INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Based on Graph 5-1, it tells that the output waveform is a positive half
wave rectifier for the reason that the negative part was removed. During the
positive half cycle, the diode is under forward bias which conducts current to
the load resistance. The difference in value of the Vpp of the input and
output is due to the potential of the diode. When the measured average
output voltage was compared to the computed, it is close to each other.
Alternatively, when the direction of bias is reversed, it is in the negative half
cycle having no current flow through the diode. The input voltage appears
only across the load and it is the net result which is possible during the
positive half cycle.
In part B, when secondary voltage was compared to the primary voltage, the
input voltage increases and it is connected to the circuit as a step up. In a
step up transformer, the secondary voltage is greater than the primary
voltage by a factor. The power loss through the wire resistance in power lines
is proportional to the current squared. By increasing the voltage and
correspondingly decreasing the current, the same amount of electrical power
can be transferred with much lower losses by stepping up the line voltage.
Graph 5-2 shows that the output waveform produced from the full wave
rectifier was converted from negative half cycle into positive half cycle. To
put this briefly, like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces
an output voltage or current which is purely DC or has some specified DC
component. Its advantage over half wave is the average output voltage
which is higher producing a smoother output waveform. Moreover, two
diodes are now used, one for each half of the cycle. In each diode it conducts
in turn when its anode terminal is positive with respect to the center point of
the transformer. This produces an output during both half cycles which twice
that for the half wave rectifier making it to be more efficient.
In part C, when a capacitor filter was connected at the output of a bridge
rectifier circuit, it produces a ripple. This is caused by the charging and
discharging of the capacitor. The capacitor charges up to the peak voltage. If
the capacitance is large enough or the load is not too high the voltage will
stay very close to that value, with very little ripple. For the reason that the
capacitor discharges very little between peaks. If the value is too low or the
load is high, then the capacitor will discharge more between peaks and the
ripple will increase noticeably. The effect of adding a capacitor to a rectifier
circuit is that the ripples appear to be smaller.
In part D, LTspice was used by simulating the given circuit. It is found from
the part D, the waveform is forward biased which then makes the negative
portion to be clipped and if it is in reverse biased the positive position is
shown.
In Parte E, the use of LTspice was also utilized by simulating the given circuit.
It is found that the output waveforms frequency is twice the input frequency.
This tells that it is a full wave rectifier, each half of pair of diodes conducts
once each cycle.
In part F, the use of LTspice was also utilized by simulating the given circuit.
It is found that the output waveform decreased when the resistors value
went to 2K. The ripple was caused by the charging and discharging of the
capacitors. Hence, as the resistor decreases, the ripples decreases.
Additionally, changing the frequency from low to high, makes the frequency
increased along with the number of cycles.
CONCLUSION
A. Demonstrate the operation of half-wave rectifier using actual
circuit connections
It creates an output voltage half of the time, which basically
makes the output voltage look like a sinusoidal waveform, with
negative end cut off
When forward biased, the negative portion is clipped while if it
reversed biased the positive position is clipped
B. Demonstrate the operation of a full-wave bridge rectifier using
circuit connections
It converts the positive and negative ends of the AC waveform
into output voltages, which basically make the output voltage
look like a sinusoidal wave with negative half flipped upward with
respect to the x-axis making it look like a series of identical
bumps.
The frequency is twice the input frequency
C. Demonstrate the operation of a capacitor filter connected at
the output of a bridge rectifier circuit
Adding a capacitor, it charges up to the peak value of the full
wave rectified sine wave and stays there
If there is a load, the capacitor will partially discharge between
cycles
D. Demonstrate the output half wave rectifier using circuit
simulations
In a half-wave rectification, the rectifier is used to block current
during half of the voltage cycle
The diode conducts once per cycle
E. Demonstrate the output of a full wave bridge rectifier using
circuit simulations
In a full wave bridge rectifier, it supplies the current during both
the positive and negative half cycles
Each half of pair of diodes conducts once each cycle
F. Observe the effect of connecting a filter capacitor at the
output of a bridge rectifier
A large load or small capacitor, and the waveform will be about
the same as if the capacitor were not there at all
A large capacitor or smaller load and the output will be a DC
voltage with a small ripple wave superimposed on it.
 Making the capacitor larger or the load smaller, the ripple gets
smaller and smaller