162 CHAPTER 2_ THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 24. A particular company started doing business on April 1, 1993. The annual gross earnings of the company after 1 years of operation are p dollars, where p = 50,000 + 18,000¢ + 60072, Find (a) the rate at ich the gross earnings were growing on April 1, 1995, (b) the relative rate of growth of the gross earnings on April 1, 1995 to the nearest 0.1 percent; (c) the rate at which the gross earnings should be 28. The supply equation for “The Calculus " shirt is.x = 3p? + 2p where p dollars i price per tee shirt when 1000r tee shirts (a) Find the average rate of change of tt ‘$I change in the discount price when th creased! from $10 to $11. (b) Find the it (or marginal) rate of change of the supp change in the discount price when that j: 2.7 DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS _163 Let f be the sine function, so that fl) = sin x From the definition of a derivative, tim £2 +49 = fl) a0 ‘Ar f= in S00 + Ax) sin x ao Ay Formula (1) for sin(x + Ax) is used to obtain igi im, sin_x cos(Ax) + se (Ax) — sin x rie era ats nee ) ( ) n(x) oceans ces aeuiee) FI eR ae From Theorems 1.10.5 and 1.10.2, 1 = cos(Ax) _ sin(Ax) Bimmer Oh I ae @B) ‘Substituting from these equations into (2) we get f'Q) = —0-sin x + cos. e+ 1 "08 x ‘We have proved the following theorem. eee BD EXAMPLE T Find f'(x) if f(x) = x? sinx Solution We apply the product rule. f'Q) = °D,(sin.x) + D,Ce*)sin x 2 cos x + 2x sin x < We are now ready to obtain the derivative of the cosine function, but first we plot the graph of NDER(cos x, x) in the [=27r, 2x] by [~4, 4] ‘window as shown in Figure 2. The graph resembles the graph of the sine function reflected through the x axis, which suggests that the derivative of the cosine function may be the negative of the sine function. To confirm this Fan 2alby 4.51 suggestion analytically we proceed as with the sine function. Here we apply NDER(G0s..1) the identity FIGURE 2 cos(a + b) = cosa cos b — sina sinb @164 __ CHAPTER 2_ THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION If g is the cosine function, then g(x) = cos x Ane s'() = Jim, get aa g(x) _ 4 cos( + Ax) — cos.x a as ax Formula (4) for cos(x + Ax) is used to obtain cos x cos(Ax) ~ sin x sin(Ax) — cos x eG) = Ar _ cos xfeos(Ax) = 1] _ sin xsin(dn) a ax fax goes) | S ( : ) sin(2) =f, (ies +) - (Gn sna) in We substitute from Equations (3) into (5) and obtain g'() = -0-c0s x = sinx-1 = -sinx We have proved the following theorem. 2.7.2 Theorem o Derivative of the Cosine Function ‘Note the minus sign in front of sin x for the derivative of cos x; that is, the derivative of cos x is the negative of sin x while the derivative of sin x is cos x. SS SS D EXAMPLE? Find Dif Solution We apply the quotient rule, dy _ (1 = 2cos x)DJ(sin x) ~ sin x - D,(1 = 2 cos x) ax (= Zeos x? (1 = 2 cos x)(cos x) — sin x(2 sin x) (= 2005 x)? cos x = 2(cos*x + sin? x) a (T= 2 cos a) i ec “ (1 = 2eos xP2.7 DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS _165 D EXAMPLE 3 ‘Compute @ gai? sin x + 3 cos x — x) Solution Zea sinx + 3.008 x— x) = 2e08x —3sin x 342 Zesine + 3.0082 ~ x1) —2sinx — 3 cos x — 6x Se sins + 3.008 x 2°) = -2e08x + 3sinz 6 < The derivatives of the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant func- tions are obtained from trigonometric identities involving the sine and cosine as well as the derivatives of the sine and cosine and theorems on differentiation, For the derivative of the tangent we apply the identities tan x = seox = sin? x + cos? x = 1 cos x cos x AR en Dtan x) = (224) = 608 x - D(sin x) ~ sin x - D,(cos x) ZR eae eke) ‘The proof of this theorem, analogous to that of Theorem 2.7.3, is left as an exercise (see Exercise 1). You will use the following identities:166 CHAPTER 2_THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Pere ee ork Djsec x) = o() £08 2, cos x - D,{1) — 1 - D,(cos x) cos? x cos x0 ~ 1+ (sin x) cos? x 1) sinx cos x cos x sec x tan x < D EXAMPLE 4 Compute a ze x sec x) Solution d a d gym x see x) = tan x - 7 (see 4) + allan.) sec x = tan x(sec x tan x) + sec® x(sec x) = sec x tan? x + sec’ x < Pere er kao The proof of this theorem is also left as an exercise (see Exercise 2) As promised at the beginning of this section, we now show how the ‘graphs of the trigonometric functions can be sketched by applying the continuity and differentiability of these functions. We first discuss the graphs of the sine and cosine, for each of which the domain is the set of all real numbers and the range is [—1, 1], Let fla) =sinx f(x) = cos x ‘To determine where the graph has a horizontal tangent, set f(x) = 0 and getx = 477 + ker, where kis any integer. At these values of x, sin xis either “+1 or —1. and these are the largest and smallest values that sin x assumes. ‘The graph intersects the x axis at the points where sin x = 0, thatis, at the points where x = karand k is any integer. Furthermore, when k is-an even integer, (km) = 1.and when kis an odd integer, (kar) = —1. Thus at the2.7. DERIVATIVES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 167 fod =sinx FIGURE 3 Fla) = 08. FIGURE 4 points of intersection of the graph with the x axis the slope of the tangent line is either 1 or ~1. From this information we sketch the graph of the sine function shown in Figure 3. FFor the graph of the cosine function we use the identity cos x sin(x + 4m) Thus the graph of the cosine is obtained from the graph of the sine by translating the y axis }7r units to the right. See Figure 4. D EXAMPLE 5 Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the cosine-fomctiomrat the point (jr, 0). Solution If f(x) = cos x, f’(x) = —sin x. Thus f’Gm) = —sin }7. Because sin} = —1,f"@) = 1. From the point-slope form of an equa- tion of the tangent line having slope 1 and containing the point (7, 0), we have y-0= 1-32) yex-in < We now consider the graph of the tangent function. Because tan(—x) = ~tan x the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. Furthermore, tan (x + 7) = tanx ‘and the tangent function is periodic with period zr. The tangent function is continuous at all numbers in its domain, which is the set ofall real numbers ‘except those of the form! ar + kar, where k is any integer. The range is the set of all real numbers. If k is any integer, tan ka = 0. Therefore the graph intersects the x axis at the points (kz, 0). Let f(x) =tanx — f"(x) = sec? xwaenated kn) sec? ar and sec? or = 1 fork any ites it follows thar ire the staph imerscts hes axis, the ope ot 561, Setting Tee a eMC Teal eee ane there are no horizontal tangent ling vier, ite (0 on wich be angen function is defined cverywhe lim im_Sinx Because. lim sin = 1 and lim cos x = 0, Where cos xis approaching 7210 through positive valu, lim tan x = +2 sane tte tbes = isa vertical aempnscof the graph Tae I gives tan = By ria te inva [D ) and the comerpseare hee Gr tan 3 we gate Pits having as coordinates ie areas primey wait Porte ofthe raph fort in [, ny me Che O}iobeaea© fe origin, the porton ofthe gape es fe Pg 3) et Sie th pedi, we comple eae in Figure 5, Frac oy Bet te raph of the coiangent function from hao the tangent function by using the iden i cot = ~tan(e + fx) te gan erty it fllow that the praph ofthe cotangent obained from iret the tangent by translating they ais acon right and the com tection ofthe graph with respect whe sect raph of {he cotangent function appears ix Figure Because seclx + 2m) = see feactaa {ineton 8 pecodc with period 2m. The domain of he secant ‘enston the set of al real numbers except thie af ee fa ten,2.7 OBRIVATIVIS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 169 Where kis any integer. The ange is (~==, —1] U [1, +2). The function is Continuous at al numbers in its domain. The graph does not intersect the x axis because sec xis never zero, We use the derivative to determine if the graph has any horizontal tangent lines, Let fle) =secx f(a) = seertans Setting") = Ogivessecxtanx = 0. Because sce. # Of ‘an x = 0, which is when x = drr, where kis any ineger ‘We fir consider the graph fr in (~ 1m ‘orizontal tangent lines at x = O and x lim, see x = 1 lim, see.x = tim —'— tim see x ‘Therefore the lnes x and x = } rare vertical asymptotes ofthe graph, With the above information and by locating afew points we sketch the ‘raph ofthe secant function for xin (~!'n, f=) U (fm, 3m), Because the Period is 2, we obtain the graph showa in Figure 7 icone? From the identity exe x = seelx — 49) We get the graph of the cosecant function from that of the secant function by translating the y axis $2 units tothe left. The graph of the cosecant function is sketched in Figure 8170 _CHAPTER2_THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION foes ricuRes EXAMPLE 6 A pendulum oflengih 10 cm has swung so that 0 7 the radian measure of the angle formed bythe pendulum and vertical Tine taco @ OOH ICM) centimeters isthe vertical height of the end ofthe pendulum above its lowest poston fin the instantaneous rte of change of hi with espe. (oO when = t. ne Solution Refer wo Figure 9, Because 6) = |3C| — |B]. we have 10 ~ 10s @ * =10(-sin 6) noun 10sin Thos Wb) = 10s dn) Conclusion: When @ iespect to Os 5 emirad, 4, the instantaneous rate of change of 1) with Boras 1, Prove: Dot 3) 2 Prov Dice») mae, 10 NG) = P= tomy + 2y ny + Zooy ese roots 16 fx) =Ssertinx 16. f0) ee 1 Exercises 3 through 18 fn the derivative ofthe func SU) = somycoty AB Ha) = cox er =). -6.001. What docs ti 1 Exercises 19 through 30. find the derivative Peeping har Ss reo nee a o(%!) i. Tie = =a (s:) cule ceca pee ler = Aue Siena. Sl oe ee ie Ape) eked eee (0) Find tn s it ana derivative