International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),

Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014

ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X

An experimental investigation on partial replacement

of steel slag and steel millscale
1
R.Kalpana 2R.Pradheepa,
#1,2
M.E Construction management and engineering
KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Perundurai,Tamilnadu,
India.

Abstract-This project presents result of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate effects of replacing aggregates
(coarse & fine) with that of Steel Slag and Steel MillScale (Crystallized & Granular) which is an industrial waste by-product on concrete
strength properties by using Taguchis approach of optimization. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the durability of
concrete made with steel slag and steel millscale. This research has shown that replacing some percentage of natural aggregates by steel
slag aggregates causes negligible degradation in strength. It is shown that as the amount of steel slag is increased beyond 75%. The
results showed that replacing about 50 to 75% of steel slag aggregates by volume for natural aggregates will not do any harm to concrete
and also it will not have any adverse effects on the strength and durability. Whole study was done by both the aggregates were replaced by
crystallized & granular aggregates. The coarse aggregate were partially replaced by steel slag of about 10% and 20%. The fine aggregate
were partially replaced by steel millscale of about 40%and 50%. This partial replacement of coarse and fine aggregates with steel slag and
steel millscale will increases the strength of about 30% to 50%. It is evident from the investigation that Taguchi approach for optimization
helped in indentifying the factors affecting the final outcomes. Based on the overall observations, it could be recommended that Slag could
be effectively utilized as coarse & fine aggregates in all concrete applications. The Investigation was carried out for the following test like
compressive strength and spilt tensile strength.

AIM AND SCOPE OF OUR PROJECT
AIM
The main aim of our project is to study about the behavior of
the concrete structure by using partial replacement of steel
slag and steel millscale subjected to compression test and
spilt tensile strength test.
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATION:
Theoriginalscopeofthisresearchwastoinvestigatetheproperties
ofconcrete with steel slag and millscale aggregates. Thefresh
and harden edproperties of concrete weretested with steel
slag and mill scale aggregates. The freeze-thaw resistance of
concrete with steel slag and millscale aggregates was studied
and the expansion of the concrete specimens was also
examined. Inaddition to this research several tests were also
included such as compressive strength, split tensile strength
with steel slag and mill scale aggregates.
For this research the percentage of the volume of
natural aggregates normally used in concrete was partial
replaced by steelslag and millscale .This replacement was
done in 25% increments until all natural aggregates were
replaced by the steel slag and millscale .Thus replacing the
natural aggregates in concrete applications with steelslag and
millscale would lead to considerable environmental benefits
and would be economical.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Steel slag has been used to construct pavements for
nearly one hundred years. Since it was discovered that the
residue from the manufacture of steel could be crushed and
processed into a product that looked like crushed rock, other
testing was performed to determine the usefulness of this
waste product.
It was discovered that the highly angular ,rough
textured, vesicular, pitted surfaces provide the particle
interlock, and if properly compacted, the high stability
required for good serviceable pavements. The slag is
usually added as part of the coarse aggregate fraction of the
mixture at a percentage of 20% to 75%, depending on the
application of the mixture .
.

Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014

 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X

METHODOLOGY

Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014

 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
MATERIAL INVESTIGATION
INTRODUCTION
In the existing scenario there has been
growing trend towards the use of supplementary materials for
fine aggregate because of their scarcity. This experimental
study aimed to investigate the compressive strength, flexural
strength, tensile strength of concrete with different percentage
of steel slag as partial replacement for fine aggregate.
MATERIALS
Cement
The cement used should confirm to IS
specifications. There are several types of cements are
available commercially in the market of which Portland
cement is the most well-known& available everywhere. OPC
53 grade was used for this study. The physical properties of
the cement tested according to standard procedure conform to
the requirement of IS 12269: 1989. The physical properties of
cement are listed below in Table no 4.1.
AGGREGATES
Fine Aggregate
Locally available river sand passing through 4.75mm sieve
conforming to the recommendation of IS383-1970 is used.
Specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.66.
Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregates to be used for production of
concrete must be strong, impermeable, durable & capable of
producing a sufficient workable mix with minimum water
cement ratio to achieve proper strength. Locally available
coarse aggregate retaining on 4.75mm sieve is used. Specific
gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.9.
SLAG
Steel slag
Steel slag is an industrial by-product
obtained from the steel manufacturing industry. It is
produced in large quantities during the steel making
operations which utilise Electric Arc Furnace (EAF). Steel
slag can also be produced by smelting iron ore in Basic
Oxygen Furnace (BOF).
Properties of Steel Slag
Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X
Physical properties
Steel slag has a high degree of internal friction and
high shear strength. The rough texture and shape ensure little
breakdown in handling and construction (NSA accessed Nov
2008).Steel slag has high bulk specific gravity and less than
3% water absorption. Steel slag aggregates have high
density, but apart from this feature most of the physical
properties of steel slag are better than hard traditional rock
aggregates. Below are listed some of the positive features of
steel slag.(GeoPave,1993)
1. They are strong and durable.
2. They have excellent angular shape which helps to
develop very strong interlocking properties.
3. They have high resistance to abrasion and impact
Table1listssometypicalphysicalpropertiesofsteelslag.
(TFHRC-Steel slag material description, accessed
Nov2008)
Chemical and Mineralogical composition
Blast furnace slag usually contains four major
oxides, namely lime, magnesia, silica and alumina. Minor
elements include sulfur, iron, manganese, alkalis and trace
amount of several others. The chemical composition of slag
is generally expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated
from elementary analysis determined from x-ray
fluorescence.
Free lime (Calcium oxide) (CaO)+
water(H2O)=Calcium carbonates(CaCO3)
Magnesium oxide (MgO)+
water(H2O)=Magnesium carbonates(MgCO3)
Steelmillscale
Mill scale is formed on the outer surfaces of plates,
sheets or profiles when they are being produced by rolling
red hot iron or steel billets in rolling or steel mills. Mill scale
is composed of iron oxides mostly ferric and is bluish black
in color. Now a days most steels mills can supply their
produce with mill scale removed and steel coated with shop
primers over which welding can be done safely.
PropertiesofSteelmillscale
 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X

Physical propreties of millscale
Mill Scale and Mill Scale Fines tested to date have
been found to possess a transportable moisture limit (TML)
and have thus been confirmed as Group A cargoes. Members
are advised not to load Mill Scale cargoes without first being
in possession of a certificate from the shipper stating the
moisture content and the TML.
Finally, due to the high density of this cargo, the
trimming requirements as detailed in the Code are that it
should be trimmed flat for the voyage to distribute the weight
evenly across the tank top. Wet base cargoes are prone to
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
cargo shift as the bottom liquefies and the top of the high-
density stow becomes free to slide around over the wet
base. The only remedy for that is to trim properly.
Water
The quality of mixing water for concrete has a
visual effect on the resulting hardened concrete. Impurities in
water may interfere with setting of cement & will adversely
affect the strength and durability of concrete with steel slag.
Fresh and clean water which is free from organic matter, silt,
oil, and acid material as per standards is used for casting and
curing the specimens. Water that is piped from the public
supplies is used.
As per IS10262-1982 the concrete mix design
prepared for M20 grade concrete the water cement ratio is
taken as 0.48 from IS10262-1982 for maintain workability.

For cubic meter of concrete Fine aggregate = 597 kg/m3

Water = 186 kg/m3 Mix Proportion Ratio:

Cement = 387.5 kg/m3 1:1.54: 3.33

Coarse aggregate = 1292 kg/m3 W/C = 0.4

TESTS ON CONCRETE compressive strength of M20 grade concrete for 7 days ,

14days,28 days
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Mix ratio 1: 1.5 : 3
Water cement ratio 0.48

SPECIMEN % OF DATE OF DATE OF TESTING COMPRESSIVE

NUMBER REPLACEMENT CASTING STRENGTH N/mm2
STEEL STEEL 7TH 14TH 28TH 7TH 14TH 28TH
MILLSCALE SLAG DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY

1 40 10 7.1.13 14.1.13 21.1.13 4.2.13 19.33 23.11 33.33

2 40 10 7.1.13 14.1.13 21.1.13 4.2.13 20 23.77 34.88

3 50 20 9.1.13 16.1.13 23.1.13 6.2.13 22.76 24.22 36

4 50 20 9.1.13 16.1.13 23.1.13 6.2.13 23.57 24.88 35.33

Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014

 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X

TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Spilt tensile strength of M20 grade concrete for 7 days , 14 days,28 days

Mix ratio 1: 1.5 : 3

Water cement ratio 0.48

% OF DATE OF TESTING SPILT TENSILE

SPECIMEN REPLACEMENT DATE OF STRENGTH
NUMBER CASTING N/mm2
STEEL STEEL 7TH 14TH 28TH 7TH 14TH 28TH
MILLSCALE SLAG DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY DAY

1 40 10 8.1.13 15.1.13 22.1.13 5.2.13 2.05 2.26 2.68

2 40 10 8.1.13 15.1.13 22.1.13 5.2.13 2.05 2.47 2.61

3 50 20 10.1.13 17.1.13 24.1.13 7.2.13 1.97 2.19 2.26

4 50 20 10.1.13 17.1.13 24.1.13 7.2.13 2.05 2.05 2.75

AVEREGE COMPRESSIVE VALUE:

AVERAGE
REPLACEMENT OF COMPRESSIVE
AGGREGATE MIX RATIO W/C RATIO STRENGTH N/mm2
7th 14th 28th
day day day
Steel
millscale 40%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 19.66 23.44 34.30
10%
Steel
millscale 50%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 23.16 24.55 35.66
20%

Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014

 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X

40

COMPARESION
30

VALUE 20 7 DAYS
10 14 DAYS
0 28 DAYS
10% & 40% 20% & 50%
% OF STEEL SLAG & MILLSCALE

Bar chart for replacement of 10%,40% & 20%, 50% steel slag & millscale

AVERAGE SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH VALUE

AVERAGE SPILT
REPLACEMENT OF STRENGTH N/mm2
AGGREGATE MIX RATIO W/C RATIO 7th 14th 28th
day day day
Steel
millscale 40%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 2.05 2.36 2.64
10%
Steel
millscale 50%
Steel slag 1 : 1.5 : 3 0.48 2.01 2.12 2.50
20%

Average value of spilt tensile strength

3
COMPARESION

2.5
2
VALUE

1.5 7 DAYS
1
14 DAYS
0.5
0 28 DAYS
10% & 40% 20% & 50%
% OF STEEL SLAG & MILLSCALE

Bar chart for replacement of 10%,40% & 20%, 50% steel slag & mill scale
Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014
 International Journal of Science and Engineering Research (IJ0SER),
CONCLUSION
The main aim of this research was to study the behavior of
concrete and changes in the properties of concrete with steel
slag and steel millscale by replacing the use of natural
aggregates.
Steel slag is a byproduct and using it as aggregates
in concrete will might prove an economical and
environmentally friendly solution.
The demand for aggregates is increasing rapidly and
so as the demand of concrete.
Thus, it is becoming more important to find suitable
alternatives for aggregates in the future.
A through literature review was conducted to study
and investigate the properties of steel slag
aggregates.
The results showed that it has properties similar to
natural aggregates and it would not cause any harm
if incorporated into concrete.
Compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting
tensile strength for steel slag and steel millscale
were similar to conventional concrete.
Kalpana,pradheepa . . . (IJ0SER) November - 2014
Vol 2 Issue 11 November -2014
ISSN- 3221 5687, (P) 3221 568X
REFERENCES
1. Erhan Guneyisi et al A study on durability properties of high-
performance concretes incorporating high replacement levels of slag,
Journal of Materials and Structures, 6 June 2007.
2. Hisham Qasrawi et al Use of low CaO unprocessed steel slag in
concrete as fine aggregate, Journal of Construction and building Materials,
26 July 2008, pp 1118-1125.
3. Isayuksel et al Properties of Concrete Containing Nonground Ash and
Slag as Fine Aggregate, ACI Materials Journal, vol 104, No.4, July-August
2007, pp 397-403.
4. Lun Yunxia, Zhou Mingkai, Cai Xiao, Xu Fang, 2008 [6] "Effect of
Coarse Aggregates Quality on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength
Concrete" - Construction and Building Materials 2003.
5. Mohammed Nadeem, Arun D.Pofale "Durability of Concrete made with
Steel Slag as Aggregates "Cement and Concrete Composite 2006
+
She is percusing M.E construction management and
engineering in kongu engineering college,Perundurai.She
completed her B.E.(civil) in M.Kumarasamy College of
engineering,
She is percusing M.E construction management and
engineering in kongu engineering college,Perundurai.She
completed her B.E.(civil) in Nandha engineering
college,erode.