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2012
LECTURE PRESENTATIONS
For BROCK BIOLOGY OF MICROORGANISMS, THIRTEENTH EDITION
Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David A. Stahl, David P. Clark
Chapter 35
Wastewater Treatment, Water
Lectures by
Purification, and Waterborne
John Zamora
Middle Tennessee State University Microbial Diseases
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Marmara University Enve303 Env. Eng. Microbiology Prof. BARI ALLI
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Marmara University Enve303 Env. Eng. Microbiology Prof. BARI ALLI
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2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Marmara University Enve303 Env. Eng. Microbiology Prof. BARI ALLI
A drinking water sample was passed through the filter. The filter was then placed on
eosinmethylene blue (EMB) medium that is both selective and differential for lactose-
fermenting bacteria (coliforms). The dark, shiny appearance of the colonies is characteristic of
coliforms. Each colony developed from one viable coliform cell present in the original sample.
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A filter exposed to a drinking water sample was incubated at 35oC for 24 hours on MI
media and examined under UV light. The single E. coli colony appears dark blue (arrow).
The other colonies are coliforms that fluoresce and appear white to light blue.
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Colilert reagents are added to 100-ml water samples. After incubation for 24 h at 35-
37oC, the samples develop yellow color if they contain coliform bacteria (right). Samples
containing Escherichia coli develop yellow color and also develop blue fluorescence
(left). Samples negative for coliform bacteria remain clear (center).
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Figure 35.4 The effect of water purification on the incidence of waterborne disease
Chlorination, 1913
1000
100
1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945
Year
The graph shows the incidence of typhoid fever in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Note
the dramatic reduction in the incidence of typhoid fever after the introduction of both
filtration and chlorination.
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WASTEWATER
Screening
PRIMARY
treatment
Sedimentation
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Anaerobic sludge digester. Only the top of the tank is shown; the remainder is underground.
Complex polymers
Gas outlet (polysaccharides, lipids, proteins)
Scum Hydrolysis by
CH4/CO2 removal microbial
enzymes
Sludge Scum layer
inlet Supernatant Monomers
Supernatant removal (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids)
Methanogenesis
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Clear effluent
Activated
sludge
Air
Anaerobic
sludge
digester
Activated sludge return Excess sludge
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Floc formed in the activated sludge process consists of a large number of small, rod-
shaped cells of Z. ramigera surrounded by a polysaccharide slime layer, arranged in
characteristic fingerlike projections in this negative stain with India ink.
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Chlorination
Underground Filter buildings
clear-water
reservoir
Aerial view of a water treatment plant. The arrows indicate direction of flow of
water through the plant.
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Remove
sand, gravel,
large Raw water
particulates Sedimentation
Form and remove floc,
Coagulation containing insoluble
material and
microorganisms
Remove remaining
particulates and most
Filtration organic and inorganic
compounds
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60
Drinking water outbreaks
Number of outbreaks
50
40
30
20
10
0
1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004
Year
Data were provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
Georgia, USA. Reported drinking water disease outbreaks from 1974 to 2006. Of 729
outbreaks, about 90% were due to biological agents (bacteria, viruses and protists)
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Recreational water outbreaks
Number of outbreaks
30
15
0
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Year
Reported recreational water outbreaks from 1980 to 2006. Of 544 total outbreaks,
almost all were due to biological agents.
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35.5 Cholera
Cholera
Severe diarrhea
Caused by Vibrio cholerae (Figure 35.12)
Typically transmitted through ingestion of
contaminated water
Largely restricted to developing countries
Endemic in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Indian
subcontinent, and Central and South America
Can be controlled by application of water
treatment
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This colorized scanning electron micrograph shows a rod to curved rod morphology.
The organism is about 0.3 m in diameter and up to 2 m in length.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Marmara University Enve303 Env. Eng. Microbiology Prof. BARI ALLI
35.5 Cholera
Pathogenesis
V. cholerae attaches to epithelial cells in the
small intestine, where it grows and releases
cholera toxin
This enterotoxin causes severe diarrhea
Can result in dehydration and death unless
treated
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35.5 Cholera
Diagnosis
Presence of V. cholerae bacilli in the feces of
patients
Prevention
Immunization not recommended
Public health measures are very important
Treatment
Oral rehydration and electrolyte replacement
therapy
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Cases per one million people
10
0
1992 1997 2002 2007
Year
In 2007, there were 2716 reported cases. Data are from the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Figure 35.20 The trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica, the amoeba that causes amebiasis
The small red structures are red blood cells. The trophozoites range from
12 to 60 m in length.
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