 m to 8 m. Hard strata (consolidated
materials) is available on the right bank of the river at about 5 m to 8 m
depth in a length of about 100 m starting from the river bank. Beyond
which groutable strata is available within 2 m to 8 m depth. Profile of hard
rock and overburden has been given by the CSMRS. Details from the
report of CSMRS on geophysical investigations at Daudhan site are
furnished in Chapter-4 'Surveys and Investigations'.

6.4.2 Geology around the proposed link canal alignment

Geology around the proposed link alignment indicate the presence of

ferrugineous breccia of Bijawar group sand stone, silt stone, lime stone
and shales belonging to semri group (Vindhyan super group). Pink, fine to
medium grained, dense granite is exposed sporadically in the reaches
between 75000 m to 75400 m of the canal alignment. Good quality sand
mixed with pebbles and kankars are found in some of the rivers crossed by
the link canal. In the reach near the terminal point of the link canal,
presence of pink, coarse grained massive granite (Bundelkhand Granite)
are found. It is characterised by 3 sets of Vertical joints and 1 set of Basal
joint with sub-horizontal dip. The joint openings are upto 50 m wide filled
with weathered clayey material.

47
6.4.3 Seismicity

As per the zones given in the I.S.: 1893-1984, 'Criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures' (Fourth revision), the proposed Daudhan dam
site falls in the zone 'one' indicating low seismicity of the area. However, it is
recorded in the history of the existing Gangau weir, which is located at 2.5 km
downstream of proposed site, that a severe earthquake shock occurred on
15th January, 1934. But there was practically no damage done except for a
slight widening of the rocks in the main weir. Hence keeping in view of this
fact, necessary provisions have been made in the design of the structures
as per the recommendations of standing committee set up by the erstwhile
Union Ministry of Irrigation and Power in 1969.

6.5 Earth dam

The earth dam proposed at Daudhan will be 73.80 m high and 1468 m
long. Major length of earth dam is proposed to be located in the right flank.
The total length of the earth dam in the right flank is 1224 m while length of
left flank portion is 244 m. Maximum height above deepest foundation level
in the right flank and left flank will be 73.80 m and 19.95 m respectively.
Top width of the earth dam would be 8 m. The suitable slopes and berms
at various elevations have been considered.

Quantitative assessment of various construction materials has been

carried out in and around the proposed dam site. About 46.0 Mm3 soil is
available in the borrow area upstream of proposed Daudhan dam site
which can be utilized in the construction of earth dam.

The top elevation of the dam will be kept at 291 m with FRL at 287 m. The
geotechnical investigations of the foundation material has been carried out
by CSMRS and their recommended design parameters have been used in
the design.

The earth dam proposed at Daudhan site has been designed to have a
zoned section comprising clay core central portion. The top width of the
dam would be 8m. The side slopes would be as shown below:

48
 Upstream side Downstream side
NSL -EL 235m 3.25 H:1 V NSL -EL 230m 3 H:1 V
At EL 235m berm of 6m At EL 230m berm of 6m
EL 235m -250m 3.25 H:1 V EL 230m -245m 3 H:1 V
At EL 250m berm of 6m At EL 245m berm of 6m
EL 250m -265m 3 H:1 V EL 245m -260m 2.75 H:1 V
At EL 265m berm of 6m At EL 260m berm of 6m
EL 265m -275m 3 H:1 V EL 260m -275m 2.5 H:1 V
At EL 275m berm of 6m At EL 275m berm of 6m
EL 275m -285m 2.5 H:1 V EL 275m -285m 2.25 H:1 V
EL 285m -291m 2.5 H:1 V EL 285m -291m 2 H:1 V
(Top of dam) (Top of dam)

6.5.1 Upstream and Downstream slope protection

The upstream slope will be protected by a 600 mm thick hard packed rip-
rap laid over 300 mm thick crushed stone and 300 mm thick sand layer.

The downstream slope will be protected by thick grass turfing. The 300
mm thick stone pitching rip-rap over 300 mm thick crushed stone/gravel
and 200 mm thick sand layer will be provided in the toe upto 245 m
elevation.

6.5.2 Filter

It is proposed to provide 3 m thick vertical chimney filter from elevation

287 m. It will comprise 1 m thick gravel/crushed stone sandwiched by 1
m thick sand layers. It will join the 1.5 m thick horizontal filter
comprising of 0.5 m thick crushed stone/gravel layer sandwitched by
0.5 m thick sand layers. The downstream filter shall be extended
further to join the open drain. Filter material shall be compacted to an
average density of 70% with a minimum relative density of 65%. Filter
material shall satisfy following criteria:

I. D15 of filter material

--------------------------- > 5
D15 of base material
II. D15 of filter material
--------------------------- < 5
D85 of base material

49
Where D15 and D85 represent the sizes of which 15% and 85% of the total
soil particles are finer than these sizes respectively. Filter shall not contain
more than 5% of the material finer than 0.74 mm (Sieve No.200).

The CSMRS has carried out Geotechnical investigations regarding

suitability of filter material available there. Representative filter materials
samples were collected from different locations of river bed sand quarries
i.e. from Daudhan borrow area, Gangau, Palkohan and Kharyani borrow
areas. These have been examined for arriving at the suitability criteria. The
analysis indicates that these materials do not satisfy all the three filter
criteria except satisfying the piping ratio criteria. CSMRS has indicated that
decision in this regard may be taken in consultation with the designers.
This may be looked into at the time of construction.

6.5.3 Stability analysis of the earth dam

The stability analysis of the earth dam has been carried out on Computer
using CWC package for stability analysis of earth dams. Following
foundation soil parameters have been used for carrying out the study.

a Insitu average dry density 1.61 gm/cc

b Average submerged density 1.01 gm/cc
c Average moist density 1.91 gm/cc
d Average saturated density 2.01 gm/cc
e Average angle of shearing resistance 24.4
f Average cohesion 2.2 t/sqm

The dam section has been checked for the following conditions of stability
as per I.S. code 7894.

6.5.3.1 Upstream steady seepage condition:

All the zones above the phreatic line (drawn for upstream water level
consideration) have been considered as moist for working out resisting and
driving forces and zones below it have been considered with their
submerged weights for working out both the resisting and driving forces.

(a) Draw-down condition: In the draw down condition all the zones above
the phreatic lines have been considered as moist for the computation of
both the driving and resisting forces.

50
(b) Zones in the draw-down range: Core material and non-free draining
material have been considered as saturated and free draining material
have been considered as moist for computing the driving forces. All the
materials have been considered as submerged for computing the resisting
forces.

(c) Zones below draw-down level: All the zones including foundation zones
below the draw-down level have been considered as submerged for
computing both the driving and resisting forces.

6.5.3.2 Downstream steady seepage condition

The stability analysis of earth dam has been carried out assuming that the
dam is fully saturated below the phreatic line.

Material below tail water level has been considered as submerged for all
the conditions of stability. The analysis for upstream slope has been done
for the condition of the draw-down from the full reservoir level.

The results of stability analysis of the earth dam as obtained through the
computer package for all the above mentioned conditions were obtained.
The section is found to be safe. The factors of safety obtained in the
analysis are given in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1
Factor of safety for various conditions of stability for earth dam

Elevation u/s steady seepage d/s steady seepage u/s draw

condition condition down
Without With Without With (Without
earthquake earthquake earthquake earthquake earthquake
condition)
217m 1.982 1.604 1.672 1.520 1.700
230m 2.010 1.632 1.670 1.516 1.623
245m 1.977 1.631 1.688 1.531 1.474
260m 1.994 1.681 1.722 1.572 1.421
275m 1.983 1.750 1.823 1.687 1.416

Critical slip circle for different conditions were drawn.

6.6 Concrete dam

The geological investigations carried out by CSMRS indicate existence of

sound rock at 3 m to 5 m below natural surface level and also seen

51
exposed in the left side of Ken river. On the other hand, there is a deeper
overburden on the right side of river. Keeping these geological features in
view, concrete gravity dam is proposed on the left flank.

A 247 m long concrete dam has been proposed. Out of which 146 m
non-overflow section is proposed on the left side and 101 m on the
right side of spillway. The top elevation of dam and deepest
foundation level will be 291 m and 232 m respectively. The width
of dam at the top is 8 m. The maximum height above foundation
level will be 55 m. An inspection gallery of 1.5 m x 2.25 m size is proposed
at an elevation of 260 m, 3.25 m away from the upstream face. The
foundation gallery of size 2 m x 2.5 m will also be provided 4 m away from
the upstream face. The curtain grout holes shall be taken to a depth equal
to half the hydrostatic head subject to minimum of 10 m. The depth of
drainage holes shall be kept as two-thirds of curtain grout holes to a
minimum of 6 m at 3 m centre to centre. The acceptable foundation grade
shall be at least 1 m below sound rock level. The horizontal seismic co-
efficient of 0.03 g has been adopted for the design.

6.6.1 Qualitative and quantitative assessment of availability of

construction materials

Qualitative assessment

The CSMRS has carried out construction materials survey for Ken Betwa
link project during December, 1993. The CSMRS team had identified three
rock quarries and two fine aggregate quarries. The rocks from the major
quarries, which are likely to be available, are Daudhan village rock
quarries, Palkohan rock quarry and down-stream of dam axis quarry.
Extensive field survey was carried out on the upstream and downstream of
the dam axis.

Following conclusions and recommendations about construction materials

have been made by the CSMRS:

(a) Coarse aggregate

The rock materials available from Daudhan village quarry and Palkohan
Road rock quarry are found to be suitable for use as coarse aggregate in
concrete for non-bearing surfaces. The rock from downstream of dam axis
quarries was found unsuitable for use as coarse aggregate in concrete.

52
(b) Fine aggregate

The two sand samples, collected from Banne river shoal and Barne river
shoal are found to be suitable for use as fine aggregate in concrete.
However, in view of the higher percentage of silt content, the sand has to
be washed before using in concrete.

Details of the report on construction materials survey and laboratory

testing of rock and sand samples for use as coarse aggregate and fine
aggregates in concrete are given in Chapter-4 'Surveys and
Investigations'.

Quantitative assessment

Study has been carried out regarding quantitative assessment of various

construction materials. Following quantities are assessed approximately
which are given in table 6.2.

Table 6.2
Quantities of construction materials

Type of material Source Quantity

(approximate)
Fine aggregate Banne & Barne Nadi shoal 2.0 Mm3
Coarse aggregate Daudhan & Palkohan Road 8.0 Mm3
rock quarry

6.6.2 Stability analysis for gravity dam

The stability analysis for the non-overflow concrete dam has been carried
out as per I.S. 6512-1984.

The design has been carried out to fulfill the following conditions / criterion
of stability:

(a) The dam shall be safe against sliding at any plane or combination of
planes within the dam, at the foundation and within the foundation.

(b) The dam shall be safe against overturning at any plane within the dam
at the base and at any plane below the base.

53
(c) The safe unit stresses in the concrete of the dam and in the foundation
material shall not be exceeded.

Assumptions:

The following assumptions have been made:

(i) Forces considered in the stability analysis:

All the forces considered in the analysis have been taken as per I.S. 6512-
1984. The unit weight of concrete and water have been taken as 2.4 t/cum
and 1.0 t/cum respectively. The seismic force has been computed as per
I.S. 1893-1984. The project area falls under zone-1 of the seismic zones of
India. The values of horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients are
considered to be as 0.03 g and 0.015 g respectively.

(ii) Load combinations:

The section has been checked for all the following seven conditions:
(a) Construction condition: Weight of dam but no water in reservoir and no
tail water without earthquake.
(b) Normal operating condition: Full reservoir elevation, normal dry
weather tail water, normal uplift and silt and without earthquake.
(c) Flood discharge condition: Reservoir at maximum flood pool elevation,
all gates open, tail water at flood elevation, normal uplift and silt and
without earthquake.
(d) Condition 'a' with earthquake.
(e) Condition 'b' with earthquake.
(f) Condition 'c' with extreme uplift (drains inoperative)
(g) Condition 'e' with extreme uplift (drains inoperative)

Result

The dam section is found to be safe in all the conditions.

6.7 Spillway

A side channel ski-jump bucket type spillway (over flow section) with
downstream slope 0.9: 1 is proposed on the left flank of the dam. The total
length and maximum height above the deepest foundation level will be 326
m and 28 m respectively. The crest level of the spillway will be at 269 m.
The study for probable maximum flood for Daudhan dam site has been

54
carried out by the unit hydrograph method. The design flood hydrograph
has a peak of 45104 cumec.

Using the above design flood hydrograph, the maximum water level (MWL)
was computed by carrying out flood routing for Daudhan reservoir. 14
gates of 18 m x 18 m are required to pass the design flood. Maximum
water level thus obtained is 288 m whereas the FRL is 287 m. Maximum
outflow from the reservoir routing is 43993 cumec which has been used for
the design of spillway.

The spillway consists of 14 blocks of 22 m width each (pier thickness 4 m)

and two overflow /non-overflow blocks of 20 m width at either end. Fifteen
radial gates of size 18 m 18 m are proposed to be provided.

Parameters of the spillway have been worked out after carrying out the
detailed design of spillway.

6.8 Energy dissipation

Keeping in view the low tail water level, it is not possible to provide
either stilling basin or roller bucket for energy dissipation. Therefore,
Ski-jump bucket has been provided. The lip elevation of bucket is
kept at RL 244 m and bucket radius as 20 m. The jet from this bucket
would touch NSL at a maximum distance of about 75 m from the bucket
lip. However, the initial length of spillway channel has been kept straight
for a length of 100 m. Beyond this point the spill channel takes smooth turn
towards the river. The detailed design of energy dissipator is carried out
and tail water rating curve has been drawn.

6.9 Junction of earth/gravity dams

In accordance with the modern trend in designs, no core wall is proposed at

the junction of earth and gravity dams. Instead, the face of NOF block normal
to dam axis is given a slight turn in plan and also in elevation so as to ensure a
very firm contact with earth dam at the interface. As a result of this feature, the
width of NOF block at its downstream end becomes slightly more than its
normal width. The exact details are to be worked out at the time of preparation
of Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the project.

55
6.10 Tunnel section

A 1.95 km long tunnel from RD 175 m to RD 2125 m is proposed to cross

a high ridge and to take water from the approach channel of Daudhan dam
to Power House No.2. The tunnel has been designed with bed slope of 1 in
2000 and design discharge of 79 cumec. A round shaped tunnel with 5.0 m
diameter has been proposed. Detailed design of the tunnel has been
carried out.

6.11 Surge tank

A simple surge tank of 23.5 m diameter has been proposed in the head
race tunnel of Power House No.2 at RD 1980 m to take care of pressure
fluctuations in the penstock and to prevent additional water hammer
pressures from being exerted upon the walls of the tunnel. The hydraulic
design of surge tank has been carried as per I.S. 7396 (Part-I) -1985
recommendations and using Charles Jaegar's equation for computing the
maximum upsurge.

6.12 Power House

While planning Ken-Betwa link irrigation cum power project, it was decided
to utilize the storage of Daudhan dam as well as the pondage between the
proposed Daudhan dam and existing Gangau weir for generation of power.
The power will be generated at two locations. The first power house which
will be a pumped storage scheme shall be located on the downstream of
gravity dam, while the second power house shall be located at the end of
the tunnel that carries the water from the reservoir to the link canal.

6.12.1 Power House No.1

The power house No.1 which is also named as dam power house shall be
of underground type. The installed capacity of this power house is 3x20
MW. Vertical shaft reversible type of Francis turbines are proposed to be
installed for utilizing this power house as a pumped storage scheme.
Preliminary dimensions of the power house have been designed by using
the standard hand book of Hydro-Electric Engineering and also the I.S.:
12800 (Part-I & II) -1989.

56
6.12.2 Power House No.2

The power house no.2, which is named as Canal Power House, is located
at the end of a 2.0 km long tunnel. The installed capacity of this power
house is 2X6 MW. The releases are allowed to pass into K-B link canal for
carrying water to Betwa basin. This power house is designed as surface
power house with a bye pass tunnel and a surge tank on the main tunnel.
Preliminary design for fixing the dimensions of various components of the
power house have been carried out. Design of intake structure, trash rack
and air vent for this power house are also done.

6.13 Canal section

The water balance studies of Ken and Betwa basins carried out by NWDA
reveal that 1020 Mm3 of surplus water will be available in Ken basin upto
Daudhan dam, which can be diverted through the link canal for enroute
utilization and to water short Betwa basin. The reservoir operation studies
carried out for Daudhan dam show that the link canal from Daudhan dam
will carry a maximum monthly flow of 185 Mm3 in the month of August and
September. As per the present proposal, surplus water transfer from Ken
to Betwa basin is confined to 8 months (243 days) from July to February.
The design discharge of Ken-Betwa link canal will be 72 cumec from RD 0
kms to RD 134 kms, 62 cumec from RD 134 km to RD 195 km. and 57
cumec from RD 195 onwards. The section changes because of the
withdrawal of water in the enroute command. The length of K-B link canal
will be 231.45 km with FSL at head 259 m. A freeboard of 0.75 m has been
provided in the link canal. The side slope of the canal and bed slope will be
1.5 (H) : 1 (V) and 1:10,000 respectively. The link canal will be lined
completely with plain cement concrete.

The design of canal sections has been checked for passing 25% additional
design discharge. It is seen that it is possible to pass this additional
discharge with about 0.40 m encroachment in the 0.75 m free board
available in the canal.

The design computations of canal sections for different design discharges

are carried out. The simulation studies for Daudhan dam will be carried
out afresh at the time of preparation DPR of this project considering the
exact monthly requirements downstream of Daudhan dam and monthly
water requirement of Betwa basin down to the existing Parichha weir on
Betwa river. The details of the link canal sections are given in the Table-
6.3.

57
 Table 6.3
Details of canal sections

Canal reach Design Bed Full Bed Velocity

discharge width supply slope (m/sec)
(cumec) width depth (m)
From RD 0 to 72.0 12 3.56 1 in 10,000 1.04
RD 134 kms
From RD 134 to 62.0 9.7 3.56 1 in 10,000 1.01
RD 195 kms
From RD 195 57.0 8.5 3.56 1 in 10,000 1.00
kms to Terminal
point

The existing outlet i.e. waste weir on the extreme right side of Barwa Sagar
shall be used to drop link canal water at RL 220.62 m into Betwa river
through Barwa river.

There is a fall of 8.56 m at R.D. 224.3 km of link canal, which can be used
for micro-power generation.

6.14 Cross drainage works

The Ken-Betwa link canal is predominantly contour canal except in small

reaches where it is aligned as a ridge canal. It crosses several streams,
minor/major rivers and several roads. The type of cross drainage works
depend upon the catchment area of the streams and its bed level with
reference to the bed level of the canal it crosses. In general, if the bed
level of canal is well above the HFL of a drain, an Aqueduct is the obvious
choice. Super passage are proposed when the bed level of the stream is
much higher than the full supply level (FSL) of the canal at the crossing.
Syphon aqueduct has been provided if the HFL of the drain is higher than
the canal bed. Canal syphon has been provided if the FSL of the canal
is sufficiently above the bed level of the drainage trough, so that the
canal can flow under symphonic action under the trough.

In the entire length of 231.45 km of the link canal, seven Aqueducts, six-
Super passages, four-Syphon aqueducts, thirteen-canal syphons, ten-pipe
culverts and eighteen road bridges and one railway crossing are required
to be constructed.

58
The detailed design of the cross drainage works such as Aqueduct at
Pukhraha NalIa, Syphon Aqueduct at Tendua Nalla, Canal Syphon at
Dhasan river, Super passage at Biyalpur Nalla and pipe culvert at Kumer
NalIa have been carried out as per relevant IS Code of Practice and
sections of typical cross drainage works are drawn.

6.15 Design of dam sluice

A rectangular sluice of 1.5m x 1.25m size has been proposed at 240 m

elevation in the non-overflow section of dam to pass the discharge during non-
operation period of power house no. 1 to fulfill the irrigation requirements
downstream of Ken river. Detailed design of dam sluice has been carried out.

6.16 Canal out fall structure

The K-B link canal terminates near Barwa Sagar at R.D. 231.45 km. A cross
regulator at R.D. 231.15 km has been designed to fill Barwa Sagar as per
requirements. A regulator gate, is also designed to allow the water from the link
canal to spillover a broad crested Ogee-type weir to Barwa Sagar Tal.

The crest level of the regulator is kept at 221.14 m elevation while the crest
level of the escape channel is kept at 220.64 m elevation. The water way
of the escape channel is so designed that it can pass a discharge of 57
cumecs by using the following formula:

Q = Bh(1.69h+3.54h1)

Where, Q = Discharge in cumecs

B = Clear water way
h = Difference of water level u/s and d/s of the crest
hl = Depth of d/s water level in the escape channel above the crest

The downstream floor of the escape channel is kept 1.0 m below the main
canal bed and its length is kept equal to the two-thirds of the total floor
length. Suitable transition to the side slopes have been provided to both
the main canal as well as the escape channel.

A regulator type sluice gate is provided in the main canal to control the
flow. The sill of the regulator is kept 0.3 m below the canal bed level. A
plate form and a bridge is provided to operate the gate from top.

59
 CHAPTER 7

RESERVOIR
7.1 General

The Ken-Betwa link project envisages creation of Daudhan reservoir on

Ken river at a location of about 2.5 km upstream of the existing Gangau
weir. The total area under submergence at Daudhan reservoir comes to 90
Sqkm. The storage thus created will be utilised for diversion of 1020 Mm3
of water from Ken river through a canal off taking from the tail race of the
Power house No.2. Water will also be released from this reservoir for
irrigation uses in the downstream of Daudhan through the tail race-tunnel
of the Power house No.1 as well as through the dam sluice in to the Ken
river. As the Power house No. 1 of this project is planned to be a pumped
storage scheme, the Daudhan reservoir will, therefore, function as the
upper reservoir and the storage created at the existing Gangau weir shall
be used as a lower reservoir. Details of these reservoirs are described in
the subsequent paragraphs.

7.2 Fixation of storage and reservoir levels

The gross availability of water at 75% dependable annual yield has been
worked out as 6188 Mm3 by the NWDA. This has been approved by the
Central Water Commission. Water balance of Ken basin upto Daudhan
dam site has been worked out after considering the downstream
commitment, upstream domestic, irrigation and industrial water
requirements and regeneration thereof. Water needs in the upstream of
Daudhan dam for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes are 2988
Mm3, 131 Mm3 and 238 Mm3 respectively. Downstream commitment of
Ken is 2225 Mm3 (1375 Mm3 for Madhya Pradesh and 850 Mm3 for Uttar
Pradesh). Thus, the surface water balance at 75% dependability in Ken
basin upto Daudhan site comes to 3291 Mm3. The details are given in
Table 5.1 under para 5.5 of Chapter-5 Hydrology.

The reservoir simulation study has been done for estimating the capacity
of reservoir that would provide the required yield at specified reliability. The
flow data of Banda G&D site has been used for the analysis for a period of
32 years from 1957 to 1988. The analysis has been done on computer
using CAP-YIELD Programme (developed by NWDA). This programme
also takes into account the losses due to evaporation. The analysis shows
that for 75% dependability performance the gross capacity of 2775 Mm3
gives the yield as 3346 Mm3.

60
7.2.1 Dead storage level (DSL)

The dead storage level of the Daudhan reservoir has been worked out as
238.0 m on the basis of sedimentation studies. The corresponding capacity
at this level as per the revised area capacity curve of 50 years
sedimentation comes to 22.31 Mm3.

7.2.2 Minimum draw down level (MDDL)

The minimum draw down level has been fixed at 268 m after carrying out
the power generation studies for various alternatives. The reservoir is
proposed to be regulated between this MDDL and the FRL of 287 m. The
capacity of reservoir at MDDL is 1390 Mm3.

7.2.3 Full reservoir level (FRL)

Gross storage of Daudhan reservoir has been taken as 2775 Mm3 and the
Full Reservoir Level (FRL) corresponding to the gross storage capacity is
fixed at 287 m.

7.2.4 Maximum water level (MWL)

The maximum water level as worked out from flood routing study is found
to be 287.42 m with one gate as inoperative and 288.23 m with two gates
inoperative. The MWL has, therefore, been fixed as 288 m.

7.3 Free board requirement

The fetch of the reservoir was determined to fix the free board and the top
of the dam. The fetch computations were done as per the Indian Standards
IS Code: 10635-1983, Guidelines for Free board Requirement in
Embankment Dams.

The maximum fetch length of 8.25 km has been fixed after trial and error
and the following factors are taken into consideration while computing the
free board requirement.

(a) Wave characteristics, particularly the wave height and wave length.
(b) Upstream slope of the dam and roughness of the pitching.
(c) Height of wind setup above the still water level

61
The detailed free board computations have been carried out and it is found
that the free board requirement is 3 m and accordingly, the top of the dam
is fixed as 291 m. In addition, a parapet wall of 0.9 m height with wave
deflector is also provided.

7.4 The Elevation-Area-Capacity curves

The area-capacity curves of Daudhan reservoir have been prepared with

the help of the reservoir area map prepared by the Survey of India with
contours at 3.048 m (10ft) intervals plotted on a scale of 1cm=158.4m
(1inch=1320 ft) for the proposed Ken Multi-purpose project.

On the basis of the elevation-area-capacity data and the rate of

sedimentation of Ken river, the revised area and capacities of the reservoir
have been worked out for 50 years as well as for 100 years sedimentation.
The calculations are given in the para-5.8 of Chapter-5 Hydrology.
Various capacities of the reservoir are worked out as below.

Gross storage 2775.00 Mm3

Live storage 2752.69 Mm3
Dead storage 22.31 Mm3
Storage at MDDL 1390.00 Mm3

7.5 Water tightness of the reservoir

On the basis of the comprehensive studies made by different geologists of

the G.S.I. within a span of 14 years from 1961 to 1975, on behalf of the
proposed KMPP project Authority, it has been found that the reservoir area
is covered by semiquartzitic sandstone, which is compact and hard, and
there is no possibility of leakage in the reservoir. Hence the reservoir can
be considered watertight.

7.6 Evaporation losses

The average monthly rates of evaporation losses, as considered in the Ken

Multi-purpose project report, have been adopted in this study. The values
are given below in Table 7.1.

62
 Table 7.1
Monthly evaporation losses
Sl. Month Evaporation losses
No. (in mm)
1 January 69.85
2. February 88.90
3. March 171.45
4. April 292.10
5. May 400.05
6. June 260.35
7. July 114.30
8. August 95.25
9. September 114.30
10. October 95.25
11. November 69.85
12. December 63.50
Total: 1835.15

The simulation study has been carried out for Daudhan reservoir. The
average annual evaporation loss from the reservoir, obtained from the
simulation analysis, is about 104 Mm3.

7.7 Utilisation from reservoir

The proposed Daudhan Dam shall be utilised to meet the storage

requirements for utilization of water for K-B link project including Ken
command and other downstream commitments.

(i) The quantity of water required to be transferred through K-B link is as

follows :

(a) Water required by substitution for the four proposed projects in Upper
Betwa basin viz. Barari barrage, Neemkheda dam, Richhan dam and
Kesari dam amounting to 659 Mm3 for irrigating an area of 1.27 lakh
ha annually.

(b) Enroute irrigation to 47000 ha of land which requires 312 Mm3 of

water.

(c) Transmission losses along the 231 km long canal works out to be
37.25 Mm3.

63
(d) Provision for drinking water supply to enroute areas is kept as 11.75
Mm3.

Thus, the total quantity of water equal to 1020 Mm3 of water is proposed to
be transferred from Ken basin.

(ii) The irrigation requirements in the downstream, to be met directly

from Daudhan reservoir, are 1375 Mm3 for Madhya Pradesh, which will be
utilised in Ken command, and 850 Mm3 for Uttar Pradesh. Thus, the total
quantity of 2225 Mm3 is to be utilised from the reservoir for downstream
requirements.

Thus the total annual demand from Daudhan reservoir works out to 3245
Mm3. The month wise demand is shown in the Table 7.2.

Table 7.2
Monthwise water utilization from the Daudhan reservoir

Months For M.P. For U.P. For Link Total

(Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3) (Mm3)
June 76.18 124.73 - 200.91
July 50.81 129.00 140.00 319.81
August 101.54 129.00 185.00 415.58
September 132.55 69.49 185.00 387.04
October 123.64 13.77 102.00 239.41
November 152.35 32.88 102.00 287.23
December 174.67 88.62 102.00 365.29
January 218.39 115.78 102.00 436.17
February 192.52 101.61 102.00 396.13
March 152.35 20.73 - 173.08
April - 11.20 - 11.20
May - 13.15 - 13.15
Total 1375.00 850.00 1020.00 3245.00

64
7.8 Submergence

The details of submergence upto maximum water level have been worked
out. A list of villages alongwith their population coming under complete
submergence is given in the Table 7.3. The submergence plan is prepared
upto R.L.300 m with the actual submergence at FRL 287.0 m. The plan will
almost be the same except for short stretches where the contours are
steep all along the periphery of the reservoir. On the basis of field visits it is
estimated that about 900 families having a total population of
approximately 8550 will be affected from these villages. A small population
of some peripheral villages will also be affected as lands of the people
belonging to these villages are in the submergence area. Besides, some
important species of trees like Teak, Solai, Babul, Amla, Tendu, Sheesam,
Neem, Mahua, Palas, Keri, Kullu etc. in the forest may come under the
possible submergence.

The area under submergence at MWL of 288 m and at FRL of 287 m

comes to 9000 ha and 8650 ha respectively. The details of area irrigated,
unirrigated and culturable wasteland areas are given in Table 7.3. A
comparison of this area with the total of enroute irrigation and irrigation in
Ken command gives the submergence ratio as 1.4%. Besides, no railway
line, major bridges, telephone lines and main power lines or any valuable
mineral deposits, historical and archeological monuments etc. are coming
under submergence. The nearest railway station Satna is 110 Km away
from the project site.

7.9 Rehabilitation and resettlement of the project affected population

The primary objective in good rehabilitation strategy should be to reinforce

the traditional ethos and aspiration of the displaced people to develop a
society living in perfect harmony with nature. Besides, the main thrust of
the rehabilitation strategy should aim at providing fair and equitable
treatment of persons displaced from their homes, professions, farms etc.
by the construction of the project.

The population affected is to be resettled in the adjoining areas. The

persons are to be provided with proper housing facilities. Other basic
amenities like drinking water, access road, schools, medical facilities,
atleast one shopping center for 3 to 5 villages and electricity are also to be
provided at reasonable cost. It is proposed that, as far as possible the
entire population displaced by the project is to be resettled at one place in

65
the form of a model village so that their social and cultural life remains
undisturbed.

The entire land coming under submergence of Daudhan reservoir at FRL

287.0 m shall have to be acquired for the project, which includes 2068 ha
of land physically possessed by the families of the ten villages coming
under complete submergence. The existing norms of the Government will
have to be followed for the purpose of land acquisition.

7.10 Soil conservation measures

To reduce the silt being carried by the rivers and streams leading to the
Daudhan reservoir and also to compensate for the loss of forestland in the
submergence, soil conservation measures would be taken to develop new
forest areas in and around the reservoir. Necessary provision for this work
has been kept in the project estimate.

7.11 Reservoir at Gangau weir

Gangau weir is an existing structure located on Ken river 2.5 km

downstream of proposed Daudhan dam in Rajnagar tehsil of Chhatarpur
district. The crest level of the weir is 232.40 m. The dead storage level and
full reservoir level of Gangau weir are 219.30 m and 234.90 m
respectively. The gross storage capacity of the reservoir at Gangau weir is
56.4 Mm3.

As the power house No. 1 of Ken Betwa link project is planned to be a

pumped storage scheme, the releases from power house No.1 will be
stored in the reservoir at Gangau weir. The water stored in this reservoir
will be pumped back to Daudhan reservoir during off peak period by the
reversible type of turbine of power house No.1.

66
 Table No. 7.3

Details of villages coming under submergence of Daudhan Reservoir

Land use area under different types of land Population in nos.

Area
Irriga- Cultur Area not Schedule Schedule Cultiva- Total
S. under Unirri- General Literate Workers
Name of Forest ted able available Caste Tribe tors
N submer gated
villages land land by waste for
o gence land
(ha) source land cultiva- M F M F M F M F M F M F
(ha) (ha)
(ha) (ha) tion (ha)
1. Sukwaha 2442.33 1807.04 - 196.73 77.55 20.23 297 258 36 28 208 194 16 5 208 81 140 - 1471

2. Bhorkhuwa 644.29 476.70 - 6.00 25.32 1.70 36 40 - - 1 3 1 - 23 6 8 - 118

3.
Kharyani 1880.87 1391.62 - 170.88 390.26 17.77 340 343 39 38 99 128 89 15 206 80 114 2 1493

4. Palkoha 1197.23 885.81 - 88.79 737.12 8.36 480 435 138 140 27 19 73 11 282 68 88 31 1792
440.22
5. Daudhan 325.71 - 8.38 51.45 8.41 173 151 - - 73 75 40 8 79 - 28 - 627

6. Kupi 873.61 646.37 23.60 100.71 102.25 2.06 560 506 116 103 154 160 105 17 320 119 173 57 2390

7. Basudha 260.75 192.94 0.46 13.52 76.65 3.79 51 43 - - 30 25 3 - 28 15 19 - 214

8. Ghughari 685.05 506.86 - 8.99 42.33 12.83 25 24 - - 22 23 1 - 15 2 9 - 121

9. Sahpura 225.65 166.95 23.26 9.42 17.33 3.85 82 88 - - - - 27 5 53 25 42 1 323

10. Mainari Included under Sukwaha
Total 8650.00 6400.00 47.32 603.42 1520.26 79.00 8549

Note : All villages come under Bijawar tehsil of Chhatarpur district.

Source : District Census hand book of Chhatarpur district (1981).

67
 CHAPTER 8
IRRIGATION PLANNING
8.1 General

The main objective of Ken-Betwa link project is to provide irrigation facilities to

the water short areas in upper reaches of Betwa basin. In the indicative master
plan of Betwa basin prepared by the Department of Irrigation, Madhya Pradesh,
four projects namely Barari, Neemkheda, Richhan and Kesari dams, which lie in
the Upper Betwa basin, are placed in category-B which means that water is not
available for these schemes unless the 75% dependable flow at Rajghat exceeds
3379 Mm3. Annual irrigated area under these four projects is 1.27 lakh ha and
the water use is 659 Mm3. Therefore, 659 Mm3 of water is proposed to be
diverted from Ken to Betwa river at upstream of Parichha weir through the K-B
link. The water diverted to the upstream of Parichha weir will meet the water
requirement of its downstream commands. The water thus saved is proposed to
be utilised in the upper reaches of Betwa through these four projects by way of
substitution. The command area under these four projects has been termed as
Betwa command.

As already mentioned, the entire command area proposed under KMPP project
will be irrigated by this project. An annual irrigation to 3.23 lakh ha (culturable
command area of 2.41 lakh ha) in this command will be provided from the
releases of Power House No. 1. The water use in the command is 1375 Mm3
and the same is to be provided as per the interstate agreement between Uttar
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh on Ken, 1981. This command area has been
termed here as Ken command.

The net water available for diversion from Ken at Daudhan reservoir, after
meeting upstream and downstream requirements, is 1020 Mm3. The drought
prone areas of Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh, and
Hamirpur and Jhansi districts of Uttar Pradesh in the enroute of the link canal
have been identified for providing irrigation. The water use in these areas is
planned to be 312 Mm3 for annual irrigation to 47000 ha. A provision of 11.75
Mm3 has also been kept for drinking water supply to the enroute villages. After
accounting for the above needs and the transmission losses of 37.25 Mm3, 659
Mm3 of water is finally dropped in Betwa river.

8.2 Existing/proposed irrigation facilities

8.2.1 Enroute command area

There are quite a few existing irrigation tanks and one proposed scheme namely
Issanagar Ranipur in the enroute command of K-B link canal. The particulars of
these projects are given in Table-8.1.

68
8.2.2 Ken command

There are quite a few existing major, medium and minor irrigation schemes in the
command. The particulars of these schemes are given in Table-8.2.

8.3 Soil surveys

8.3.1 Enroute command

Based on the information provided by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and
Land use Planning (ICAR), Nagpur, the soils of the area can be broadly classified
into five categories. They are soil on hills and hill ridges, plateau soils, pediment
soils, soils of level alluvial plain and undulating flood plain and soils of dissected
flood plain. Detailed description of each type of soil is given in the para-5.2.2 of
the chapter on Hydrology.

Table 8.1
Existing irrigation facilities in the enroute command

Sl. Distt./ Tehsil Name & source of Irrigated Water

No irrigation area (ha) utilization
(Mm3)
Existing Kharif Rabi
1 Chhatarpur
(i) Chhatarpur (a)Motisagar tal 405 0.515 0.718
(b) Issanagar tank 516 0.656 0.915
(c) Gora tal 1295 1.648 2.296
(d) Amkhera tal 40 0.05 0.07
(e) Nandgaon tank 121 0.154 0.214
(f) Sailab tal 121 0.154 0.214
(ii) Nowgong (a) Jagatsagar 186 0.176 0.414
canal
(b) Naigawan 49 0.046 0.109
(c) Macha Bandhi 49 0.046 0.109
Total 2782
2 Tikamgarh (a) Chhidari tank 72 0.103 0.115
(b) Dhanera tal 93 0.131 0.147
(c) Dharam 1984 2.80 3.137
Sagar
(d) Purenia 134 0.189 0.211
(e) Ramnagar tal 81 0.114 0.128
(ii) Tikamgarh (a) Teharka tal 184 0.275 0.270
Total 2549
Proposed
3 Chhatarpur
(i) Chhatarpur Issanagar Ranipur 57

69
 Table 8.2
Existing irrigation facilities in Ken command
Name of Name of Name & source Irrigated Quantity of
distt. tehsil of irrigation area (ha) water utilized
(Mm3)

Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Nawalgarh 101.20 0.792

Regulator
Chhatarpur Laundi Manariya tank 111.33 0.877
Chhatarpur Laundi Luharuk anicut 161.90 1.245
Chhatarpur Laundi Sohai anicut 80.90 0.622
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Pathargawan 101.20 0.792
Regulator
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Beniganj dam 5708.50 18.253
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Rangawan dam 18727.00 56.600
Chhatarpur Laundi Bamhori purwa 303.60 2.348
Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Boodha dam 607.30 N.A.
Total 25902.93 81.529

8.3.2 Ken command

Soil survey in the command area was carried out by the State Agriculture
Department and a preliminary report had been submitted by the Joint Director of
Agriculture, Sagar district. According to this report, the soil of the proposed Ken
command posses slight to moderate erosion and few areas with severe erosion.
The water holding capacity is low to medium. The pH value of the soil is
between 7 to 8. The soils have good response to fertilizers and irrigation.

8.4 Land irrigability classification

8.4.1 Enroute command

It may be mentioned that deep to very deep soils in each group may be
considered fit for irrigation provided topography, depth of water table and
drainage characteristics do not become limiting factors. Appropriate soil water
management practices have to be adopted to make irrigated agriculture a
success in the command. Shallow soils may however be put under permanent
pastures and grazing to check undesirable hazards of soil erosion.

70
8.5 Existing cropping pattern
8.5.1 Enroute command

It is proposed to provide irrigation to drought prone areas in Tikamgarh and

Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh, and Jhansi and Hamirpur districts of
Uttar Pradesh enroute of K-B link canal. Districtwise existing cropping patterns
are shown in the Table-8.3.

Table 8.3
Existing cropping pattern in enroute command
Districtwise area (in thousand hectares)
Type and % of crop
Total
name of area with
Chhat- Tikam- Hamirpur Jhansi cropped
crop respect to
arpur * garh * ** ** area under
total cropped
each crop
area
Kharif
Paddy 22.50 25.00 47.5 3.55
Kodikutki 12.00 - 15.1 1.13
Jowar 30.00 30.00 72.00 49.00 181.0 13.52
Maize 9.00 3.00 12.0 0.90
Groundnut 4.00 - 15.00 19.0 1.42
Arhar 9.50 - 9.00 18.5 1.38
Urad 21.50 25.00 46.5 3.47
Oilseeds 4.50 - 4.5 0.34
Others 61.00 61.00 122.0 9.11
Rabi
Wheat 122.00 64.00 145.00 92.00 423.0 31.57
Gram 68.00 29.00 172.00 77.00 346.0 25.84
Barley 5.00 5.00 10.0 0.75
Moong 4.00 5.00 9.0 0.67
Masur - 3.00 40.00 25.00 68.0 5.08
Others 14.00 3.00 17.0 1.27
Total 1339.1 100.0

* Source : District Water Resources Booklets for the year 1990

** Source : District Statistical Books of Hamirpur (1991) and Jhansi (1986)

71
8.5.2 Ken command

The existing cropping pattern in terms of percentages of areas under main crops
is given in Table-8.4.

Table 8.4
Existing cropping pattern in Ken command
Name of crop % Area of CCA
1. Kharif Paddy 3.18
Pulses 3.00
Others 36.72
Sub-total 42.90
2. Rabi Wheat local 21.29
Other Rabi 38.68
Sub-total 59.97
3. Perennial Sugarcane 0.13
Total 103.00

8.5.3 Betwa command

Cropping pattern of four proposed projects command in the Upper Betwa sub-
basin is given in Table-8.5.

Table 8.5
Cropping pattern in Upper Betwa sub-basin
Sl. No. Crop type Percentage
Cropwise
1. Paddy 1.01
2. Jowar 8.83
3. Wheat 48.52
4. Maize 1.58
5. Pulses 26.98
6. Sugarcane 0.20
7. Vegetables and fruits 0.29
8. Other food crops 1.20
9. Oilseeds 4.04
10. Fodder 7.35

Total 100.00

72
8.5.4 Rainfall and rain fed cultivation
(a) Rainfall during monsoon

Based on the statistical record from 1987 to 1991, it has been observed that the
annual normal rainfalls in the districts of Chhatarpur, Panna and Tikamgarh are
between 700 mm to 1200 mm and the average annual rainfall is around 950 mm
in Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh districts. As per the same statistics, the numbers
of rainy days in monsoon are 40 in case of both the districts. Maximum rainfall
occurs in the month of July during monsoon, which is of the order of 400 mm and
the minimum rainfall in the month of June is of the order of 50 mm.

(b) Rainfall during non-monsoon

Very little rainfall occurs during the period from November to May in the districts
of Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh. The average monthly rainfall during the non-
monsoon period is about 20 mm.

(c) Area under rain fed cultivation

As per the agricultural statistics for the years 1987 to 1992, the average areas
under rain fed cultivation in the districts of Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur and Panna are
27,500 ha, 20,500 ha and 52,500 ha respectively.

8.6 Proposed cropping pattern

Keeping in view the existing cropping pattern, soil suitability, climatic conditions,
water availability etc., different cropping pattern have been proposed in the
enroute, Ken and Betwa commands. These are described in the subsequent
paragraphs.

8.6.1 Enroute command

The proposed cropping pattern in enroute command is given in Table-8.6.

Table 8.6
Proposed cropping pattern in enroute command

Type of crop Percentage of CCA Area in hectares

Kharif
Paddy 32.0 15040
Jowar 2.0 940
Maize 2.0 940
Vegetables 2.0 940
Pulses 2.0 940

73
 Groundnut 4.0 1880
Bajra 2.0 940
Fodder 2.0 940
Sub-total 48.0
Rabi
Wheat 32.0 15040
Vegetable 4.0 1880
Pulses 4.0 1880
Fodder 4.0 1880
Oilseeds 4.0 1880
Sub-total 48.0
Perennial
Sugarcane 4.0 1880

Total 100.0 47000

8.6.2 Ken command

The proposed cropping pattern in the Ken command is given in Table-8.7.

Table 8.7
Proposed cropping pattern in Ken command
Type of crop Percentage of CCA Area in hectares
Kharif
Paddy 20 48,238
Jowar/Maize 8 19,295
Pulses 15 36,178
Oilseeds 12 28,943
Vegetables 5 12,059

Sub-total 60 1,44,713

Rabi
Wheat (HYV) 40 96,475
Wheat (Local) 5 12,059
Gram 8 19,296
Linseed 5 12,059
Sunflower 5 12,059
Barseem 3 7,236
Masoor 8 19,295

Sub-total 74 1,78,479

Total 134 3,23,192

74
8.6.3 Betwa command

The details of CCA and irrigation intensities of the four projects in Upper Betwa
are not available. Therefore, the annual irrigation for the command of these four
projects has been kept as 1.25 times the irrigated area. The suggested cropping
pattern has been adopted from the report of preliminary water balance study of
Upper Betwa sub-basin. The proposed cropping pattern and cropwise water use
in the command of the four projects of Upper Betwa basin are given in the Table-
8.8.

Table 8.8
Proposed cropping pattern and cropwise water use in the command of
the four projects of Upper Betwa basin
Type of crop % of Cropwise water use in ham *
area
Neem- Richhan Kesari Barari
kheda
Kharif
Paddy 25.00 270.41 9457.43 472.51 22343.91
Maize 2.50 1.73 60.40 3.02 142.69
Jowar 2.50 1.66 58.19 2.91 137.47
Vegetables 2.50 3.14 109.75 5.48 259.29
Pulses 6.25 3.95 138.10 6.90 326.28
Groundnut 5.00 3.95 138.47 6.92 327.15
Soyabean 2.50 1.39 48.61 2.43 114.85
Fodder 1.25 0.68 23.94 1.20 56.56
Rabi
Wheat 50.00 166.37 5818.82 290.72 13747.42
Vegetables 5.00 14.78 517.06 25.83 1221.61
Grams 12.50 32.75 1145.35 57.22 2705.98
Oilseeds 6.25 12.21 427.20 21.34 1009.30
Perennial
Sugarcane 3.75 34.62 1210.90 60.50 2860.86

Total 125.00 547.64 19154.22 956.98 45253.37

* Water use for evaporation losses may be met out from ground water.

75
8.7 Proposed irrigation facilities
8.7.1 Enroute command

The proposed link canal passes through Ken basin and Betwa basin. The
culturable area of Ken basin is 16,15,000 ha and that of Betwa basin is
29,80,000 ha. The preliminary water balance studies of these basins indicate
that on an average 72% of the culturable area in Ken basin is likely to be irrigated
by 2025 AD. In the lower portion of Ken basin alone, the annual irrigation will be
about 87% of the culturable area. In contrast to this, the Betwa basin is a water
deficit basin. With the available water resources of the basin about 32% of the
culturable area is expected to be brought under irrigation. In some of the areas
in this basin, this is as low as 15%. In view of this, it is proposed to provide
irrigation to those of the areas where annual irrigation is less than 30% of the
culturable area. Keeping in view the availability of water, the annual irrigation is
limited to 40% of culturable areas. Besides these, this project will also provide
irrigation to the command areas identified under the four proposed projects in the
upper Betwa basin.

8.7.2 Ken command

There is no other proposed major project in the command area. However, the
present proposal will get linked up (for operation) with the existing Beniganj,
Rangawan, Bariarpur left bank canal and the Urmil projects for the integrated
development of the lower zone of Ken valley.

Table 8.9
Tehsilwise break-up of command area
Sl. Name of tehsil Name of canal G.C.A. C.C.A.
No (ha) (ha)
Chhatarpur distt.
1. Chhatarpur (a) Ken L.B.C. 67801 42203
(b) Mukuna Lift 3988 2492
(c) Kuraha Lift 24154 18275
(d) Lugasi & Satna Lift 25298 19751
2. Laundi Urmil L.B.C. 110441 90132
3. Laundi & Bariarpur L.B.C. 58291 46269
Chhatarpur
Panna distt.
1. Ajaygarh (a) Bariarpur R.B.C. 21989 15107
(b) From existing Ken 9307 7077

Total 321269 241306

76
The total culturable command area is 2.412 lakh ha. The annual irrigation to be
provided from the proposed Ken canal system of Ken command is given in table-
8.10.

Table 8.10
Proposed annual irrigation in Ken command
Season Cropping intensity Annual irrigation (lakh ha)
Kharif 60% 1.447
Rabi 74% 1.785
Total 134% 3.232

8.8 Scope for change in cropping pattern

In this regard, the available information is discussed as below:

(a) Agro-climatic conditions

As per the agro-climatic zoning of Madhya Pradesh, the command area of the K-
B link falls in the Bundelkhand region, which is deficit in water and prone to
frequent droughts. The climate of the region is tropical. The climate remains hot
and is pleasant in winter. The temperature normally varies from 47.30C in
summer to 40C in winter.

(b) Water and other inputs like seeds, fertilizers etc.

It is seen from the survey conducted by the NCAER that the farmers use
sufficient inputs to take full advantage of the good situation particularly in
irrigation condition. The use of manure and fertilizers is common in all the areas.
Similarly the use of pesticides and weedicides is also popular in the command
areas. It also confirms the use of modern agricultural technology in the proposed
command areas. The suggested input pattern for the crops grown under the
irrigated and unirrigated conditions is given in Table-8.11.

(c) Attitude of farmers towards modern irrigated agricultural

Practices

(i) Enroute command

During the course of field enquiry conducted by the NCAER, it was found that
more than 72% of the households in the proposed command area are not
satisfied with the existing irrigation facilities. This indicates the need for
augmenting the irrigation facilities, which is supported by the majority of the
farmers. In these areas, the preference is obviously for the canal irrigation
supplemented by the use of modern agricultural machineries, which will result in
higher income and enhancement of socio-economic conditions.

77
 Table 8.11
Input pattern for crops *
Sl. Input items Rupees per hectare
No. Irrigated Condition Unirrigated condition
1. Seed 373 284
2. Manure 115 91
3. Fertilisers 364 57
4. Pesticides 11 -
5. Irrigated materials 941 432
6. Hired human labour 193 60
7. Hired animal labour 17 18
8. Hired machinery 93 83
9. Other misc. input 112 75
Total 2219 1100

* Source : Report of NCAER on K-B link project

(ii) Ken command

The proposed command area is bordering Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
and the economic condition of farmers are comparatively inferior to that of
farmers of the adjoining state of Uttar Pradesh. Hence majority of the farmers
are keen to adopt modern agricultural practices, which would naturally improve
their economic conditions through better and efficient irrigation.

8.9 Crop water requirements

The command areas of K-B link project fall under the Yamuna basin. The crop
water requirements assessed for various crops under different commands are
discussed in the following paras.

8.9.1 Enroute command

The crop water requirements for enroute irrigation, based on IMD values of
potential evapo-transpiration, have been worked out by modified Penman
method. The values of gross irrigation requirement (GIR) are indicated in the
Table-8.12. The total water requirement is also computed for annual irrigation of
47000 ha and the same is given in the Table-8.12.

78
 Table 8.12
Annual irrigation in the enroute command
Type Crop % of Area G.I.R. Water requirement
C.C.A (ha) (m) (ha m)
Kharif Paddy 32 15040 1.308 19672.32
Jowar 2 940 0.123 115.62
Groundnut 4 1880 0.129 242.52
Bajra 2 940 0.123 115.62
Fodder 2 940 0.117 109.98
Maize 2 940 0.117 109.98
Pulses 2 940 0.118 110.92
Vegetables 2 940 0.189 177.66
Rabi Wheat 32 15040 0.393 5910.72
Fodder 4 1880 0.318 597.84
Pulses 4 1880 0.345 648.60
Oilseeds 4 1880 0.290 545.20
Vegetables 4 1880 0.317 595.96
Perennial Sugarcane 4 1880 1.209 2272.92
Total 100 47000 31225.86

8.9.2 Ken Command

The crop water requirements as approved by the State Agricultural Department

are given in Table-8.13 and the same have been adopted.

Table - 8.13
Crop water requirements in Ken command
Type Crop Area in G.I.R. Area Water requirement
% of (m) (ha) (Mm3)
C.C.A.
Kharif Paddy 20 0.649 48238 313.06
Jowar/Maize 8 0.3048 19295 58.81
Pulses 15 0.127 36178 45.95
Oilseeds 12 0.2286 28943 66.16
Vegetables 5 0.3048 12059 36.76
Sub-total 60 144713 520.74
Rabi Wheat (HYV) 40 0.6096 96475 588.11
Wheat(Local) 5 0.4572 12059 55.13
Gram 8 0.4318 19296 83.32
Linseed 5 0.3302 12059 39.82
Sunflower 5 0.3302 12059 39.82
Barseem 3 0.3302 7236 23.89
Masoor 8 0.127 19295 24.50
Sub-total 74 178479 854.60
Total 134 323192 1375.34

79
8.9.3 Betwa command

Details of computations of crop water requirements for the four projects are given
in Table-8.14 to 8.17 below.

Table 8.14
Computation of crop water requirement for Barari project
C.C.A. = 87009 ha
Crops Intensity G.I.R. Water use
(%) (m) (ha.m)
Kharif
Paddy 25.0 1.284 22343.91
Maize 2.5 0.082 142.69
Jowar 2.5 0.079 137.47
Vegetable 2.5 0.149 259.29
Pulses 6.25 0.075 326.28
Groundnut 5.0 0.094 327.15
Soyabean 2.5 0.066 114.85
Fodder 1.25 0.065 56.56
Rabi
Wheat 50.0 0.0395 13747.42
Vegetable 5.0 0.351 1221.61
Gram 12.5 0.311 2705.98
Oilseeds 6.25 0.232 1009.30
Perennial
Sugarcane 3.75 1.096 2860.86
Total 125.00 45253.37
Say : 452.53 Mm3

Table 8.15
Computation of crop water requirement for Neemkheda project
C.C.A. = 1053 ha
Crops Intensity (%) G.I.R. (m) Water use (ha.m)
Kharif
Paddy 25.0 1.284 270.41
Maize 2.5 0.082 1.73
Jowar 2.5 0.079 1.66
Vegetable 2.5 0.149 3.14
Pulses 6.25 0.075 3.95
Groundnut 5.0 0.094 3.95
Soyabean 2.5 0.066 1.39
Fodder 1.25 0.065 0.68
Rabi

80
 Wheat 50.0 0.0395 166.37
Vegetable 5.0 0.351 14.78
Gram 12.5 0.311 32.75
Oilseeds 6.25 0.232 12.21
Perennial
Sugarcane 3.75 1.096 34.62
Total 125.00 547.64
Say : 5.476 Mm3

Table 8.16
Computation of crop water requirement for Richhan project
C.C.A. = 36828 ha
Crops Intensity G.I.R. Water use
(%) (m) (ha.m)
Kharif
Paddy 25.0 1.284 9457.435
Maize 2.5 0.082 60.40
Jowar 2.5 0.079 58.19
Vegetable 2.5 0.149 109.75
Pulses 6.25 0.075 138.47
Groundnut 5.0 0.094 138.47
Soyabean 2.5 0.066 48.61
Fodder 1.25 0.065 23.94
Rabi
Wheat 50.0 0.0395 5818.82
Vegetable 5.0 0.351 517.06
Gram 12.5 0.311 1145.35
Oilseeds 6.25 0.232 427.20
Perennial
Sugarcane 3.75 1.096 1210.90
Total 125.00 19154.22
Say : 191.54 Mm3

81
 Table 8.17
Computation of crop water requirement for Kesari project
C.C.A. = 1840 ha
Crops Intensity G.I.R. Water use
(%) (m) (ha.m)
Kharif
Paddy 25.0 1.284 472.51
Maize 2.5 0.082 3.02
Jowar 2.5 0.079 2.91
Vegetable 2.5 0.149 5.48
Pulses 6.25 0.075 6.90
Groundnut 5.0 0.094 6.92
Soyabean 2.5 0.066 2.43
Fodder 1.25 0.065 1.20
Rabi
Wheat 50.0 0.0395 290.72
Vegetable 5.0 0.351 25.83
Gram 12.5 0.311 57.22
Oilseeds 6.25 0.232 21.34
Perennial
Sugarcane 3.75 1.096 60.50
Total 125.00 956.98
Say : 9.569 Mm3

8.10 Water planning

8.10.1 Water availability and requirements of Ken basin upto

Daudhan dam site

The gross water availability, different requirements, regeneration from various

uses and net water availability in Ken basin upto Daudhan dam site are given in
Table-5.7 in chapter-5. As seen the gross water availability of Ken basin upto
Daudhan site at 75% dependability is 6188 Mm3. The total upstream water
requirements of Ken basin upto Daudhan site are 3357 Mm3. This includes
water requirements for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses till 2025 AD. The
total water requirement in the downstream of Daudhan dam site is 2225 Mm3.
Out of this, 1375 Mm3 is for Madhya Pradesh and 850 Mm3 for Uttar Pradesh.
Net availability of water after meeting all the upstream requirement is 3291 Mm3.

8.10.2 Annual utilization of water through link canal

Annual utilization of 1020 Mm3 water, which is to be diverted from Daudhan

reservoir through link canal is described in subsequent paragraphs:

82
8.10.2.1 Enroute command

The water requirement for enroute irrigation of 47,000 ha is assessed to be 312

Mm3, which is proposed to be provided through the link canal.

8.10.2.2 Betwa command

Utilisation in the upper reaches of Betwa through four proposed projects is

termed as Betwa command area of this project. The annual irrigation envisaged
for Betwa complex i.e. Barari barrage, Neemkheda dam and Richhan dam,
accounting for a uniform irrigation intensity of 125% works out to 124890 ha.
Considering net delta of upper Betwa sub-basin, based on climatological
approach, the water use for 124890 ha of annual irrigation comes to 649.42
Mm3. The balance quantity of water i.e. 9.58 Mm3 (659-649.42 Mm3) will be
made available to achieve annual irrigation of the order of 1840 ha from Kesari
dam. Projectwise water utilizations are shown in Table-8.18.

Table 8.18
Water utilization in Betwa command
Sl. Name of projects Area irrigated Annual irrigation Water
No As per Master @ 125% of use
Plan intensity of (Mm3)
(ha) irrigation (ha)
1. Betwa complex
(i) Barari barrage 69607 87009 452.44
(ii) Neemkheda dam 842 1053 5.47
(iii) Richhan dam 29462 36828 191.51
2. Kesari dam 2106 1840 9.58
Total 102017 126730 659.00

8.10.2.3 Provision for drinking water

A provision of 11.75 Mm3 has been made for drinking water supply in enroute
areas of the link canal.

8.10.2.4 Transmission losses

Transmission losses for the 230 km long canal are worked out as 37.25 Mm3 as
per the provision in IS Code 4745-1964.

Thus, the total quantum of water required for utilization through the link canal is
1020 Mm3 (659+312+37.25+11.75 Mm3).

83
8.11 Ground water support

Districtwise ground water resources for the districts of the enroute command
show that the position of balance ground water for the future development is not
very encouraging. Hence, the transfer of water through K-B link is essential.

8.12 Ground water quality

Majority of water bearing formations of command area of proposed Ken-Betwa

link consists of crystaline rocks, which by virtue of being consolidated in nature
do not pose any adverse chemical effect on its waters. Chemical quality of
ground water, thus, is observed to be within limits prescribed for waters of
domestic and irrigation purposes. It varies from 300 to 1500 micro mohs/cm at
250C. There may, however, be localized concentrations of trace elements in the
waters, which are harmful for drinking purposes. This aspect could not be
ascertained due to non-availability of requisite data.

8.13 Conjunctive use

In order to make an economic and efficient use of available water resources, it is

essential that a judicious mix of surface and ground water are resorted to for
irrigation purposes. There is considerable scope to further intensify the irrigation
in the command areas by making use of the ground water resources available.
This may further facilitate in checking the hazards of water logging and soil
salinity in the command. Detailed study on this aspect will be carried out at the
time of preparation of DPR.

84
 CHAPTER 9

COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT

9.1 General

As already discussed, three command areas are being covered under K-B link
project. These are Enroute command, Ken command and Betwa command. The
enroute command lies in Chhatarpur and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh
and Hamirpur and Jhansi districts of Uttar Pradesh. The culturable command
area (CCA) of 47,000 ha is covered enroute of the link canal. The Ken command
lies in Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh. The CCA under this
command is 2.41 lakh ha. The Betwa command (i.e. four proposed projects
command) in the upper reaches of Betwa basin lies in Vidisha and Raisen
districts of Madhya Pradesh. The CCA under the four proposed projects namely
Barari, Neemkheda, Richhan and Kesari is 1.02 lakh ha.

The participation of farmers and other water users in the process of managing
and developing irrigation projects can play a vital role with immense benefits. The
lessons of this line of research are that farmer involvement in planning, design,
water allocation and conflict management has several positive effects on project
outcomes. As per the novel thoughts of the social scientists, this will lead
reduction in conflict and deviance in addition to improve water application
efficiencies. These thoughts, based on the practical findings, are consistent with
the research traditions of the sociology of organizations and national choice
theory, which would suggest that worker or farmer satisfaction and productivity
will be linked to the degree to which they as constituents are meaningfully
involved in the decision making process.

A preoccupation with farmer participation may have obscured to some degree

the fact that farmer behavior is partly a function of the organizational behavior of
project and agency bureaucrats who interact directly or indirectly with farmers,
implement or neglect project policy, and otherwise have a bearing on the
outcomes of the irrigation enterprise. Irrigation bureaucracies have been faulted
for reduced efficiency due to their bloating, failing to train and retain a qualified
corps of agricultural scientists, underinvesting in management, not addressing
the market value of water, corruption and not representing farmer concerns.
Future attempts to improve project performance will need to address the problem
of institutional reform more aggressively.

Nonetheless, researchers have recognized the importance of the interface

between the farmers and the bureaucrats. For effective participation of the
farmers in the management, there must be incentives for farmers and peasants.
There must also be incentives for field level administrators to facilitate that
participation.

85
It is thus conclude that the active participation of farmers and other water users
with the irrigation bureaucrats can minimize the future problems and increase
productivity with smooth functioning and management of the project. It is
proposed that small committees consisting of representatives of farmers, other
water users of Enroute command, Ken command and Betwa command
comprising of four proposed projects namely Richhan, Neemkheda, Kesari &
Barari in upper Betwa basin and irrigation bureaucrats can be constituted to look
after the management for smooth running of the project.

Beside the above, the detailed studies are proposed to be taken up at the time of
preparation of DPR of the project for levelling & shaping of undulating land in the
command area and construction of network of watercourses & field channels in
the command scientifically, so that farmers could apply their share of water
uniformly over the farms. Substantial provision is also proposed to be kept for
educating the farmers & water users for adaption of water conservative methods
of irrigation, new cropping pattern and application of appropriate depth of water
for the growth of various crops.

9.2 Command area

9.2.1 Enroute command

The districts and tehsils benefitted under this command is given in Table-9.1.

Table 9.1
Districts and tehsils benefited

Sl.No. District Tehsil

1. Chhatarpur (i) Chhatarpur
(ii) Nowgong
2. Tikamgarh (i) Jatara
(ii) Tikamgarh
3. Jhansi Mauranipur
4. Hamirpur Mahoba

Districtwise classification of land falling in the enroute command area of K-B link
is given in Table-9.2.

86
 Table 9.2
Land use classification of enroute command
Type of land Tikamgarh Chhatarpur Jhansi Hamirpur
district district district districts
Gross command 21210.0 ha 22220.0 ha 4990.0 ha 3090.0 ha
area (4.20% of (2.55% of (0.99% of (0.43% of
total total total total
geographical geographical geographical geographical
area of the area of the area of the area of the
district) district) district) district)
Forest land 1229.0 41.0 24.0 62.0
Land under 1608.0 1327.0 311.0 222.0
non-agricultural
use
Barren land 2254.0 2954.0 148.0 128.0
Grass land 2345.0 2614.0 3.0 6.0
Culturable waste 1013.0 2940.0 303.0 128.0
land
Fallow land 842.0 1043.0 235.0 187.0
Net sown area 11145.0 9910.0 3745.0 2150.0
Other lands 774.0 1391.0 221.0 207.0

The details of existing irrigation facilities in the enroute command are given in
Table-8.1 of Chapter-8 Irrigation Planning.

9.2.2 Ken command

The tehsilwise breakup of command area to be irrigated by different canals as

planned under Ken command is given in Table-9.3.

Table 9.3
Tehsilwise breakup of Ken command
District Tehsil Name of canal G.C.A. C.C.A
1. Chhatarpur (i) Chhatarpur (a) Ken L.B.C. 67801 42203
(b) Kukuna lift 3988 2492
(c) Kuraha lift 24154 18275
(d) Lugasi and 25298 19751
Satna lift
(ii) Laundi Urmil L.B.C. 110441 90132
(iii) Laundi and Bariarpur L.B.C. 58291 46269
Chhatarpur
2. Panna (i) Ajaygarh (a) Bariarpur RBC 21989 15107
(b) From existing 9307 7077
Ken
Total 221269 241306

87
9.2.3 Betwa command

The indicative master plan of Betwa basin prepared by the department of

irrigation, Madhya Pradesh, presents the list of projects in B category, which
includes Barari barrage, Neemkheda, Richhan and Kesari dams. The details of
command area under these projects are given in Table-8.18 of Chapter-8
Irrigation Planning.

9.3 Climate of the command area

9.3.1 Enroute command and Ken command

Climate of Enroute command and Ken command is as given below:

(a) Rainfall: Average annual rainfall and seasonal distribution of rainfall
(monsoon and non-monsoon) are given in para-8.5.4 of Chapter-8 Irrigation
Planning.

(b)Temperature: Moderate heat is experienced during summer. The climate is

quite cold in winter. Maximum temperature recorded in Tikamgarh district is
460C and the minimum as 10C. The minimum winter temperature was recorded
as low as 00C at Nowgong meteorological observatory.

(c) Relative humidity: The maximum and minimum relative humidity recorded
in five different IMD stations in and around the command are 95% and 9%
respectively.

(d) Evaporation: The monthly mean evaporation in the command area varies
between 8 cm to 25 cm.

9.3.2 Betwa command

Climate of Betwa command is as given below:

(a) Rainfall: The command area receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon
from July to September from the southwest monsoons. The coefficient of
variation in annual rainfall is appreciable i.e. 22.05. The maximum and minimum
annual rainfall in the area is 1700 mm to 600 mm respectively.

(b) Temperature: The climate of the area is characterized by a hot summer and
a mild winter. The climate is hot during summer with the temperature as high as
450C.

(c) Relative humidity: The mean monthly relative humidity observed at Bhopal
observatory, which is close to the command area varies between 20% to 82%.

(d) Wind velocity: The monthly mean wind velocity observed at Bhopal varies
between 4.3 km/hr to 13.2 km/hr.

88
9.4 Irrigation facilities
9.4.1 Enroute command

(a) Present sources of irrigation in the command

The present sources of irrigation in the proposed command area are mainly the
age-old tanks and ponds, which collect the rainwater during the monsoon
season. Besides these, some privately owned open wells and deep tube wells
also provide water for irrigation to very small areas.

(b) Methods of irrigation followed

At present the conventional method of applying water through minor irrigation

channels, distributaries and water courses is being followed in these areas.
However, sometimes electric/diesel pump sets are also used to lift water from the
wells.

(c) Status of land development in irrigated area

(i) Condition of channels: The conditions of existing irrigation channels in the

command are generally satisfactory except in some reaches where proper
maintenance is required. Most of the channels are unlined, hence susceptible to
loss of water through seepage.

(ii) Longitudinal slope of the field: The slopes in the agricultural fields where
irrigation channels are located, are adequate and irrigation water reaches almost
every nook and corner of the fields.

(iii) Status of field channels: Before providing water for irrigation to the areas
under existing irrigation system, the existing canal system will need to be
reviewed and resectioning, repairing and realigning may be called for wherever
necessary.

9.4.2 Ken command

(a) Present sources of irrigation in the command

The area covered by the existing irrigation system in the command is 0.26 lakh
ha. The present sources of irrigation are mainly the age old tanks from where
water is being carried through canals. There are 9 such tanks in the command
area. The names of these tanks and the areas covered under irrigation are given
in Table-9.4.

89
 Table 9.4
Present sources of irrigation in Ken command

Sl. Name of the scheme Catchment Yield Proposed

No. area (Mm3) irrigation
(sq km) (ha)

1. Nawalgarh Regulator 8.28 1.81 101.17

2. Monoriya tank 2.79 0.61 111.29
3. Loharuk anicut 56.31 12.31 161.88
4. Sohai anicut 3.78 0.83 80.94
5. Pathargawan Regulator 19.42 4.25 101.17
6. Beriganj dam 77.62 16.98 5706.27
7. Rangawan dam 828.48 181.12 18720.61
8. Bahori Purwa 352.10 76.97 303.52
9. Boodha dam 36.25 7.924 607.05
Total : 25893.90

(b) Methods of irrigation followed

Conventional method of irrigating the field through canals and distributaries are
followed in this command. Electric and diesel pumps are also being used in
some places.

(c) Status of land development in irrigated area

(i) Condition of channels: The conditions of existing canals and distributaries

will have to be improved in some reaches for providing irrigation to the proposed
command area.

(ii) Slope of the field: The difference of levels between the first and the last
contours of the command area is 76 m, which is distributed over the vast
command area. Nevertheless, the command area would need land shaping and
levelling as the approximate undulation of different places in command ranges
from 1 to 6%. With such slopes and soil conditions much precaution for
distribution of irrigation water will be necessary.

(iii) Status of field channels: Looking to the general condition and topography
of the command area, the following development works would need to be taken
up:
(a) Consolidation of holdings,
(b) Levelling and land shaping,
(c) Construction of water courses, and
(d) Drainage planning of the command area.

90
In addition to these, the existing field channels need to be resectioned, repaired
and realigned, wherever required to provide full benefit of the irrigation to the
farmers of the command.

9.5 Socio-economic aspects

The Ken command lies in Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh
bordering Uttar Pradesh. The economic conditions of the cultivators of Uttar
Pradesh particularly of Banda and Jhansi districts are relatively better due to
availability of irrigation facilities. Irrigation and power development in Chhatarpur
and Panna districts will definitely improve the soico-economic conditions of the
farmers of this backward area.

NWDA sponsored a study on Agro-economic, Socio-economic and

Environmental survey of Ken-Betwa link project to National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER), New Delhi in 1991-92. The report of the study
has since been submitted by them. Sample survey was conducted by them in 9
villages comprising 872 families of different villages and household stratums.
Information on area cultivated by each family, source of irrigation to their field
and major occupation of each family were collected through their trained
personnel. It was found by them that the improvement of agricultural technology
has not been taken place in the proposed command areas of this project.
Therefore, the level of input used is quite low. Persistent extension efforts will,
therefore, be needed before irrigation water is made available to this area.
Farmers have to be imparted knowledge about new agricultural technology so
that the intended level of increase in production of agricultural goods is achieved.

The study also reveals that the overwhelming majority of the cultivating
households own land and the average size of the operational holding is 3.5 ha.
Crop farming activity is the major activity of the people of the area. Farm wage
activity comes next to it. Self-employment activity is the least important with less
than 6% of the total per household employment. It is, therefore, clear that there
is enough scope for further development of the crop farming activity with
availability of irrigation water in the proposed command area.

Average annual household income of the people of the proposed command area
is from the crop farming. The ownership structure of animals per household
reveals that about 30% to 50% of the households own milk animals either cow or
buffalo. About 35% to 60% of the households own the animal motive power.
Poultry ownership is almost nil in the area as it is not popular among the people.
Income from livestock (mainly milk) per household is around Rs. 2222 per
annum.

Average annual expenditure per household on food and non-food items are
about Rs. 8394 and Rs. 3591 respectively. Thus, the total consumer expenditure

91
is about Rs. 11986 per annum. Per household savings in the area is very small
and most of the households are reported to have savings through personal
possessions.

As per the survey, about 50 to 60 percent households reported borrowings.

Among the various sources providing credit, the co-operative societies are in the
forefront in the proposed command area. Out of the total value of assets owned,
20 to 40 percent are in the form of agricultural implements and livestock and the
remaining are the house and household durables. It has been observed that the
average holding of assets is showing increasing trend among the cultivating
households. The extension of irrigation to new areas is likely to bring a quantum
change in the assets holding structure, especially in agricultural implements with
the increase in income from crop farming activities.

Study of the present educational status of the persons living in the area of the
proposed command reveals that about 60% of the heads of households are
illiterate and the literate heads of households without formal education varies
from 2 to 29 percent. Percentage of illiteracy among the females is higher.
Analysis of the data collected during the survey in respect of incidence of disease
and the cost of treatment shows that most of the people in the area are affected
by Malaria and T.B. and the average per capita expenditure incurred for
treatment is around Rs. 35.

Source of drinking water in the area is generally from the well. Although some
areas have piped water supply but the water seems to be not chemically tested.
Hygienic habits among the people of the area are not generally seen. About 45
to 60 percent of the people in the area have better living condition and
maintenance of livestock.

Availability of communication facilities indicates that villages connected by pucca

road are about 33%. More than 80% of the villages have post office and about
45% villages have banking facilities within 5 km range. As regards the marketing
and medical facilities in the area, only 30% villages have marketing facilities for
household goods within the area and more than 50% villages within 10 km range,
whereas only 10% to 20% villages have good medical facilities.

9.6 Infrastructural facilities

9.6.1 Enroute command

(a) Roads and Railways (Based on 1989-90 statistics)

Details of roads and railways of the districts falling in the enroute command are
as given in Table-9.5.

92
 Table 9.5
Details of roads and railways in enroute command
District Tehsil & Total Length of Railway Bus
block length all weather station station/
(km) road (km) (No.) stop
(No.)
1.Hamirpur Mahoba tehsil, 174 54 3 16
Kabroi block
2.Jhansi Mauranipur tehsil 129 N.A. 2 13
3.Chhatarpur Chhatarpur and 521 360 Nil N.A.
Nowgong tehsils
4.Tikamgarh Issanagar block 523 79 Nil N.A.
and Tikamgarh &
Jatara tehsil

(b) Marketing facilities

(i) Jhansi district: Almost all the villages falling under the proposed command
within Mauranipur tehsil are dependent on the marketing facilities available in the
Mauranipur and Ranipur towns. These include about 83 co-operative marketing
societies available in this tehsil.

(ii) Hamirpur district: The nearest marketing place for the people residing in
Kabroi block in the enroute command is at Mahoba. Besides this, about 13 co-
operative societies take care of marketing of various agricultural as well as
household goods.

(iii) Chhatarpur district: Good marketing facilities are available for the people of
the command areas in Chhatarpur, Nowgong and Issanagar towns through
weekly markets spread over the entire command under Chhatarpur district. In
addition, numerous fair price shops, within reasonable distances, are available in
all villages.

(iv) Tikamgarh district: In the two tehsils viz. Tikamgarh and Jatara of
Tikamgarh district, good marketing facilities are available.

(c) Agro-industries

(i) Hamirpur district: No agro-based industry is located in the area falling under
the enroute command within this district.

(ii) Jhansi district: Agro based industries are not located in the area under the
enroute command falling in Mauranipur tehsil of this district. However, numerous
weaving related industries are located in this area.

93
(iii) Chhatarpur district: No major agro based industry is located in this district.
However, some oil mills and flour mills are there within the command, which
cater to the needs of common people.

(iv) Tikamgarh district:No agro based industry is located in this district.

(d) Banks/credit societies etc.

(i) Hamirpur district: One nationalized bank and four rural banks are located in
the Kabroi block of this district falling under the command area.

(ii) Jhansi district: Three nationalized commercial banks have their branches in
Mauranipur tehsil coming under the enroute command.

(iii) Chhatarpur district: About 15 commercial banks have their branches

spread over the area under the enroute command falling in this district.
Moreover a number of branches of land development banks and central co-
operative banks are also located in these areas.

(iv) Tikamgarh district: As per 1991-92 statistical records, there are 80

branches of commercial banks in this district, out of which 66 branches are
located in the rural areas. In addition to these, land development banks and
central co-operative banks also have 17 and 7 branches respectively in this
district.

9.6.2 Ken command

Infrastructural facilities

(a) Roads and Railways: The command area will have as much as 100% extra
production over and above the present level. Therefore connection of the
command area with the main roads is an integral part of the project. The
command area network planning will have to be done in co-ordination with PWD
(B&R) and other development agencies.

(b) Marketing facilities: A mandi is located at Laundi with sub-mandi at

Chandla. The mandis at Rajnagar and Ajaigarh have also been started by
Agriculture Produce and Marketing Board of Madhya Pradesh Agriculture
Department. These institutions are in initial stages and require strengthening at
an approximate cost of about Rs. 5.0 lakh per mandi and sub-mandi. These
proposals are suggestive and are to be implemented from the funds outside the
project estimate.

(c) Agro industries: No agro-based industry is located in the command area.

(d) Banks, Credit societies etc.: Branches of some nationalized banks and
Rural Development Banks are located in the nearest towns of the command

94
area, which provide credit facilities to the farmers. Moreover some co-operative
societies are also there to provide financial help to the farmers of the proposed
command area.

9.7 Topography and soils

9.7.1 Enroute command

Topographical features of the command area include isolated hilltops, valleys,

reserve forests, nallas, streams and rivers. The geological formations include
predominant archaeon quartzite rocks. Coarse-grained Bundelkhand formations
are predominantly found in the command area. The slopes of the lands in the
command are generally moderate i.e. neither steep nor flat. A short description
on the type of soil has been given in para-8.3.1 of Chapter-8 Irrigation Planning.

9.7.2 Ken command

The command area is gently undulating and has moderate slopes. The soils of
the command area are formed out of parent rock such as quartzite, granite and
sand stone. The soils are pale red and light red. The major portion of the
command area is covered with sandy loam to sandy clay loam and rest of it is
under clay loam and clay. Soil exhibits slight erosion with signs of severe
erosion only in small patches.

9.7.3 Betwa command

Topography of the command of four projects proposed in the upper Betwa basin
consists of the Vindhyan ranges running east-west around 500 m elevation and
the Malwa Plateau in the middle and lower reaches consisting of scrap lands,
barren land and cultivated land. The area generally has a gentle slope and the
soils are fine loamy to coarse loamy in texture, grayish brown to dark reddish
brown in colour and shallow to very shallow in depths. These soils are highly
erodable, excessively drained and slightly acidic to neutral in reaction.

9.8 Ground water and drainage

The soils of the command area are characterized with good surface drainage and
sub-surface drainage, the water holding capacity being low to medium except in
clay patches. With the network of a number of tributaries namely Urmil, Kutri,
Kusjar, Khurar, Kali etc., the command area has quite good draining facilities.

To watch the fluctuation of water levels, regular well observations were done for
two years viz. 1974 and 1975 in selected wells of the command area. About 22
wells in the command area were examined for pre-monsoon and post- monsoon
periods to measure the water levels below the ground surface. The maximum
fluctuation of 12 m between the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon water levels
was observed in village Dhabari in 1975.

95
9.9 Agriculture
9.9.1 Enroute command
9.9.1.1 Present land use

The classification of lands and the present land use has already been discussed
under para-9.2.1 of this chapter.

9.9.1.2 Cropping pattern

The existing cropping patterns in the command area falling in the four districts of
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are described in detail under para-8.5.1 of
Chapter-8 Irrigation Planning.

9.9.2 Ken command

9.9.2.1 Present land use

Districtwise land utilization in percentage of total geographical area is given in

Table-9.6.

Table 9.6
Present land use in Ken command

Type of land Chhatarpur Panna district

district
Forest land 0.18% 16.39%
Land under non agriculture use 5.98% 7.8%
Barren land 13.31% 8.0%
Grass land 11.78% 2.8%
Culturable waste land 13.25% 13.73%
Other fallow land 6.09% 3.38%
Current fallow land 4.69% 4.24%
Net sown area 44.65% 43.52%
Miscellaneous 0.07% 0.14%
Total 100% 100%

9.10 Agriculture practices adopted

(a) Use of improved implements and seeds: The use of bullock power for
ploughing of land is common in the areas of proposed command. The use of
tractor is also done in these areas but the percentage is very low i.e. 10%.
Likewise the use of traditional types of seeds is also very common among
majority of the farmers.

(b) Use of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides etc.: Although about 25% of the
farmers use fertilizers and manures for increasing the crop yield, very few of

96
 them are particular about use of insecticides/pesticides for control of plant
diseases.

(c) Extension services: Occasional extension services are provided by the

State Agriculture Department to educate the farmers about the use of
improved and modern agricultural technology and cultivation of high value
crops viz. groundnut, soyabean, sunflower, chillies etc. But due to various
reasons including inadequate financial resources, the extension services are
yet to become popular among the farmers of proposed command areas.

9.11 Farmers attitude towards improved agricultural practices

This has been discussed in detail in Para 8.8 (c) of Chapter-8 Irrigation
Planning.

9.12 Identification of problems in command area

9.12.1 Physical problems

(a) Land slopes: The land is generally undulating, therefore canal distribution
system has to be aligned accordingly.

(b) Soil depth: There should be no problem on this account as sufficient soil
depth is available in the area for providing canal irrigation.

(c) Salinity/alkalinity: Since the Ken river water that is to be used for irrigation
in these areas does not have salinity problem, it need not be a cause of concern.
However, slight alkaline nature of the soils of the region is considered rather
suitable for crops like jowar, soyabean, wheat and moong.

In general, the soils in these areas are stable and not prone to erosion.
However, in certain areas, the soils may be prone to erosion due to their coarse
texture. Such soils can be stabilized by putting them under permanent pastures
and grazing lands.

(d) Water logging: No water logging problem of serious nature has been
reported from the area.

(e) Drainage: Looking to the general condition and topography of the command
special care should be taken for construction of field channels and drainage
which can be managed by the State Agricultural Department at farmers cost or
finances from the various land development banks.

97
9.12.2 Financial aspect

This aspect has been broadly discussed in para 9.5 under the heads of Agro-
economic and socio-economic aspects reported by the NCAER.

9.13 Proposed cropping pattern, land irrigability classification, agro-

climatic conditions etc.

These aspects have been covered in Chapter-8 Irrigation Planning in the paras
8.4, 8.6 and 8.8.

9.14 Land development works (Proposals)

9.14.1 Field channel, field drainage and land shaping measures proposed

The difference of height between the first and last contours of the command area
is about 30 m. In order to negotiate this difference the command area will need
treatment for land levelling/shaping. With the existing slopes, soil conditions and
undulating topography of the area proper precautionary measures for developing
irrigation distribution system are to be taken.

The following land development requirements are considered to be suitable for

the area:
(i) Consolidation of land holdings
(ii) Land levelling and shaping wherever necessary
(iii) Construction of water courses, and
(iv) Drainage planning of the command area

9.14.2 Agency responsible for the work

These works can be well managed by the State Agriculture Department as well
as the Rural Development Department with finances from the farmers or the
various land development banks under Rural Development Schemes, etc.

9.14.3 Status of existing extension services, credit agencies etc.

Fairly good extension services exist in the command area and a number of
commercial banks and co-operative banks also have their branches there.
Branches of land development banks are also located in some rural areas of the
command. Moreover, the agricultural materials like seeds, fertilizers,
insecticides, pesticides etc. are provided to the farmers by the concerned
Government Department at subsidized rates through different sale booths or fair
price shops. However, due to numerous reasons, especially, inadequacy of
financial resources, extension services have not yet become very popular.

98
9.15 Cropwise increase in yield per hectare of some major crop in the
command

Table no. 9.7 and 9.8 show the yearwise production of some major crops in the
proposed command areas of enroute command and Ken command in quintals
per hectare. It is observed that except for the few crops, the production trend is
in ascending order. It gives an encouraging indication that if more areas in the
command are covered by irrigation the yield of the crops would increase
substantially, say at least 1.5 times of the present yields.

The study has generated information at household level on various aspects of

crops cultivation, pattern of employment, income, consumption and assets,
demographic characteristics, access to various amenities and economic benefits
from the proposed project etc. The study has highlighted the difference between
the income from various sources with and without irrigation, which are presented
in the Tables 9.9 and 9.10.

99
 Table 9.7
Yearwise production of some major crops in the enroute command
Unit :
Quintals/hectare

Name of tehsil
Name of Rape &
& Ground Soya- Sun- Sugar-
district and Year Rice Wheat Jowar Maize Gram mustard Cotton Bajra Barley
area under - nut bean flower cane
area oilseed
command
1. Tikamgarh Tikamgarh and 1987-88 7.41 20.86 12.26 7.07 8.43 12.07 4.38 9.08 - - 7.5 13.77 -
Jatara 1988-89 9.49 19.57 12.34 12.68 10.33 15.7 4.93 13.79 - - 10.0 13.65 -
Area=
Command area 1989-90 4.94 17.64 10.0 11.08 9.81 10.4 4.02 9.17 - - 4.58 16.36 -
504800
21210 hectares 1990-91 9.78 25.17 11.30 7.68 10.08 11.3 3.81 11.66 - - - 14.73 -
hectares
1991-92 7.81 23.29 8.68 8.01 12.92 11.19 5.12 10.42 3.31 - - 18.53 -
1987-88 7.89 15.14 9.47 8.18 9.74 8.76 3.6 5.55 - - 5.94 10.55 -
Chhatarpur and
2. Chhatarpur
Nowgong
1988-89 7.62 13.49 8.93 9.60 7.57 9.9 2.87 7.62 - - 5.15 9.15 -
1989-90 7.37 12.66 8.89 10.13 9.36 6.56 3.06 6.52 - - 9.32 10.68 -
Area=868700 Command area
hectares 22220 hectares
1990-91 9.87 14.38 8.81 7.60 8.64 7.15 3.43 7.74 - - 5.0 11.85 -
1991-92 6.82 14.13 5.21 5.83 9.0 5.89 3.44 5.43 3.83 - 3.86 12.27 -

Source : Agricultural Statistics of Madhya Pradesh, 1987-88 to 1991-92

Figures are worked out from the district figures.

100
 Name of tehsil
Name of Rape &
& Ground- Soya- Sun- Sugar-
district and Year Rice Wheat Jowar Maize Gram mustard Cotton Bajra Barley
area under nut bean flower cane
area oilseed
command
3. Hamirpur Mahoba 1987-88 7.94 13.82 7.10 8.76 6.32 6.51 5.0 4.45 - - 5.95 15.51 363.38

Area= Command 1988-89 9.75 13.25 9.30 10.54 6.76 9.24 3.68 5.66 - - 7.18 16.55 346.25
716600 area 3090
hectares hectares 1989-90 6.76 12.04 9.45 16.25 5.94 7.20 4.39 5.12 - - 9.46 11.58 445.79

4. Jhansi Mauranipur 1982-83 6.13 15.63 2.68 5.03 8.52 6.22 4.71 - - - 3.77 13.77 289.84

1983-84 9.64 16.86 8.24 10.04 6.68 6.48 5.03 - - - 7.87 10.63 396.46

Command
Area=50240
area 4990 1984-85 5.29 14.86 8.25 15.21 8.06 4.78 4.22 - - - 6.02 9.21 409.08
0 hectares
hectares

Source : Agricultural Statistics of Madhya Pradesh, 1987-88 to 1991-92

Figures are worked out from the district figures.

101
 Table 9.8 Yearwise production of some major crops in the proposed command of Ken
command
Unit : Quintals/hectare
Name of
Name of Rape &
tehsil & Ground- Sugar- Sun-
district of Year Rice Wheat Jowar Maize Gram mustard Bajra Barley
area under nut cane flower
area oilseed
command
Chhatarpur
1987-88 2.22 4.26 2.66 2.30 2.74 2.46 1.01 1.56 - 1.67 2.96
1. and
Chhatarpur
Laundi 1988-89 2.14 3.79 2.51 2.70 2.13 2.78 0.80 2.14 - 1.45 2.57
Command
Area= 1989-90 2.07 3.56 2.50 2.85 2.63 1.84 1.01 1.83 - 2.62 3.00
area
778560
219122
hectares 1990-91 2.78 4.04 2.47 2.13 2.43 2.01 0.96 2.17 - 1.40 3.33
hectares
1991-92 1.91 3.97 1.47 1.64 2.53 1.65 0.96 1.52 0.93 1.08 3.45
1987-88 0.299 0.41 0.44 0.36 0.24 0.37 0.17 0.22 - 0.45 0.40
2. Panna Ajaigarh
1988-89 0.27 0.45 0.41 0.45 0.27 0.39 0.17 0.32 - 0.39 0.37
Area= Command 1989-90 0.26 0.46 0.46 0.54 0.29 0.29 0.17 0.27 - - 0.45
507419 area 22084
hectares hectares 1990-91 0.36 0.48 0.45 0.41 0.28 0.27 0.18 0.36 - 0.39 0.51
1991-92 0.19 0.44 0.25 0.15 0.28 0.22 0.15 0.17 - 0.24 0.39

Source : Agricultural Statistics of Madhya Pradesh, 1987-88 to 1991-92

Figures are worked out from the district figures.

102
 Table 9.9
Average annual household income from various
sources and total employment
(Rupees/Man-days)
Sl. Description With irrigation Without
No. irrigation

1. Income from crop farming 25652 6399

2. Livestock and allied activities 3020 1815
3. Farm wages 678 3585
4. Non-farm wages and salary 1212 1550
5. Other activities 133 923
6. Total income (Rupees) 30695 14272
7. Total employment (Man-days) 351 325

It has been observed that the income from crop farming and livestock is higher
for households with irrigation facilities and this has resulted in higher total income
with irrigation. It gives a good indication of likely beneficial effect of irrigation in
the proposed command areas.

Table-9.10 presents the changes of income for various sources and total
employment corresponding to the increase in agricultural income. These
coefficients can be utilized to estimate overall impact of the proposed project
from the estimated benefits from increase in agricultural production. Although,
these coefficients are based on single year information whereas the effect due to
forward and backward linkages of increased activities in agriculture to other
economic activities will take considerable time to stabilize. It can be expected
that with the availability of better irrigation facilities through this project, the
household income will rise sufficiently and cause increased activities in non-farm
sectors and the future scenario will definitely become bright.

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 Table 9.10
Changes in income and employment with respect to
increase in agricultural income
(Rupees/Man-days)
Sl. Description
No.
1. Changes in income Livestock and 6.26
(Rupees) allied activities
Farm wages -15.01
Non-farm wages and salary -1.76
Other activities -4.10
2. Changes in total 0.135
employment (Man-days)

N.B. : Changes are worked out for every increase of Rs.100.00 in

crop farming income.

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 CHAPTER - 10

CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME, MAN POWER AND

PLANT PLANNING

10.1 Construction programme

10.1.1 Working period
The rainfall in area, where Ken-Betwa link project is located, is mostly
confined to the monsoon period from about middle of June to middle of
October. The approximate discharge of Ken river in the beginning of
November is about 2.285 cumecs (80.67 cusecs). The discharge further
falls down from December and practically dries from February. Thus, it is
possible to have a working season of 8 months from about middle of
October to middle of June.

10.1.2 Period required for construction

The project is proposed to be completed in 8 years. In addition to this,
there will be one pre-construction year for attending to the following items
of works:

(a) Pre-construction Investigation

(b) Preparation of detailed designs
(c) Building up of the organisation
(d) Letting out works
(e) Procurement of machinery and arranging for materials like cement and
steel.
(f) Initiating and completing, if possible, formalities of acquisition of land for
projects including that for the construction of camps, quarries, haul and
approach roads.

10.1.3 Items of works to be executed

The principal items of works to be executed in the project area are as
under:

(i) Excavation for gravity dam, spill channel, tunnel control shaft, surge tank,
two power houses (one underground and one overground), two tail water
pools, approach tunnel to power house No.1, tailrace tunnel from power
house No.1 and link canal, branch canals, distributaries etc. and stripping
for earth dam.
(ii) Concreting for gravity dam (Overflow and Non-overflow).

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(iii) Concreting for spillway its sloping floor and ski jump bucket, power houses,
intakes for power house No.1 and power house No.2, conduit and shaft,
cross drainage works on link canal, lining of tunnels and surge tank.
(iv) Earth work for earth dam, link canal and its branches etc.
(v) Fabrication/installation of spillway gates and hoist equipment, penstock,
gates for control of water supply to the two power houses.
(vi) Grouting in concrete for concrete dam (overflow and non-overflow
sections).
(vii) Fabrication and reaction of draft-tube, draft tube gates scroll case, hoisting
equipment butterfly valves, transmission yard and switchyard.
(viii) Construction of transmission line for evacuation of power.
(ix) Dewatering of foundation.
(x) Erection of all electrical equipments including generators for both power
houses, control panels, laying of cables, air-conditioning plants etc.
(xi) All civil works of buildings in project colony and construction of roads and
drainages.

10.1.4 Yearwise construction programme for the major component of work:

(A) Pre-construction year (One year)
(i) To start and complete the river diversion arrangements.
(ii) Pre-construction surveys and design of all civil works of dam, tunnel and
canal will be taken in hand.
(iii) To finalise the specifications for civil works and to invite tenders etc. after
finalising the sources of collection of different construction materials.
(iv) To take action for procurement of construction machineries including spare
parts, cement, steel, P.O.L. etc.
(v) To start some building works for construction staff and take up construction
of access road, arrangement for powerline, water supply and electrification
to colony and work sites.
(vi) Initiate action for land acquisition for roads, colony building etc. and also for
reservoir submergence area and canals.
(vii) Set up organisation and recruit staff, including skilled and semi skilled
personnel.
(viii) Set up of field laboratory and testing laboratory.
(ix) Start stripping of foundation, excavation of cut off trench, some earth work
in flanks, complete with cut-off and pitching etc.
(x) Carry out details surveys for the tunnel, main canals, branch canals,
distributaries, minors, power houses etc. and finalise portions of canals for
facilitating Irrigation and generation of power from power house No.2 as
soon as partial storage is built up.
(xi) To start construction of approach roads.

106
(B) First year
(i) Completing approach roads, camp buildings etc.
(ii) Start excavation for spillway power house, dam, tunnel, spill channel and
approaches and take up foundation and concreting work for spillway
portion and blocks in left bank of Ken river.
(iii) Stripping and earth work for the main dam to be completed atleast upto the
elevation of 248.0 m.
(iv) Start land acquisition proceedings for the submergence area both for head
works and canals.
(v) First batch of construction machineries will arrive at site.
(vi) Action for the procurement of sluice gate and radial gates for the spillway
and other equipments to be finalized. Necessary arrangement should also
to be made for procurement of Penstock for power houses and reversible
turbines for Power House No.1 and other components for power
generation.
(vii) Continue detail surveys for the main canal, power houses and prepare
designs for main canal, tunnel lining, penstock tunnel for Power House
No.1 and. other canal structures started from pre-construction year.
(viii) Start work on tunnel, main canal, penstock, Power House-I and structures
on the main canal and tunnel.
(ix) Process of procurement of construction machineries and other components
related to the generation of power by two power houses.
(x) Setting up of concrete batching plant, setting up of ice cooling plant and
aggregate cooling plant for construction of spillway.
(xi) Construction of sluice and sluice gates in dam.

(C) Second year

(i) Excavation for spill channel and approaches will be continued.
(ii) Continue concreting work in spillway portion (overflow section) and raise it
upto 245.0 m R.L.
(iii) Land acquisition for the submergence area and main canals distributaries
and minors (for command area) to be completed atleast upto 50%.
(iv) Continue earth work on dam and to be achieved upto 253.0 m elevation.
(v) Continue excavation of foundation for structures and work for main canal,
tunnel and P.H. No. 1.
(vi) Continue the detailed surveys and investigation for the
distributaries and minors and prepare design of these canal and their
structures for command area of K-B link canal.
(vii) Machinery procurement will be completed.
(viii) Constructions of transmission line including towers and construction of
switch yard and transformer yards to be taken after developing the sites.

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(D) Third year
(i) Construction of spillway i.e. excavation and concreting work in a few blocks
will be continued and achieved upto 252.0 m.
(ii) Head regulator (sluice) will be completed in all respects except the
installation of gates.
(iii) Work of land acquisition for reservoir to be completed upto 60%.
(iv) Earth work on N.O.F. section of the dam will be completed upto 259.0 m.
(v) Continue earth work and construction of structures on canals.
(vi) Continue canal surveys and prepare designs for canal system surveyed in
previous years.
(vii) Work on civil works of power house No.2 will be completed.
(viii) Excavation and lining work of tunnel should be completed.
(ix) Work on construction of surge tank for P.H. No.2 should be started.
(x) Construction of transmission lines switchyard and transformer yards will be
continued for evacuating power from both Power Houses upto the nearest
grid.
(xi) Preparation of model villages for displaced personnel from submergence
area to be started.
(xii) Excavation of tailrace tunnel for P.H. No.1 to be completed with lining work.
(xiii) Design of canal and canal structures to be completed.

(E) Fourth year

(i) Concreting work of spillway, non-over flow blocks and training works to be
completed upto 258.0 m Excavation of approaches to spillway will be
continued.
(ii) Completion of land acquisition works for submergence area of reservoir.
(iii) Earth work of non-over flow section to be completed upto 266.0 m
elevation.
(iv) Work on main link canal, distributaries and minors will be continued.
(v) All civil works of P.H. No.1 will be completed.
(vi) Installation of generating unit of P.H.- 1 will be completed so that power
generation can be started with this water, which can be released for
Irrigation in the Uttar Pradesh portion through L.B.C. of Bariyarpur canal
constructed for KMPP command.
(vii) The installation of penstocks for P.H. No.2 will be started, works of
construction for surge tank will also be started and completed upto the end
of this season.
(viii) Civil works of canal structures continued.
(ix) Construction of transmission lines, switch yards and transformer yards for
power houses to be completed.
(x) The works of construction of transmission lines, switch yards and
transformer yards will be continued for P.H. No. 2.
(xi) All equipments and machineries for P.H. No. 2 will reach at site.
(xii) Construction of diversion tunnel for P.H. No. 2 to be started.

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(xiii) Preparation of model villages for resettlement of project affected person
(PAP) of submergence area to be completed.

(F) Fifth year

(i) Concreting work of over flow section, N.O.F. block continued and work
should be achieved upto 265.0 m height.
(ii) Installation work of gates in Head regulator should be completed.
(iii) Earth work on non-overflow section should be achieved upto 273.0 m
height.
(iv) Earth work on canals, distributaries and minors will be continued. (v)
Preparation of designs of canals and masonry structures and also actual
construction of masonry structures will continue.
(vi) Installation of generating unit of P.H.No.2 will be started.
(vii) Installation of the embedded parts for the spillway gates to be completed.
(viii) Construction of diversion tunnel for the P.H.No.2 to be completed with
lining works.

(G) Sixth year

(i) Land acquisition for the submergence area, main canals distributaries and
minors (for command area) to be completed in all respect.
(ii) Continue earth work on dam, which will be achieved upto 280.0 m
elevation. The earth work and structural work of branch canals
distributaries and minors should be completed in all respect.
(iii) Concreting work of non-overflow blocks and of spillway will be continue.
(iv) Construction work of canal structures will continue.
(v) The work of installation of generating unit of P.H. No. 2 will be completed
with tailrace attachment to open canal.
(vi) Continue earth work on link canal.

(H) Seventh year

(i) Completion of concreting work of remaining non-overflow blocks.
(ii) Erection of gates of spillway to be started and completed.
(iii) Continue earth work on Dam and will be achieved upto 285.0 m.
(iv) Concreting work of spillway channel to be completed in all respect.
(v) Construction work of canal structures will be continued.
(vi) Plantation along the canal to be continued.

(I) Eighth year

(i) Earth work on main dam to be completed.
(ii) Construction of all canal structures to be completed.
(iii) Plantation along the canal to be completed.
(iv) Make payment for land compensation that may be carried over from
previous years.

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(v) Earth work of canal system to be completed in all respects.
(vi) Make adjustment for machinery and building materials to be transferred to
other projects.

10.1.5 Elevations to be attained in different years of construction of

Daudhan Dam

Years Earth Dam NOF portion Spillway portion NOF

blocks
Pre-construction Stripping and excavation
year of cut off trench
First year 248.0 m Foundation work of
spillway portion upto 241.0
m elevation
Second year 253.0 m 245.0 m
Third year 259.0 m 252.0 m
Fourth year 266.0 m 258.0 m
Fifth year 273.0 m 265.0 m
Sixth year 280.0 m 280.0 m
Seventh year 285.0 m 291.0 m
Eighth year 291.0 m -

10.2 Special Tools and Plants for K-B link project

The following Key machineries will be required for K-B link project:

S.No Name Size Qty.

1 Diamond core drilling - 2 Nos.
machine
2 Vibratory compactors IOT 4 Nos.
3 Sheep foot rollers Single drum 2 Nos.
4 Crawler tractor 50 HP 2 Nos.
5 Diesel Road roller 8 IOT 2 Nos.
6 Concrete Mixer 10/7 6 Nos.
7 Concrete Vibrator 3 Nos.
8 Trucks (Dumper) IOT 6 Nos.
9 Tipper IOT 3 Nos.
10 Water tanker 7000 lit 2 Nos.
11 Diesel Pump 50 H.P. 6 Nos.
20 H.P. 6 Nos.
10 H.P. 10 Nos.
12 Stone crusher - 2 Nos.
13 Concrete Batching plant - 1 Nos.
14 Weigh bridge 30 T 1 No.

110
 15 Motor Grader 100 H.P. 1 No.
16 Car Ambassador (Diesel) 6 Nos.
17 Diesel Jeep/Van - 40 Nos.
18 Mini bus - 4 Nos
19 Ambulance - 2 Nos.
20 Small crane - 1 No.
21 Ice plant - 1 No.
22 Aggregate cooling plant - 1 No.

10.3 Manpower Planning

10.3.1 Professional personnel
The following technical professionals are required for the construction and
maintenance of the K-B link project.

Engineer-in-Chief or Project Manager: He will see all type of works related with
project and will have direct connection with Ministry and agencies allotting funds
for the project time to time. This office will have the following wings: -
(i) Director technical: To look after all technical works in the office of the
Engineer-in-Chief.
(ii) Director Administration: To look after administration in the organisation
during construction.
(iii) Director Finance: To see all accounts matters in the organisation i.e. budget
etc.
(iv) One S.E. for quality control: Having two Divisions, one for canals and other
for headworks.

Chief Engineer level-1 (Head works) : Chief Engineer will see all types of
design works of headworks as well as canal and its structures and construction
work of Dam, spillway. This office will have two circles.

(1) S.E. Design: Will see all design works for headwork and canals.
(a) Division No.1: Design of Dam and spillway.
(b) Division No.2: Design of two power houses and tunnel gates etc.
(c) Division No.3: Design of canal and its structures.

(2) S.E. Construction: Will look after the following divisions.

Division No.1 for tunnel work and Penstocks including surge tank.
Division No.2 for building roads and power houses etc. and civil works of switch
yards and transformer yards.
Division No.3 for earth work of earth dam portion including filters etc.
Division No.4 for construction of spillway, non over flow blocks, spill channel.

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Chief Engineer (Canal and Canal Structures) level-2: Chief Engineer will look
after all types of construction works of canal and its structures and will do all civil
works of canal portion. This office will have two Circles.

(i) S.E. (East): will see canal works from P.H.No.2 to upto Dhasan river
including all structures.
(a) Division No.1 Earth work of canal.
(b) Division No.2 Construction work of C.D. works.

(ii) S.E. (West) : will see canal works from Dhasan to Barwa Sagar and upto
Betwa river.
(a) Division No.1 Earth work of canal.
(b) Division No.2 Construction work of C.D. works.

Chief Engineer (Elect.) level 2 : All types of Design work as well as installation
of power house plant, transmission of power etc. This office will have one circle.

S.E. Design and Installation : will see design and installation of power houses.
(a) Division No.1: Electrical Design works of both power houses.
(b) Division No.2: (P.H.-1) All types of electrical construction and installation
works.
(c) Division No.3: (P.H.-2) All types of electrical construction, installation works
and manpower planning for the project.

In addition to the above, one post graduate Doctor specialised in medicine shall
be required to look after the preliminary health care of the employees and staff of
the project authority residing in the project colony.

10.3.2 Other technical personnel

The following technical personnel will be required to look after the work as per
their designations.

Draftsmen (Civil) Draftsmen (Elect./Mech.), Tracer, Ferro printer, Photo copier,

laboratory assistant for quality control laboratory, compounder and nurses for the
small dispensary in the project colony.

10.3.3 Administrative and Accounts personnel

In addition to the senior administrative and accounts personnel having
specialised qualification in personnel management and accountancy, some other
personnel like administrative Managers/Officers, Accounts Officer, Accountants
etc. are to be required.

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10.3.4 Skilled and semi-skilled labour
As the works of the project are to be carried out on contract basis through well
experienced contractors, it shall be the duty of the contractor to engage the
required type of labour for the required job. The departmental supervisors will
closely monitor this matter.

10.3.5 Unskilled labour

There is no problem in engaging unskilled labour in the project area since a
number of villages are there in and around the project work site.

10.4 Facilities and amenities

10.4.1 Regular staff: A project staff colony is to be constructed having different
types of building for various categories of the employee with all basic amenities
like drinking water, electricity etc. A small dispensary with a Doctor and assisting
staff will also be there to look after the primary health of the employees residing
in the colony. One branch of a nationalised bank and a sub-post office will also
be there for the benefit of the people. An educational institution having standard
right from class I to class V shall be located in the project colony. A school bus
shall be provided to carry the children of the employees studying in higher
classes in the nearby towns. Other recreational facilities like a childrens park and
a club for the adults are also to be provided.

10.4.2 Work charged staff and Daily wages staff

Since the labours are not other than the people residing in the nearby villages,
hence only drinking water and temporary sheds for resting shall be provided at
the site of works.

10.4.3 Contractors labour

A good location for a temporary colony for the contractors labour shall be
provided with basic amenities like drinking water, sanitation and electrification
etc.

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 CHAPTER - 11

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL

ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT

11.1 General

Survival of the mankind, with its alarming increase in population growth is

linked in the long term, requires a stable eco-system and increase in food
production, for which the development of water resources is unavoidable. The
development of water resources project is linked with change in the
environment of the area due to construction of reservoirs because of
submergence of land, displacement of population including the flora and
fauna and resettlement in the surrounding catchment, denudation of forest,
water logging, salinity and alkality of soil, water quality and ground water table
change, etc.

The environment and ecology is degraded by both inappropriate and lack of

development. In respect of disturbance of environment, there are two schools
of thoughts. One school holds that eco-system is fragile and highly unstable. It
is implicit, therefore, that eco-system should be left as much as possible in its
natural state and that its diversity should be preserved at any cost.
Modification for the purpose of development should be minimal and confine to
the range of tolerance limits of various elements of eco-system. The second
school of thoughts assuring that the eco-system is globally stable and there is
large element of built in resilience in eco-system. In any case, it is realised
that the water resources projects should be planned to be aimed for the
sustainable developments of the inter-connected elements that co-exist in the
system.

Water resources development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs
will alone be considered as a sustainable development. It is, therefore,
realized that the water resources projects should be planned, implemented
and managed in such a way that the future demands of the growing
population have to be met with minimum disturbance to the existing eco-
system along with the incorporation of adequate control measures at
appropriate stages to mitigate the adverse effects, if any; to maintain the
sustainability of the system, in long run.

11.2 Present environmental & ecological status of the project area

Proposed K-B link project comprises a storage reservoir to be created by an

earthen dam across Ken river at Daudhan about 2.5 km upstream of the
existing Gangau weir and about 19 km from Chhatarpur-Panna road, a side
channel concrete spillway, two powerhouses, and a 231.45 km long link canal
to transfer surplus waters from Ken to Betwa river.

114
The various features of the project area are:

(a) No major industries are located in the project area;

(b) No thermal power house is located in the project area;

(c) There is a diamond mine at Panna, which is located very near to the
project area, but outside the submergence of the dam at Daudhan.

(d) As the villages in the project area are not accessible by all weather
roads no prominent developmental activities are seen in these areas.
The living conditions of the people of these villages are very pathetic.
Only 15% to 20% of the population is having agriculture as their
occupation. Lack of any developmental activities in the area has
further deteriorated the condition of the people;

(e) At present, ground water is being used by the villagers from the wells
and the springs nearby. The wells are generally shallow (3 to 6 m) and
subterranean water is available in them;

(f) A wide range of indigenous fishes are found in Ken river. They are
Rahu, Bhadur, Mrigal, Tingar, Singahi, Mangur, Pawda, Baam, Sooja,
Sinni and Mahasir; and

(g) Like other North Indian rivers, flood in Ken basin lying in Madhya
Pradesh is not a regular phenomenon. However, floods of minor
nature are causing concern to the people residing in Uttar Pradesh
portion of the basin. Floods tha t occurred in September, 1992 in Ken
river was considered unprecedented and created extensive damage to
the lives and properties of both the states. Long -term flood control
measures are; therefore, need to be taken in some areas of the basin.

11.3 Favourable aspects of the project

11.3.1. Irrigation: The reservoir will irrigate an area of 3.70 lakh ha by the
direct irrigation and provide water to drought prone areas of Upper Betwa sub-
basin by way of substitution to 1.27 lakh ha annually. Besides this, the project
will provide 850 Mcum of water to U.P. to utilize in the downstream areas of
the proposed KMPP. The ultimate benefits going to be accrued from the
project will go to the states of M.P. and U.P.

11.3.2. Power generation: The total installed capacities of the power houses
proposed under the project are 72 MW.

11.3.3 Pisciculture: A wide range of indigenous fishes are found in the Ken
river. They are Rahu, Bhadur, Mrigal, Tingar, Singahi, Mangur, Pawda, Baam,
Sooja, Sinni and Mahasir. Creation of the Daudhan reservoir shall-definitely
increase the production rate of all the varieties of fishes found in the area. In
addition to this some other improved varieties of fishes like Catla, Common
Carp, Kariyat, Mrigal etc. can be cultured very easily.

115
The Pisciculture development proposed to be created in the project area will
also provide additional work to the local fishermen and revenue to the
governments.

11.3.4. Water supply: It will also provide about 12 Mm3 of water for drinking
purpose to the enroute areas of the link canal.

11.3.5. Flood modernization: As the FRL of the proposed Daudhan reservoir

has been fixed at 287.0m, which is about 52.0 m above the present FRL of
the existing Gangau weir. It is therefore, seen that the storage of Daudhan
dam will definitely contribute its own role in mitigating floods in the
downstream portion of Ken basin to a greater extent.

11.3.6. Industrial development: At present there is no industrial unit has

been set up in the area. However, due to coming up of such a multipurpose
project in the area may encourage setting up of some medium and small
scale industrial units in and around the project area and will be helpful for the
overall development of the area economically.

11.4 Need for impact assessments on environmental and ecological

aspects of the project area

The major environmental and ecological aspects of K-B link canal project
mainly pertain to the areas of the reservoir site, downstream river course
below the dam, link canal enroute and command area of the project. Different
types of environmental and ecological impacts may be observed in the areas
due to the coming up of the project. It is, therefore, necessary to anticipate the
possible adverse impacts along with the positive aspects from the relevant
areas of the project. This will help to incorporate adequate control measures
on the adverse effects from the project planning phase to various other stages
of developments, such as implementation and management to accrue
optimum benefits from the project. Relevant aspects on environment and
ecology of K-B link canal project and the possible impacts along with
mitigative measures thereon have been discussed in the following
paragraphs:

11.4.1 Reservoir site

The site of the dam on Ken river at Daudhan, 2.5 km upstream of the existing
Gangau weir has been finalized after conducting detailed toposheet study on
alternative sites and subsequent field survey and geological investigations.
The site provides maximum storage and minimum impacts on the population
and area coming under submergence. The total area of submergence at FRL
287 m of the reservoir is 8650 ha, out of which 6400 ha is forest, 2171 ha are
culturable land and 79 ha are unculturable land. 10 numbers of villages are
fully coming under submergence and about 900 families having a total
population of about 8550 will be displaced. Available information on
population and their occupation are projected in the Table no. 7.3 of the
chapter on Reservoir.

116
11.4.2 Living conditions of the affected tribal

Out of the total population submerged, the schedule castes and schedule
tribes constitute about 15.5% and 34.4% respectively. The literacy rate is
about 9.7%, which indicates that the available educational facilities are
inadequate. About two-third of the population constitutes the labour force and
their main occupation is agriculture.

11.4.3 Impact on wild life including birds and reptiles

Out of the total submergence area of 8650 ha, 6400 ha is forest area. The
region is covered by dense to moderate forests. The tiger called locally as
'Nahar' is fairly common and man-eating tigers are scarcely known. The tigers
are found on the hills and rocky ravines in wet weather. The leopard or
panther called locally tendua is found all over the region. Presence of many
other animals like Jungle Cat, Cheeta, Indian lynix (Felis caracall), striped
Hyaena, destructive Wolf, wild Dogs, Jackals, and Foxes are common
animals in these forest areas. Different types of Deer like Sambhar (Cervus
unicolor), Cheetal or spotted Deer, Nilgai, Chowsingha are commonly found
but the swamp -Deer is not found in these areas. These are generally found
along the banks of the rivers. The presence of Bandar (Maconcus Yhesus)
common monkey of north India is also reported in this region. The Mangoose
is found in almost all the regions and is easily tamed.

Species of wild animals, birds and reptiles commonly found in and around the
submerged area of the project are as given below:

11.4.3.1. Animals (Mammals)

(i) Carnivora Tiger, Panther, Jackel, Wild Cat and Leopard

(ii) Herbivora Spotted deer, Neelgai, Wild Boars, Rabits, Black
faced Monkeys, (Langoors), Red faced Monkeys

11.4.3.2. Birds

About 153 species of birds are permanent resident of the districts covering
this basin. These include:

(i) Pheasant and Peacock and Wild Fowl (Wild Hen)

Fowl group
(ii) Partridges and Titar (Francolinus pondicerianus) and Batair (Coturnix)
Quail group
(iii) Doves and Harial (Crocopus phoenicopteris) and Fakhta
Pigeon group (Streptopelia shinen-sis)
(iv) Non-game Crow, Parrot, Myna, Bulbul, Koel, birds Kaikil, Ababil,
Owl, Gidh, Baaz, Cheel, Baya, Mokha and Sat-Bahin

117
(v) Aquatic Sarus (Antigone antigone), Duck, birds (Sarkidiornis
melanonotas), Cotton teals (Nettopus
Coromandelianus), the large whistling teal, silhi
(Dendrocynga fulva), grey Heron and Bagla (Ardea
Cinera).

11.4.3.3 Reptiles

The common reptiles found in this area are Cobra and Crate, both of which
are deadly poisonous and also Dhaman (Zamenis mucosus) with less
poisonous. As per the information collected, the mortality caused by the
reptiles and wild animals are seen to be significant in these areas.

11.4.4 Impact on Plant life/ Forest area

The 6400 ha of forest area coming under submergence is covered by dense

to moderate forests. Part of the forest land, which is a part of the Panna
reserved forest/National Park lies on north and south side of the submerged
areas. The protected forest on the north is away from the reservoir area but a
part in the south is within the Panna National Park. A good number of trees
belonging to different species are found in the forest area. A few evergreen or
semi -evergreen and a few xerophytic to semi-xerophytic types of species are
met with, mostly mixed up in various proportions. However, variations in the
predominating species at different localities, their equality and density are
marked and affected depending upon the terrain conditions like hill slopes,
depressions, valleys, soil configurations like alluvium, clayey, sandy loams,
stony or rocky lands; geological phenomena like degree of denudation,
erosion and water logging; and other factors like grazing and fires. Based on
these considerations, the forests are further subdivided into different
categories viz. (i) Mixed forests, (ii) Teak forests, (iii) Salai forests, (iv)
Karkhai, (v) Khair forests and (vi) Bhirra forests.

An area of about 25 ha is to be cleared for the construction of the project staff

colony near the existing Gangau weir. No additional area for the construction
of road is to be cleared, as almost all the locations are accessible by the
motorable dry weather roads.

Important species of the forest trees, scrubs, grasses generally encountered

in the region, are given in the Table-11.1.

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 Table: 11.1
Important species of trees

Sl. Local name of Botanical name General use

No. Tree species
A Forests
1 Sagwan (Teak) Tectona Grandis Used for houses &
furniture
2 Sal (Saj) Terminali Tomentosa Used for houses &
furniture
3 Seja Legerstromia Parviflora Best timber for house
posts, rafte and
agricultural impliments
4 Dhaura Angeissus acuminate -
5 Tinsa Ougeinia delbergioides -
6 Moyan Lannea Grandis Timber used for planks,
posts; Bark used for
tanning; leaves for
fodder
7 Tabdu (ebony) Diospyros Melanoxylon Timber used for
edible furniture,fruits
8 Aonla (Amla) Emplica officinalis Bark & leaves used for
tanning & as a
medicine.Fruit edible
B Shrubs & grasses
9 Dhawai Wood Fordia For obtaining dye
10 Karnoda Carissa Carandas Used for fencing, fruits
used in tarts and jam
11 Gunher Thameda Candata Yields valuable oil
12 Rusa Cymbopogon martini Yields valuable oil
13 Khus Vetvera zizanioides Roots used for making
Khus tati & aromatic oil
C Tree species in open country
14 Mahua Madhuca Latifolia For flower & fruit and to
make country liquor
15 Nim Azadir Indica Used as Avenue trees
medicinal value and
tooth brushing.
16 Banyam (Pipal) Ficus religiosa Avenue trees for shade
17 Imli Femarindus Indica Avenue tree, fruits used
as imli
18 Mango - Avenue trees. Also
cultivated in groves for
its sweet fruits
19 Munga Moringa Cultivated in valleys for
Pterygouspermia its fruits

119
11.4.5 Impact on national park and sanctuaries

The total area of of Panna National Park", is 533 sqkm. Out of which, about
45.96 Sqkm area of the park, comprises of reserved forest, is falling under the
submerged area of the reservoir at FRL.

The impact of the submergence on the wild life of the park will be nil, as the
area coming under submergence is only about 9% of the total area of the
national park and the wild life has got its own natural characteristic of moving
to the interior forest areas adjacent to the areas of submergence of the project
area. Howeve r, adequate remedial measures have to be adopted for covering
the biodiversity impacts on the endangered species of flora and fauna of the
sensitive area, starting right away from the planning phase to implementation
stage followed by management level.

11.4.6 Impact on sites and monuments of historical, cultural and

religious significances

No monuments of historical, archeological, cultural and religious significances

are coming under the submergence.

11.4.7 Mineral resources

No mineral wealth is coming under the submergence. So, no detailed study is

considered at this stage.

11.4.8 Public health aspects of the population

The Chhatarpur and Panna districts of Madhya Pradesh, where the proposed
project construction work shall be taken up is well known for endemic malaria.
The survey conducted on this aspect shows that the districts were covered
under the National Malaria Control Programme since 1953. Under this
programme, intensive residual spray, house-to-house searches for fever
cases by trained workers were done twice a month as a routine affair.
Treatment for fever cases and proved malaria cases after laboratory
examination of blood samples was being carried out by the passive agencies
(hospitals) and also by the field staff of the Malaria unit at Nowgong. Panna
district, in view of its greater endamicity, received DDT spray under the
Attack Phase. In the recent years, this programme, however, has suffered
some set back due to many reasons and as a result the numbers of positive
cases have shown an upward trend.

The villagers along the periphery of the reservoir will face the problem of
waste water disposal as the existing drains will become inefficient due to the
impoundment of water in the reservoir in their vicinity. Proper drainage system
is, therefore, to be designed for the villages to minimise the adverse effects.
Although no important road will be submerged yet the dry season motorable
road measuring about 30 km in length from Gangau to Palkohan- Sukwaha-
Bhorkhowa-Basudha-Shahpura will get submerged.

120
At present there is no industrial unit has been set up in the area. However,
due to coming of such a multipurpose project in the area may encourage
setting up of some medium and small industrial units in and around the project
area in near future cant be ruled out. Possible pollutions due to industrial
unites have to be studied and adequate mitigative measures have to be
adopted, while sanctioning the units.

11.4.8.1 Need for taking precautionary measures:

When the project will be taken up for construction, there may be increased
chances of mosquitogenic conditions. Increased mosquito breeding places
due to quarrying will result in increased output of vector mosquitoes. Changed
humidity and temperature conditions due to extensive water sheets will make
it more conducive to greater transmission potential throughout the year. To
deal with the problems, it is necessary to inform the labours and other
personals engaged in the various works of the project and introduce anti-
malaria measures like distribution of oral medicines and mosquito nets,
educating the people for maintaining hygienic living conditions etc. at the
construction stages followed by management phases and to be implemented
in the field by the project authority with the co-operation and guidance of
National Malaria Eradication Programme Authorities.

11.4.8 Aquatic resources

Pisciculture will be one of the attractions of this project. The major aquatic life
found in the area at present is the fish. Due to creation of Daudhan reservoir,
the production of fish shall go up many folds and it is expected that the rate of
production of fish shall be @ 30 kg/ha. As such it would be possible to
produce about 140 tonnes of fish annually.

11.4.9.1 Pre-impoundment survey on fish habitat and nutrients level

The annual fish yields obtainable from newly constructed reservoir depend on
various factors viz. proper jungle clearance from its bed before water is
allowed to accumulate in the reservoir, proper guarding of water weir and
canal heads, species of fish available or stocked in adequate number and
efficiency of management measures adopted. For undertaking jungle
clearance, proper selection of species of fish, selection of sites for fish farm
dry bunds, storage ponds, identification of economic fish landing centres, pre-
impoundment survey of the reservoir area is essential.

Following fast growing, non predatory, compatible species of economic

importance have been considered.

(a) Indigeneous (i) Catla (Catla Catla)

(ii) Rohu (Labeo rohita)
(iii) Mirgal (Cirrhinus Mrigala)
(b) Exotic (iv) Grass carp (Ctenopharyngo donidellns)
(v) Silver Carp (Hypathalmitchys mofitrix)
(vi) Common Carp (Cycrinus Carpio)

121
The survey for this purpose was conducted by the Directorate of Fisheries,
Madhya Pradesh and a report was prepared by them in the year 1977.

11.4.9 Water logging and salinity aspects

The water holding capacity of the soils of the command area is low to medium
and the water table levels in the command area on an average is well below
the ground surface, there is no need to take any special efforts to lower down
the sub -soil water table in the areas under normal conditions. Ground water
found in these areas is free from salinity problems.

The ground water table is expected to rise, due to the reservoir

impoundment in the submerged area. The ground water regime in the canal
alignment would generally remain unaffected as the canal is proposed to be
wholly lined with cement concrete. However, the ground water regime in the
command areas of the link canal project would increase due to the application
of irrigation water, in due course of time. Action may be taken to promote
conjunctive use of water along with the adequate selection of cropping
patterns for the region.

11.4.11 Soil erosion and its conservation strategies

11.4.11.1 In the catchment area:

The soil and water conservation programme was started in Ken catchment
during the second five years plan period. Initially the main thrust was on
checking of soil erosion and conserving adequate moisture in the soil to
facilitate better crop yield on sustained basis. The measures adopted were
mostly bunding the agricultural lands. From the fourth plan period, the scope
of this programme was broadened by introducing a "Need-based Programme"
to be taken up on small watershed basis in order to treat all possible types of
agricultural lands in an integrated manner by different soil conservation
measures. So far 1, 30,000 ha of rainfed area have been covered in 8 districts
of Ken basin since the induction of the scheme. The district wise details are
given in the Table 11.2.

Table - 11.2
District wise soil conservation measures

Sl. Name of the Culturable area in Area treated so

No. district basin (ha) far (ha)
1 Chhatarpur 24,135 5,000
2 Panna 1,38,669 25,000
3 Jabalpur 28,775 Nil
4 Satna 3,461 Nil
5 Damoh 3,17,993 50,000
6 Sagar 1,89,352 50,000
7 Raisen 13,794 Nil
8 Narsinghpur 139 Nil
Total 7,16,258 1,30,000

122
Based on the general topographical survey, the critical area that requires soil
and water conservation measures works out to be about 40% of the total
culturable land in Ken basin. Detailed soil survey is to be carried out at the
DPR stage, for incorporating adequate soil conservation measures in the
catchment area of the reservoir.

11.4.11.2 In the command area:

Soil conservation programme for the command area is based on problems,

which are different from that of the rainfed areas of the catchment. Some of
the problems which have to be attended in the command area are:

(a) A good system of water courses to carry water to each irrigable tract or
field without excessive losses and flooding.

(b) An effective drainage system to prevent damage due to accumulation of

water and seepage from canals.

(c) Establishing proper size of fields, water courses, drains, farm roads etc.

(d) Land levelling and shaping the fields to provide a proper slope so as to
use the water effectively.

The main objective of the command area development is to provide adequate

and optimum irrigation at suitable interval to keep the soils healthy and fit for
sustained and productive agricultural use.

11.4.12 Landslides on the periphery of the reservoir

Ground level is rising gently on the left bank and little steeper in the
right bank of the reservoir. There is very little possibility of landslide on the
periphery of the reservoir, since the area mainly consists of pink granite rock
free from faults etc, as per the available geological reports.

11.4.13 Siltation due to sediment load

Due to the water spread area of the reservoir, the long hill streams joining to
the river will get shortened, which may result in widening of the channels
close to the periphery of the reservoir. The widening will cause more silt
deposit at the reservoir site. The rate of siltation at the rate of
357cum/sqkm/year has been considered for this project. This aspect has
been discussed in detail in the para 5.8 of the chapter-5 on "Hydrology".

11.4.14 Potential seismic impact due to reservoir loading

Although no major earthquake has taken place in the project area since 15th
January, 1934 but occurrence of small tremors to a medium earthquake
cannot be ruled out. Necessary measures to prevent earthquake damages to
the different structures of this project shall be taken along with the general
instructions to all the builders of the area in and around the project.

123
11.4.15 Occurrence of tornadoes, cyclones and hurricane

The maximum and minimum wind velocities that are experienced in the
project area are 16.1 km/hr. and 1.0 km/hr respectively. The area has not
experienced any natural calamities like tornadoes, cyclones, hurricane etc so
far.

11.4.16 Effect of project on climatological changes

As there are a number of small irrigation projects exist, in the vicinity of the
project site, major climatological changes are not expected because of the
implementation of the project.

11.4.17 Measures to prevent animal over-grazing & premature

silting

Proper steps are to be taken in this regard, during the planning stage of the
project itself followed by implementation and management phases. Fencing
around the periphery of the reservoir area including the area under
afforestation programme shall be a suitable device to adopt for safeguarding
the plantation cover and thereby reducing the chances of soil erosion to the
reservoir site.

11.5 Socio-cultural aspects

11.5.1 Population density

11.5.1.1 Catchment: The total catchment area of Ken basin is 28058 sqkm of
which 24472 sqkm lies in Madhya Pradesh and the remaining 3586 sqkm in
Uttar Pradesh. The population densities of Chhatarpur and Panna districts are
102 and 76 per sqkm respectively.

11.5.1.2 Submerged area: An area of 8650 ha will be submerged due to the

creation of Daudhan dam and about 10 nos. of villages having about 900
families with a population of about 8550 shall be affected. The population
density of the area is about 70 persons per sqkm.

11.5.1.3 Command Area: Population densities of the command areas that

are coming under the districts of Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and Panna of
Madhya Pradesh and the districts of Hamirpur and Jhansi of Uttar Pradesh as
per the district census book of 1990-91, are:

Chhatarpur 102 per SqKm

Panna 76 per SqKm
Tikamgarh 186 per SqKm
Hamirpur 167 per SqKm
Jhansi 226 per SqKm

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11.5.2 Rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected people

The primary objective of a good rehabilitation and resettlement strategy

should be to reinforce the traditional ethos and aspiration of displaced people
to develop a society living in perfect harmony with nature. Besides, the main
thrust of the rehabilitation strategy also should aim at providing fair and
equitable treatment of the persons displaced from their homes, professions,
farms etc. due to construction of a project. This may require a detailed
analysis of the cost involved in providing houses, land and civic amenities to
the displaced people. Accordingly, the approximate cost for providing the
rehabilitation and resettlement of the project affected people of K-B link canal
project have been worked out and the details are presented in the Table-11.3.

11.5.2.1 Housing

Annual population at the present growth rate of nearly 2.0 percent, the
expected number of people needing rehabilitation & resettlement, say by
2005; would be nearly ten thousand. By considering five members per family,
the number of families requiring rehabilitation would be around two thousand.
Therefore, these families would need to be resettled in different villages, say
seven - six villages with 300 families each and the seventh one with 200
families. To expect a displaced person to embark upon the task of
constructing a house by him is perhaps expecting too much from him.
Therefore, a modestly constructed house needs to be allotted to each of the
displaced family that would facilitate their prime need. Based on the survey on
the existing economic status of the persons to be displaced, plot areas of 150,
250 and 350 sqm have been considered per family with 30, 50 and 70 sqm as
living area respectively. The total cost involved in the acquisition of land,
development and constructions of houses would be approximately Rs. 2440
lakhs (Table -11.3).

11.5.2.2 Land

There are considerable variations in the norms prescribed by different states

and agencies in respect of land compensation to be provided to the displaced
persons. In some cases, the norms differ from project to project within the
same state. The policy of providing land for land is commendable. However,
complications may arise when the choice of land is also given to the displaced
families. To avoid dispute and problems, the selection of suitable agricultural
land in the command area and its division into required sizes and its
distribution by draw of lot with the control of a High Level Committee
comprising senior officers of concerned departments should be performed. In
the case of Ken-Betwa link canal, 2171 ha of culturable area is coming under
the submergence of the proposed reservoir at Daudhan. Therefore, at least
an equivalent area of land has to be acquired, suitably in the command area
of the project for encouraging to carry out the normal agricultural activities by
the displaced families. If the cost of the acquired irrigated land is considered
as Rs. 35,000 per ha, the total land cost works out to be about Rs. 760 lakh.
Further, the cost of development of pasture lands at the rate of Rs. 10,000 per
ha. for 6400 ha. works out to be Rs. 640 lakh.

125
11.5.2.3 Basic amenities

Facilities for health, education, water supply, market, sanitary,

communication, community park, panchayat ghar etc. are to be provided to
make the life in resettlements more adaptive and comfortable. The total cost
involved in providing these facilities is indicated in the Table-11.3.

11.5.2.4 Rehabilitation grant and maintenance allowance

To restore the displaced families in the new surroundings, it becomes

essential to provide for resettlement grant and maintenance allowance atleast
for one year. For this purpose, a resettlement grant of Rs. 10,000 per family
and maintenance allowance of Rs. 1,000 per month per family for one year
has been considered. Similarly, provisions have also been made to provide
300 families with means of occupation other than farming.

Table - 11.3
Rehabilitation & Resettlement costs in the case of Ken-Betwa link *
Sl. Item Unit cost (Rs. No. of units Total cost
No. in lakhs) required (Rs. in
lakhs)
1 Housing plot cost 0.4 per ha. 100 ha 40.0
2 Land development cost 2.0 per ha. 100 ha 200.0
3 Housing construction 0.25/10 sqm 88000 sqm 2200.0
4 Schools 10.0 7 70.0
5 Dispensaries 2.0 7 14.0
6 Police station 2.0 3 6.0
7 Borewells 0.5 7 3.5
8 Electrification 20.0 7 140.0
9 Temple/other places of 2.0 7 14.0
worship
10 Post office 2.0 3 6.0
11 Panchayat Ghar 2.0 7 14.0
12 Roads 15.0/km 35km 525.0
13 Bank 5.0 1 5.0
14 Commercial/ 1.0 300 300.0
occupational
development
15 Rehabilitation grant 0.1 per family 2000 families 200.0
16 Maintenance 0.12 per 2000 families 240.0
allowance for 12 family
months to each family
17 Compensation for 0.35/ha 2171 ha 759.85
agricultural land
18 Compensatory affores- 0.1 per ha 6400 ha 640.0
tation
Total 5377.35
Say Rs.5377 lakh

126
* The detailed studies in respect of the exact number of families, persons,
their occupation, present facilities available and the cost of rehabilitation
& resettlement of the persons affected due to the project on the basis of
a detailed R&R plan, as per the latest prescribed norms, would be
prepared at the time of preparation of the DPR of the project.

11.6 Proposed period of construction of the project

The proposed period of construction of K-B link project is 9 years, including

the pre-construction period of one year. The detailed construction programme
has been discussed in the Chapter-10 of this report.

11.7 Labour requirement

11.7.1 Estimated strength (Peak)

(i) Total - It is difficult to assess the exact number of labours to be required for
the construction of this project during the peak activity period. However,
approximately 1000 labours are seems to be necessary for a project of this
magnitude.

(ii) Skilled -Out of the total number of labours required for the construction of
the multipurpose project, at least 25% of them should be of skilled nature. As
such about 200 to 250 nos. of skilled labours should be required.

(iii) Semiskilled and Unskilled -The rest of the labours numbering about 750
may be of semiskilled and unskilled in nature.

11.7.2 Availability of labour from the affected areas

(i) Total -About 2000 workers are estimated to be available from the affected
areas, mostly from the villages coming under submergence. So it would be
possible to give alternate employment to atleast 50% of the labour force, by
way of engaging them in the various construction activities of the project.

(ii) Skilled -No prominent skilled labours are expected to be available from
these areas. However, some semi-skilled persons may be available amongst
from this strength.

(iii) Unskilled -Most of the labours available in the area are unskilled. Of
course, a very small numbers have some knowledge of the construction and
repairing works of small dams and weirs.

11.8 Arrangement made for fuel requirement of the labour during

construction stage

As the firewoods are found in abundant in the forest areas in and around the
project site, it is not necessary to make any other arrangement for meeting the
fuel requirement. Compensatory afforestation is a must to preserve forest
cover that is going to be submerged. For that a separate forest land has to be

127
created, where all the endangered species of trees shall be planted and
adequate care shall be taken to protect them.

11.9 Tourism and its development

(a) In view of the location of the project near Khajuraho, a tourist attraction for
the people because of the presence of glorious temples the proposed project
could be developed into a famous tourist resort. In addition to the temples of
Khajuraho, some other spots of tourist attractions are also exist in the vicinity
of the project site. They are:

(i) Rahne falls: The location of this site is about 15 to 17 km from the
Khajuraho. It is a fall of about 70 ft. on Ken river.

(ii) Pandav falls: The location is about 72 km from the proposed dam site
towards Panna and adjacent to the Chhatarpur- Panna road.

(iii) Rangawan dam: The location is only 9 km away from the proposed dam
site. It is a very good picnic spot.

(iv) Dhubela museum: This place is about 80 km from the proposed project
site. The museum has been built in the memory of Raja Chhatrasal, which
has a collection of articles of historical and architectural interests.

(v) Rajgarh palace: This location is about 25 km from the project site near
Chandra nagar. It is an old palatial building constructed by the king of the
state.

(b) To develop the proposed project site as a place of tourist importance, the
following facilities are to be provided:

(i) The approach road to the dam site sho uld be an all seasoned road.

(ii) The roads connecting the near about visiting places should be improved
and proper street lighting should be done to make the project site beautiful at
night.

(iii) A rest house with all modern facilities should be cons tructed for the
comfort of the tourists.

(iv) Flower garden and water fountain should be developed and a good picnic
spot should be made to the satisfaction of the tourists.

(v) Facilities for boating, angling, swimming and other water sports should be
provided for the recreation of the tourists.

128
 CHAPTER - 12
COST ESTIMATE
12.1 General

This report envisages construction of an earthen dam across the Ken river and a
concrete side channel spillway on the left flank of the river as its head works and
a 231.45 km long canal for transferring water from Ken river to Betwa river. Two
power houses are also located near the head works. The project provides
irrigation in the command area enroute of the main link canal and Ken command.
The command area proposed by the four Projects in the upper Betwa region will
also be irrigated by way of substitution.

The cost estimate for this project has been prepared based on the quantities
found out from the field survey, preliminary designs etc. The rates at the price
level of April, 1994 have been worked out on the basis of Unified Schedule of
Rates (USR), April, 1991 of Water Resources Department, Government of
Madhya Pradesh after considering escalation at the rate of 10% per annum. The
total cost of the project has been worked out as below:

12.2 Main Project

12.2.1 Unit -I : Head works

Unit -I consists of head works including the dam, side channel spillway and
stilling basin, which amounts to cost Rs. 367.92 crore.

12.2.1.1 'A' Preliminary

The estimated cost in this sub-head is Rs. 183.44 lakhs. It co vers the
expenditures already incurred by the department on surveys and investigations
done by the G.S.I., C.S.M.R.S. New Delhi and N.C.A.E.R, New Delhi.

Provision is also made for future survey and investigation, G&D observations,
camp equipments, training of engineers etc.

12.2.1.2 'B' Land

An estimate of Rs. 6917.44 lakhs has been prepared for this sub- head. Under
this head, compensation for government/private land and forest lands coming
under submergence, land for the borrow areas and quarries and land for colony
areas have been made. Other provisions for compensation of standing crops
have also been made.

12.2.1.3 'C' Works

The estimated cost under this sub -head is Rs. 23069.81 lakhs. This covers
the cost of both earthen dam and concrete dam consisting overflow and non-

129
overflow section. Provisions have also been made for the cleaning of the site
of construction, drilling work for consolidation, curtain grouting, cement required
for grouting, plain and reinforced concrete for spillway and NOF section. Also
provisions for steel radial crest gates with hoisting, earth work excavation and
transportation, upstream pitching, turfing etc, are made under this sub head.

12.2.1.4 'K' Building

An estimate of Rs.1263.34 lakhs has been made under this head. Provision of
buildings for the office and residential accommodation for the staff of Circle,
Division and Sub-division at the project site have been made.

12.2.1.5 'M' Plantation

An estimate of Rs. 3.62 lakhs has been provided under this sub - head. This
includes plantation of trees in colonies, downstream of earthen dam and along
the approach road to the project site.

12.2.1.6 'O' Miscellaneous

Under this sub-head an estimate of Rs. 634.36 lakhs has been prepared.
Provisions for external and internal electrification of the colonies, water supply
and sewage disposal, recreation facilities, medical and security arrangement, fire
fighting equipment, telephone facilities, visits of VIPs for inauguration ceremony
etc. are being kept under this sub-head.

12.2.1.7 'P' Maintenance

A provision of Rs. 98.10 lakhs has been kept under this sub- head. The rate for
building is taken as 1/2% of the cost of permanent building per year for 10 years
and 1/4% on the cost of temporary building per year for 10 years.

The rate for colony and work site road is taken as Rs. 3872/- per km/ per
year.

The rates for maintenance of concrete and earthen dam have been taken as
1/4% and 1/2% for average 5 years on 1/2 of the amount.

12.2.1.8 'Q' Special T&P

An estimate of Rs. 185.91 lakhs has been kept under this sub - head. Provisions
for various machineries and equipments including transportation vehicles have
been made in this head. The cost of machinery etc. will be initially charged to
works. During construction the cost will reduce and the debit will be charged to
works.

130
12.2.1.9 'R' Communication

A provision of Rs. 1155.46 lakhs has been made under this head. This includes
construction of approach road to dam site, approach tunnel to power house no.
1, approach to colony and quarries etc.

12.2.1.10 'X' Environment and ecology

An estimate of Rs. 16.18 lakhs has been prepared for this sub- head. This
includes soil conservation measures, compensatory aforestation, prevention
measures of forest fires, restoration of land and public health measures etc.

12.2.1.11 'Y' Losses on stock

Under this head an amount of Rs. 65.60 lakhs has been provided @ 1/4% on all
heads excluding sub-heads 'A', 'B' and 'Q'

12.2.1.12 II-Establishment

A provision of Rs. 2667.58 lakhs has been made under this head @ 10% of I-
Works excluding 'B' land.

12.2.1.13 III-Ordinary T&P

A provision of Rs. 335.93 lakhs is made for this @ 1% of I-Works.

12.2.1.14 IV-Receipt and recoveries

A total of Rs. 228.98 lakhs has been made for this as per the provision.

12.2.1.15 Indirect charges

A total of Rs. 423.83 lakhs has been made for this sub head. An amount of Rs.
335.93 lakhs has been provided @ 1% of works as audit and accounts charges
and an amount of Rs. 87.90 lakhs @ 5% of cost of culturable land as abatement
of land revenue. The total estimated cost under head Unit-I 'Head works' has
been worked out as Rs. 36791.63 lakhs. General abstract of cost of Unit-I is
given in Table No.12.1.

131
 Table -12.1
Unit-I: 'Head Works'- General abstract of cost
Sl. Item Amount (Rs. in lakhs)
No.
DIRECT CHARGES
I Works
'A' Preliminary 183.44
'B' Land 6917.44
'C' Works (Concrete and Earthen dam) 23069.81
'K' Buildings 1263.34
'M' Plantation 3.62
'O' Miscellaneous 634.36
'P' Maintenance 98.10
'Q' Special T&P 185.91
'R' Communications 1155.46
'X' Environment and ecology 16.18
'Y' Losses on stock and unforeseen 65.60
Total of I - Works 33593.26
II Establishment 2667.58
III Ordinary tools and plants 335.93
Total direct charges 36596.78
IV Deduct receipt and recoveries (-) 228.98
Net direct charges 36367.80
V Indirect Charges 423.83
Grand Total 36791.63

12.2.2 Unit -II : Canals (Link and enroute command)

Unit-II consists of the main link canal with the provision of lining and the canal
system consisting of branch canals, distributaries, minors and watercourses in
the enroute command. The estimated cost is Rs. 572.44 crore.

12.2.2.1 'A' Preliminary

Under this head the expenditure already done by the department upto March
1994 has been taken into account. The surveys include alignment survey for the
main link canal right from the offtake point on the Daudhan reservoir. L-section
and cross sections were taken and plotted. Detailed estimates are then prepared
on the basis of the contour plan prepared for a strip of 400 m i.e. 200 m on either
side of the center line of the alignment. This was done to fix up the fina l
alignment according to the bed slope of the canal. The expenditure also includes
the representative survey of about 100 ha in the proposed command area.
CSMRS, New Delhi was engaged to determine the soil characteristics test at
about 10 different places along the link canal. Provision for future detailed survey
on the final alignment of the link canal has been kept in this head. Provision for

132
preparation of the detailed project report, running and maintenance of the
vehicles and other miscellaneous items have also been kept. The cost has been
estimated to Rs. 248.33 lakhs for the enroute command.

12.2.2.2 'B' Land

Acquisition of private land for the main and branch canals as well as for
residential and non-residential buildings have been made under this head.
Solatium charges for compulsory acquisition, legal charges, diversion of
communication system etc. have also been provided. Provision of Rs. 1450.27
lakhs have been kept under this sub -head.

12.2.2.3 'D' Regulator

Under this sub -head the estimate for head regulator at the offtake point of the link
canal, cross regulator at the terminal point, regulator sluice for branch canal are
made separately. Provision under this sub-head is Rs. 57.50 lakhs.

12.2.2.4 'E' Falls

In this estimate the cost of one major fall along the main route of the link canal
and 236 falls on the branch canals and distributaries in its enroute command
have been worked out as per the cost curve of Hasdeo Bango Project in Madhya
Pradesh and duly updated to the price level of 1994. Rs.136.77 lakhs is provided
under this sub-head.

12.2.2.5 'F' Cross drainage works

Provisions for 59 Nos. of C.D. works have been worked out and the costs of
individual works have been derived. Total provision in this sub -head is Rs.
3341.28 lakhs.

12.2.2.6 'G' Bridges

Provisions for 60 Nos. of bridges on the main canal only have been kept in this
estimate on the basis of the cost curve derived for Hasdeo Bango Project in
Madhya Pradesh after necessary escalation in the price level. An amount of Rs.
438.23 lakhs has been made under this sub-head.

12.2.2.7 'H' Escape

Atleast four Nos. of escapes have been provided at different R.D. along the main
canal and the estimate of each has been derived from the cost curve of Hasdeo
Bango Project after due escalation. Cost under this sub-head is Rs. 19.95 lakhs.

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12.2.2.8 'K' Buildings
The cost under this sub -head amounting to Rs.500.77 lakhs have been arrived
at on individual estimates as per the plinth area rate derived from the model
estimates of each type of building.

12.2.2.9 'L' Earth work

A major share of the total estimated cost has been made under this sub-head.
The following provisions are made in the estimate.

Ordinary jungle clearance, cutting and felling of trees including its uprooting,
stripping of the seat of embankment, excavation in hard soil, hard rock, soft rock
etc., compaction of earth by S.F.R., construction of dowlah, transportation
charges for earth and moorum, providing P.C.C. for lining, tamping in canal bed
and side slopes etc. Total cost has been worked out as Rs. 38243.16 lakhs.

12.2.2.10 'M' Plantation

Under this sub-head provision of Rs. 95.41 lakhs for plantation in the
colonies and different offices alongwith the plantation of trees on the
embankment of the link canal on both sides have been made. The cost
includes the price of the saplings and protective measures also.

12.2.2.11 'O' Miscellaneous

Under this sub-head the provision for external electrification of the colonies,
water supply and special lighting arrangements for construction works have been
included. The cost has been worked out as Rs. 325.96 lakhs.

12.2.2.12 'P' Maintenance

Provisions for maintenance of water supply and sewerage of colonies,

telephones, security arrangements, school bus and inspection vehicles are kept
under this sub-head. Maintenance cost is taken as 1% of I-Works less 'A'
Preliminary, 'B' Land and 'Q' Special T&P. Provision under this sub-head has
become Rs. 493.97 lakhs.

12.2.2.13 'Q' Special T&P

The following provisions are kept under this sub-head of the estimate:

Exploratory and quarrying equipment, heavy earth moving and other equipments
like sheep foot roller, water tanker, vibrator, concrete mixer, trucks etc.
Provisions for electrical equipments like generator, pump etc. have also been
kept. Cost of work-shop tools and inspection vehicles are also figured in this
estimate. The cost under this sub-head is Rs. 90.33 lakhs.

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12.2.2.14 'R' Communication

Cost of construction of quarry roads, temporary roads in the work area and
temporary river crossings are provided under this sub - head of the estimate. The
amount under this sub -head is Rs. 70.73 lakhs.
12.2.2.15 'U' Distributaries and minors

The rate per hectare for the distributaries has bee n worked out as per the
Hasdeo Bango Project after duly escalated to the price level of 1994. This rate
includes the cost of lining also. Total provision under this sub -head is Rs.
5019.37 lakhs.

12.2.2.16 'V' Water courses and field channels

The rate per hectare has been worked out from the rate of Hasdeo Bango Project
after escalating the same to 1994 price level. The estimated cost under this sub-
head is Rs. 426.53 lakhs.

12.2.2.17 'W' Drainage

This cost of Rs. 182.72 lakhs has been arrived at by considering the rate of Hasdeo
Bango Project after escalating to price level of 1994. Provision of chak and collecting
drains for command area has been made under this sub-head.

12.2.2.18 'Y' Losses on stock

Provision of 1/4% of the cost of I- works less 'A' Preliminary, 'B' Land and 'Q'
Special T&P has been made as losses on stock under this sub -head. The
amount arrived at this sub-head is Rs. 123.38 lakhs.

12.2.2.19 II - Establishment

This cost is the 10% of the I-work less 'B' Land of the estimate. The amount
under this provision is Rs. 4981.44 lakhs.

12.2.2.20 III - Ordinary tools and plants

Provision of Rs. 512.65 lakhs @ 1% of the I-Works has been kept for this in the
estimate.

12.2.2.21 IV -Receipts and recoveries

Provision of Rs. 72.80 lakhs for receipts and recoveries on the special
tools and plants and temporary building have been kept as per the guidelines of
the CWC's working group report.

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12.2.2.22 Indirect charges

A total provision of Rs. 557.84 lakhs @ 1% cost of the I-Works has been kept for
the audit and accounts charges and @ 5% cost of culturable land for abatement
of land revenue have been made under this sub -head. The total estimated cost
under head Unit - II 'Head Works' has been worked out as Rs. 57243.77 lakhs.
General abstract of cost of Unit - II is given in Table No. 12.2.

Table -12.2
Unit - II : 'Canals' - General abstract of cost

Sl. Item Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

No.
DIRECT CHARGES
A Works
'A' Preliminary 248.33
'B' Land 1450.27
'D' Regulators 57.50
'E' Falls 136.77
'F' Cross Drainage Works 3341.28
'G' Bridges 438.23
'H' Escapes 19.95
'K' Buildings 500.77
'L' Earthwork 38243.16
'M' Plantation 95.41
'O' Miscellaneous 325.96
'P' Maintenance 493.97
'Q' Special T&P 90.33
'R' Communications 70.73
'U' Distributaries and minors 5019.37
'V' Water courses and field 426.53
channels
'W Drainage 182.72
'Y' Losses on stock 123.38
Total of A Works 51264.65
II Establishment 4981.44
III Ordinary tools and plants 512.65
Total direct charges 56758.73
IV Deduct receipt and recoveries (-) 72.80
Net direct charges 56685.93
V Indirect Charges 557.84
Grand Total 57243.77

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12.2.3 Unit - III : Power

Unit-III consists of two power houses, power intake structures, tunnels and
penstocks, surge tank, tail race and approach tunnel for the power house No. 1,
switch yard and transformer yard, transmission line, cost of electrical equipments
etc. The estimated cost is Rs. 50.72 crore.

12.2.3.1 'A' Preliminary

Under this sub -head, the cost of survey work already done by the
department has been included. Provisions for future survey including the
foundation exploration of the power houses, construction of access road,
consultants fees for the design of various electrical components, training to
engineers and purchase of miscellaneous T&P and camp equipments are kept
under this sub- head. The estimated cost has come is Rs. 41.82 lakhs.

12.2.3.2 'J' Power plant civil works

The estimate under this sub -head includes the following sub- estimates prepared
separately for the power house No. 1 and power house No. 2.

(a) For Power House No.1

(i) Sub-estimate for the power intake structure includes the cost of excavation
of hard strata, laying of R.C.C. with necessary provisions for scaffolding and
cost of reinforcement bars, cost of trash rack panels, cost of intake gates
including the cost of hoisting etc. The estimated cost is worked out as Rs.
103.85 lakhs.

(ii) Sub-estimate for the pressure shaft: This includes the cost of underground
excavation for pressure tunnel, laying of R.C.C. including cost of
reinforcement etc. The estimated cost in this head is Rs.199.65 lakhs.

(iii) Sub -estimate for the underground power house including upstream and
downstream valves: Under this head, provision have been made for the
underground excavation with disposal of all material as directed, providing
and laying RCC including cost of reinforcement bars, providing glass panels,
mosaic floor, anchor bars for grouting, steel doors and windows, steel
ladders, sanitary and water supply, cost of telecommunications, paintings
and white washing on walls and doors and windows etc. The cost has been
worked out as Rs. 558.86 lakhs .

(iv) Sub-estimate for ventilation tunnel: This estimate has been worked out as
Rs. 4.26 lakhs which includes the cost of underground excavation for the
ventilation tunnel and providing rock bolting and grouting.

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(v) Sub-estimate for the tail race tunnel: Under this sub- estimate the provisions
have been kept for the underground excavation in hard rock by blasting,
providing and placing M 150 grade concrete for lining, drilling of grout holes,
providing temporary and permanent steel supports, cost of cement pressure
grouting etc. which comes to Rs. 349.85 lakhs.

(vi) Sub-estimate for the approach bridge: The cost under this head is worked
out as Rs. 86.34 lakhs which includes the provision of excavation in hard and
soft rock, providing and laying of RCC including the cost of reinforcement
bars, providing steel N-trussed bridge and extra cost for additional lift of
excavated material.

(vii) Sub -estimate for the tail race outfall structure: This includes the cost of
excavation in hard rock, providing and laying of RCC including the cost of
reinforcement bars, providing trash rack panel, G.I. pipe railing, fabrication
and erection of service gates alongwith hoisting arrangement, providing and
fixing of gantry crane, M.S. ladder including G.I. pipe railing etc. The cost has
been worked out as Rs. 83.27 lakhs.

(viii) Sub -estimate for control and power cable tunnel: The cost under this sub-
estimate has been worked out as Rs. 9.92 lakhs which includes the cost of
excavation in hard rock, providing M 150 grade concrete, rock bolting and
other miscellaneous items such as portal structures, lighting and drainage
arrangements etc.

(b) For Power House No.2

(i) Sub-estimate for the power house and penstock: This sub -estimate includes
the cost of drilling by diamond core drilling, excavation in hard rock, grouting,
cost of cement for consolidation grouting, providing and laying R.C.C.
including the cost of reinforcement bars, steel lining for penstock, embedded
metal works for draft tube, cost of draft tube and penstock gates, ventilation
and air conditioning arrangements, steel stairs, mosaic floors, steel roof
truss, doors and windows etc. The cost has been worked out to be Rs.
375.79 lakhs.

(ii) Sub-estimate for tunnel and surge tank: Under this head, provisions have
been made for the underground excavation for the tunnel and the surge tank,
RCC lining in tunnel and surge tank including the cost of reinforcement,
drilling of grout holes, cost of cement for grouting and other miscellaneous
items such as air vent, temporary lighting etc. The cost under this sub-
estimate is Rs. 708.28 lakhs.

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12.2.3.3 'M' Plantation

Provision of plantation in and around the power house and along the approach
road to both the power houses has been made under this sub-head which works
out to be Rs. 1.33 lakhs.

12.2.3.4 'P' Maintenance

Maintenance cost has been kept as 1% of the I-Works excluding 'A' Preliminary,
'B' Land and 'Q' Special T&P. The estimated cost is Rs. 44.31 lakhs only.

12.2.3.5 'S' Power plant electrical works

Under this sub-head, costs of all the electrical equipments required for
generation and transmission of power from both the power houses have been
made. This includes the cost of preliminary expenses on design and consultancy
work, generating plant i.e. turbines, generation and its accessories including its
transportation and erection charges, auxiliary equipment like electric overload
crane, lifts, gantry crane for draft tube gates, cost of butterfly valves, cost of draft
tube gates and its erection charges, cost of transformers, circuit breakers,
isolators etc. and other miscellaneous equipment for transformer yard & switch
yard and cost of construction of transmission line of about 30 km.

The cost has been estimated under this sub-head as Rs. 1949.73 lakhs.

12.2.3.6 'Y' Losses on stock

Loss of suspense @ 1/4% on I-Works excluding the cost on 'A' 'B' and 'Q' has
been made under this estimate, which works out as Rs. 11.19 lakhs.

12.2.3.7 Establishment

This cost is the 10% of th e I-Works excluding 'B' Land of the estimate. The
amount under this provision is Rs. 452.84 lakhs.

12.2.3.8 Ordinary T&P

A provision of 1% cost of -IWork has been kept under this sub-head, which is
amounting to Rs. 45.28 lakhs.

12.2.3.9 Indirect charges

1% charges on I-Works have been kept under this sub -head as indirect charges,
which amounts to Rs. 45.28 lakhs.

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The total estimated cost under the head Unit-III Power has been worked out as
Rs. 5071.86 lakhs. General abstract of cost of Unit - III is given in Table No. 12.3

12.3 Ken command

The item wise cost of canals under Ken command has been worked out using
quantities given in the project report of the proposed Ken Multi-purpose Project
prepared by Madhya Pradesh Water Resources Department. The rates at
April,1994 price level have been worked out based on the USR (April, 1991) of
Madhya Pradesh Water Resources Department after considering escalation at
the rate of 10% per annum. The estimated cost of canal under Ken command
comes to Rs.554.11 Crore. General abstract of cost of Ken command is given in
Table No. 12.4.

Table. 12.3
Unit - III : 'Power ' - General abstract of cost

Sl. Item Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

No.
DIRECT CHARGES
A Works
'A' Preliminary 41.82
'J' Power plant civil works (Total for PH-I 2480.07
and PH-2)
'M' Plantation 1.33
'P' Maintenance 44.31
'S'Power plant electrical works 1949.73
'Y' Losses on stock 11.19
Total of A Works 4528.45
II Establishment 452.84
III Ordinary tools and plants 45.28
Total direct charges 5026.58
IV Indirect Charges 45.28
Grand Total 5071.86

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 Table -12.4
Ken Command General abstract of cost

Item Amount (Rs. in lakhs)

Works
'A' Preliminary 478.67
'B' Land 743.70
'D' Regulators 157.08
'E' Falls 41.32
'F' Cross Drainage Works 2371.97
'G' Bridges 237.07
'H' Escapes 199.46
'J' Power Plant Civil Works 522.59
'K' Buildings 1141.54
'L' Earthwork and canal lining 18712.71
'M' Plantation 22.97
'N' Tanks and reservoirs 1272.01
'O' Miscellaneous 1058.05
'P' Maintenance 481.25
'Q' Special T&P 1023.07
'R' Communications 497.78
'S' Power Plant and electrical system 1032.90
'U' Distributaries, minors and sub-minors 18652.87
'V' Water courses and field channels 910.82
'W Drainage 113.67
'Y' Losses on stock 118.57
Establishment cost @ 10% of I-Works 4904.64
less 'B' Land
Ordinary T&P@ 1% of I-Works 497.90
Total Receipt & Recoveries (-) 299.42
Total Indirect Charges 518.12
Grand Total 55411.32

12.4 Betwa command

The command area identified for the four projects in upper Betwa sub basin
namely Neemkheda dam, Richhan dam, Barari barrage and Kesari dam are
termed as Betwa command of K-B link project. Cost of each of these projects
have been estimated on notional basis considering unit cost of Rs.35,000 per
hectare area irrigated. This is shown in Table -12.5. Different project reports
prepared by the State Government have been referred for estimating the unit
cost per hectare area irrigated.

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 Table -12.5
Estimated cost of projects under Betwa command

Sl. Name of projects Annual Estimated cost

No. irrigation(ha) (Rs. in lakhs)
1 Barari barrage 44355.50 30453.15
2 Neemkheda dam 1053 368.55
3 Richhan dam 36828 12889.80
4 Kesari dam 1840 644.00
Total 44355.50

Thus the total cost of these four projects comes to Rs. 443.55 crores.

12.5 Recurring and non-recurring expenditures on Tools and Plants

Recurring and non-recurring expenses on ordinary and special tools and plants
for unit-I, unit-II and unit-III have been worked out. All the expenditures in the
running and maintenance of vehicles and special tools and plants are taken in
recurring accounts and the capital costs of all vehicles and equipments for
construction purposes are charged to non-recurring expenditure.

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 CHAPTER - 13

FINANCIAL ASPECTS

13.1 Foreign exchange element

13.1.1 Plant, machinery, instruments etc.

The main works of the project are the earth work on dams and canals,
concreting of overflow and non-overflow sections of the dam, providing steel
radial gates for spillway; excavation of tunnel, installation of turbines,
generators, draft tubes in the power houses. For all these works, the
machineries and equipments required are available within the country and
need not to be imported from other countries.

13.2 Financial resources

13.2.1 Present position of the scheme regarding its inclusion in the plan etc.

The present policy of the Government (both at central and at state level) is to
increase irrigation potential by proposing new schemes. Ken-Betwa link
project is one of such schemes that will cover the water short areas of the
states of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh where irrigation percentages
are low. It is also aimed at removing the regional imbalances in the field of
irrigation. So that development takes place uniformly. For these reasons the
Central Government is always providing more outlays to the new schemes
provided that all the old schemes are implemented first and it is hoped that
larger outlay will also be provided for this project.

13.2.2 Requirement of funds for the scheme

Total amount of fund required for the project has been estimated as Rs.
1988.74 crore (1994-95 price level). Headwise requirement of funds is given
as below:

A Main Project
Unit-1: Headworks Rs.367.92 crore
Unit-II: Canals (Link and enroute Rs.572.44 crore
command)
Unit-III : Power Rs. 50.72 crore
B Ken command: Canal system Rs.554.11 crore
C Betwa command : Cost of four Upper Rs.443.55 crore
Betwa projects
Grand Tota l Rs.1988.74 crore

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13.3 Revenues
13.3.1 Sources of revenue

The sources of revenue in Ken-Betwa link project are anticipated as below:

(a) Irrigation water rates

(b) Betterment levy
(c) Sale of power
(d) Irrigation cess

13.3.1.1 Irrigation water rates

Irrigation water has been charged on per hectare basis from each land holder
who either enters into agreement for supply of water or on demand for
irrigation. This charge is in addition to the land revenue paid by them.

13.3.1.2 Betterment levy

With the introduction of irrigation and improved method of cultivation, the yield
of the crops and value of land will appreciably increase. Therefore, the land
owners are to pay some share to the Government for this increase in the
value of their lands. The betterment levy has been proposed to be charged as
per the rates prescribed by State Government of Madhya Pradesh. The rates
are Rs. 20/- per ha for the first five years, Rs. 30/- per ha for the next fourteen
years and Rs. 40/- per ha for the 20th year. No betterment levy is to be
recovered after 20th year. The recovery will start after 3 years of the
commencement of irrigation. The total contribution from the betterment levy
has been worked out as Rs.2182.264 lakhs spread over 20 years.

13.3.1.3 Irrigation cess

Total revenue from the irrigation cess @ Rs.10/- per ha of C.CA. has been
worked out to be Rs. 993.71 lakhs for the whole project.

13.3.1.4 Revenue from power

The average rate for sale of power has been taken as Rs. 1.12 per unit for the
firm power. Demand charges have been accounted for on the basis of Rs.
168.00 per KW of installed capacity. Gross amount of revenue per year has
been worked out as Rs. 2056.32 lakhs.

13.4 Construction schedule

The construction of the dam, canal and power house will take 9 years
including the pre-construction year.

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13.5 Working expenses

The working expenses, maintenance and depreciation charges of the

canal and dam including appurtenant works have been calculated at the
rate of Rs. 180/- per ha of annual irrigation.

13.6 Interest charges

While working out the financial return, the interest charges on the capital
outlay have been taken as 10% for both irrigation and power components.

13.7 Phasing of expenditure

The project has been planned to be completed in 8 years period excluding

pre-construction year. The phasing of the expenditure has been planned and
the yearly expenditure chargeable to irrigation and power is assessed
accordingly.

13.8 Development of irrigation

The commencement of irrigation is expected to be in the 6th year of the start

of construction of the project and at the end of the 15th year full development
of the irrigation is expected to be achieved. Financial Statements for the
yearwise development of irrigation in the enroute, Ken and Betwa commands
and cropwise development of irrigation in these commands respectively have
been prepared.

13.9 Financial return

Statements of financial return for irrigation, power components and for the
project as a whole have been worked out separately.

13.10 Benefit-Cost Ratio

The values of produce before and after canal irrigation in the Enroute
command, Ken command and Betwa command have been calculated based
on the crop yields and their rates as obtained from the State Government.

The B.C. ratio for the project as a whole (including power component) has
been worked out and the same is obtained as 1.87. The net annual benefits
from the irrigation component are obtained as 449.79 crore.

13.11 Internal rate of return

The internal rate of return for irrigation component of the project has been
obtained as 13%.

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 ABBREVIATIONS USED

APSEB - Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board

CA - Catchment Area
CBIP - Central Board of Irrigation & Power
CCA - Culturable Command Area
CD - Cross Drainage
CSMRS - Central Soil & Materials Reserch Station
cumec - cubic metre per second
cusec - cubic feet per second
CWC - Central Water Commission
DSRO - Direct Surface Run-off
DSL - Dead Storage Level
d/s - down stream
EEC - European Economic Community
FRL - Full Reservoir Level
FSL - Full Supply Level
g - Acceleration due to gravity
G&D - Gauge & Discharge
GCA - Gross Command Area
GI - Galvanised Iron
GIR - Gross Irrigation Requirement
GSI - Geological Survey of India
GW - Ground Water
H - Horizontal
ha - hectare
ham - hectare metre
HEP - Hydro Electric Project
HT - High Tension
HYV - High Yield Varieties
IMD - Indian Meteorological Department

146
IMF - International Monetary Fund
IRR - Internal Rate of Return
IS - Indian Standards
K-B link - Ken-Betwa link
KMPP - Ken Multi-purpose Project
KV - Kilo Volt
lpm/m - litres per minute per metre
m/d - metre per day
m3/d - Cubic metre per day
LBC - Left Bank Canal
LT - Low Tension
mbgl - metres below ground level
Mm3 - Million cubic metre
MDDL - Minimum Draw-Down Level
Mkh/Mu - Million Kilowatt hour/Million Units
MP - Madhya Pradesh
MPEB - Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board
MS - Mild Steel
MSEB - Maharashtra State Electricity Board
MWL - Maximum Water Level
MW - Mega Watt
NA - Not Available
NCAER - National Council of Applied Economic Research
NOF - Non Over-flow
NSL - Natural Surface Level
NTPC - National Thermal Power Corporation
NWDA - National Water Development Agency
OF - Over-flow
OSEB - Orissa State Electricity Board
PCC - Plain Cement Concrete
PH - Power House

147
PMP - Probable Maximum Precipitation
PMF - Probable Maximum Flood
POL - Petrol Oil Lubricants
Ppt - Precipitation
PUW - Pick Up Weir
RBC - Right Bank Canal
RCC - Reinforced Cement Concrete
RD - Reduced Distance
RL - Reduced Level
RSEB - Rajasthan State Electricity Board
SE - Superintending Engineer
SFR - Sheep Foot Roller
Sqkm - Square Kilometre
t - tonnes
T&P - Tools & Plants
TAC - Technical Advisory Committee
TWL - Tail Water Level
UP - Uttar Pradesh
UPSEB - Uttar Pradesh State Electricity Board
u/s - up-stream
USAID - United States Agency for International Development
USR - Unified Schedule of rates
V - Vertical
WBM - Water Bound Mecadam

148