Particle Data Group - Particle Physics Booklet 2016

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****** INSIDE FRONT COVER ******

PARTICLE PHYSICS BOOKLET

Extracted from the Review of Particle Physics
C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group), Chin. Phys. C, 40, 100001 (2016)
Particle Data Group
C. Patrignani, K. Agashe, G. Aielli, C. Amsler, M. Antonelli, D.M. Asner,
H. Baer, Sw. Banerjee, R.M. Barnett, T. Basaglia, C.W. Bauer, J.J. Beatty,
V.I. Belousov, J. Beringer, S. Bethke, H. Bichsel, O. Biebel, E. Blucher,
G. Brooijmans, O. Buchmueller, V. Burkert, M.A. Bychkov, R.N. Cahn,
M. Carena, A. Ceccucci, A. Cerri, D. Chakraborty, M.-C. Chen, R.S. Chivukula,
K. Copic, G. Cowan, O. Dahl, G. DAmbrosio, T. Damour, D. de Florian,
A. de Gouvea, T. DeGrand, P. de Jong, G. Dissertori, B.A. Dobrescu,
M. DOnofrio, M. Doser, M. Drees, H.K. Dreiner, D.A. Dwyer, P. Eerola,
S. Eidelman, J. Ellis, J. Erler, V.V. Ezhela, W. Fetscher, B.D. Fields,
B. Foster, A. Freitas, H. Gallagher, L. Garren, H.-J. Gerber, G. Gerbier,
T. Gershon, T. Gherghetta, A.A. Godizov, M. Goodman, C. Grab,
A.V. Gritsan, C. Grojean, D.E. Groom, M. Gr unewald, A. Gurtu,
T. Gutsche, H.E. Haber, K. Hagiwara, C. Hanhart, S. Hashimoto,
Y. Hayato, K.G. Hayes, A. Hebecker, B. Heltsley, J.J. Hern andez-Rey,
K. Hikasa, J. Hisano, A. H ocker, J. Holder, A. Holtkamp, J. Huston,
T. Hyodo, K. Irwin, J.D. Jackson, K.F. Johnson, M. Kado, M. Karliner,
U.F. Katz, S.R. Klein, E. Klempt, R.V. Kowalewski, F. Krauss, M. Kreps,
B. Krusche, Yu.V. Kuyanov, Y. Kwon, O. Lahav, J. Laiho, P. Langacker,
A. Liddle, Z. Ligeti, C.-J. Lin, C. Lippmann, T.M. Liss, L. Littenberg,
K.S. Lugovsky, S.B. Lugovsky, A. Lusiani, Y. Makida, F. Maltoni,
T. Mannel, A.V. Manohar, W.J. Marciano, A.D. Martin, A. Masoni,
J. Matthews, U.-G. Meiner, D. Milstead, R.E. Mitchell, P. Molaro,
K. Monig, F. Moortgat, M.J. Mortonson, H. Murayama, K. Nakamura,
M. Narain, P. Nason, S. Navas, M. Neubert, P. Nevski, Y. Nir, K.A. Olive,
S. Pagan Griso, J. Parsons, J.A. Peacock, M. Pennington, S.T. Petcov,
V.A. Petrov, A. Piepke, A. Pomarol, A. Quadt, S. Raby, J. Rademacker,
G. Raffelt, B.N. Ratcliff, P. Richardson, A. Ringwald, S. Roesler, S. Rolli,
A. Romaniouk, L.J. Rosenberg, J.L. Rosner, G. Rybka, R.A. Ryutin,
C.T. Sachrajda, Y. Sakai, G.P. Salam, S. Sarkar, F. Sauli, O. Schneider,
K. Scholberg, A.J. Schwartz, D. Scott, V. Sharma, S.R. Sharpe, T. Shutt,
M. Silari, T. Sj
ostrand, P. Skands, T. Skwarnicki, J.G. Smith, G.F. Smoot,
S. Spanier, H. Spieler, C. Spiering, A. Stahl, S.L. Stone, Y. Sumino,
T. Sumiyoshi, M.J. Syphers, F. Takahashi, M. Tanabashi, K. Terashi,
J. Terning, R.S. Thorne, L. Tiator, M. Titov, N.P. Tkachenko, N.A. T ornqvist,
D. Tovey, G. Valencia, R. Van de Water, N. Varelas, G. Venanzoni,
M.G. Vincter, P. Vogel, A. Vogt, S.P. Wakely, W. Walkowiak, C.W. Walter,
D. Wands, D.R. Ward, M.O. Wascko, G. Weiglein, D.H. Weinberg,
E.J. Weinberg, M. White, L.R. Wiencke, S. Willocq, C.G. Wohl, L. Wolfenstein,
J. Womersley, C.L. Woody, R.L. Workman, W.-M. Yao, G.P. Zeller,
O.V. Zenin, R.-Y. Zhu, F. Zimmermann, P.A. Zyla
Technical Associates:
J. Anderson, G. Harper, V.S. Lugovsky, P. Schaffner
c
2016 Regents of the University of California
The full Review lists all the data, with references, used in obtaining
the values given in the Particle Summary Tables. It also contains
much additional information. Some of the material that does appear
in this Booklet is only an abbreviated version of what appears in the
full Review.

2
PARTICLE PHYSICS BOOKLET TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Physical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Astrophysical constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Summary Tables of Particle Physics
Gauge and Higgs bosons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Leptons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Quarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mesons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Baryons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Searches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Tests of conservation laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Reviews, Tables, and Plots
9. Quantum chromodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
10. Electroweak model and constraints on new physics . . 200
11. Status of Higgs boson physics . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
12. The CKM quark-mixing matrix . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13. CP violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
14. Neutrino mass, mixing and oscillations . . . . . . . . 221
15. Quark model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
16. Grand unified theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
19. Structure functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
22. Big-bang cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
23. Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
25. The cosmological parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
26. Dark matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
27. Dark energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
28. Cosmic microwave background . . . . . . . . . . . 257
29. Cosmic rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
30. Accelerator physics of colliders . . . . . . . . . . . 261
31. High-energy collider parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 262
33. Passage of particles through matter . . . . . . . . . 263
34. Particle detectors at accelerators . . . . . . . . . . 278
35. Particle detectors for non-accelerator physics . . . . . 290
36. Radioactivity and radiation protection . . . . . . . . 297
37. Commonly used radioactive sources . . . . . . . . . . 299
38. Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
39. Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
44. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, spherical harmonics,
and d functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
47. Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
49. Cross-section formulae for specific processes . . . . . 330
50. Neutrino cross-section measurements . . . . . . . . 335
51. Plots of cross sections and related quantities . . . . . 337
6. Atomic and nuclear properties of materials . . . . . . 338
4. Periodic table of the elements . . . . . . inside back cover
Abridged from the full Review of Particle Physics.

The following are found only in the full Review and on the Web:
http://pdg.lbl.gov
3. International System of Units (SI)

5. Electronic structure of the elements
7. Electromagnetic relations
8. Naming scheme for hadrons
17. Heavy-quark & soft-collinear effective theory
18. Lattice quantum chromodynamics
20. Fragmentation functions in e+ e , ep and pp collisions
21. Experimental tests of gravitational theory
24. Big-bang nucleosynthesis
32. Neutrino beam lines at proton synchrotrons
40. Monte Carlo techniques
41. Monte Carlo event generators
42. Monte Carlo neutrino event generators
43. Monte Carlo particle numbering scheme
45. SU(3) isoscalar factors and representation matrices
46. SU(n) multiplets and Young diagrams
48. Resonances


Please use crop marks to align pages

4
Table 1.1. Reviewed 2015 by P.J. Mohr and D.B. Newell (NIST). The set of constants excluding the last group (which come from the Particle
Data Group) is recommended by CODATA for international use. The 1- uncertainties in the last digits are given in parentheses after the
1. Physical constants
values. See the full edition of this Review for references and further explanation.
Quantity Symbol, equation Value Uncertainty (ppb)

speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s1 exact
Planck constant h 6.626 070 040(81)1034 J s 12
Planck constant, reduced ~ h/2 1.054 571 800(13)1034 J s 12
= 6.582 119 514(40)1022 MeV s 6.1
electron charge magnitude e 1.602 176 6208(98)1019 C = 4.803 204 673(30)1010 esu 6.1, 6.1
conversion constant ~c 197.326 9788(12) MeV fm 6.1
conversion constant (~c)2 0.389 379 3656(48) GeV2 mbarn 12
electron mass me 0.510 998 9461(31) MeV/c2 = 9.109 383 56(11)1031 kg 6.2, 12
proton mass mp 938.272 0813(58) MeV/c2 = 1.672 621 898(21)1027 kg 6.2, 12
= 1.007 276 466 879(91) u = 1836.152 673 89(17) me 0.090, 0.095
deuteron mass md 1875.612 928(12) MeV/c2 6.2
unified atomic mass unit (u) (mass 12 C atom)/12 = (1 g)/(NA mol) 931.494 0954(57) MeV/c2 = 1.660 539 040(20)1027 kg 6.2, 12
permittivity of free space 0 = 1/0 c2 8.854 187 817 . . . 1012 F m1 exact
permeability of free space 0 4 107 N A2 = 12.566 370 614 . . . 107 N A2 exact
fine-structure constant = e2 /40 ~c 7.297 352 5664(17)103 = 1/137.035 999 139(31) 0.23, 0.23
classical electron radius re = e2 /40 me c2 2.817 940 3227(19)1015 m 0.68
September 10, 2016
September 10, 2016

(e Compton wavelength)/2 e = ~/me c = re 1
3.861 592 6764(18)1013 m 0.45
Bohr radius (mnucleus = ) a = 40 ~2 /me e2 = re 2 0.529 177 210 67(12)1010 m 0.23
wavelength of 1 eV/c particle hc/(1 eV) 1.239 841 9739(76)106 m 6.1
Rydberg energy hcR = me e4 /2(40 )2 ~2 = me c2 2 /2 13.605 693 009(84) eV 6.1
Thomson cross section T = 8re2 /3 0.665 245 871 58(91) barn 1.4
18:21
18:21


Bohr magneton B = e~/2me 5.788 381 8012(26)1011 MeV T1 0.45
nuclear magneton N = e~/2mp 3.152 451 2550(15)1014 MeV T1 0.46
electron cyclotron freq./field e /B = e/m
cycl 1.758 820 024(11)1011 rad s1 T1 6.2
e
p
proton cyclotron freq./field cycl /B = e/mp 9.578 833 226(59)107 rad s1 T1 6.2
gravitational constant GN 6.674 08(31)1011 m3 kg1 s2 4.7 104

= 6.708 61(31)1039 ~c (GeV/c2 )2 4.7 104
standard gravitational accel. gN 9.806 65 m s2 exact
Avogadro constant NA 6.022 140 857(74)1023 mol1 12
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 648 52(79)1023 J K1 570
= 8.617 3303(50)105 eV K1 570
molar volume, ideal gas at STP NA k(273.15 K)/(101 325 Pa) 22.413 962(13)103 m3 mol1 570
Wien displacement law constant b = max T 2.897 7729(17)103 m K 570
Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 2 k 4 /60~3c2 5.670 367(13)108 W m2 K4 2300
Fermi coupling constant GF /(~c)3 1.166 378 7(6)105 GeV2 500
weak-mixing angle b Z ) (MS)
sin2 (M 0.231 29(5) 2.2 105
1. Physical constants 5
W boson mass mW 80.385(15) GeV/c2 1.9 105
Z 0 boson mass mZ 91.1876(21) GeV/c2 2.3 104
strong coupling constant s (mZ ) 0.1182(12) 1.0 107
= 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 e = 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 = 0.577 215 664 901 532 861
1 in 0.0254 m 1 G 104 T 1 eV = 1.602 176 6208(98) 1019 J kT at 300 K = [38.681 740(22)]1 eV
September 10, 2016
September 10, 2016

1A 0.1 nm 1 dyne 105 N 2
1 eV/c = 1.782 661 907(11) 10 36
kg 0 C 273.15 K
2
1 barn 10 28
m 1 erg 107 J 2.997 924 58 109 esu = 1 C 1 atmosphere 760 Torr 101 325 Pa
The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
At Q2 = 0. At Q2 m2W the value is 1/128. Absolute lab measurements of GN have been made only on scales of about 1 cm to 1 m.
See the discussion in Sec. 10, Electroweak model and constraints on new physics.
The corresponding sin2 for the effective angle is 0.23155(5).
18:21
18:21


6
2. ASTROPHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND PARAMETERS
Table 2.1. Revised March 2016 by D.E. Groom (LBNL). Figures in parentheses give 1- uncertainties in last place(s). This table represents neither
2. Astrophysical constants
a critical review nor an adjustment of the constants, and is not intended as a primary reference. See the full Review for references and details.
Quantity Symbol, equation Value Reference, footnote
speed of light c 299 792 458 m s1 exact[4]
Newtonian constant of gravitation G
pN 6.674 08(31) 1011 m3 kg1 s2 [1]
Planck mass ~c/GN 1.220 910(29) 1019 GeV/c2 [1]
p = 2.176 47(5) 108 kg
Planck length ~GN /c3 1.616 229(38) 1035 m [1]
standard acceleration of gravity gN 9.806 65 m s2 exact[1]
jansky (flux density) Jy 1026 W m2 Hz1 definition
tropical year (equinox to equinox) (2011) yr 31 556 925.2 s 107 s [5]
sidereal year (fixed star to fixed star) (2011) 31 558 149.8 s 107 s [5]
mean sidereal day (2011) (time between vernal equinox transits) 23h 56m 04.s 090 53 [5]
astronomical unit au 149 597 870 700 m exact [6]
parsec (1 au/1 arc sec) pc 3.085 677 581 49 1016 m = 3.262 . . . ly exact [7]
light year (deprecated unit) ly 0.306 6 . . . pc = 0.946 053 . . . 1016 m
Schwarzschild radius of the Sun 2GN M /c2 2.953 250 24 km [8]
Solar mass M 1.988 48(9) 1030 kg [9]
nominal Solar equatorial radius R 6.957 108 m exact [10]
nominal Solar luminosity L 3.828 1026 W exact [10,12]
Schwarzschild radius of the Earth 2GN M /c2 8.870 056 580(18) mm [13]
Earth mass M 5.972 4(3) 1024 kg [14]
nominal Earth equatorial radius R 6.378 1 106 m exact [10]
luminosity conversion L 3.0128 1028 100.4 Mbol W [15]
(Mbol = absolute bolometric magnitude = bolometric magnitude at 10 pc)
flux conversion F 2.5180 10 10
8 0.4 m bol W m 2 [15]
(mbol = apparent bolometric magnitude)
ABsolute monochromatic magnitude AB 2.5 log10 f 56.10 (for f in W m Hz )
2 1 [16]
September 29, 2016
September 29, 2016

= 2.5 log10 f + 8.90 (for f in Jy)
Solar angular velocity around the Galactic center 0 /R0 30.3 0.9 km s1 kpc1 [17]
Solar distance from Galactic center R0 8.00 0.25 kpc [17,18]
circular velocity at R0 v0 or 0 254(16) km s1 [17]
escape velocity from Galaxy v esc 498 km/s < v esc < 608 km/s [19]
local disk density disk 312 1024 g cm3 27 GeV/c2 cm3 [20]
local dark matter density canonical value 0.3 GeV/c2 cm3 within factor 23 [21]
18:30
18:30


present day CMB temperature T0 2.7255(6) K [22,24]
present day CMB dipole amplitude 3.3645(20) mK [22,23]
Solar velocity with respect to CMB 369(1) km s1 towards (, b) = (263.99(14), 48.26(3) ) [22,25]
Local Group velocity with respect to CMB vLG 627(22) km s1 towards (, b) = (276(3) , 30(3) ) [22,25]
number density of CMB photons n 410.7(T /2.7255)3 cm3 [26]
entropy density/Boltzmann constant s/k 2 891.2 (T /2.7255)3 cm3 [26]
present day Hubble expansion rate H0 100 h km s1 Mpc1 = h (9.777 752 Gyr)1 [27]
scale factor for Hubble expansion rate h 0.678(9) [2,3]
Hubble length c/H0 0.925 0629 1026 h1 m = 1.374(18) 1026 m
scale factor for cosmological constant 2
c /3H0 2 2.85247 1051 h2 m2 = 6.20(17) 1051 m2
critical density of the Universe crit = 3H02 /8GN 1.878 40(9) 1029 h2 g cm3
= 1.053 71(5) 105 h2 (GeV/c2 ) cm3
= 2.775 37(13) 1011 h2 M Mpc3
baryon-to-photon ratio (from BBN) = nb /n (5.8 1010 6.6 1010 (95% CL) [28]
number density of baryons nb 2.503(26) 107 cm3 [2,3,29,30]
(2.4 107 < nb < 2.7 107 ) cm3 (95% CL) n
CMB radiation density of the Universe = /crit 2.473 105 (T /2.7255)4 h2 = 5.38(15) 105 [26]
baryon density of the Universe b = b /crit 0.02226(23) h2 = 0.0484(10) [2,3,23]
cold dark matter density of the universe cdm = cdm /crit 0.1186(20) h2 = 0.258(11) [2,3,23]
100 approx to r /DA 100 MC 1.0410(5) [2,3]
reionization optical depth 0.066(16) [2,3]
scalar spectral index ns 0.968(6) [2,3]
ln(1010 2R )
2. Astrophysical constants 7
ln pwr primordial curvature pert. (k0 =0.05 Mpc1 ) 3.062(29) [2,3]
dark energy density of the CDM Universe 0.692 0.012 [2,3]
pressureless matter density of the Universe m = cdm +b 0.308 0.012 [2,3]
fluctuation amplitude at 8 h Mpc scale
1 8 0.815 0.009 [2,3]
redshift of matter-radiation equality zeq 3365 44 [2]
redshift at half reionization zreion 8.8+1.7 [2]
1.4
September 29, 2016
September 29, 2016

age of the Universe t0 13.80 0.04 Gyr [2]
effective number of neutrinos Neff 3.1 0.6 [2,33]
P <0.68 eV (Planck CMB);
sum of neutrino masses P m 0.05 eV (mixing) [2,34,35]
neutrino density of the Universe = h 2 mj /93.04 eV < 0.016 (Planck CMB; 0.0012 (mixing) [2,34,35]
curvature K 0.005+0.016 (95%CL) [2]
0.017
running spectral index slope, k0 = 0.002 Mpc1 dns /d ln k 0.003(15) [2]
tensor-to-scalar field perturbations ratio, k0 =0.002 Mpc1 r = T /S < 0.114 at 95% CL; no running [2,3]
dark energy equation of state parameter w 0.97 0.05 [31,36]
18:30
18:30
8 Summary Tables of Parti le Properties

SUMMARY TABLES OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES
Extracted from the Particle Listings of the

Review of Particle Physics
C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group),
Chin. Phys. C, 40, 100001 (2016)
Available at http://pdg.lbl.gov
c
2016 Regents of the University of California
(Approximate closing date for data: January 15, 2016)
GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS

(photon) I (J PC ) = 0,1(1 )
Mass m < 1 1018 eV
Charge q < 1 1035 e
Mean life = Stable
g
or gluon
I (J P ) = 0(1 )
Mass m = 0 [a
SU(3) olor o tet
graviton J=2
Mass m < 6 1032 eV
W J=1
Charge = 1 e
m = 80.385 0.015 GeV
Mass
W Z mass ratio = 0.88153 0.00017
m Z m W = 10.803 0.015 GeV
m W + m W = 0.2 0.6 GeV
Full width
= 2.085 0.042 GeV
N = 15.70 0.35
NK = 2.20 0.19
Np = 0.92 0.14
N harged = 19.39 0.08
W modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
p
W + DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
+ [b (10.86 0.09) % {
e+ (10.71 0.16) % 40192
+ (10.63 0.15) % 40192
+ (11.38 0.21) % 40173

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table 9

hadrons (67.41 0.27) % {
+ < 7 106 95% 40192
D+
s < 1.3 103 95% 40168
X (33.3 2.6 ) % {
s (31 +13 ) % {
11
invisible [ ( 1.4 2.9 ) % {
Z J=1
Charge = 0
Mass m = 91.1876 0.0021 GeV [d
Full
+width = 2.4952 0.0023 GeV
= 83.984 0.086 MeV [b

invisible = 499.0 1.5 MeV [e

hadrons
= 1744.4 2.0 MeV
/ e + e = 1.0009 0.0028
+
+ +
/ e e = 1.0019 0.0032 [f
Average harged multipli ity

N harged = 20.76 0.16 (S = 2.1)
Couplings to quarks and leptons
g V = 0.03783 0.00041
g uV = 0.25
+ 0.07
0.06
g dV = 0.33 + 0.05
0.06
g A = 0.50123 0.00026
g uA = 0.50 + 0.04
0.06
d
g A = 0.523 + 0.050
0.029
g = 0.5008 0.0008

g e = 0.53 0.09
g = 0.502 0.017
Asymmetry parameters [g
Ae = 0.1515 0.0019
A = 0.142 0.015
A = 0.143 0.004
As = 0.90 0.09
A = 0.670 0.027
Ab = 0.923 0.020
Charge asymmetry (%) at Z pole
(0)
AFB = 1.71 0.10
(0u )
AFB = 4 7
A(0 s)
FB = 9.8 1.1
(0 )
AFB = 7.07 0.35
A(0 b)
FB = 9.92 0.16
S ale fa tor/ p
Z DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
e+ e ( 3.363 0.004 ) % 45594
+ ( 3.366 0.007 ) % 45594
+ ( 3.370 0.008 ) % 45559

10 Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table

+ [b ( 3.3658 0.0023) % {
+ + [h ( 3.30 0.31 ) 106 S=1.1 45594
invisible (20.00 0.06 ) % {
hadrons (69.91 0.06 ) % {
( uu + )/2 (11.6 0.6 ) % {
( dd + ss + bb )/3 (15.6 0.4 ) % {
(12.03 0.21 ) % {
bb (15.12 0.05 ) % {
bbbb ( 3.6 1.3 ) 104 {
ggg < 1.1 % CL=95% {
0 < 2.01 105 CL=95% 45594
< 5. 1 105 CL=95% 45592
< 6. 5 104 CL=95% 45590
(958) < 4.2 105 CL=95% 45589
< 1.46 105 CL=95% 45594
0 0 < 1.52 105 CL=95% 45594
< 1. 0 105 CL=95% 45594
W [i < 7 105 CL=95% 10162
W [i < 8 . 3 105 CL=95% 10136
J /(1S )X ( 3.51 +0.23 ) 103 S=1.1 {
0.25
J /(1S ) < 2.6 106 CL=95% 45541
(2S )X ( 1.60 0.29 ) 103 {
1 (1P )X ( 2.9 0. 7 ) 103 {
2 (1P )X < 3.2 103 CL=90% {
(1S ) X + (2S ) X ( 1.0 0. 5 ) 104 {
+ (3S ) X
(1S )X < 3. 4 106 CL=95% {
(2S )X < 6. 5 106 CL=95% {
(3S )X < 5. 4 106 CL=95% {
(D 0 / D 0 ) X (20.7 2.0 )% {
D X (12.2 1.7 )% {
D (2010) X [i (11.4 1.3 )% {
Ds 1 (2536) X ( 3.6 0.8 ) 103 {
DsJ (2573) X ( 5.8 2.2 ) 103 {
D (2629) X sear hed for {
B+ X [j ( 6.08 0.13 )% {
B 0s X [j ( 1.59 0.13 )% {
B+ X sear hed for {
+ X ( 1.54 0.33 )% {
0 X seen {
b X seen {
b -baryon X [j ( 1.38 0.22 )% {
anomalous + hadrons [k < 3.2 103 CL=95% {
e+ e [k < 5.2 104 CL=95% 45594
+ [k < 5.6 104 CL=95% 45594
+ [k < 7.3 104 CL=95% 45559
+ [l < 6.8 106 CL=95% {
qq [l < 5.5 106 CL=95% {
[l < 3.1 106 CL=95% 45594
e LF [i < 7 . 5 107 CL=95% 45594
e LF [i < 9 . 8 106 CL=95% 45576


LF [i < 1.2 105 CL=95% 45576
pe L,B < 1. 8 106 CL=95% 45589
p L,B < 1.8 106 CL=95% 45589
H0 J=0
Mass m = 125.09 0.24 GeV
Full width < 1.7 GeV, CL = 95%
H 0 Signal Strengths in Dierent Channels
See Listings for the latest unpublished results.
Combined Final States = 1.10 0.11
W W = 1.08 + 0.18
0.16
+ 0
Z Z = 1.29 0.23
.26
= 1.16 0.18
b b = 0.82 0.30 (S = 1.1)
+ < 7.0, CL = 95%
+ = 1.12 0.23
Z < 9.5, CL = 95%
t t H 0 Produ tion = 2.3 + 0. 7
0. 6
p
H 0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
e+ e < 1.9 103 95% 62545
J / < 1.5 103 95% 62507
(1S ) < 1.3 103 95% 62187
(2S ) < 1.9 103 95% 62143
(3S ) < 1.3 103 95% 62116
< 1.51 % 95% 62532
invisible <58 % 95% {
Neutral Higgs Bosons, Sear hes for

Sear hes for a Higgs Boson with Standard Model Couplings
Mass m > 122 and none 128{1000 GeV, CL = 95%
The limits for H 01 and A0 in supersymmetri models refer to the mmax
h
ben hmark s enario for the supersymmetri parameters.
H 01 in Supersymmetri Models (m H 0 <m H 0 )
1 2
Mass m > 92.8 GeV, CL = 95%
A0 Pseudos alar Higgs Boson in Supersymmetri Models [n
Mass m > 93.4 GeV, CL = 95% tan >0.4
Charged Higgs Bosons (H and H ), Sear hes for

H Mass m > 80 GeV, CL = 95%

12 Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table

New Heavy Bosons
(W , Z , leptoquarks, et .),
Sear hes for
Additional W Bosons
W with standard ouplings
Mass m > 3.710 103 GeV, CL = 95% (p p dire t sear h)
WR (Right-handed W Boson)
Mass m > 715 GeV, CL = 90% (ele troweak t)
Additional Z Bosons
Z SM with standard ouplings


Mass m > 1.500 103 GeV, CL = 95% (ele troweak t)
ZLR of SU(2)L SU(2)R U(1) (with gL = gR )
Mass m > 630 GeV, CL = 95% (p p dire t sear h)
Z of SO(10) SU(5)U(1) (with g =e / osW )
Mass m > 1.141 103 GeV, CL = 95% (ele troweak t)
Z of E6 SO(10)U(1) (with g =e / osW )
Z of E6 SU(3)SU(2)U(1)U(1) (with g =e / osW )
S alar Leptoquarks
Mass m > 1050 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, pair prod.)
Mass m > 304 GeV, CL = 95% (1st generation, single prod.)
Mass m > 1000 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd generation, pair prod.)
Mass m > 73 GeV, CL = 95% (2nd generation, single prod.)
Mass m > 740 GeV, CL = 95% (3rd generation, pair prod.)
(See the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for
assumptions on leptoquark quantum numbers and bran hing fra -
tions.)
Diquarks
Mass m > 4700 GeV, CL = 95% (E6 diquark)
Axigluon
Mass m > 3600 GeV, CL = 95%
Axions (A0 ) and Other

Very Light Bosons, Sear hes for
The standard Pe ei-Quinn axion is ruled out. Variants with redu ed
ouplings or mu h smaller masses are onstrained by various data. The
Parti le Listings in the full Review ontain a Note dis ussing axion
sear hes.
The best limit for the half-life of neutrinoless double beta de ay with
Majoron emission is > 7.2 1024 years (CL = 90%).


NOTES
In this Summary Table:
When a quantity has \(S = . . .)" to its right, the p
error on the quantity has been
enlarged by the \s ale fa tor" S, dened as S = 2 /(N 1), where N is the
number of measurements used in al ulating the quantity. We do this when S > 1,
whi h often indi ates that the measurements are in onsistent. When S > 1.25,
we also show in the Parti le Listings an ideogram of the measurements. For more
about S, see the Introdu tion.
A de ay momentum p is given for ea h de ay mode. For a 2-body de ay, p is the
momentum of ea h de ay produ t in the rest frame of the de aying parti le. For a
3-or-more-body de ay, p is the largest momentum any of the produ ts an have in
this frame.
[a Theoreti al value. A mass as large as a few MeV may not be pre luded.
[b indi ates ea h type of lepton (e , , and ), not sum over them.
[ This represents the width for the de ay of the W boson into a harged
parti le with momentum below dete tability, p< 200 MeV.
[d The Z -boson mass listed here orresponds to a Breit-Wigner resonan e
parameter. It lies approximately 34 MeV above the real part of the posi-
tion of the pole (in the energy-squared plane) in the Z -boson propagator.
[e This partial width takes into a ount Z de ays into and any other
possible undete ted modes.
[f This ratio has not been orre ted for the mass.
[g Here A 2gV gA /(g2V +g2A ).
[h Here indi ates e or .
[i The value is for the sum of the harge states or parti le/antiparti le
states indi ated.
[j This value is updated using the produ t of (i) the Z b b
fra tion from this listing and (ii) the b -hadron fra tion in an
unbiased sample of weakly de aying b -hadrons produ ed in Z -
de ays provided by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG,
http://www.sla .stanford.edu/xorg/hfag/os /PDG 2009/#FRACZ).
[k See the Z Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for the
energy range used in this measurement.
[l For m = (60 5) GeV.
[n The limits assume no invisible de ays.

14 Lepton Summary Table
LEPTONS
e = 12 J
Mass m = (548.579909070 0.000000016) 106 u
Mass m = 0.5109989461 0.0000000031 MeV
m + m /m < 8 109 , CL = 90%

q + + q e < 4 108
e e
Magneti moment anomaly

e e
(g2)/2 = (1159.65218091 0.00000026) 106

(g + g ) / gaverage = ( 0.5 2.1) 1012
Ele tri dipole moment d < 0.87 1028 e m, CL = 90%
e e
Mean life > 6.6 1028 yr, CL = 90% [ a
= 12 J
Mass m = 0.1134289257 0.0000000025 u
Mass m = 105.6583745 0.0000024 MeV
Mean life = (2.1969811 0.0000022) 106 s
+ / = 1.00002 0.00008
= 658.6384 m
Magneti moment anomaly (g2)/2 = (11659209 6) 1010
(g+ g ) / gaverage = ( 0.11 0.12) 108
Ele tri dipole moment d = ( 0.1 0.9) 1019 e m
De ay parameters [ b
= 0.74979 0.00026
= 0.057 0.034
= 0.75047 0.00034
P = 1.0009 + 0.0016 [
0.0007

P / = 1.0018 + 0.0016 [
0.0007

= 1.00 0.04
= 0.98 0.04
/A = (0 4) 103
/A = ( 10 20) 103
/A = (4 6) 103
/A = (2 7) 103
= 0.02 0.08
+ modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )

e
e 100% 53
e
e [d (1.4 0.4) % 53
e e + e
e [e (3.4 0.4) 105 53
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes

e
e LF [f < 1.2 % 90% 53
e LF < 5.7 1013 90% 53
e e+ e LF < 1.0 1012 90% 53
e 2 LF < 7.2 1011 90% 53

Lepton Summary Table 15
= 12
J
Mass m = 1776.86 0.12 MeV
(m + m )/maverage < 2.8 104, CL = 90%
Mean life = (290.3 0.5) 1015 s
= 87.03 m
Magneti moment anomaly > 0.052 and < 0.013, CL = 95%
Re(d ) = 0.220 to 0.45 1016 e m, CL = 95%
Im(d ) = 0.250 to 0.0080 1016 e m, CL = 95%
Weak dipole moment
Re(d ) < 0.50 1017 e m, CL = 95%
w
Im(d ) < 1.1 1017 e m, CL = 95%

w
Weak anomalous magneti dipole moment

Re( ) < 1.1 103, CL = 95%
w
Im( ) < 2.7 103, CL = 95%

w
K 0 (RATE DIFFERENCE) / (RATE SUM) =

( 0.36 0.25)%
S
De ay parameters
See the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for a
note on erning -de ay parameters.
(e or ) = 0.745 0.008
(e ) = 0.747 0.010
() = 0.763 0.020
(e or ) = 0.985 0.030
(e ) = 0.994 0.040
() = 1.030 0.059
(e or ) = 0.013 0.020
() = 0.094 0.073
()(e or ) = 0.746 0.021
()(e ) = 0.734 0.028
()() = 0.778 0.037
( ) = 0.993 0.022
() = 0.994 0.008
(a1 ) = 1.001 0.027
(all hadroni modes) = 0.995 0.007
+ modes are harge onjugates of the modes below. \h " stands for or
K
. \" stands for e or . \Neutrals" stands for 's and/or 0 's.
S ale fa tor/ p
Modes with one harged parti le

parti le 0 neutrals 0K 0 (85.24 0.06 ) % {
(\1-prong")
parti le 0 neutrals 0K 0
L
(84.58 0.06 ) % {
[g (17.39 0.04 ) % 885
[e ( 3.68 0.10 ) 103 885
e e [g (17.82 0.04 ) % 888
e e [e ( 1.84 0.05 ) % 888
0
h K 0L (12.03 0.05 ) % 883
h (11.51 0.05 ) % 883

[g (10.82 0.05 ) % 883

K [g ( 6.96 0.10 ) 103 820
h 1 neutrals (37.00 0.09 ) % {
1 (ex. )
h 0 K 0 (36.51 0.09 ) % {
h 0 (25.93 0.09 ) % 878
0 [g (25.49 0.09 ) % 878
0 non- (770)
( 3. 0 3.2 ) 103 878
K 0 [g ( 4.33 0.15 ) 103 814
2
h 0 (10.81 0.09 ) % {
2
h 0 ( 9.48 0.10 ) % 862
2
h 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 9.32 0.10 ) % 862
2 (ex.K 0)
0 [g ( 9.26 0.10 ) % 862
2 (ex.K 0),

0 < 9 103 CL=95% 862
s alar
2 0 (ex.K 0 ), < 7 103 CL=95% 862
ve tor
K 2 (ex.K )
0 0 [ ( 6. 5
g 2.2 ) 104 796
h 3 0 ( 1.34 0.07 ) % {
h 3 0 (ex. K 0 ) ( 1.25 0.07 ) % {
h 30 ( 1.18 0.07 ) % 836
3 0 (ex.K 0 ) [ ( 1.04
g 0.07 ) % 836
K 30 (ex.K 0 , ) [ ( 4.8
g 2.1 ) 104 765
h 40 (ex.K 0 ) ( 1.6 0.4 ) 103 800
h 40 (ex.K 0 ,) [ ( 1. 1
g 0.4 ) 103 800
a1 (1260) ( 3. 8 1.5 ) 104 {
K 0 0 0K 0 0 ( 1.552 0.029) % 820
K 1 ( 0 or K 0 or ) ( 8.59 0.28 ) 103 {
Modes with K 0 's
K 0 (parti les)
S
( 9.44 0.28 ) 103 {
h K 0 ( 9.87 0.14 ) 103 812
K 0 [g ( 8.40 0.14 ) 103 812
K 0 (non-K (892) ) ( 5. 4 2.1 ) 104 812
K K 0 [g ( 1.48 0.05 ) 103 737
K K 0 0 0 ( 2.98 0.08 ) 103 737
h K 0 0 ( 5.32 0.13 ) 103 794
K 0 0 [g ( 3.82 0.13 ) 103 794
K 0 ( 2. 2 0.5 ) 103 612
K K 0 0 [g ( 1.50 0.07 ) 103 685
K 0 1 0 ( 4.08 0.25 ) 103 {
K 0 0 0 (ex.K 0 ) [g ( 2. 6 2.3 ) 104 763
K K 0 0 0 < 1.6 104 CL=95% 619
K 0 K 0 ( 1.55 0.24 ) 103 682
K 0 K 0
S S
[g ( 2.33 0.07 ) 104 682
K 0 K 0
S L
[g ( 1.08 0.24 ) 103 682
K 0 K 0
L L
( 2.33 0.07 ) 104 682
K 0 K 0 0 ( 3. 6 1.2 ) 104 614
K 0 K 0 0 [g ( 1.82 0.21 ) 105 614
{
S S
K K 0 0 ( 1.08 0.21 ) 105
K 0 K 0 0
f1 (1285) {
S S
( 6. 8 1.5 ) 106
K 0 K 0 0
f1 (1420) {
S S
( 2. 4 0.8 ) 106
K 0 K 0 0
S S
K 0 K 0 0
S L
[g ( 3. 2 1.2 ) 104 614

K 0 K 0 0
L L
( 1.82 0.21 ) 105 614
K K 0 K 0
S S
< 6.3 107 CL=90% 466
K K 0 K 0 0 < 4.0 107 CL=90% 337
K 0 h+ h h 0 neutrals
S S
< 1.7 103 CL=95% 760

K 0 h+ h h [g ( 2.5 2.0 ) 104 760
Modes with three harged parti les

h h h+ 0 neutrals 0K 0 (15.21 0.06 ) % 861
h h h+ 0 neutrals
L
(14.55 0.06 ) % 861
(ex. K 0 + )
(\3-prong")
S
h h h+ (
9.80 0.05 ) % 861
h h h+ (ex.K 0 ) (
9.46 0.05 ) % 861
h h h+ (ex.K 0 , ) (
9.43 0.05 ) % 861
+ (
9.31 0.05 ) % 861
+ (ex.K 0 ) (
9.02 0.05 ) % 861
+ (ex.K 0 ), < 2.4 % CL=95% 861
non-axial ve tor
+ (ex.K 0 , ) [g ( 8.99 0.05 ) % 861
h h h+ 1 neutrals ( 5.29 0.05 ) % {
h h h+ 1 0 (ex. K 0 ) ( 5.09 0.05 ) % {
h h h+ 0 ( 4.76 0.05 ) % 834
h h h+ 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 4.57 0.05 ) % 834
h h h+ 0 (ex. K 0 , ) ( 2.79 0.07 ) % 834
+ 0 ( 4.62 0.05 ) % 834
+ 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 4.49 0.05 ) % 834
+ 0 (ex.K 0 , ) [g ( 2.74 0.07 ) % 834
h h h+ 2 0 (ex. K 0 ) ( 5.17 0.31 ) 103 {
h h h+ 20 ( 5.05 0.31 ) 103 797
h h h+ 20 (ex.K 0 ) ( 4.95 0.31 ) 103 797
h h h+ 20 (ex.K 0 , ,) [g (10 4 ) 104 797
h h h+ 30 ( 2.12 0.30 ) 104 749
2 + 30 (ex.K 0) ( 1.94 0.30 ) 104 749
2 + 30 (ex.K 0, , ( 1.7 0.4 ) 104 {
f1 (1285))
2 + 30 (ex.K 0, , [g ( 1.4 2.7 ) 105 {
, f1 (1285))
K h+ h 0 neutrals ( 6.29 0.14 ) 103 794
K h+ (ex.K 0 ) ( 4.37 0.07 ) 103 794
K h+ 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 8.6 1.2 ) 104 763
K + 0 neutrals ( 4.77 0.14 ) 103 794
K + 0 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 3.73 0.13 ) 103 794
K + ( 3.45 0.07 ) 103 794
K + (ex.K 0 ) ( 2.93 0.07 ) 103 794
K + (ex.K 0 , ) [g ( 2.93 0.07 ) 103 794
K 0 K + ( 1. 4 0.5 ) 103 {
K + 0 ( 1.31 0.12 ) 103 763
K + 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 7.9 1.2 ) 104 763
K + 0 (ex.K 0 ,) ( 7. 6 1.2 ) 104 763
K + 0 (ex.K 0 , ) ( 3.7 0.9 ) 104 763
K + 0 (ex.K 0 , ,) [g ( 3. 9 1.4 ) 104 763
K + K 0 neut. < 9 104 CL=95% 685
K K + 0 neut. ( 1.496 0.033) 103 685
K K + [g ( 1.435 0.027) 103 685
K K + 0 [g ( 6. 1 1.8 ) 105 618

K K + K ( 2. 2 0.8 ) 105 S=5.4 472

K K + K (ex. ) < 2.5 106 CL=90% {
K K + K 0 < 4.8 106 CL=90% 345
K + 0 neut. < 2.5 103 CL=95% 794
e e e +
e ( 2. 8 1.5 ) 105 888
e e + < 3.6 105 CL=90% 885
Modes with ve harged parti les

3h 2h+ 0 0 neutrals ( 9.9 0.4 ) 104 794
(ex. K +)
(\5-prong")
S
3h 2h+ (ex.K 0 ) ( 8.22 0.32 ) 104 794

3 2+ (ex.K 0, ) ( 8.21 0.31 ) 104 794
3 2+ (ex.K 0, , [ ( 7.69 0.30 ) 104
g {
f1 (1285))
K 2 2+ (ex.K 0 ) [ ( 6
g 12 ) 107 716
K + 3 + < 5.0 106 CL=90% 716
K + K 2 + < 4.5 107 CL=90% 528
3h 2h+ 0 (ex.K 0 ) ( 1.64 0.11 ) 104 746
3 2+ 0 (ex.K 0) ( 1.62 0.11 ) 104 746
3 2+ 0 (ex.K 0, , ( 1.11 0.10 ) 104 {
f1 (1285))
3 2+ 0 (ex.K 0, , , [ ( 3.8 0.9 ) 105
g {
f1 (1285))
K 2 2+ 0 (ex.K 0 ) [ ( 1.1 0.6 ) 106
g 657
K + 3 + 0 < 8 107 CL=90% 657
3h 2h+ 20 < 3.4 106 CL=90% 687
Mis ellaneous other allowed modes

(5 ) ( 7.8 0.5 ) 103 800
4h 3h+ 0 neutrals < 3.0 107 CL=90% 682
(\7-prong")
4h 3h+ < 4.3 107 CL=90% 682
4h 3h+ 0 < 2.5 107 CL=90% 612
X (S= 1) ( 2.92 0.04 ) % {
K (892) 0 neutrals ( 1.42 0.18 ) % S=1.4 665
0K 0
K (892)
L
( 1.20 0.07 ) % S=1.8 665

K (892) K 0 ( 7.83 0.26 ) 103 {
K (892)0 K 0 neutrals ( 3.2 1.4 ) 103 542
K (892)0 K ( 2.1 0.4 ) 103 542
K (892)0 0 neutrals ( 3.8 1.7 ) 103 655
K (892)0 ( 2.2 0.5 ) 103 655
( K (892) ) K 0 0 ( 1.0 0.4 ) 103 {
K1 (1270) ( 4.7 1.1 ) 103 433
K1 (1400) ( 1.7 2.6 ) 103 S=1.7 335
K (1410) + 1.4 ) 103
( 1. 5 1. 0 326
K 0 (1430) < 5 104 CL=95% 317
K 2 (1430) < 3 103 CL=95% 317
< 9.9 105 CL=95% 797
0 [g ( 1.39 0.07 ) 103 778
0 0 [g ( 1. 9 0.4 ) 104 746
K [g ( 1.55 0.08 ) 104 719
K (892)
( 1.38 0.15 ) 104 511
K 0 [g ( 4. 8 1.2 ) 105 665

K 0 (non- (892))
K < 3.5 105 CL=90% {
K 0 [g ( 9. 4 1.5 ) 105 661
K 0 0 < 5.0 105 CL=90% 590
K K 0 < 9.0 106 CL=90% 430
+ 0 neutrals
< 3 103 CL=90% 744
+ (ex. )
K0 [g ( 2.19 0.13 ) 104 744
+ (ex. , (1285))
K 0 f1 ( 9. 9 1.6 ) 105 {
a1 (1260) 0
< 3.9 104 CL=90% {
< 7.4 106 CL=90% 637
0 < 2.0 104 CL=95% 559
K < 3.0 106 CL=90% 382
(958) < 4.0 106 CL=90% 620
(958) 0 < 1.2 105 CL=90% 591
(958)K < 2.4 106 CL=90% 495
( 3. 4 0.6 ) 105 585
K [ g ( 4. 4 1.6 ) 105 445
f1 (1285) ( 3. 9 0.5 ) 104 S=1.9 408
f1 (1285) ( 1.18 0.07 ) 104 S=1.3 {
+
f1 (1285) 3 2
+ [g ( 5. 2 0.4 ) 105 {
(1300) ( )
< 1.0 104 CL=90% {
(3 )

(1300) < 1.9 104 CL=90% {
(( ) )
S wave
(3 )

h 0 neutrals (
2.40 0.08 ) % 708
h (
1.99 0.06 ) % 708
[g (
1.95 0.06 ) % 708
K [g (
4. 1 0.9 ) 104 610
h 0 [g (
4. 1 0.4 ) 103 684
2
h 0 (
1. 4 0.5 ) 104 644
2
0 [g (
7. 1 1.6 ) 105 644
2
h < 5.4 107 CL=90% 250
2h h + ( 1.20 0.22 ) 104 641
2
+ (ex. )
K0 [g ( 8 . 4 0.6 ) 105 641
Lepton Family number (LF ), Lepton number (L),

or Baryon number (B) violating modes
L means lepton number violation (e.g. e + ). Following
ommon usage, LF means lepton family violation and not lepton number
violation (e.g. e + ). B means baryon number violation.
e LF < 3. 3 108 CL=90% 888
LF < 4.4 108 CL=90% 885
e 0 LF < 8. 0 108 CL=90% 883
0 LF < 1. 1 107 CL=90% 880
e K 0 S
LF < 2. 6 108 CL=90% 819
K 0S LF < 2. 3 108 CL=90% 815
e LF < 9. 2 108 CL=90% 804
LF < 6. 5 108 CL=90% 800
e 0 LF < 1. 8 108 CL=90% 719
0 LF < 1. 2 108 CL=90% 715
e LF < 4.8 108 CL=90% 716
LF < 4. 7 108 CL=90% 711
e K (892) 0 LF < 3. 2 108 CL=90% 665
K (892) 0 LF < 5. 9 108 CL=90% 659

e K (892)0 LF < 3.4 108 CL=90% 665

K (892)0 LF < 7.0 108 CL=90% 659
e (958) LF < 1.6 107 CL=90% 630
(958) LF < 1.3 107 CL=90% 625
e f0 (980) e + LF < 3.2 108 CL=90% {
f0 (980) + LF < 3.4 108 CL=90% {
e LF < 3. 1 108 CL=90% 596
LF < 8.4 108 CL=90% 590
e e+ e LF < 2.7 108 CL=90% 888
e + LF < 2.7 108 CL=90% 882
e + LF < 1.7 108 CL=90% 882
e + e LF < 1.8 108 CL=90% 885
+ e e LF < 1.5 108 CL=90% 885
+ LF < 2.1 108 CL=90% 873
e + LF < 2.3 108 CL=90% 877
e + L < 2.0 108 CL=90% 877
+ LF < 2.1 108 CL=90% 866
+ L < 3.9 108 CL=90% 866
e + K LF < 3.7 108 CL=90% 813
e K + LF < 3.1 108 CL=90% 813
e + K L < 3.2 108 CL=90% 813
e K 0 K 0
S S
LF < 7.1 108 CL=90% 736
e K + K LF < 3.4 108 CL=90% 738
e+ K K L < 3.3 108 CL=90% 738
+ K LF < 8.6 108 CL=90% 800
K + LF < 4.5 108 CL=90% 800
+ K L < 4.8 108 CL=90% 800
K 0 K 0
S S
LF < 8.0 108 CL=90% 696
K + K LF < 4.4 108 CL=90% 699
+ K K L < 4.7 108 CL=90% 699
e 0 0 LF < 6.5 106 CL=90% 878
0 0 LF < 1.4 105 CL=90% 867
e LF < 3. 5 105 CL=90% 699
LF < 6.0 105 CL=90% 653
e 0 LF < 2.4 105 CL=90% 798
0 LF < 2.2 105 CL=90% 784
p ,
L B < 4. 4 107 CL=90% 618
p + L,B < 3. 3 107 CL=90% 618
p L,B < 3.5 106 CL=90% 641
p 0 L,B < 1. 5 105 CL=90% 632
2
p 0 L,B < 3. 3 105 CL=90% 604
p L,B < 8. 9 106 CL=90% 475
p 0 L,B < 2. 7 105 CL=90% 360
L,B < 7. 2 108 CL=90% 525
L,B < 1. 4 107 CL=90% 525
e light boson LF < 2.7 103 CL=95% {
light boson LF < 5 103 CL=95% {

Heavy Charged Lepton Sear hes
L { harged lepton
Mass m > 100.8 GeV, CL = 95% [ h De ay to W .
L { stable harged heavy lepton
Mass m > 102.6 GeV, CL = 95%
Neutrino Properties
See the note on \Neutrino properties listings" in the Parti le Listings.

Mass m < 2 eV (tritium de ay)
Mean life/mass, /m > 300 s/eV, CL = 90% (rea tor)
Mean life/mass, /m > 7 109 s/eV (solar)
Mean life/mass, /m > 15.4 s/eV, CL = 90% (a elerator)
Magneti moment < 0.29 1010 , CL = 90% (rea tor)
B
Number of Neutrino Types
Number N = 2.984 0.008 (Standard Model ts to LEP-SLC

data)
Number N = 2.92 0.05 (S = 1.2) (Dire t measurement of
invisible Z width)
Neutrino Mixing
The following values are obtained through data analyses based on

the 3-neutrino mixing s heme des ribed in the review \Neutrino
Mass, Mixing, and Os illations" by K. Nakamura and S.T. Pet ov
in this Review.
sin2 (12 ) = 0.304 0.014
m221 = (7.53 0.18) 105 eV2
sin2 (23 ) = 0.51 0.05 (normal mass hierar hy)
sin2 (23 ) = 0.50 0.05 (inverted mass hierar hy)
m232 = (2.44 0.06) 103 eV2 [ (normal mass hierar hy)
i
m232 = (2.51 0.06) 103 eV2 [ (inverted mass hierar hy)

i
sin2 (13 ) = (2.19 0.12) 102

Stable Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits
Mass m > 45.0 GeV, CL = 95% (Dira )
Mass m > 39.5 GeV, CL = 95% (Majorana)
Neutral Heavy Lepton Mass Limits
Mass m > 90.3 GeV, CL = 95%
(Dira oupling to e , , ; onservative ase( ))
Mass m > 80.5 GeV, CL = 95%
L
(Majorana oupling to e , , ; onservative ase( ))

L

NOTES
When a quantity has \(S = . . .)" to its right, the p error on the quantity has been
enlarged by the \s ale fa tor" S, dened as S = 2/(N 1), where N is the
this frame.
[a This is the best limit for the24mode e . The best limit for \ele tron
disappearan e" is 6.4 10 yr.
[b See the \Note on Muon De ay Parameters" in the Parti le Listings in
the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for denitions and details.
[ P is the longitudinal polarization of the muon from pion de ay. In
standard V A theory, P = 1 and = = 3/4.
[d This only in ludes events with the energy > 10 MeV. Sin e the e
e
and e modes annot be learly separated, we regard the latter

mode as a subset of the former.
e
[e See the relevant Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s
for the energy limits used in this measurement.
[f A test of additive vs. multipli ative lepton family number onservation.
[g Basis mode for the .
[h L mass limit depends on de ay assumptions; see the Full Listings.
[i The sign of m232 is not known at this time. The range quoted is for
the absolute value.

Quark Summary Table 23
QUARKS
The u -, d -, and s -quark masses are estimates of so- alled \ urrent-
quark masses," in a mass-independent subtra tion s heme su h as MS
at a s ale 2 GeV. The - and b -quark masses are the \running"
masses in the MS s heme. For the b -quark we also quote the 1S
mass. These an be dierent from the heavy quark masses obtained
in potential models.
u I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 + )
m u = 2.2 + 0. 6
0.4 MeV Charge = 23 e Iz = + 21
m u /m d = 0.38{0.58
d I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 + )
+ 0.5 MeV
m d = 4.7 Charge = 13 e Iz = 12
0.4
m s /m d = 17{22
+ 0.7 MeV
m = (m u +m d )/2 = 3.5 0.3
s I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
+ 8 MeV Charge = 1 e Strangeness = 1
m s = 96 4 3
m s / ((m u + m d )/2) = 27.3 0.7
I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
m = 1.27 0.03 GeV Charge = 23 e Charm = +1

m m s = 11.72 0.25
m b m = 4.53 0.05
m b m = 3.45 0.05 GeV
b I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Charge = 13 e Bottom = 1
m b (MS) = 4.18 + 0.04

0.03 GeV
+ 0.04 GeV
m b (1S) = 4.66 0.03
t I (J P ) = 0( 12 + )
Charge = 32 e Top = +1
Mass (dire t measurements) m = 173.21 0.51 0.71 GeV [a,b

+ 5 GeV [a
Mass (MS from ross-se tion measurements) m = 160 4
Mass (Pole from ross-se tion measurements) m = 174.2 1.4 GeV
m t m t = 0.2 0.5 GeV (S = 1.1)
Full width = 1.41 + 0.19 GeV (S = 1.4)
0.15
W b / W q (q = b , s , d ) = 0.957 0.034 (S = 1.5)

24 Quark Summary Table
t-quark EW Couplings
F0 = 0.690 0.030
F = 0.314 0.025
F+ = 0.008 0.016
FV +A < 0.29, CL = 95%
p
t
t DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
t W q (q = b , s , d ) {
t Wb {
t anything [ ,d ( 9.4 2.4) % {
t e e b (13.3 0.6) % {
t b (13.4 0.6) % {
t qqb (66.5 1.4) % {
t q (q =u , ) [e < 5 . 9 103 95% {
T = 1 weak neutral urrent (T1 ) modes
t Z q (q =u , ) T1 [f < 5 104 95% {
t + q q (q =d ,s ,b ; q =u , ) < 1.6 103 95% {
b (4th Generation) Quark, Sear hes for

Mass m > 190 GeV, CL = 95% (p p , quasi-stable b )
Mass m > 755 GeV, CL = 95% (p p , neutral- urrent de ays)
Mass m > 675 GeV, CL = 95% (p p , harged- urrent de ays)
Mass m > 46.0 GeV, CL = 95% (e + e , all de ays)
t (4th Generation) Quark, Sear hes for

m(t (2/3)) > 782 GeV, CL = 95% (neutral- urrent de ays)
m(t (2/3)) > 700 GeV, CL = 95% ( harged- urrent de ays)
m(t (5/3)) > 800 GeV, CL = 95%
Free Quark Sear hes
All sear hes sin e 1977 have had negative results.
NOTES
[a A dis ussion of the denition of the top quark mass in these measure-
ments an be found in the review \The Top Quark."
[b Based on published top massmeasurements using data from Tevatron
Run-I and Run-II and LHC at s = 7 TeV. In luding the most re ent un-
published results from Tevatron Run-II, the Tevatron Ele troweak Work-
ing Group reports a top mass of 173.2 0.9 GeV. See the note \The
Top Quark' in the Quark Parti le Listings of this Review.
[ means e or de ay mode, not the sum over them.
[d Assumes lepton universality and W -de ay a eptan e.
[e This limit is for (t q )/ (t W b ).
[f This limit is for (t Z q )/ (t W b ).

Meson Summary Table 25
LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS

( = = S
= 0) C B
For I = 1 ( , b , , a): ud , (uu dd )/ 2, du ;

for I = 0 ( , , h, h , , , f , f ): 1 (uu + d d ) + 2 (s s )
I G (J P ) = 1(0 )
Mass m = 139.57018 0.00035 MeV (S = 1.2)
Mean life = (2.6033 0.0005) 108 s (S = 1.2)
= 7.8045 m
form fa tors [a
FV = 0.0254 0.0017
FA = 0.0119 0.0001
FV slope parameter a = 0.10 0.06
R = 0.059 + 00..008
009
modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
For de ay limits to parti les whi h are not established, see the se tion on
Sear hes for Axions and Other Very Light Bosons.
p
+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
+ [b (99.98770 0.00004) % 30
+ [ ( 2.00 0.25 ) 104 30
e+
e [b ( 1.230 0.004 ) 104 70
e+
e [ ( 7.39 0.05 ) 107 70
e+ 0
e ( 1.036 0.006 ) 108 4
e e e
+ +
e ( 3. 2 0.5 ) 109 70
e+
e < 5 106 90% 70
Lepton Family number (LF) or Lepton number (L) violating modes

+ e L [d < 1 . 5 103 90% 30
+ e LF [d < 8 . 0 103 90% 30
e e
+ + LF < 1.6 106 90% 30
0 I G (J PC ) = 1 (0 + )
Mass m = 134.9766 0.0006 MeV (S = 1.1)
m m 0 = 4.5936 0.0005 MeV
Mean life = (8.52 0.18) 1017 s (S = 1.2)
= 25.5 nm
For de ay limits to parti les whi h are not established, see the appropriate
Sear h se tions (A0 (axion) and Other Light Boson (X 0 ) Sear hes, et .).
S ale fa tor/ p
0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
2 (98.823 0.034) % S=1.5 67
e+ e ( 1.174 0.035) % S=1.5 67
positronium ( 1.82 0.29 ) 109 67
e+ e+ e e ( 3.34 0.16 ) 105 67

26 Meson Summary Table
e+ e ( 6.46 0.33 ) 108 67

4 < 2 108 CL=90% 67
e
[ < 2.7 107 CL=90% 67
e e < 1.7 106 CL=90% 67
< 1.6 106 CL=90% 67
< 2.1 106 CL=90% 67
< 6 104 CL=90% 67
Charge onjugation (C ) or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
3 C < 3.1 108 CL=90% 67
+ e LF < 3.8 1010 CL=90% 26
+ e LF < 3.4 109 CL=90% 26
e
+ + + e LF < 3.6 1010 CL=90% 26
I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 547.862 0.017 MeV
Full width = 1.31 0.05 keV
C-non onserving de ay parameters
+ 0 left-right asymmetry = (0.09 + 0.11
0.12 ) 10
2
+ 0 sextant asymmetry = (0.12 + 0.10 ) 102

0.11
+ 0 quadrant asymmetry = ( 0.09 0.09) 102
+ left-right asymmetry = (0.9 0.4) 102
+ (D-wave) = 0.02 0.07 (S = 1.3)
CP-non onserving de ay parameters
+ e + e de ay-plane asymmetry A = ( 0.6 3.1) 102
Dalitz plot parameter
0 0 0 = 0.0318 0.0015
S ale fa tor/ p
Neutral modes
neutral modes (72.12 0.34) % S=1.2 {
2 (39.41 0.20) % S=1.1 274
3 0 (32.68 0.23) % S=1.1 179
0 2 ( 2.56 0.22) 104 257
20 2 < 1.2 103 CL=90% 238
4 < 2.8 104 CL=90% 274
invisible < 1. 0 104 CL=90% {
Charged modes
harged modes (28.10 0.34) % S=1.2 {
+ 0 (22.92 0.28) % S=1.2 174
+ ( 4.22 0.08) % S=1.1 236
e e
+ ( 6.9 0.4 ) 103 S=1.3 274
+ ( 3.1 0.4 ) 104 253
e+ e < 2.3 106 CL=90% 274
+ ( 5.8 0.8 ) 106 253
2e + 2e ( 2.40 0.22) 105 274
+ e + e ( ) ( 2.68 0.11) 104 235
e + e + < 1.6 104 CL=90% 253
2+ 2 < 3.6 104 CL=90% 161
+ + < 3.6 104 CL=90% 113
e
+ e + . . < 1.7 104 CL=90% 256

+ 2 < 2. 1 103 236

+ 0 < 5 104 CL=90% 174
0 + < 3 106 CL=90% 210
Charge onjugation (C ), Parity (P ), Charge onjugation Parity (CP ),
or Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
0 C < 9 105 CL=90% 257
+ P,CP < 1.3 105 CL=90% 236
20 P,CP < 3.5 104 CL=90% 238
20 C < 5 104 CL=90% 238
30 C < 6 105 CL=90% 179
3 C < 1. 6 105 CL=90% 274
40 P,CP < 6.9 107 CL=90% 40
e e
0 + C [f < 4 105 CL=90% 257
0 + C [f < 5 106 CL=90% 210
e
+ + + e LF < 6 106 CL=90% 264
f0 (500) or [g I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
was f0 (600)
Mass m = (400{550) MeV

Full width = (400{700) MeV
f0 (500) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

dominant {
seen {
(770) [h I G (J PC ) = 1+(1 )
Mass m = 775.26 0.25 MeV
Full width = 149.1 0.8 MeV
ee = 7.04 0.06 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
(770) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
100 % 363
(770) de ays
( 4. 5 0 . 5 ) 104 S=2.2 375
< 6 103 CL=84% 152
+ 0 < 2.0 103 CL=84% 254
(770)0 de ays
+ ( 9.9 1.6 ) 103 362
0 ( 6. 0 0 . 8 ) 104 376
( 3.00 0.20 ) 104 194
0 0 ( 4. 5 0 . 8 ) 105 363
+ [i ( 4.55 0.28 ) 105 373
e+ e [i ( 4.72 0.05 ) 105 388
+ 0 +0 54
( 1.01 0.36 0.34) 104
. 323
+ + ( 1.8 0.9 ) 105 251
+ 0 0 ( 1.6 0.8 ) 105 257
e e
0 + < 1.2 105 CL=90% 376

(782) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 782.65 0.12 MeV (S = 1.9)
ee = 0.60 0.02 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
+ 0 (89.2 0.7 ) % 327
0 ( 8.28 0.28) % S=2.1 380
+ +0.11 ) %
( 1.53 0.13 S=1.2 366
neutrals (ex luding 0 ) ( 8 +8 5 ) 10

3 S=1.1 {
( 4.6 0.4 ) 10 4
S=1.1 200
e e
0 + ( 7.7 0.6 ) 104 380
0 + ( 1.3 0.4 ) 104 S=2.1 349
e+ e ( 7.28 0.14) 105 S=1.3 391
+ 0 0 < 2 104 CL=90% 262
+ < 3.6 103 CL=95% 366
+ + < 1 103 CL=90% 256
0 0 ( 6.6 1.1 ) 105 367
0 < 3.3 105 CL=90% 162
+ ( 9.0 3.1 ) 105 377
3 < 1.9 104 CL=95% 391
Charge onjugation (C ) violating modes

0 C < 2.1 104 CL=90% 162
20 C < 2.1 104 CL=90% 367
30 C < 2.3 104 CL=90% 330
(958) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 957.78 0.06 MeV
p
+ (42.9 0.7 ) % 232
0 (in luding non-resonant (29.1 0.5 ) % 165
+ )
0 0 (22.3 0.8 ) % 239
( 2.62 0.13) % 159
e e
+ ( 2.0 0.4 ) 104 159
( 2.21 0.08) % 479
3 0 ( 2.20 0.20) 103 430
+ ( 1.08 0.27) 104 467
+ + < 2.9 105 90% 401
+ 0 ( 3.82 0.35) 103 428
0 0 < 4 % 90% 111
2(+ ) ( 8.5 0.9 ) 105 372
+ 2 0 ( 1.8 0.4 ) 104 376
2(+ ) neutrals < 1 % 95% {
2(+ ) 0 < 1.9 103 90% 298
2(+ )20 < 1 % 95% 197

3(+ ) < 3.1 105 90% 189

+ + e e ( +1 3
2.4 1.0 ) 103
. 458
e
+ e + . . < 2.1 104 90% 469
e e
+ ( 4.70 0.30) 104 479
0 < 8 104 90% 469
40 < 3.2 104 90% 380
e+ e < 5.6 109 90% 479
invisible < 5 104 90% {
Charge onjugation (C ), Parity (P ),
Lepton family number (LF ) violating modes
+ P,CP < 6 105 90% 458
0 0 P,CP < 4 104 90% 459
e e
0 + C [f < 1 . 4 103 90% 469
e e
+ C [f < 2 . 4 103 90% 322
3 C < 1. 0 104 90% 479
+ 0 C [f < 6 . 0 105 90% 445
+ C [f < 1 . 5 105 90% 273
e LF < 4. 7 104 90% 473
f0 (980) [j I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
Mass m = 990 20 MeV
Full width = 10 to 100 MeV

dominant 476
KK seen 36
seen 495
a0 (980) [j I G (J PC ) = 1 (0 + +)
Mass m = 980 20 MeV
a0 (980) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

dominant 319
KK seen
seen 490
(1020) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 1019.461 0.019 MeV (S = 1.1)
Full width = 4.266 0.031 MeV (S = 1.2)
S ale fa tor/ p
K+K (48.9 0.5 ) % S=1.1 127
K 0L K 0S (34.2 0.4 ) % S=1.1 110
+ + 0 (15.32 0.32 ) % S=1.1 {
( 1.309 0.024) % S=1.2 363
0 ( 1.27 0.06 ) 103 501
+ | 510

e+ e ( 2.954 0.030) 104 S=1.1 510

+ ( 2.87 0.19 ) 104 499
e+ e ( 1.08 0.04 ) 104 363
+ ( 7.4 1.3 ) 105 490
0 ( 4.7 0.5 ) 105 172
< 5 % CL=84% 209
< 1. 2 105 CL=90% 215
+ ( 4. 1 1 . 3 ) 105 490
f
0 (980) ( 3.22 0.19 ) 104 S=1.1 29
0 0 ( 1.13 0.06 ) 104 492
+ + +2.8
( 4. 0 2.2 ) 106 410
+ + 0 < 4.6 106 CL=90% 342
e e
0 + ( 1.12 0.28 ) 105 501
0 ( 7.27 0.30 ) 105 S=1.5 346
a0 (980) ( 7.6 0.6 ) 105 39
K K 0 0 < 1.9 108 CL=90% 110
(958) ( 6.25 0.21 ) 105 60
0 0 < 2 105 CL=90% 293
+ ( 1. 4 0 . 5 ) 105 499
< 1.2 104 CL=90% 215
+ < 1.8 105 CL=90% 288
+ < 9.4 106 CL=90% 321
U
+ e e < 1 106 CL=90% {
Lepton Family number (LF) violating modes
e LF < 2 106 CL=90% 504
h1 (1170) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 + )
Mass m = 1170 20 MeV
Full width = 360 40 MeV
h1 (1170) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

seen 308
b1 (1235) I G (J PC ) = 1+(1 + )
Mass m = 1229.5 3.2 MeV (S = 1.6)
Full width = 142 9 MeV (S = 1.2)
p
b1 (1235) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
dominant 348
[D/S amplitude ratio = 0.277 0.027
( 1.6 0.4) 103 607
seen
+ + 0 < 50 % 84% 535
K (892) K seen
(KK ) 0 < 8 % 90% 248
K 0S K 0L < 6 % 90% 235
K 0S K 0S < 2 % 90% 235
< 1.5 % 84% 147

a1 (1260) [k I G (J PC ) = 1 (1 + +)
Mass m = 1230 40 MeV [l

( )S wave seen 353
( )D wave seen 353
( (1450) )S wave seen
( (1450) )D wave seen
seen {
f0 (980) not seen 179
f0 (1370) seen
f2 (1270)

seen
K K (892)+ . . seen
seen 608
f2 (1270) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 1275.5 0.8 MeV
+ 2.2 MeV (S = 1.4)
Full width = 186.7 2.5
S ale fa tor/ p
f2 (1270) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
(84.2 +2.9 ) % S=1.1 623

0. 9
+ 2 0 +1.1 ) %
( 7. 7 3. 2 S=1.2 563
KK +0.5 ) %
( 4. 6 0. 4 S=2.7 404
2+ 2 ( 2. 8 0 . 4 ) % S=1.2 560
( 4.0 0.8 ) 103 S=2.1 326
40 ( 3.0 1.0 ) 103 565
( 1.42 0.24) 105 S=1.4 638
< 8 103 CL=95% 478
K 0 K + + . . < 3.4 103 CL=95% 293
e+ e < 6 1010 CL=90% 638
f1 (1285) I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)
Mass m = 1282.0 0.5 MeV (S = 1.8)
Full width = 24.1 1.0 MeV (S = 1.3)
S ale fa tor/ p
f1 (1285) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
4 (33.1 + 2.1
1. 8 ) % S=1.3 568
0 0 + + 1.4 ) %
(22.0 1. 2 S=1.3 566
2+ 2 + 0.7 ) %
(11.0 0. 6 S=1.3 563
0 + + 0.7 ) %
(11.0 0. 6 S=1.3 336
0 0 seen
40 < 7 104 CL=90% 568
+ (35 15 ) % 479

(52.4 + 1.9
2.2 ) % S=1.2 482
a0(980) [ignoring a0(980) (36 7 ) % 238
K K
[ex luding a0 (980) (16 7 ) % 482
KK ( 9.0 0.4) % S=1.1 308
K K (892) not seen
+ 0 ( 3.0 0.9) 103 603
< 3.1 103 CL=95% 390
0 ( 5.5 1.3) % S=2.8 407
( 7.4 2.6) 104 236
(1295) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 1294 4 MeV (S = 1.6)
(1295) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

+ seen 487
a0(980) seen 248
0 0 seen 490
( )S -wave seen {
(1300) I G (J PC ) = 1 (0 + )
Mass m = 1300 100 MeV [l

seen 404
( )S -wave seen {
a2 (1320) I G (J PC ) = 1 (2 + +)
Mass m = 1318.3 + 0. 5
0.6 MeV (S = 1.2)
Full width = 107 5 MeV [l
S ale fa tor/ p
a2 (1320) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
3 (70.1 2.7 ) % S=1.2 624
(14.5 1.2 ) % 535
(10.6 3.2 ) % S=1.3 366
KK ( 4 . 9 0. 8 ) % 437
(958) ( 5.5 0.9 ) 103 288
( 2.91 0.27) 103 652
( 9.4 0.7 ) 106 659
e+ e < 5 109 CL=90% 659

f0 (1370) [j I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
Mass m = 1200 to 1500 MeV

seen 672
4 seen 617
4 0 seen 617
2+ 2 seen 612
+ 2 0 seen 615
dominant
2( )S -wave seen {
(1300) seen
a1 (1260) seen 35
seen 411
KK seen 475
K K n not seen
6 not seen 508
not seen
seen 685
e+ e not seen 685
1 (1400) [n I G (J PC ) = 1 (1 + )
Mass m = 1354 25 MeV (S = 1.8)
1 (1400) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

0 seen 557
seen 556
(1405) [o I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 1408.8 1.8 MeV [l (S = 2.1)
Full width = 51.0 2.9 MeV [l (S = 1.8)
p
KK seen 424
seen 562
a0(980) seen 345
( )S -wave seen {
f0 (980) seen
4 seen 639
<58 % 99.85%
0 seen 491
K (892) K seen 123

f1 (1420) [p I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)
Mass m = 1426.4 0.9 MeV (S = 1.1)

KK dominant 438
K K (892)+ . . dominant 163
possibly seen 573
seen 349
(1420) [q I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m (1400{1450) MeV
Full width (180{250) MeV

dominant 486
seen 444
b1(1235) seen 125
e+ e seen 710
a0 (1450) [j I G (J PC ) = 1 (0 + +)

seen 627
(958) seen 410
KK seen 547
seen 484
a0(980) seen 342
seen 737
(1450) [r I G (J PC ) = 1+(1 )
Mass m = 1465 25 MeV [l

seen 720
4 seen 669
e+ e seen 732
seen 311
a2(1320) not seen 54
KK not seen 541
K K (892)+ . . possibly seen 229

seen 630
f0 (500) not seen {
f0 (980) not seen 398
f0 (1370) not seen 92
f2 (1270) not seen 177
(1475) [o I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 1476 4 MeV (S = 1.3)

KK dominant 477
K K (892)+ . . seen 245
a0(980) seen 396
seen 738
K 0S K 0S possibly seen
f0 (1500) [n I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
Mass m = 1504 6 MeV (S = 1.3)
p
f0 (1500) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) S ale fa tor (MeV/ )
(34.9 2.3) % 1.2 740
+ seen 739
20 seen 740
4 (49.5 3.3) % 1.2 691
4 0 seen 691
2+ 2 seen 686
2( )S -wave seen {
seen
(1300) seen 143
a 1 (1260) seen 217
( 5.1 0.9) % 1.4 515
(958) ( 1.9 0.8) % 1.7
KK ( 8.6 1.0) % 1.1 568
not seen 752
f 2 (1525) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 1525 5 MeV [l
Full width = 73 + 6 [l
5 MeV
f 2 (1525) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

KK (88.7 2.2 ) % 581
(10.4 2.2 ) % 530
( 8.2 1.5 ) 103 750
( 1.10 0.14) 106 763

1 (1600) [n I G (J PC ) = 1 (1 + )
Mass m = 1662 + 8
9 MeV
Full width = 241 40 MeV (S = 1.4)

not seen 803
0 not seen 641
f2 (1270) not seen 318
b1(1235) seen 357
(958) seen 543
f1 (1285) seen 314
2 (1645) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + )
Mass m = 1617 5 MeV

a2(1320) seen 242
KK seen 580
KK seen 404
+ seen 685
a0(980) seen 499
f2 (1270) not seen
(1650) [s I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )

seen 647
seen 617
seen 500
e+ e seen 835
3 (1670) I G (J PC ) = 0 (3 )
Mass m = 1667 4 MeV

seen 645
seen 615
b1(1235) possibly seen 361

2 (1670) I G (J PC ) = 1 (2 + )
Mass m = 1672.2 3.0 MeV [l (S = 1.4)
Full width = 260 9 MeV [l (S = 1.2)
p
2 (1670) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
3 (95.8 1.4) % 809
f2 (1270) (56.3 3.2) % 328
(31 4 ) % 648
(10.9 3.4) % {
( )S -wave ( 8.7 3.4) % {
K K (892)+ . . ( 4.2 1.4) % 455
( 2.7 1.1) % 304
( 7.0 1.1) 104 830
< 2.8 107 90% 836
(1450) < 3. 6 103 97.7% 147
b1 (1235) < 1.9 103 97.7% 365
f1 (1285) possibly seen 323
a2(1320) not seen 292
(1680) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 1680 20 MeV [l

K K (892)+ . . dominant 462
K 0S K seen 621
K+K seen 680
e e seen 840
not seen 623
K + K + seen 544
seen 290
seen 751
3 (1690) I G (J PC ) = 1+(3 )
Mass m = 1688.8 2.1 MeV [l
Full width = 161 10 MeV [l (S = 1.5)
p
3 (1690) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) S ale fa tor (MeV/ )
4 (71.1 1.9 ) % 790
+ 0 (67 22 ) % 787
(16 6 ) % 655
(23.6 1.3 ) % 834
KK ( 3.8 1.2 ) % 629
KK ( 1.58 0.26) % 1.2 685
+ seen 727
(770) seen 520

seen 633
Ex luding 2 and a2 (1320) .
a2(1320) seen 307
seen 335
(1700) [r I G (J PC ) = 1+(1 )
Mass m = 1720 20 MeV [l ( 0 and + modes)
Full width = 250 100 MeV [l ( 0 and + modes)

2(+ ) large 803
dominant 653
0 + large 651
0 large 652
a1(1260) seen 404
h1(1170) seen 447
(1300) seen 349
seen 372
+ seen 849
seen 849
K K (892)+ . . seen 496
seen 545
a2(1320) not seen 334
KK seen 704
e+ e seen 860
0 seen 674
f0 (1710) [t I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
Mass m = 1723 + 6
5 MeV (S = 1.6)

KK seen 706
seen 665
seen 851
seen 360
(1800) I G (J PC ) = 1 (0 + )
Mass m = 1812 12 MeV (S = 2.3)

+ seen 879
f0 (500) seen {
f0 (980) seen 625
f0 (1370) seen 368
f0 (1500) not seen 250
not seen 732

seen 661
a0(980) seen 473
a2(1320) not seen
f2 (1270) not seen 442
f0 (1370) not seen 368
f0 (1500) seen 250
(958) seen 375
K 0(1430) K seen
K (892) K not seen 570
3 (1850) I G (J PC ) = 0 (3 )
Mass m = 1854 7 MeV
Full width = 87 + 28
23 MeV (S = 1.2)

KK seen 785
K K (892)+ . . seen 602
2 (1880) I G (J PC ) = 1 (2 + )
f2 (1950) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 1944 12 MeV (S = 1.5)

K (892) K (892) seen 387
+ seen 962
0 0 seen 963
4 seen 925
seen 803
KK seen 837
seen 972
pp seen 254
f2 (2010) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 2011 + 60
80 MeV

seen
KK

seen 876

a4 (2040) I G (J PC ) = 1 (4 + +)
Mass m = 1995 + 10
8 MeV (S = 1.1)
+ 25 MeV (S = 1.3)
Full width = 257 23

KK seen 867
+ 0 seen 973
seen 841
f2 (1270) seen 579
0 seen 818
seen 623
seen 917
(958) seen 760
f4 (2050) I G (J PC ) = 0+(4 + +)
Mass m = 2018 11 MeV (S = 2.1)
Full width = 237 18 MeV (S = 1.9)

seen 637
(17.0 1.5) % 1000
KK ( 6.8 +3 .4
1.8 ) 10
3 880
( 2.1 0.8) 103 848
4 0 < 1.2 % 964
a2(1320) seen 567
(2170) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 2189 11 MeV (S = 1.8)

e+ e seen 1095
f0 (980) seen 434
K + K f0 (980) K + K + seen {
K + K f0 (980) K + K 0 0 seen {
K 0 K not seen 780
K (892)0 K (892)0 not seen 635
f2 (2300) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)

seen 529
KK seen 1037
seen 1149

f2 (2340) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 2345 + 50
40 MeV
Full width = 322 + 70
60 MeV

seen 580
seen 1037
STRANGE MESONS
S
( = 1, = = 0) C B
K + = us , K 0 = ds , K 0 = d s, K = us, similarly for K 's
K I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
Mass m = 493.677 0.016 MeV [u (S = 2.8)
Mean life = (1.2380 0.0020) 108 s (S = 1.8)
= 3.711 m
CPT violation parameters ( = rate dieren e/sum)
(K ) = ( 0.27 0.21)%
(K 0 ) = (0.4 0.6)% [v
CP violation parameters ( = rate dieren e/sum)
(K e + e ) = ( 2.2 1.6) 102
(K + ) = 0.010 0.023
(K 0 ) = (0.0 1.2) 103
(K + ) = (0.04 0.06)%
(K 0 0 ) = ( 0.02 0.28)%
T violation parameters
K + 0 + PT = ( 1.7 2.5) 103
K + + PT = ( 0.6 1.9) 102
K + 0 + Im() = 0.006 0.008
Slope parameter g [x
(See Parti le Listings for quadrati oe ients and alternative
parametrization related to s attering)
K + g = 0.21134 0.00017
(g+ g ) / (g+ + g ) = ( 1.5 2.2) 104
K g = 0.626 0.007
0 0
(g+ g ) / (g+ + g ) = (1.8 1.8) 104
K de ay form fa tors [a,y
Assuming -e universality
+ (K +
3 ) = + (K e 3 ) = (2.97 0.05) 10
+ 2
0 (K 3 ) = (1.95 0.12) 10
+ 2

Not assuming -e universality

+ (K +
e 3 ) = (2.98 0.05) 10
2
K+ ( +
3 ) = (2.96 0.17) 10
2
0 (K +
3 ) = (1.96 0.13) 10
2
Ke 3 form fa tor quadrati t

'+ (K e 3 ) linear oe. = (2.49 0.17) 10
2
+ (K ) quadrati oe. = (0 19 0 09) 102

e3
. .
K +e 3 fS /f+ = ( 0.3 + 00..78) 102

K +e 3 fT /f+ = ( 1.2 2.3) 102

K +3 fS /f+ = (0.2 0.6) 102

K +3 fT /f+ =( 0.1 0 .7) 102

K + e + e FA + FV = 0.133 0.008 (S = 1.3)

K + + FA + FV = 0.165 0.013
K + e + e FA FV < 0.49, CL = 90%
K + + FA FV = 0.24 to 0.04, CL = 90%
Charge radius
r = 0.560 0.031 fm

Forward-ba kward asymmetry

A F B (K
(cos(
K )>0) (cos(
K )<0) 2
) = (cos( K )>0)+ (cos( K )<0) < 2.3 10 , CL =
90%
K modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
S ale fa tor/ p
K + DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Leptoni and semileptoni modes

e + e ( 1.582 0.007) 105 247
+ ( 63.56 0.11 ) % S=1.2 236
e
0 + e ( 5.07 0.04 ) % S=2.1 228
Called K +e 3 .
0 + ( 3.352 0.033) % S=1.9 215
Called K +3 .
e
0 0 + e ( 2.55 0.04 ) 105 S=1.1 206
+ + e e ( 4.247 0.024) 105 203
+ + ( 1.4 0.9 ) 105 151
0 0 0 + e e < 3. 5 106 CL=90% 135
Hadroni modes
+ 0 ( 20.67 0.08 ) % S=1.2 205
+ 0 0 ( 1.760 0.023) % S=1.1 133
+ + ( 5.583 0.024) % 125
Leptoni and semileptoni modes with photons

+ [z,aa ( 6.2 0.8 ) 103 236
+ (SD+ ) [a,bb ( 1.33 0.22 ) 105 {
+ (SD+ INT) [a,bb < 2. 7 105 CL=90% {
+ (SD + SD INT) [a,bb < 2. 6 104 CL=90% {

e + e ( 9.4 0.4 ) 106 247

0 e + e [z,aa ( 2.56 0.16 ) 104 228
0 e + e (SD) [a,bb < 5.3 105 CL=90% 228
0 + [z,aa ( 1.25 0.25 ) 105 215
e
0 0 + e < 5 106 CL=90% 206
Hadroni modes with photons or pairs

+ 0 (INT) ( 4.2 0. 9) 106 {
+ 0 (DE) [z, ( 6.0 0. 4) 106 205
+ 0 0 [z,aa ( +6 0
7.6 3.0 ) 106
. 133
+ + [z,aa ( 1.04 0.31 ) 104 125
+ [z ( 1.01 0.06 ) 106 227
+ 3 [z < 1.0 104 CL=90% 227
e e
+ + ( 1.19 0.13 ) 108 227
Leptoni modes with pairs

e + e < 6 105 CL=90% 247
+ < 6.0 106 CL=90% 236
e+ +
e e e ( 2.48 0.20 ) 108 247
+ + e e ( 7.06 0.31 ) 108 236
e+ +
e ( 1.7 0.5 ) 108 223
+ + < 4.1 107 CL=90% 185
Lepton family number (LF ), Lepton number (L), S = Q (SQ )

violating modes, or S = 1 weak neutral urrent (S1 ) modes
+ + e e SQ < 1. 3 108 CL=90% 203
+ + SQ < 3.0 106 CL=95% 151
e e
+ + S1 ( 3.00 0.09 ) 107 227
+ + S1 ( 9.4 0.6 ) 108 S=2.6 172
+ S1 ( 1.7 1.1 ) 1010 227
+ 0 S1 < 4.3 105 CL=90% 205
e e
+ + LF < 2.1 108 CL=90% 236
+ e LF [d < 4 103 CL=90% 236
e
+ + LF < 1.3 1011 CL=90% 214
e
+ + LF < 5.2 1010 CL=90% 214
e
+ + L < 5.0 1010 CL=90% 214
e e
+ + L < 6.4 1010 CL=90% 227
+ + L [d < 1.1 109 CL=90% 172
+ e L [d < 3.3 103 CL=90% 236
e
0 + e L < 3 103 CL=90% 228
+ [dd < 2.3 109 CL=90% 227
K0 I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
50% KS , 50% KL
Mass m = 497.611 0.013 MeV (S = 1.2)
mK 0 m K = 3.934 0.020 MeV (S = 1.6)
Mean square harge radius
r = 0.077 0.010 fm2
2
T-violation parameters in K 0-K 0 mixing [y

Asymmetry AT in K 0 -K 0 mixing = (6.6 1.6) 103

CP -violation parameters
Re() = (1.596 0.013) 103
CPT-violation parameters [y
Re = (2.5 2.3) 104
Im = ( 1.5 1.6) 105
Re(y), Ke3 parameter = (0.4 2.5) 103
Re(x ), Ke 3 parameter = ( 2.9 2.0) 103
m 0 m 0 / m average < 6 1019 , CL = 90% [ee

K K
( K 0 K 0 )/m average = (8 8) 1018
Tests of S = Q
Re(x+ ), Ke 3 parameter = ( 0.9 3.0) 103
K 0S I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
Mean life = (0.8954 0.0004) 1010 s (S = 1.1) Assuming
CPT
Mean life = (0.89564 0.00033) 1010 s Not assuming CPT
= 2.6844 m Assuming CPT
CP-violation parameters [
Im( +0 ) = 0.002 0.009
Im( 000 ) = 0.001 0.016
000 = A(K 0 3 0 )/A(K 0 3 0 ) < 0.0088, CL = 90%

S L
CP asymmetry A in + e + e = ( 0.4 0.8)%
S ale fa tor/ p
K 0S DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Hadroni modes
0 0 (30.69 0.05) % 209
+ (69.20 0.05) % 206
+ 0 +1.1 ) 107
( 3. 5 0.9 133
Modes with photons or pairs

+ [aa,gg ( 1.79 0.05) 103 206
+ + e e ( 4.79 0.15) 105 206
0 [gg ( 4.9 1.8 ) 108 230
( 2.63 0.17) 106 S=3.0 249
Semileptoni modes
e e [hh ( 7.04 0.08) 104 229
CP violating (CP) and S = 1 weak neutral urrent (S1 ) modes

3 0 CP < 2.6 108 CL=90% 139
+ S1 < 9 109 CL=90% 225
e+ e S1 < 9 109 CL=90% 249
0 e + e S1 [gg +1.5 ) 109
( 3. 0 1.2 230
0 + S1 +1
( 2.9 1..25 ) 109 177

K 0L I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
mKL m KS
= (0.5293 0.0009) 1010 h s 1 (S = 1.3) Assuming CPT
= (3.484 0.006) 1012 MeV Assuming CPT
= (0.5289 0.0010) 1010 h s 1 Not assuming CPT
Mean life = (5.116 0.021) 108 s (S = 1.1)
= 15.34 m
Slope parameters [x
(See Parti le Listings for other linear and quadrati oe ients)
K 0L + 0 : g = 0.678 0.008 (S = 1.5)
K 0L + 0 : h = 0.076 0.006
K 0L + 0 : k = 0.0099 0.0015
K 0L 0 0 0 : h = (0.6 1.2) 103
KL de ay form fa tors [y
Linear parametrization assuming -e universality
+ (K 03 ) = + (K 0e 3 ) = (2.82 0.04) 102 (S = 1.1)
0 (K 03 ) = (1.38 0.18) 102 (S = 2.2)
Quadrati parametrization assuming -e universality
+ (K 03 ) = + (K 0e 3 ) = (2.40 0.12) 102 (S = 1.2)
+ (K 03 ) = + (K 0e 3 ) = (0.20 0.05) 102 (S = 1.2)
0 (K 03 ) = (1.16 0.09) 102 (S = 1.2)
Pole parametrization assuming -e universality
e 0
V (K 3 ) = M V (K e 3 ) = 878 6 MeV (S = 1.1)
M 0
M 0 K
S ( 3 ) = 1252 90 MeV (S = 2.6)
Dispersive parametrization assuming -e universality
+ = (0.251 0.006) 101 (S = 1.5)
ln(C) = (1.75 0.18) 101 (S = 2.0)
K 0e 3 fS /f+ = (1.5 + 11..64 ) 102
K 0e 3 fT /f+ = (5 + 54 ) 102

K 03 fT /f+ = (12 12) 102

KL + , KL + + : K = 0.205
0.022 (S = 1.8)
K 0L + , K 0L + + : DIP = 1.69
0.08 (S = 1.7)
KL + e + e : a1/a2 = 0.737 0.014 GeV2
KL 0 2 : aV = 0.43 0.06 (S = 1.5)
CP-violation parameters [
A L = (0.332 0.006)%
00 = (2.220 0.011) 103 (S = 1.8)

+ = (2.232 0.011) 103 (S = 1.8)

= (2.228 0.011) 103 (S = 1.8)

00 / + = 0.9950 0.0007 [ii

(S = 1.6)
Re( /) = (1.66 0.23) 103 [ii (S = 1.6)
Assuming CPT
+ = (43.51 0.05) (S = 1.2)
00 = (43.52 0.05) (S = 1.3)
=SW = (43.52 0.05) (S = 1.2)
Im( /) = (00 + )/3 = ( 0.002 0.005) (S = 1.7)
Not assuming CPT
+ = (43.4 0.5) (S = 1.2)
00 = (43.7 0.6) (S = 1.2)
= (43.5 0.5) (S = 1.3)
CP A K
asymmetry in 0L + + = (13.7 1.5)%e e
K e e e e
CP from 0L + + = 0.19 0.07
K e e e e
CP from 0L + + = 0.01 0.11 (S = 1.6)
j K
for 0L + 0 = 0.0012 0.0008
f for K 0L + 0 = 0.004 0.006

+ = (2.35 0.07) 103
+ = (44 4)

/ < 0.3, CL = 90%
+
K

gE 1 for 0 + < 0.21, CL = 90%
L
T-violation parameters
Im( ) in K 0 3 = 0.007 0.026
CPT invarian e tests
00 + = (0.34 0.32)
Re( 32 + + 13 00 ) A2L = ( 3 35) 106
S = Q in K 03 de ay
Re x = 0.002 0.006
Im x = 0.0012 0.0021
S ale fa tor/ p
K 0L DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Semileptoni modes
e e [hh (40.55 0.11 ) % S=1.7 229
Called K 0e 3 .
[hh (27.04 0.07 ) % S=1.1 216
Called K 03 .
( atom) ( 1.05 0.11 ) 107 188
e
0 [hh ( 5.20 0.11 ) 105 207
e e e
+ [hh ( 1.26 0.04 ) 105 229
Hadroni modes, in luding Charge onjugationParity Violating (CPV) modes

3 0 (19.52 0.12 ) % S=1.6 139
+ 0 (12.54 0.05 ) % 133
+ CPV [jj ( 1.967 0.010) 103 S=1.5 206
0 0 CPV ( 8.64 0.06 ) 104 S=1.8 209

Semileptoni modes with photons

e
e [aa,hh,kk ( 3.79 0.06 ) 103 229
( 5.65 0.23 ) 104 216
Hadroni modes with photons or pairs

0 0 < 2.43 107 CL=90% 209
+ [aa,kk ( 4.15 0.15 ) 105 S=2.8 206
+ (DE) ( 2.84 0.11 ) 105 S=2.0 206
0 2 [kk ( 1.273 0.033) 106 230
e e
0 + ( 1.62 0.17 ) 108 230
Other modes with photons or pairs

2 ( 5.47 0.04 ) 104 S=1.1 249
3 < 7.4 108 CL=90% 249
e+ e ( 9. 4 0.4 ) 106 S=2.0 249
+ ( 3.59 0.11 ) 107 S=1.3 225
e+ e [kk ( 5.95 0.33 ) 107 249
+ [kk ( 1. 0 +0.8 ) 108
0.6 225
Charge onjugation Parity (CP ) or Lepton Family number (LF )

violating modes, or S = 1 weak neutral urrent (S1 ) modes
+ S1 ( 6.84 0.11 ) 109 225
e+ e S1 ( 9 +6
4 ) 1012 249
e e
+ + S1 [kk ( 3.11 0.19 ) 107 206
e e
0 0 + S1 < 6.6 109 CL=90% 209
0 0 + S1 < 9.2 1011 CL=90% 57
e e
+ + S1 ( 2.69 0.27 ) 109 225
e+ e e+ e S1 ( 3.56 0.21 ) 108 249
0 + CP,S1 [ll < 3.8 1010 CL=90% 177
0 e + e CP,S1 [ll < 2.8 1010 CL=90% 230
0 CP,S1 [nn < 2.6 108 CL=90% 230
0 0 S1 < 8.1 107 CL=90% 209
e LF [hh < 4.7 1012 CL=90% 238
e e
LF [hh < 4.12 1011 CL=90% 225
0 e LF [hh < 7.6 1011 CL=90% 217
0 0 e LF < 1.7 1010 CL=90% 159
K (892) I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
K (892) hadroprodu ed mass m = 891.66 0.26 MeV
K (892) in de ays mass m = 895.5 0.8 MeV
K (892)0 mass m = 895.81 0.19 MeV (S = 1.4)
K (892) hadroprodu ed full width = 50.8 0.9 MeV
K (892) in de ays full width = 46.2 1.3 MeV
K (892)0 full width = 47.4 0.6 MeV (S = 2.2)
p
K (892) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
K 100 % 289
K0 ( 2.46 0.21) 103 307
K ( 9.9 0.9 ) 104 309
K < 7 104 95% 223

K1 (1270) I (J P ) = 21 (1+)
Mass m = 1272 7 MeV [l
K1 (1270) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

K (42 6 ) % 46
K 0(1430) (28 4 ) %
K (892) (16 5 ) % 302
K (11.0 2.0) %
K f0 (1370)

( 3.0 2.0) %
K0 seen 539
K1 (1400) I (J P ) = 21 (1+)
Mass m = 1403 7 MeV
Full width = 174 13 MeV (S = 1.6)

K (892) (94 6 ) % 402
K ( 3.0 3.0) % 293
K f0 (1370) ( 2.0 2.0) %
K

( 1.0 1.0) % 284
K 0(1430) not seen
K0 seen 613
K (1410) I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
Mass m = 1414 15 MeV (S = 1.3)
Full width = 232 21 MeV (S = 1.1)
p
K (1410) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
K (892) > 40 % 95% 410
K ( 6.6 1.3) % 612
K < 7 % 95% 305
K0 seen 619
K 0 (1430) [oo I (J P ) = 21 (0+)

K 0 (1430) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

K (93 10 ) % 619
K + 2. 7 ) %
( 8. 6 3.4 486
K (958) seen

K 2 (1430) I (J P ) = 21 (2+)
K 2(1430) mass m = 1425.6 1.5 MeV (S = 1.1)
K 2(1430)0 mass m = 1432.4 1.3 MeV
K 2(1430) full width = 98.5 2.7 MeV (S = 1.1)
K 2(1430)0 full width = 109 5 MeV (S = 1.9)
S ale fa tor/ p
K 2 (1430) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
K (49.9 1.2) % 619

K (892) (24.7 1.5) % 419
K (892) (13.4 2.2) % 372
K ( 8.7 0.8) % S=1.2 318
K ( 2.9 0.8) % 311
K+ ( 2.4 0.5) 103 S=1.1 627
K +3.4 ) 103
( 1. 5 1.0 S=1.3 486
K 0 < 7.2 104 CL=95% 100
K < 9 104 CL=90% 626
K (1680) I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
Mass m = 1717 27 MeV (S = 1.4)
Full width = 322 110 MeV (S = 4.2)
K (1680) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

K (38.7 2.5) % 781
K (31.4 +5 .0
2.1 ) % 571
K (892) (29.9 +2 .2
5.0 ) % 618
K2 (1770) [pp I (J P ) = 21 (2 )
Mass m = 1773 8 MeV

K 794
K 2(1430) dominant 288
K (892) seen 654
K f2 (1270) seen 52
K seen 441
K seen 607
K 3 (1780) I (J P ) = 21 (3 )
Mass m = 1776 7 MeV (S = 1.1)
Full width = 159 21 MeV (S = 1.3)

p
K 3 (1780) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
K (31 9 ) % 613
K (892) (20 5 ) % 656
K (18.8 1.0) % 813
K (30 13 ) % 719
K 2(1430) < 16 % 95% 291
K2 (1820) [qq I (J P ) = 21 (2 )

K 2(1430) seen 327
K (892) seen 681
K f2 (1270) seen 185
K seen 638
K 4 (2045) I (J P ) = 21 (4+)
Mass m = 2045 9 MeV (S = 1.1)
K 4 (2045) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

K (9.9 1.2) % 958
K (892) (9 5 ) % 802
K (892) (7 5 ) % 768
K (5.7 3.2) % 741
K (5.0 3.0) % 738
K (2.8 1.4) % 594
K (892) (1.4 0.7) % 363
CHARMED MESONS
( = 1) C
D + = d , D 0 = u, D 0 = u, D = d, similarly for D 's
D I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
Mass m = 1869.58 0.09 MeV
Mean life = (1040 7) 1015 s
= 311.8 m
-quark de ays
( + anything)/ ( anything) = 0.096 0.004 [rr
( D (2010)+ anything)/ ( anything) = 0.255 0.017

CP-violation de ay-rate asymmetries

ACP ( ) = (8 8)%
ACP (K 0L e ) = ( 0.6 1.6)%
ACP (K 0S ) = ( 0.41 0.09)%
ACP (K 2) = ( 0.18 0.16)%
ACP (K 0 ) = ( 0.3 0.7)%
ACP (K 0S 0) = ( 0.1 0.7)%
ACP (K 0S + ) = (0.0 1.2)%
ACP ( 0) = (2.9 2.9)%
ACP ( ) = (1.0 1.5)% (S = 1.4)
ACP ( (958)) = ( 0.5 1.2)% (S = 1.1)
ACP (K 0 / K 0 K ) = (0.11 0.17)%
ACP (K 0S K ) = ( 0.11 0.25)%
ACP (K + K ) = (0.37 0.29)%
ACP (K K 0) = ( 0.3 0.4)%
ACP ( ) = (0.09 0.19)% (S = 1.2)
ACP (K K 0(1430)0) = (8 + 67 )%
ACP (K K 2(1430)0) = (43 + 2620 )%
ACP (K K 0(800)) = ( 12 13 )%
+ 18
ACP (a0(1450)0 ) = ( 19 + 16 14 )%
ACP ((1680) ) = ( 9 26)%

ACP (+ ) = ( 2 4)%
ACP (K 0S K + ) = ( 4 7)%
ACP (K 0 ) = ( 4 11)%
2 tests of CP -violation (CPV )
Lo al CPV in D + = 78.1%
Lo al CPV in D K + K = 31%
CP violating asymmetries of P-odd (T-odd) moments
AT (K 0S K + ) = ( 12 11) 103 [ss
D form fa tors
+
f+(0)Vcs in K 0 + = 0.725 0.015 (S = 1.7)

r1 a1/a0 in K 0 + = 1.8 0.4

r2 a2/a0 in K 0 + = 3 12 (S = 1.5)
f+(0)Vcd in 0 + = 0.146 0.007
r1 a1/a0 in 0 + = 1.4 0.9
r2 a2/a0 in 0 + = 4 5
f+(0)Vcd in D + e + e = 0.086 0.006
r1 a1/a0 in D + e + e = 1.8 2.2
rv V(0)/A1 (0) in D + e + e = 1.24 0.11
r2 A2 (0)/A1(0) in D + e + e = 1.06 0.16
rv V(0)/A1 (0) in D +,D 0 e + e = 1.48 0.16
r2 A2 (0)/A1(0) in D + ,D 0 e + e = 0.83 0.12
rv V(0)/A1 (0) in K (892)0 + = 1.51 0.07 (S = 2.2)
r2 A2 (0)/A1(0) in K (892)0 + = 0.807 0.025
r3 A3 (0)/A1(0) in K (892)0 + = 0.0 0.4
L / T in K (892)0 + = 1.13 0.08
+ / in K (892) = 0.22 0.06 (S = 1.6)
0 +

Most de ay modes (other than the semileptoni modes) that involve a neutral
K meson are now given as K 0S modes, not as K 0 modes. Nearly always it is
a K 0S that is measured, and interferen e between Cabibbo-allowed and dou-
bly Cabibbo-suppressed modes an invalidate the assumption that 2 (K 0S ) =
(K 0 ).
S ale fa tor/ p
D + DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
In lusive modes
e + semileptoni (16.07 0.30) % {
+ anything (17.6 3. 2 ) % {
K anything (25.7 1. 4 ) % {
K 0 anything + K 0 anything (61 5 )% {
K + anything ( 5. 9 0. 8 ) % {
K (892) anything ( 6 5 )% {
K (892)0 anything (23 5 )% {
K (892)0 anything < 6.6 % CL=90% {
anything ( 6. 3 0.7 ) % {
anything ( 1.04 0.18) % {
anything ( 1.03 0.12) % {
e ++ e < 8.8 106 CL=90% 935
( 3.74 0.17) 104 932
+ < 1.2 103 CL=90% 90
K 00 e ++ e ( 8.90 0.15) % 869
K ( 9. 3 0. 7 ) % 865
K + e + e ( 3.91 0.11) % 864
K (892)0 e + e , K (892)0 ( 3.68 0.10) % 722
K +
(K + )S wave e + e ( 2.26 0.11) 103 {
K (1410)0 e + e , < 6 103 CL=90% {
K (1410)0 K +
K 2(1430)0 e + e , < 5 104 CL=90% {
K 2(1430)0 K +
K + e + nonresonant
e < 7 103 CL=90% 864
K + + ( 3. 9 0 . 4 ) % 851
K (892) ,
0 + ( 3.52 0.10) % 717
K (892)0 K +
K + + nonresonant ( 2.1 0.5 ) 103 851
K + 0 + < 1.6 103 CL=90% 825
0 e + e ( 4.05 0.18) 103 930
e + e ( 1.14 0.10) 103 855
0 e + e + 0.17 ) 103
( 2.18 0.25 774
0 + ( 2.4 0.4 ) 103 770
e e
+ ( 1.69 0.11) 103 771
(958) e + e ( 2.2 0.5 ) 104 689
e + e < 1.3 105 CL=90% 657
Fra tions of some of the following modes with resonan es have already
appeared above as submodes of parti ular harged-parti le modes.
K e
(892)0 +
e ( 5.52 0.15) % 722
K (892)0 +
( 5.30 0.15) % 717
K (1430)0 +
0 < 2.5 104 CL=90% 380
K (1680)0 +
< 1.6 103 CL=90% 105

Hadroni modes with a K or K K K

K 0S + ( 1.53 0.06) % S=2.8 863
K 0L + ( 1.46 0.05) % 863
K 2+ [tt ( 9.46 0.24) % S=2.0 846
(K + )S wave + ( 7.58 0.22) % 846
K 0(1430)0 + , [uu ( 1.26 0.07) % 382
K 0(1430)0 K +
K (892)
0 + , ( 1.05 0.12) % 714
K (892)0 K +
K (1410)0 + , K 0 K + not seen 381
K 2(1430)0 + , [uu ( 2.3 0.8 ) 104 371
K 2(1430)0 K +
K (1680)0 + , [uu ( 2.2 1.1 ) 104 58
K (1680)0 K +
K (2+)I =2 ( 1.47 0.27) % {
K 0S + 0 [tt ( 7.24 0.17) % 845
K 0S + + 0.60 ) %
( 6.04 0.34 677
K 0S (1450)+, + + 0 ( 1.5 + 1.2 ) 103

1.4 {
K (892)0 + , ( 2.59 0.31) 103 714
K (892)0 K 0S 0
K 0(1430)0 +, K 00 K 0S 0 ( 2.7 0.9 ) 103 {
K 0(1680)0 +, K 00 K 0S 0 ( 9 + 7 ) 104
10 {
0 + , 0 K 0S 0 ( 6 + 5 ) 103
4 {
K 0S + 0 nonresonant ( 3 4 ) 103 845
K 0S + 0 nonresonant and + 0.21 ) %
( 1.35 0.40 {
0 +
K
( S 0 )S wave +
0 + 0.27 ) %
( 1.25 0.33 845
K 2 + 0 [vv ( 6.14 0.16) % 816
K 0S 2+ [vv ( 3.05 0.09) % 814
K 3+ 0 + [tt ( 5.8 0.5 ) 103 S=1.1 772
K (892) 2 , ( 1.2 0.4 ) 103 645
K (892)0 K +
K (892)0 00+ , ( 2.3 0.4 ) 103 239
K (892) K +
K (892)0 a1(1260)+ [xx ( 9. 4 1.9 ) 103
K 0 2+

( 1.74 0.28) 103 524
K 3+ nonresonant ( 4.1 3.0 ) 104 772
K + 2K 0S ( 4.6 2.1 ) 103 545
K + K K 0S + ( 2.3 0.5 ) 104 436
Pioni modes
+ 0 ( 1.24 0.06) 103 925
2+ ( 3.29 0.20) 103 909
0 + ( 8. 4 1.5 ) 104 767
+ ( + )S wave ( 1.85 0.17) 103 909
+ , + ( 1.39 0.12) 103 {
f +
0 (980) , ( 1.58 0.34) 104 669
f 0 (980)
+
f 0 (1370) +, ( 8 4 ) 105 {
f 0 (1370)
+

f2 (1270) + , ( 5.1 0.9 ) 104 485

f2 (1270) +
(1450)0 + , < 8 105 CL=95% 338
(1450)0 +
f 0 (1500) ,
+ ( 1.1 0.4 ) 104 {
f 0 (1500) +
f 0 (1710) ,
+ < 5 105 CL=95% {
f +
0 (1710)
f 0 (1790) +, < 7 105 CL=95% {
f +
0 (1790)
(+ + )S wave < 1.2 104 CL=95% 909
2+ nonresonant < 1.2 104 CL=95% 909
+ 2 0 ( 4.7 0.4 ) 103 910
2+ 0 ( 1.17 0.08) % 883
+ , + 0 ( 8.0 0.5 ) 104 848
+ , + 0 < 3 104 CL=90% 763
3+ 2 ( 1.67 0.16) 103 845
Fra tions of some of the following modes with resonan es have already
appeared above as submodes of parti ular harged-parti le modes.
+ ( 3.66 0.22) 103 848
+ 0 ( 1.38 0.35) 103 830
+ < 3.4 104 CL=90% 764
(958) + ( 4.84 0.31) 103 681
(958) + 0 ( 1.6 0.5 ) 103 654
Hadroni modes with a K K pair

K + K 0S ( 2.95 0.15) 103 S=2.8 793
K + K + [tt ( 9.96 0.26) 103 S=1.3 744
+ , K+K + 0.09 ) 103
( 2.77 0.10 647
K + K (892)0 , + 0.09 ) 103

( 2.56 0.15 613
K (892)0 K +
K + K 0(1430)0 , K 0(1430)0 ( 1.9 0.4 ) 103 {
K +
K + K 2(1430)0, K 2 K + ( 1.7 + 1.3 ) 104
0. 8 {
K + K 0(800), K 0 K + + 4.0 ) 104
( 7. 0 2. 2 {
a0(1450)0 +, a00 K + K + 7.0 ) 104
( 4. 6 1. 9 {
(1680) + , K + K + 4.0 ) 105
( 5. 1 1. 9 {
K + K + nonresonant not seen 744
K + K 0S + ( 1.71 0.18) 103 678
K 0S K 2+ ( 2.34 0.17) 103 678
K + K 2+ ( 2.3 1.2 ) 104 600
A few poorly measured bran hing fra tions:

+ 0 ( 2. 3 1 . 0 ) % 619
+ < 1.5 % CL=90% 260
K + K + 0 non- ( 1. 5 + 0.7 ) %
0. 6 682
K (892)+ K 0S ( 1. 7 0 . 8 ) % 611

Doubly Cabibbo-suppressed modes

K + 0 ( 1.89 0.25) 104 S=1.2 864
K ++ ( 1.12 0.18) 104 776
K (958) ( 1.83 0.23) 104 571
K + + ( 5.46 0.25) 104 846
K + 0 0 ( 2.1 0.5 ) 104 679
K (892) + , K (892)0 ( 2.6 0.4 ) 104 714
K +
K + f0 (980), f0 (980) + ( 4.9 2.9 ) 105 {
K 2(1430)0 + , K 2(1430)0 ( 4.4 3.0 ) 105 {
K +
K + + nonresonant not seen 846
2K + K ( 9.0 2.1 ) 105 550
C = 1 weak neutral urrent (C1 ) modes, or
Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) violating modes
+ e + e C1 < 1. 1 106 CL=90% 930
, e e
+ + [yy ( 1.7 0.9 ) 106
+ 1 . 4 {
+ + C1 < 7. 3 108 CL=90% 918
+ , + [yy ( 1.8 0.8 ) 106 {
+ + C1 < 5. 6 104 CL=90% 757
K + e+ e [zz < 1. 0 106 CL=90% 870
K + + [zz < 4. 3 106 CL=90% 856
+ e + LF < 2. 9 106 CL=90% 927
+ e + LF < 3. 6 106 CL=90% 927
K ++ e + LF < 1. 2 106 CL=90% 866
K e + LF < 2. 8 106 CL=90% 866
2e + L < 1. 1 106 CL=90% 930
2+ L < 2. 2 108 CL=90% 918
e + + L < 2. 0 106 CL=90% 927
2+ L < 5. 6 104 CL=90% 757
K 2e ++ L < 9 107 CL=90% 870
K 2 L < 1. 0 105 CL=90% 856
K e + + + L < 1. 9 106 CL=90% 866
K (892) 2 L < 8. 5 104 CL=90% 703
D0 I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
Mass m = 1864.83 0.05 MeV
mD m D = 4.75 0.08 MeV
0
Mean life = (410.1 1.5) 1015 s

= 122.9 m
Mixing and related parameters
m 0 m 0 = (0.95 + 0.41 ) 1010

D D 0.44 h s 1
y
1 2
( + 0.14 2
D 0 { D 02 )/ = 2 = (1.29 0.18 ) 10
1
q/p = 0.92 + 0 . 12
0.09
A = ( 0.125 0.526) 103
K + relative strong phase: os = 0.97 0.11
K + 0 oheren e fa torR K 0 = 0.82 0.07
K + 0 average relative strong phase K = (164 + 14
020 )
K 2 oheren e fa tor RK 3 = 0.32 0.28

+ + 0 .20
K 2+ average relative strong phase K 3 = (225 + 80

21 )

K 0S K + oheren e fa tor RK S K = 0.73 0.08

0
K 0S K + average relative strong phase K S K = (8 15)

0
K K oheren e fa tor RK K = 1.00 0.16

K K average relative strong phase K K = (26 16)
CP-violation de ay-rate asymmetries (labeled by the D 0 de ay)
ACP (K + K ) = ( 0.14 0.12)%
ACP (2K 0S ) = ( 5 5)%
ACP (+ ) = (0.01 0.15)%
ACP (20) = (0.0 0.6)%
ACP (+ 0 ) = (0.3 0.4)%
ACP ((770)+ + 0 ) = (1.2 0.9)% [aaa
ACP ((770)0 0 + 0) = ( 3.1 3.0)% [aaa
ACP ((770) + + 0 ) = ( 1.0 1.7)% [aaa
ACP ((1450)+ + 0 ) = (0 70)% [aaa
ACP ((1450)0 0 + 0 ) = ( 20 40)% [aaa
ACP ((1450) + + 0 ) = (6 9)% [aaa
ACP ((1700)+ + 0 ) = ( 5 14)% [aaa
ACP ((1700)0 0 + 0 ) = (13 9)% [aaa
ACP ((1700) + + 0 ) = (8 11)% [aaa
ACP (f0 (980) 0 + 0 ) = (0 35)% [aaa
ACP (f0 (1370) 0 + 0) = (25 18)% [aaa
ACP (f0 (1500) 0 + 0) = (0 18)% [aaa
ACP (f0 (1710) 0 + 0) = (0 24)% [aaa
ACP (f2 (1270) 0 + 0) = ( 4 6)% [aaa
ACP ((400) 0 + 0 ) = (6 8)% [aaa
ACP (nonresonant + 0 ) = ( 13 23)% [aaa
ACP (K + K 0 ) = ( 1.0 1.7)%
ACP (K (892)+ K K + K 0 ) = ( 0.9 1.3)% [aaa
ACP (K (1410)+ K K + K 0 ) = ( 21 24)% [aaa
ACP ((K + 0 )S wave K K + K 0) = (7 15)% [aaa
ACP ((1020) 0 K + K 0 ) = (1.1 2.2)% [aaa
ACP (f0 (980) 0 K + K 0 ) = ( 3 19)% [aaa
ACP (a0(980)0 0 K + K 0) = ( 5 16)% [aaa
ACP (f 2 (1525) 0 K + K 0 ) = (0 160)% [aaa
ACP (K (892) K + K + K 0 ) = ( 5 4)% [aaa
ACP (K (1410) K + K + K 0 ) = ( 17 29)% [aaa
ACP (( K 0 )S wave K + K + K 0 ) = ( 10 40)% [aaa
ACP (K 0S 0 ) = ( 0.20 0.17)%
ACP (K 0S ) = (0.5 0.5)%
ACP (K 0S ) = (1.0 0.7)%
ACP (K 0S ) = ( 3 9)%
ACP (K +) = (0.3 0.7)%
ACP (K + ) = (0.0 1.6)%
ACP (DCP ( 1) K ) = (12.7 1.5)%
ACP (K + 0) = (0.1 0.5)%
ACP (K + 0) = (0 5)%
ACP (K 0S + ) = ( 0.1 0.8)%
ACP (K (892) + K 0S + ) = (0.4 0.5)%
ACP (K (892)+ K 0S + ) = (1 6)%

ACP (K 0 0 K 0S + ) = ( 0.1 0.5)%

ACP (K 0 K 0S + ) = ( 13 7)%
ACP (K 0 f0 (980) K 0S + ) = ( 0.4 2.7)%
ACP (K 0 f2 (1270) K 0S + ) = ( 4 5)%
ACP (K 0 f0 (1370) K 0S + ) = ( 1 9)%
ACP (K 0 0 (1450) K 0S + ) = ( 4 10)%
ACP (K 0 f0 (600) K 0S + ) = ( 3 5)%
ACP (K (1410) + K 0S + ) = ( 2 9)%
ACP (K 0(1430) + K 0S + ) = (4 4)%
ACP (K 0(1430)+ K 0S + ) = (12 15)%
ACP (K 2(1430) + K 0S + ) = (3 6)%
ACP (K 2(1430)+ K 0S + ) = ( 10 32)%
ACP (K + + ) = (0.2 0.5)%
ACP (K + + ) = ( 2 4)%
ACP (K + K + ) = ( 8 7)%
ACP (K 1(1270)+ K K 0 + K ) = ( 1 10)%
ACP (K 1(1270) K + K 0 K +) = ( 10 32)%
ACP (K 1(1270)+ K 0 K + K ) = ( 7 17)%
ACP (K 1(1270) K + 0 K K +) = (10 13)%
ACP (K (1410)+ K K 0 + K ) = ( 20 17)%
ACP (K (1410) K + K 0 K +) = ( 1 14)%
ACP (K 0 K 0 S-wave) = (10 14)%
ACP (0 S-wave) = ( 3 5)%
ACP (0 D-wave) = ( 37 19)%
ACP ( ( + )S wave ) = ( 9 10)%
ACP ((K +)P wave (K + )S wave ) = (3 11)%
CP -even fra tion in D 0 + 0 de ays = (97.3 1.7)%
CP -even fra tion in D 0 K + K 0 de ays = (73 6)%
CP -even fra tion in D 0 + + de ays = (73.7 2.8)%
CP-violation asymmetry dieren e
ACP = ACP (K + K ) ACP (+ ) = ( 0.32
0.22)% (S = 1.9)
2 tests of CP -violation (CPV )
Lo al CPV in D 0 , D 0 + 0 = 4.9%
Lo al CPV in D 0 , D 0 + + = 41%
Lo al CPV in D 0 , D 0 K 0S + = 96%
Lo al CPV in D 0 , D 0 K + K 0 = 16.6%
Lo al CPV in D 0 , D 0 K + K + = 9.1%
T-violation de ay-rate asymmetry
AT (K + K + ) = (1.7 2.7) 103 [ss
CPT-violation de ay-rate asymmetry
ACPT (K ) = 0.008 0.008
Form fa tors
rV V(0)/A1 (0) in D 0 K (892) + = 1.7 0.8
r2 A2 (0)/A1 (0) in D 0 K (892) + = 0.9 0.4
f+(0)in D 0 K + = 0.736 0.004
f+(0)Vcs in D 0 K + = 0.719 0.004
r1 a1/a0 in D 0 K + = 2.40 0.16
r2 a2/a0 in D 0 K + = 5 4

f+(0)in D0 + = 0.637 0.009

f+(0)Vcd in D 0 + = 0.1436 0.0026 (S = 1.5)
r1 a1/a0 in D 0 + = 1.97 0.28 (S = 1.4)
r2 a1/a0 in D 0 + = 0.2 2.2 (S = 1.7)
Most de ay modes (other than the semileptoni modes) that involve a neutral
K meson are now given as K 0S modes, not as K 0 modes. Nearly always it is
a K 0S that is measured, and interferen e between Cabibbo-allowed and dou-
bly Cabibbo-suppressed modes an invalidate the assumption that 2 (K 0S ) =
(K 0 ).
S ale fa tor/ p
D 0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level(MeV/ )
Topologi al modes
0-prongs [bbb (15 6 )% {
2-prongs (70 6 )% {
4-prongs [ (14.5 0.5 ) % {
6-prongs [ddd ( 6.4 1.3 ) 104 {
In lusive modes
e + anything [eee ( 6.49 0.11 ) % {
+ anything ( 6.7 0. 6 )% {
K anything (54.7 2.8 )% S=1.3 {
K 0 anything + K 0 anything (47 4 )% {
K + anything ( 3. 4 0. 4 )% {
K (892) anything (15 9 )% {
K (892)0 anything ( 9 4 )% {
K (892)+ anything < 3.6 % CL=90% {
K (892)0 anything ( 2.8 1. 3 )% {
anything ( 9. 5 0.9 )% {
anything ( 2.48 0.27 )% {
anything ( 1.05 0.11 )% {
Semileptoni modes
K e + e ( 3.538 0.033) % S=1.3 867
K + ( 3.33 0.13 ) % 864
K (892) e + e ( 2.16 0.16 ) % 719
K (892) + ( 1.92 0.25 ) % 714
K 0 e + e ( 1. 6 +
1.3
0.5 ) % 861
K 0 e + e ( 2. 7 +

0.9
0.7 ) % 860
K + e + e ( 2.8 +

1.4
1.1 ) 10
4 843
K1(1270) e + e ( 7.6 + 4.0

3.1 ) 10
4 498
K + +

< 1.2 10 3
CL=90% 821
( K (892) ) + < 1.4 103 CL=90% 692
e + e ( 2.91 0.04 ) 103 S=1.1 927
+
( 2.38 0.24 ) 103 924
e
+ e ( 1.77 0.16 ) 103 771
Hadroni modes with one K

K + ( 3.93 0.04 ) % S=1.2 861
K + ( 1.398 0.027) 104 861
K 0S 0 ( 1.20 0.04 ) % 860
K 0L 0 (10.0 0.7 ) 103 860
K 0S + [tt ( 2.85 0.20 ) % S=1.1 842

K 0S 0 ( 6.4 + 0. 7
0.8 ) 103 674
K 0S , + ( 2. 1 ) 104
0.6 670
K 0S (+ )S wave ( 3.4 0.8 ) 103 842
K 0S f0 (980), + 0.40 ) 103
( 1.23 0.24 549
f0 (980) +
K 0S f0 (1370), ( 2. 8 + 0. 9
1.3 ) 103
f0 (1370) +
K S f2 (1270),
0 ( 9 +10
6 ) 105 262
f2 (1270) +
K (892) + , 0 + 0.15 ) %
( 1.68 0.18 711
K (892) K S
K 0(1430) + , + 0.40 ) 103
( 2.73 0.34 378
K 0(1430) K 0S
K 2(1430) + , ( 3. 4 + 1. 9
1.0 ) 104 367
K 2(1430) K 0S
K (1680) + , ( 4 4 ) 104 46
K (1680) K 0S
K (892) + , [f + 0.60 ) 104
( 1.15 0.34 711
K (892)+ K 0S +
K 0(1430)+ , K 0 (1430)+ [f < 1.4 105 CL=95% {
K 0S +
K 2(1430)+ , K 2 (1430)+
[f < 3.4 105 CL=95% {
K 0S +
K S + nonresonant
0 ( 2. 6 + 6. 0
1.6 ) 104 842
K + 0 [tt (14.3 0. 8)% S=3.1 844
K + (11.1 0. 9)% 675
K (1700)+ , ( 8.1 1.8 ) 103
(1700)+ + 0
K (892) + , + 0.40 ) %
( 2.28 0.23 711
K (892) K 0
K (892)0 0 , ( 1.93 0.26 ) % 711
K (892)0 K +
K 0(1430) + , ( 4.7 2.2 ) 103 378
K 0(1430) K 0
K 0(1430)0 0 , ( 5.8 + 5. 0
1.6 ) 103 379
K 0(1430)0 K +
K (1680) + , ( 1.9 0.7 ) 103 46
K (1680) K 0
K + 0 nonresonant + 0.50
( 1.14 0.21 )% 844
K 0 2 0
S 0 0 ( 9.1 1.1 ) 103 S=2.2 843
K S
S (2 )-0 0-wave ( 2.6 0.7 ) 103 {
K (892) , ( 7.9 0.7 ) 103 711
K (892)0 K 0 0
S
K K
(1430)0 0 , 0 K 0 0
S0 0 ( 4 23 ) 105 {
K K
(1680)0 0 , 0 K S ( 1.0 0.4 ) 103 {
K f 0 (1270),
S 2 f 2 2 0 ( 2.3 1.1 ) 104 {
K K
2 0S , one 0S 20 ( 3.2 1.1 ) 104 {
K 2 + [tt ( 8.06 0.23 ) % S=1.5 813

K + 0 total ( 6.73 0.34 ) % 609

K + 0 3-body ( 5.1 2.3 ) 103 609
K (892)0 0 , ( 1.05 0.23 ) % 416
K (892)0 K +
K a1(1260)+ , ( 3. 6 0. 6 )% 327
a1(1260)+ 2+
K (892) 0 + total, ( 1. 6 0. 4 )% 685
K (892)0 K +
K (892)0 0+ 3-body, ( 9. 9 2. 3 ) 103 685
K (892) K +
K1(1270) + , + [ggg ( 2.9 0. 3 ) 103 484
K1(1270) K
K +2+ 0 nonresonant ( 1.88 0.26 ) % 813
K 0S [hhh ( 5.2 0. 6 ) % 813
K 0S , + 0 ( 1.02 0.09 ) 103 772
K 0S , + 0 ( 9. 9 0.5 ) 103 670
K 2+ 0
( 4. 2 0. 4 )% 771
K (892)0 + 0 , ( 1. 3 0. 6 )% 643
K (892)0 K +
K + , + 0 ( 2.7 0. 5 )% 605
K (892)0 , ( 6. 5 3. 0 ) 103 410
K (892)0 K +,
+ 0
K 0S 0 ( 5. 5 1. 1) 103 721
K 0S a0 (980), a0(980) 0 ( 6.6 2. 0) 103 {
K (892) 0 , K (892)0 ( 1. 6 0.5 ) 103 {
K 0S 0
K 0S 2+ 2 ( 2.71 0.31 ) 103 768
K 0S 0 + , no K (892) ( 1.1 0.7 ) 103 {
K (892) 2+ , ( 5 8 ) 104 642
K (892) K 0S , no
0
K (892) 0 + , K (892) ( 1. 6 0. 6 ) 103 230
K 0S
K 0S 2+ 2 nonresonant < 1.2 103 CL=90% 768
K 3+ 2 ( 2. 2 0. 6 ) 104 713
Fra tions of many of the following modes with resonan es have already
appeared above as submodes of parti ular harged-parti le modes. (Modes
for whi h there are only upper limits and K (892) submodes only appear
below.)
K 0S ( 4.85 0.30 ) 103 772
K 0S ( 1.11 0.06 ) % 670
K 0S (958) ( 9. 5 0. 5 ) 103 565
K a1(1260)+ ( 7.8 1. 1 )% 327
K a2(1320)+ < 2 103 CL=90% 198
K (892)0 + total ( 2. 4 0. 5 )% 685
K (892)0 + 3-body ( 1.48 0.34 )% 685
K (892)0 0 ( 1.57 0.35 )% 417
K (892)0 0 transverse ( 1. 7 0. 6 )% 417
K (892)0 0 S-wave ( 3. 0 0. 6 )% 417
K (892)0 0 S-wave long. < 3 103 CL=90% 417
K (892)0 0 P-wave < 3 103 CL=90% 417

K (892)0 0 D-wave ( 2. 1 0.6 )% 417

K1(1270) + [ggg ( 1.6 0.8 )% 484
K1(1400) + < 1.2 % CL=90% 386
K (892)0 + 0 ( 1.9 0.9 )% 643
K + 0 ( 3. 1 0.6 )% 605
K (892) ( 1. 1 0.5 )% 410
K + (958) ( 7.5 1.9 ) 103 479
K (892)0 (958) < 1.1 103 CL=90% 119
Hadroni modes with three K 's
K 0S K + K ( 4.51 0.34 ) 103 544
K 0S a0 (980)0 , a00 K + K ( 3. 0 0.4 ) 103 {
K a0(980)+ , a+0 K + K 0S ( 6.0 1.8 ) 104 {
K + a0(980) , a0 K K 0S < 1.1 104 CL=95% {
K 0S f0 (980), f0 K + K < 9 105 CL=95% {
K 0S , K + K ( 2.07 0.16 ) 103 520
K 0S f0 (1370), f0 K + K ( 1. 7 1.1 ) 104 {
3K 0S ( 9. 2 1.3 ) 104 539
K + 2K + ( 2.21 0.32 ) 104 434
K + K K (892)0 , ( 4.4 1.7 ) 105
K (892)0 K +

K + , K + K ( 4.0 1.7 ) 105 422

K (892)0 , ( 1.06 0.20 ) 104
K + K ,

K (892)0 K +
K + 2K + nonresonant ( 3.3 1.5 ) 105 434
2K 0S K ( 6. 1 1.3 ) 104 427
Pioni modes
+ ( 1.420 0.025) 103 S=1.1 922
20 ( 8.25 0.25 ) 104 923
+ 0 ( 1.47 0.09 ) % S=3.0 907
+ ( 1.00 0.06 ) % 764
0 0 ( 3.82 0.29 ) 103 764
+ ( 5.09 0.34 ) 103 764
(1450)+ , (1450)+ ( 1.6 2.0 ) 105 {
+ 0
(1450)0 0 , (1450)0 ( 4. 4 1.9 ) 105 {
+
(1450) + , (1450) ( 2.6 0.4 ) 104 {
0
(1700)+ , (1700)+ ( 6.0 1.5 ) 104 {
+ 0
(1700)0 0 , (1700)0 ( 7. 4 1.8 ) 104 {
+
(1700) + , (1700) ( 4.7 1.1 ) 104 {
0
f 0f +
0 (980) , 0 (980) ( 3.7 0.9 ) 105 {
f0 (500) f
0 , (500) +
0 ( 1.21 0.22 ) 104 {
f 0 f
0 (1370) , 0 (1370) ( 5.4 2.1 ) 105 {
+

f 0 f
0 (1500) , 0 (1500) ( 5. 7 1.6 ) 105 {
+
f 0 f
0 (1710) , 0 (1710) ( 4. 6 1.6 ) 105 {
+

f 0 f
2 (1270) , 2 (1270) ( 1.94 0.22 ) 104 {
+
+ 0 nonresonant ( 1. 2 0.4 ) 104 907

30 < 3.5 104 CL=90% 908

2+ 2 ( 7.45 0.22 ) 103 S=1.2 880
a1(1260)+ , a+1 2+ ( 4.47 0.32 ) 103 {
total
a1(1260)+ , a+1 0 + ( 3.23 0.25 ) 103 {
S-wave
a1(1260)+ , a+1 0 + ( 1.9 0. 5 ) 104 {
D-wave
a1(1260)+ , a+1 + ( 6. 2 0. 7 ) 104 {
20 total ( 1.83 0.13 ) 103 518
20 , parallel heli ities ( 8. 2 3.2 ) 105 {
20 , perpendi ular heli ities ( 4. 8 0.6 ) 104 {
20 , longitudinal heli ities ( 1.25 0.10 ) 103 {
Resonant (+ ) + ( 1.49 0.12 ) 103 {
3-body total
+ ( 6. 1 0. 9) 104 {
f + f
0 (980) , 0
+ ( 1. 8 0. 5) 104 {
f 2 (1270) f
+ ,
2 ( 3. 7 0.6 ) 104 {
+
+ 2 0 ( 1.01 0.09 ) % 882
0 [iii ( 6. 9 0.7 ) 104 846
0 [iii < 2.6 104 CL=90% 761
2+ 2 0 ( 4. 2 0. 5 ) 103 844
+ [iii ( 1.09 0.16 ) 103 827
+ [iii ( 1. 6 0.5 ) 103 738
3+ 3 ( 4. 2 1. 2 ) 104 795
(958) 0 ( 9. 1 1. 4 ) 104 678
(958) + ( 4. 5 1. 7 ) 104 650
2 ( 1.70 0.20 ) 103 754
(958) ( 1.06 0.27 ) 103 537

K+K ( 4.01 0.07 ) 103 S=1.5 791
2K 0S ( 1. 8 0.4 ) 104 S=2.5 789
K 0S K + ( 3. 6 0.5 ) 103 S=1.2 739
K (892)0 K 0S , K 0 K + < 5 104 CL=90% 608
K 0S K + ( 2. 2 0. 4 ) 103 S=1.3 739
K (892)0 K 0S , K 0 K + < 1.8 104 CL=90% 608
K + K 0 ( 3.38 0.21 ) 103 743
K (892) + K , K (892)+ ( 1.50 0.10 ) 103 {
K + 0
K (892) K +, K (892) ( 5.4 0. 5 ) 104 {
K 0
(K + 0 )S wave K ( 2.40 0.21 ) 103 743
(K 0 )S wave K + ( 1.3 0.5 ) 104 743
f0 (980) 0 , f0 K + K ( 3.5 0.6 ) 104 {
0 , K + K ( 6.6 0.5 ) 104 {
2K 0S 0 < 5.9 104 740
K + K ++ ( 2.42 0.12 ) 103 677
( )S wave , ( 2.50 0.34 ) 104 614
K+K
(0 )S wave , K + K ( 9.3 1.2 ) 104 250
(0 )D wave , K + K ( 8.2 2.3 ) 105 {
(K 0 K 0 )S wave , K 0 ( 1.48 0.30 ) 104 {
K

(K + )P wave , ( 2.6 0.5 ) 104 {

(K + )S wave ,
K1(1270)+ K , K1(1270)+ ( 1. 8 0.5 ) 104 {
K 0 +
K1(1270)+ K , K1(1270)+ ( 1.14 0.26 ) 104 {
0 K +
K1(1270) K +, K1(1270) ( 2. 2 1.2 ) 105 {
K 0
K1(1270) K +, K1(1270) ( 1.45 0.25 ) 104 {
0 K
K (1410) + K , ( 1.02 0.26 ) 104 {
K (1410)+ K 0 +
K (1410) K +, ( 1.14 0.25 ) 104 {
K (1410) K 0
2K 0S + ( 1.24 0.24 ) 103 673
K 0S K 2+ < 1.5 104 CL=90% 595
K + K + 0 ( 3.1 2.0 ) 103 600
Other K K X modes. They in lude all de ay modes of the , , and .

( 1. 4 0. 5 ) 104 489
< 2.1 103 CL=90% 238
Radiative modes
0 < 2.4 104 CL=90% 771
< 2.4 104 CL=90% 768
( 2.73 0.35 ) 105 654
K (892)0 ( 3.31 0.34 ) 104 719
Doubly Cabibbo suppressed (DC ) modes or
C = 2 forbidden via mixing (C2M ) modes
K ++ via D 0 < 2.2 105 CL=90% {
K or K (892)+ e e via < 6 105 CL=90% {
D 0
K ++ DC ( 1.49 0.07 ) 104 S=2.9 861
K via DCS ( 1.33 0.09 ) 104 {
K + via D 0 < 1.6 105 CL=95% 861
K 0S + in D 0 D 0 < 1.8 104 CL=95% {
K (892) ,
+ DC + 0 60
( 1.15 0.34 ) 104
. 711
K (892)+ K 0S +
K 0(1430)+ , DC < 1.4 105 {
K 0(1430)+ K 0S +
K 2(1430)+ , DC < 3.4 105 {
K 2(1430)+ K 0S +
K + 0 DC ( 3.13 0.23 ) 104 844
K + 0 via D 0 ( 7.5 0.6 ) 104 {
K ++ ++ 2 0 DC ( 2.62 0.11 ) 104 813
K 2 via D < 4 104 CL=90% 812
anything via D 0 < 4 104 CL=90% {
C = 1 weak neutral urrent (C1 ) modes,
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes,
Lepton (L) or Baryon (B ) number violating modes
C1 < 2.2 106 CL=90% 932
e+ e C1 < 7.9 108 CL=90% 932
+ C1 < 6.2 109 CL=90% 926
0 e + e C1 < 4.5 105 CL=90% 928

0 + C1 < 1. 8 104 CL=90% 915

e e
+ C1 < 1. 1 104 CL=90% 852
+ C1 < 5. 3 104 CL=90% 838
e e
+ + C1 < 3.73 104 CL=90% 922
e e
0 + C1 < 1. 0 104 CL=90% 771
+ + C1 < 5. 5 107 CL=90% 894
0 + C1 < 2. 2 105 CL=90% 754
e e
+ C1 < 1. 8 104 CL=90% 768
+ C1 < 8. 3 104 CL=90% 751
K K + e+ e C1 < 3.15 104 CL=90% 791
e+ e C1 < 5. 2 105 CL=90% 654
K K + + C1 < 3. 3 105 CL=90% 710
+ C1 < 3. 1 105 CL=90% 631
K 0 e+ e [zz < 1.1 104 CL=90% 866
K 0+++ [zz < 2.6 104 CL=90% 852
K e e C1 < 3.85 104 CL=90% 861
K (892)0 e + e [zz < 4.7 105 CL=90% 719
K + + C1 < 3.59 104 CL=90% 829
K (892)0 + [zz < 2.4 105 CL=90% 700
+ 0 + C1 < 8. 1 104 CL=90% 863
e LF [hh < 2.6 107 CL=90% 929
0 e LF [hh < 8.6 105 CL=90% 924
e LF [hh < 1.0 104 CL=90% 848
+ e LF [hh < 1.5 105 CL=90% 911
0 e LF [hh < 4.9 105 CL=90% 767
e LF [hh < 1.2 104 CL=90% 764
K K + e LF [hh < 1.8 104 CL=90% 754
e LF [hh < 3.4 105 CL=90% 648
K 0 e LF [hh < 1.0 104 CL=90% 863
K + e LF [hh < 5.53 104 CL=90% 848
K (892)0 e LF [hh < 8.3 105 CL=90% 714
2 2e + + . . L < 1.12 104 CL=90% 922
2 2+ + . . L < 2. 9 105 CL=90% 894
K 2e + + . . L < 2.06 104 CL=90% 861
K 2++ + . . L < 3.9 104 CL=90% 829
2K 2e + . . L < 1.52 104 CL=90% 791
2K 2+ + . . L < 9. 4 105 CL=90% 710
e + + + . . L < 7.9 105 CL=90% 911
K e + + + . . L < 2.18 104 CL=90% 848
2K e + + + . . L < 5. 7 105 CL=90% 754
pe L,B [jjj < 1.0 105 CL=90% 696
pe + L,B [kkk < 1.1 105 CL=90% 696
D (2007)0 I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
I, J, P need onrmation.
Mass m = 2006.85 0.05 MeV (S = 1.1)
mD 0 m D 0 = 142.016 0.030 MeV (S = 1.5)
Full width < 2.1 MeV, CL = 90%
D (2007)0 modes are harge onjugates of modes below.
D (2007)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
D 0 0 (64.7 0.9) % 43
D0 (35.3 0.9) % 137

D (2010) I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
Mass m = 2010.26 0.05 MeV
mD (2010) m D = 140.68 0.08 MeV
+ +
mD (2010) m D = 145.4257 0.0017 MeV

+ 0

D (2010) modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
D (2010) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D 0 + (67.7 0.5) % 39
D ++ 0 (30.7 0.5) % 38
D ( 1.6 0.4) % 136
D 0 (2400)0 I (J P ) = 21 (0+)
Mass m = 2318 29 MeV (S = 1.7)
D 0 (2400)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D + seen 385
D1 (2420)0 I (J P ) = 21 (1+)
I needs onrmation.
Mass m = 2420.8 0.5 MeV (S = 1.3)
mD 01 m D + = 410.6 0.5 (S = 1.3)
Full width = 31.7 2.5 MeV (S = 3.5)
D 1 (2420)0 modes are harge onjugates of modes below.
D1 (2420)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D (2010)+ seen 353
D 0 + seen 425
D + not seen 472
D 0 + not seen 279
D 2 (2460)0 I (J P ) = 21 (2+)
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored.
Mass m = 2460.57 0.15 MeV (S = 1.1)
mD m D = 590.98 0.18 MeV (S = 1.1)
0 +
mD m D = 450.31 0.16 MeV (S = 1.1)

2
0 +
2
Full width = 47.7 1.3 MeV (S = 2.0)
D 2 (2460)0 modes are harge onjugates of modes below.
D 2 (2460)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
D + seen 505
D (2010)+ seen 389

D 0 + not seen 462

D 0 + not seen 324
D 2 (2460) I (J P ) = 21 (2+)
J P = 2+ assignment strongly favored.
Mass m = 2465.4 1.3 MeV (S = 3.1)
mD (2460) m D (2460) = 2.4 1.7 MeV
2 2
0

D 2 (2460) modes are harge onjugates of modes below.
D 2 (2460) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D 0 + seen 513
D 0 + seen 396
D + + not seen 462
D + + not seen 326
CHARMED, STRANGE MESONS

( = = 1) C S
D + =
s s , D s
= s, similarly for D s 's
D
s I (J P ) = 0(0)
Mass m = 1968.27 0.10 MeV
mD m D = 98.69 0.05 MeV
s
Mean life = (500 7) 1015 s (S = 1.3)
= 149.9 m
CP-violating de ay-rate asymmetries
ACP ( ) = (5 6)%
ACP (K K 0S ) = (0.08 0.26)%
ACP (K + K ) = ( 0.5 0.9)%
ACP ( ) = ( 0.38 0.27)%
ACP (K K 0S 0 ) = ( 2 6)%
ACP (2K 0S ) = (3 5)%
ACP (K + K 0 ) = (0.0 3.0)%
ACP (K K 0S + ) = ( 6 5)%
ACP (K 0S K 2) = (4.1 2.8)%
ACP (+ ) = ( 0.7 3.1)%
ACP ( ) = (1.1 3.1)%
ACP ( ) = ( 2.2 2.3)%
ACP ( 0 ) = ( 1 4)%
ACP ( 0 ) = (0 8)%
ACP (K 0 ) = ( 27 24)%
ACP (K 0 / K 0 ) = (0.4 0.5)%
ACP (K 0S ) = (3.1 2.6)% (S = 1.7)

ACP (K + ) = (4 5)%
ACP (K ) = (9 15)%
ACP (K (958)) = (6 19)%
CP violating asymmetries of P-odd (T-odd) moments
AT (K 0S K + ) = ( 14 8) 103 [ss
D +s + form fa tors
r2 = 0.84 0.11 (S = 2.4)
rv = 1.80 0.08
L / T = 0.72 0.18
Unless otherwise noted, the bran hing fra tions for modes with a resonan e in
the nal state in lude all the de ay modes of the resonan e. D s modes are
harge onjugates of the modes below.
S ale fa tor/ p
D +s DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
In lusive modes
e + semileptoni [lll
( 6.5 0.4 ) % {
+ anything (119.3 1.4 ) % {
anything ( 43.2 0.9 ) % {
0 anything (123 7 ) % {
K anything ( 18.7 0.5 ) % {
K + anything ( 28.9 0.7 ) % {
K 0S anything ( 19.0 1.1 ) % {
anything [nnn ( 29.9 2.8 ) % {
anything ( 6.1 1.4 ) % {
anything [ooo ( 10.3 1.4 ) % S=1.1 {
f0 (980) anything, f0 + < 1. 3 % CL=90% {
anything ( 15.7 1.0 ) % {
K +0 K+ anything ( 15.8 0.7 ) % {
K S K anything ( 5.8 0.5 ) % {
K 0S K anything ( 1.9 0.4 ) % {
2K 0S anything ( 1.70 0.32) % {
2K + anything < 2. 6 103 CL=90% {
2K anything < 6 104 CL=90% {
e ++ e < 8. 3 105 CL=90% 984
( 5.56 0.25) 103 981
+ ( 5.55 0.24) % 182
K + K e + e | 851
e + e [ppp ( 2.39 0.23) % S=1.8 720
e + e + (958) e + e [ppp ( 2.96 0.29) % {
e + e [ppp ( 2.28 0.24) % 908
(958) e + e [ppp ( 6.8 1.6 ) 103 751
e + e [qqq < 2. 0 103 CL=90% 829
K 0 e + e ( 3.9 0.9 ) 103 921
K (892)0 e + e [ppp ( 1.8 0.4 ) 103 782

K + K 0S ( 1.50 0.05) % 850
K ++ K 0 + ( 2.95 0.14) % 850
K K [tt ( 5.45 0.17) % S=1.2 805
+ [ppp,rrr ( 4.5 0.4 ) % 712

+ , K+K [rrr ( 2.27 0.08) % 712

K + K (892)0 , K 0 K + ( 2.61 0.09) % 416
f0 (980) + , f0 K + K ( 1.15 0.32) % 732
f0 (1370) + , f0 K + K ( 7 5 ) 104 {
f0 (1710) + , f0 K + K ( 6.7 2.9 ) 104 198
K + K 0(1430)0 , K 0 K + ( 1.9 0.4 ) 103 218
K + K 0S 0 ( 1.52 0.22) % 805
2K 0S + ( 7.7 0.6 ) 103 802
K 0 K 0 + | 802
K (892)+ K 0 [ppp ( 5.4 1.2 ) % 683
K + K + 0 ( 6.3 0.6 ) % 748
+ [ppp ( 8.4 +1.9 ) %
2.3 401
K S K 2+
0 ( 1.67 0.10) % 744
K (892)+ K (892)0 [ppp ( 7.2 2.6 ) % 416
K + K 0S + ( 1.03 0.10) % 744
K + K 2+ ( 8.7 1.5 ) 103 673
2+ [ppp ( 1.21 0.16) % 640
K + K 0 + non- < 2.6 104 CL=90% 249
0 + , K + K ( 6.5 1.3 ) 103 181
a1 (1260)+ , K + K , ( 7.5 1.2 ) 103
a+1 0 +
K K 2+ nonresonant
+ ( 9 7 ) 104 673
2K 0S 2+ ( 9 4 ) 104 669
Hadroni modes without K 's

+ 0 < 3.5 104 CL=90% 975
2+ ( 1.09 0.05) % S=1.1 959
0 + ( 2.0 1.2 ) 104 825
+ ( + )S wave [sss ( 9.1 0.4 ) 103 959
f + f
2 (1270) , 2
+ ( 1.10 0.20) 103 559
(1450)0 + , 0 + ( 3.0 2.0 ) 104 421
+ 2 0 ( 6.5 1.3 ) 103 960
2+ 0 | 935
+ [ppp ( 1.70 0.09) % S=1.1 902
+ [ppp ( 2.4 0.6 ) 103 822
3+ 2 ( 8.0 0.8 ) 103 899
2+ 20 | 902
+ [ppp ( 8.9 0.8 ) % 724
+ 0 ( 9.2 1.2 ) % 885
+ 0 [ppp ( 2.8 0.7 ) % 802
3+ 2 0 ( 4.9 3.2 ) % 856
2 + [ppp ( 1.6 0.5 ) % 766
(958) + [ooo,ppp ( 3.94 0.25) % 743
+
3 2 2 0 | 803
+ [ppp < 2.13 % CL=90% 654
(958) + [ooo,ppp ( 5.8 1.5 ) % 465
(958) + 0 ( 5.6 0.8 ) % 720
(958) + 0 nonresonant < 5.1 % CL=90% 720
Modes with one or three K 's

K + 0 ( 6.3 2.1 ) 104 917
K 0S + ( 1.22 0.06) 103 916
K+ [ppp ( 1.77 0.35) 103 835
K ++ [ppp < 2.4 103 CL=90% 741
K (958) [ppp ( 1.8 0.6 ) 103 646

K + + ( 6.6 0.4 ) 103 900

K + 0 0 ( 2.5 0.4 ) 103 745
K + (1450) , 0 + ( 7.0 2.4 ) 104 {
K (892)0 + , K 0 K + ( 1.42 0.24) 103 775
K (1410)0 + , K 0 K + ( 1.24 0.29) 103 {
K (1430)0 + , K 0 K + ( 5.0 3.5 ) 104 {
K + + nonresonant ( 1.04 0.34) 103 900
K 00 + 0 ( 1.00 0.18) % 899
K S 2+ ( 3.0 1.1 ) 103 870
K + 0 [ppp < 8. 2 103 CL=90% 684
K + + [ppp < 5. 4 103 CL=90% 603
K + [ppp < 7. 9 103 CL=90% 366
2K + K ( 2.18 0.21) 104 627
K+ , K+ K ( 8.9 2.0 ) 105 {
2K + ( 1.27 0.13) 104 805
K + K (892)0 , K 0 K + ( 6.0 3.4 ) 105 {
Baryon-antibaryon mode
pn ( 1.3 0.4 ) 103 295
C = 1 weak neutral urrent (C1 ) modes,
Lepton family number (LF), or
Lepton number (L) violating modes
+ + e e [zz < 1.3 105 CL=90% 979
e e
+ , + [yy ( 6 +8
4 ) 106 {
+ + [zz < 4.1 107 CL=90% 968
K e e
+ + C1 < 3.7 106 CL=90% 922
K + + C1 < 2.1 105 CL=90% 909
K (892)+ + C1 < 1.4 103 CL=90% 765
e
+ + LF < 1.2 105 CL=90% 976
e
+ + LF < 2.0 105 CL=90% 976
K e
+ + LF < 1.4 105 CL=90% 919
K e
+ + LF < 9.7 106 CL=90% 919
e
2 + L < 4.1 106 CL=90% 979
2+ L < 1.2 107 CL=90% 968
e
+ + L < 8.4 106 CL=90% 976
K e
2 + L < 5.2 106 CL=90% 922
K 2+ L < 1.3 105 CL=90% 909
K e
+ + L < 6.1 106 CL=90% 919
K (892) 2+ L < 1.4 103 CL=90% 765
D
s I (J P ) = 0(??)
J P is natural, width and de ay modes onsistent with 1 .
Mass m = 2112.1 0.4 MeV
mD
s
m D = 143.8 0.4 MeV
s

D
s modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
D s + DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
D +
s (93.5 0.7) % 139
D+ 0
s+ + ( 5.8 0.7) % 48
Ds e e ( 6.7 1.6) 103 139
D s 0 (2317) I (J P ) = 0(0+)
J, P need onrmation.
J P is natural, low mass onsistent with 0+.
Mass m = 2317.7 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1)
mD s (2317) m D s = 349.4 0.6 MeV
0
(S = 1.1)
D s 0 (2317) modes are harge onjugates of modes below.
D s 0 (2317) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D+ 0
s+ 0 0 seen 298
Ds not seen 205
Ds 1 (2460) I (J P ) = 0(1+)
Mass m = 2459.5 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1)
mDs (2460) m D
1 s
= 347.3 0.7 MeV (S = 1.2)
mDs (2460) m D s = 491.2 0.6 MeV
1
(S = 1.1)
Ds 1 (2460) modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.

S ale fa tor/ p
Ds 1 (2460)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
D s + 0 (48 11 ) % 297
D +s (18 4 ) % 442
D +s + ( 4.3 1.3) % S=1.1 363
D s + < 8 % CL=90% 323
D s 0 (2317)+ + 5 . 0
( 3.7 2.4 ) % 138
Ds 1 (2536) I (J P ) = 0(1+)
Mass m = 2535.10 0.06 MeV
Ds 1 (2536) modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
p
Ds 1 (2536)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
D (2010)+ K 0 0.85 0.12 149
(D (2010)+ K 0 )Swave 0.61 0.09 149
D + K + 0.028 0.005 176

D (2007)0 K + DEFINED AS 1 167

D+ K 0 <0.34 90% 381
D 0+K + <0.12 90% 391
Ds possibly seen 388
D +s + seen 437
D s 2 (2573) I (J P ) = 0(2+)
J P is natural, width and de ay modes onsistent with 2+ .
Mass m = 2569.1 0.8 MeV (S = 2.4)
D s 2 (2573) modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
D s 2 (2573)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

D 0 K + 0 + seen 431
D (2007) K not seen 238
D s 1 (2700) I (J P ) = 0(1)
Mass m = 2708.3 + 4. 0
3.4 MeV
BOTTOM MESONS
( = 1) B
B + = ub, B 0 = db, B 0 = d b, B = ub, similarly for B 's
B -parti le organization
Many measurements of B de ays involve admixtures of B

hadrons. Previously we arbitrarily in luded su h admixtures in
the B se tion, but be ause of their importan e we have re-
ated two new se tions: \B /B 0 Admixture" for (4S ) results
and \B /B 0 /B 0s /b -baryon Admixture" for results at higher en-
ergies. Most in lusive de ay bran hing fra tions and b at high
energy are found in the Admixture se tions. B 0 -B 0 mixing data
are found in the B 0 se tion, while B 0s -B 0s mixing data and B -B
mixing data for a B 0 /B 0s admixture are found in the B 0s se tion.
CP-violation data are found in the B , B 0 , and B B 0 Admix-
ture se tions. b -baryons are found near the end of the Baryon
se tion.

The organization of the B se tions is now as follows,

where bullets indi ate parti le se tions and bra kets
indi ate reviews.
B
mass, mean life, CP violation, bran hing fra tions
0 B
mass, mean life, B 0 -B 0 mixing, CP violation,
bran hing fra tions
B /B 0 Admixtures
CP violation, bran hing fra tions
B /B 0 /B 0s /b -baryon Admixtures
mean life, produ tion fra tions, bran hing fra tions
B
mass
B
1 (5721)+
mass
B
1 (5721)0
mass
B
2 (5747)+
mass
B
2 (5747)0
mass
B J (5970)+
mass
B J (5970)0
mass
0sB
mass, mean life, B 0s -B 0s mixing, CP violation,
bran hing fra tions
B s
mass
Bs 1 (5830)0
mass
B s 2 (5840)0
mass
B
mass, mean life, bran hing fra tions
At the end of Baryon Listings:
b
b (5912)0
mass, mean life

b (5920)0
mass, mean life
b
mass
b
mass
0b ,
b
b (5935)
mass
b (5945)0
mass
b (5955)
mass

b
mass, bran hing fra tions
b -baryon Admixture
mean life, bran hing fra tions
B I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
I , J , P need onrmation. Quantum numbers shown are quark-model
predi tions.
Mass m B = 5279.31 0.15 MeV (S = 1.1)
Mean life B = (1.638 0.004) 1012 s
= 491.1 m
CP violation
ACP (B + J /(1S ) K +) = 0.003 0.006 (S = 1.8)
ACP (B + J /(1S ) +) = (0.1 2.8) 102 (S = 1.2)
ACP (B + J / +) = 0.11 0.14
ACP (B + J / K (892)+) = 0.048 0.033
ACP (B + K +) = 0.01 0.07 (S = 2.2)
ACP (B + (2S ) + ) = 0.03 0.06
ACP (B + (2S ) K +) = 0.012 0.020 (S = 1.5)
ACP (B + (2S ) K (892)+) = 0.08 0.21
ACP (B + 1 (1P ) +) = 0.07 0.18
ACP (B + 0 K +) = 0.20 0.18 (S = 1.5)
ACP (B + 1 K +) = 0.009 0.033
ACP (B + 1 K (892)+) = 0.5 0.5
ACP (B + D 0 + ) = 0.007 0.007
ACP (B + DCP (+1) + ) = 0.035 0.024
ACP (B + DCP (1) + ) = 0.017 0.026
ACP ([ K + D + ) = 0.13 0.10
ACP (B + D 0 K +) = 0.007 0.025 (S = 1.5)

ACP ([ K + D K +) = 0.42 0.22

rB (B + D 0 K + ) = 0.095 0.008
B (B + D 0 K + ) = (123 10)
rB (B + D 0 K + ) = 0.17 0.11 (S = 2.3)
B (B + D 0 K + ) = (155 70) (S = 2.0)
ACP (B + [ K + D K +) = 0.58 0.21
ACP (B + [ K + 0 D K +) = 0.07 0.30 (S = 1.5)
ACP (B + [ K + K 0 D K +) = 0.30 0.20
ACP (B + [ + 0 D K +) = 0.05 0.09
ACP (B + [ K + D K (892)+) = 0.3 0.5
ACP (B + [ K + D + ) = 0.00 0.09
ACP (B + [ K + 0 D + ) = 0.35 0.16
ACP (B + [ K + K 0 D +) = 0.03 0.04
ACP (B + [ + 0 D +) = 0.016 0.020
ACP (B + [ K + (D ) +) = 0.09 0.27
ACP (B + [ K + (D ) +) = 0.7 0.6
ACP (B + [ K + (D ) K +) = 0.8 0.4
ACP (B + [ K + (D ) K +) = 0.4 1.0
ACP (B + [ + 0 D K +) = 0.02 0.15
ACP (B + [ K 0S K + D K +) = 0.04 0.09
ACP (B + [ K 0S K + D K +) = 0.23 0.13
ACP (B + [ K 0S K + D +) = 0.052 0.034
ACP (B + [ K 0S K + D +) = 0.025 0.026
ACP (B + [ K (892) K + D K +) = 0.03 0.11
ACP (B + [ K (892)+ K D K +) = 0.34 0.21
ACP (B + [ K (892)+ K D + ) = 0.05 0.05
ACP (B + [ K (892) K + D + ) = 0.012 0.030
ACP (B + DCP (+ 1) K +) = 0.170 0.033 (S = 1.2)
AADS (B + D K +) = 0.52 0.15
AADS (B + D +) = 0.14 0.06
AADS (B + [ K + D K + +) = 0.33 0.35
AADS (B + [ K + D + + ) = 0.01 0.09
ACP (B + DCP ( 1) K +) = 0.10 0.07
ACP (B + [ K + K D K + + ) = 0.04 0.06
ACP (B + [ + D K + +) = 0.05 0.10
ACP (B + [ K + D K + +) = 0.013 0.023
ACP (B + [ K + K D + +) = 0.019 0.015
ACP (B + [ + D + + ) = 0.013 0.019
ACP (B + [ K + D + +) = 0.002 0.011
ACP (B + D 0 + ) = 0.014 0.015
ACP (B + (DCP 0 +
(+1) ) ) = 0.02 0.05
ACP (B (DCP (1) )0 +) = 0.09 0.05
+
ACP (B + D 0 K +) = 0.07 0.04

rB (B + D 0 K + ) = 0.114 + 0.023
0.040 (S = 1.2)
B (B + D 0 K + ) = (310
+ 22 ) (S = 1.3)
28
ACP (B + D CP0 (+1) K +) = 0.12 0.08
ACP (B + D CP (1) K +) = 0.07 0.10
ACP (B + DCP (+1) K (892)+) = 0.09 0.14
ACP (B + DCP (1) K (892)+) = 0.23 0.22

ACP (B + D +s ) = 0.0 0.4

ACP (B + D + D 0 ) = 0.15 0.11
ACP (B + D + D 0 ) = 0.06 0.13
ACP (B + D + D 0 ) = 0.13 0.18
ACP (B + D + D 0) = 0.03 0.07
ACP (B + K 0S + ) = 0.017 0.016
ACP (B + K + 0 ) = 0.037 0.021
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.004 0.011
ACP (B + K (892)+ ) = 0.26 0.27
ACP (B + K 0 (1430)+ ) = 0.06 0.20
ACP (B + K 2 (1430)+ ) = 0.15 0.13
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.37 0.08
ACP (B + K (892)+ ) = 0.02 0.06
ACP (B + K 0 (1430)+ ) = 0.05 0.13
ACP (B + K 2 (1430)+ ) = 0.45 0.30
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.02 0.04
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.29 0.35
ACP (B + (K )0+ ) = 0.10 0.09
ACP (B + K 2 (1430)+ ) = 0.14 0.15
ACP (B + K 0 +) = 0.04 0.09 (S = 2.1)
ACP (B + K (892)+ 0) = 0.06 0.24
ACP (B + K + +) = 0.027 0.008
ACP (B + K + K K + nonresonant) = 0.06 0.05
ACP (B + f (980)0 K +) = 0.08 0.09
ACP (B + f2 (1270) K +) = 0.68 + 00..1719
ACP (B + f0 (1500) K +) = 0.28 0.30

ACP (B + f 2(1525)0 K +) = 0.08 + 00..0405
ACP (B + K ) = 0.37 0.10

0 +
ACP (B + K 0(1430)0 +) = 0.055 0.033
ACP (B + K 2(1430)0 +) = 0.05 + 00..24 29
ACP (B + K ) = 0.06 0.07

+ 0 0
ACP (B + K 0 +) = 0.12 0.17
ACP (B + K + + ) = 0.07 0.08
ACP (B + 0 K (892)+ ) = 0.31 0.13
ACP (B + K (892)+ f0 (980)) = 0.15 0.12
ACP (B + a+1 K 0) = 0.12 0.11
ACP (B + b+1 K 0) = 0.03 0.15
ACP (B + K (892)0 +) = 0.01 0.16
ACP (B + b01 K +) = 0.46 0.20
ACP (B + K 0 K +) = 0.04 0.14
ACP (B + K 0S K +) = 0.21 0.14
ACP (B + K + K 0S K 0S ) = 0.04 + 00..05
04
ACP (B + K K ) = 0.118 0.022

+ +
ACP (B + K + K K +) = 0.033 0.008
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.024 0.028 (S = 2.3)
ACP (B + X0 (1550) K +) = 0.04 0.07
ACP (B + K + K + K ) = 0.11 0.09
ACP (B + K (892)+ ) = 0.01 0.08
ACP (B + (K )0+ ) = 0.04 0.16
ACP (B + K1 (1270)+ ) = 0.15 0.20
ACP (B + K 2 (1430)+ ) = 0.23 0.20

ACP (B + K + ) = 0.10 0.08

ACP (B + K +[ ) = 0.09 0.10
ACP (B + K (892)+ ) = 0.018 0.029
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.12 0.07
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.13 0.11 (S = 1.1)
ACP (B + + ) = 0.11 0.33
ACP (B + + 0 ) = 0.03 0.04
ACP (B + + +) = 0.057 0.013
ACP (B + 0 +) = 0.18 + 00..17
09
ACP (B f2 (1270) ) = 0.41 0.30

+ +
ACP (B + 0 (1450) +) = 0.1 + 00..54
ACP (B + f0 (1370) +) = 0.72 0.22
ACP (B + + + nonresonant) = 0.14 + 00..1623
ACP (B ) = 0.02 0.11

+ + 0
ACP (B + + 0 ) = 0.05 0.05
ACP (B + + ) = 0.04 0.06
ACP (B + +) = 0.20 0.09
ACP (B + + ) = 0.14 0.07 (S = 1.4)
ACP (B + + ) = 0.11 0.11
ACP (B + +) = 0.06 0.16
ACP (B + +) = 0.26 0.17
ACP (B + b01 +) = 0.05 0.16
ACP (B + pp +) = 0.00 0.04
ACP (B + ppK +) = 0.00 0.04 (S = 2.2)
ACP (B + ppK (892)+) = 0.21 0.16 (S = 1.4)
ACP (B + p ) = 0.17 0.17
ACP (B + p 0 ) = 0.01 0.17
ACP (B + K + + ) = 0.02 0.08
ACP (B + K + e + e ) = 0.14 0.14
ACP (B + K + + ) = 0.011 0.017
ACP (B + + + ) = 0.11 0.12
ACP (B + K + + ) = 0.09 0.14
ACP (B + K e + e ) = 0.14 0.23
ACP (B + K + ) = 0.12 0.24
(B + D ()0 K ()+ ) = (70 9)
(B + D K + + , D + + ) = (74 20)
B modes are harge onjugates of the modes below. Modes whi h do not
identify the harge state of the B are listed in the B /B 0 ADMIXTURE se -
tion.
The bran hing fra tions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B
produ tion at the (4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up
to date by res aling their assumed (4S ) produ tion ratio to 50:50 and their
assumed D , Ds , D , and bran hing ratios to urrent values whenever this
would ae t our averages and best limits signi antly.
Indentation is used to indi ate a sub hannel of a previous rea tion. All resonant
sub hannels have been orre ted for resonan e bran hing fra tions to the nal
state so the sum of the sub hannel bran hing fra tions an ex eed that of the
nal state.
For in lusive bran hing fra tions, e.g., B D anything, the values usually
are multipli ities, not bran hing fra tions. They an be greater than one.

S ale fa tor/ p
B + DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Semileptoni and leptoni modes

+ anything [ttt ( 10.99 0.28 ) % {
e +
e X ( 10.8 0.4 )% {
D + anything ( 9. 8 0.7 )% {
D 0 + [ttt ( 2.27 0.11 )% 2310
D

0 + ( 7. 7 2.5 ) 103 1911
D

(2007)0 + [ttt ( 5.69 0.19 )% 2258
D

(2007)0 + ( 1.88 0.20 )% 1839
D

+ + ( 4. 2 0.5 ) 103 2306
D D

(2420)0 + , 0 ( 2.5 0.5 ) 103 {
0 0
D +
D (2460)0 + ,
2 D 0
2 ( 1.53 0.16 ) 103 2065
D +
D () n + (n 1) ( 1.87 0.26 ) % {
D

+ + ( 6.1 0.6 ) 103 2254
D D

0 + 0 ( 3.03 0.20 ) 103
1 (2420) , 1 2084
D +
D (2430)0 + ,
1 D 0
1 ( 2.7 0.6 ) 103 {
D +
D (2460)0 + ,
2 D 0
2 ( 1.01 0.24 ) 103 S=2.0 2065
D +
D 0 + + ( 1. 6 0.4 ) 103 2301
D

0 + + ( 8 5 ) 104 2248

D K
() + +
s ( 6. 1 1.0 ) 104 {
D s K + + ( 3. 0 +

1. 4
1.2 ) 10
4 2242
s K
D + + ( 2. 9 1.9 ) 10 4
2185
0 + ( 7.80 0.27 ) 105 2638
+ ( 3. 8 0.6 ) 105 2611
+ ( 2. 3 0.8 ) 105 2553
+ [ttt ( 1.19 0.09 ) 104 2582
0 + [ttt ( 1.58 0.11 ) 104 2583
pp + ( 5. 8 + 2. 6
2.3 ) 106 2467
pp + < 8.5 106 CL=90% 2446
ppe + e + 4. 0
( 8. 2
3.3 ) 10
6 2467
e + e
+ < 9.8 10 7
CL=90% 2640
< 1.0 106 CL=90% 2639
+ ( 1.09 0.24 ) 104 S=1.2 2341
+ < 3. 5 106 CL=90% 2640
e
+
e < 6. 1 106 CL=90% 2640
+ < 3.4 106 CL=90% 2639
In lusive modes
D0 X ( 8.6 0.7 )% {
D0 X ( 79 4 )% {
D+ X ( 2.5 0. 5 )% {
D X ( 9. 9 1. 2 ) % {
D +s X ( 7.9 + 1. 4
1.3 ) % {

D s X ( 1.10 + 0.40
0.32 )% {
+ X + 0.9
( 2. 1 0. 6 )% {
X + 1.1
( 2. 8 0. 9 )% {
X ( 97 4 )% {
X ( 23.4 + 2. 2
1. 8 )% {
/ X (120 6 )% {
D , D , or Ds modes
D 0 + ( 4.80 0.15 ) 103 2308
DCP (+ 1) + [uuu ( 2.19 0.24 ) 103 {
DCP ( 1) + [uuu ( 2.1 0.4 ) 103 {
D 0 + ( 1.34 0.18 ) % 2237
D0 K + ( 3.69 0.17 ) 104 2281
DCP (+ 1) K + [uuu ( 1.91 0.14 ) 104 {
DCP ( 1) K + [uuu ( 1.99 0.19 ) 104 {
[ K + D K + [vvv < 2.8 107 CL=90% {
[ K + D K + [vvv < 1.8 105 CL=90% {
[ K + 0 D K + seen {
[ K + 0 D K + seen {
[ K + + D K + seen {
[ K + + D K + seen {
[ K + D + [vvv ( 6.3 1. 1 ) 107 {
[ K + D + ( 1.68 0.31 ) 104 {
[ K + 0 D + seen {
[ K + 0 D + seen {
[ K + + D + seen {
[ K + + D + seen {
[ + 0 D K ( 4. 6 0. 9 ) 106 {
[ K 0S K + D K + seen {
[ K 0S K + D K + seen {
[ K (892)+ K D K + seen {
[ K 0S K + D + seen {
[ K (892)+ K D + seen {
[ K 0S K + D + seen {
[ K (892) K + D + seen {
D 0 K (892)+ ( 5. 3 0. 4 ) 104 2213
DCP (1) K (892)+ [uuu ( 2. 7 0. 8 ) 104 {
DCP (+1) K (892)+ [uuu ( 5. 8 1.1 ) 104 {
D 0 K + + ( 5. 4 2.2 ) 104 2237
D0 K + K 0

( 5. 5 1.6 ) 104 2189
D 0 K + K (892)0

( 7. 5 1.7 ) 104 2072
D 0 + + ( 5. 7 2.2 ) 103 S=3.6 2289
D 0 + + nonresonant

( 5 4 ) 103 2289
D 0 0+ 0 +

( 4.2 3.0 ) 103 2208
D a1(1260)

( 4 4 ) 103 2123
D 0 +

( 4. 1 0.9 ) 103 2206
D (2010) + +

( 1.35 0.22 ) 103 2247
D 1 (2420)0 +, D 01

( 5. 3 2.3 ) 104 2081
D (2010) +
D + + ( 1.07 0.05 ) 103 2299
D K + + ( 7.7 0.5 ) 105 2260

D 0 (2400)0 K +, D 00 ( 6.1 2.4 ) 104 {

D +
D 1 (2760)0 K +, D 10 ( 3.6 1.2 ) 104 {
D +
D 2 (2460)0 K +, D 20 ( 2.32 0.23 ) 103 {
D +
D ++ K 0 2.9
< 106 CL=90% 2278
D K 0 1.8
< 106 CL=90% 2211
D + K 0 < 1.4 106 CL=90% 2211
D (2007)0 + ( 5.18 0.26 ) 103 2256
D CP0 (+1) + [xxx ( 2.9 0.7 ) 103 {
D CP0 (1) + [xxx ( 2.6 1.0 ) 103 {
D (2007)0 +
( 4.5 ) 103
1.2 2149
D (2007)0 + ( 9.8 ) 103
1.7 2181
D (2007)0 K + ( 0.34 ) 104
4.20 2227
D CP0 (+1) K + [xxx ( 0.4 ) 104
2.8 {
D CP0 (1) K + [xxx ( 2.31 0.33 ) 104 {
D (2007)0 K (892)+
( 8.1 1.4 ) 104 2156
D (2007)0 K + K 0 < 1.06 103 CL=90% 2132
D (2007)0 K + K (892)0 ( 1.5 0.4 ) 103 2009
D (2007)0 + + ( 1.03 0.12 ) % 2236
D (2007)0 a1(1260)+ ( 1.9 0.5 ) % 2063
D (2007)0 + + 0
( 1.8 0.4 ) % 2219
D 0 3+ 2 ( 5.7 1.2 ) 103 2196
D (2010)+ 0 < 3.6 106 2255
D (2010)+ K 0 < 9.0 106 CL=90% 2225
D (2010) + + 0 ( 1.5 0.7 )% 2235
D (2010) + + + ( 2. 6 0.4 ) 103 2217
D 0 + [yyy ( 5.9 1.3 ) 103 {
D 1 (2420)0 + ( 1.5 0.6 ) 103 S=1.3 2082
D 1 (2420)0 + B(D 01 ( 2.5 + 1. 6
1.4 ) 10
4 S=4.0 2082
D 0 + )
D 1 (2420)0 + B(D 01 ( 2.3 1.0 ) 104 2082
D 0 + (nonresonant))
D 2 (2462)0 + ( 3.5 0.4 ) 104 {
B(D 2 (2462)0 D + )
D 2 (2462)0 + B(D 20
( 2.3 1.1 ) 104 {
D 0 + )
D 2 (2462)0 + B(D 20 < 1.7 104 CL=90% {
D 0 + (nonresonant))
D 2 (2462)0 + B(D 20 ( 2.2 1.1 ) 104 {
D (2010) +)
D 0 (2400)0 + ( 6.4 1.4 ) 104 2128
B(D 0 (2400)0 D + )
D 1 (2421)0 + ( 6. 8 1.5 ) 104 {
B(D 1 (2421)0 D + )
D 2 (2462)0 +
( 1. 8 0.5 ) 104 {
B(D 2 (2462)0 D + )
D 1 (2427)0 +
( 5. 0 1.2 ) 104 {
B(D 1 (2427)0 D + )
D 1 (2420)0 + B(D 01 < 6 106 CL=90% 2082
D 0 + )

D 1 (2420)0 + < 1.4 103 CL=90% 1996

D 2 (2460)0 + < 1.3 103 CL=90% 2063
D 2 (2460)0 + B(D 20 < 2.2 105 CL=90% 2063
D 0 + )
D 2 (2460)0 + < 4.7 103 CL=90% 1977
D 0 D +s ( 9.0 0. 9 ) 103 1815
D s 0 (2317)+ D 0, D s 0+ D +s 0 ( 7.9 + 1.5
1. 3 ) 104 1605
Ds 0(2317)+ D 0 < 7.6 104 CL=90% 1605
B(Ds 0 (2317)+ D s + )
Ds 0(2317)+ D (2007)0 ( 9 7 ) 104 1511
B(Ds 0 (2317)+ D + s)
0
DsJ (2457) D + 0 ( 3. 1 + 1.0

0. 9 ) 103 {
DsJ (2457)+ D 0 ( 4. 6 + 1.3
1.1 ) 10
4 {
B(DsJ (2457)+ D + s )
DsJ (2457)+ D 0 < 2.2 104 CL=90% {
B(DsJ (2457)+
D +s + )
DsJ (2457)+ D 0 < 2.7 104 CL=90% {
B(DsJ (2457)+ D + s)
0
DsJ (2457)+ D 0 < 9.8 104 CL=90% {
B(DsJ (2457)+ D s + )
DsJ (2457)+ D (2007)0 ( 1.20 0.30 ) % {
DsJ (2457)+ D (2007)0 ( 1. 4 + 0.7
0.6 ) 10
3 {
B(DsJ (2457)+ D + s )
D Ds 1(2536)+
0 ( 4.0 1. 0 ) 104 1447
B(Ds 1 (2536)+
D (2007)0+K +0 +
D (2010) K )
D 0 Ds 1(2536)+ + ( 2.2 0. 7 ) 104 1447
B(Ds 1 (2536)
D (2007)0 K +)
D (2007)0 Ds 1(2536)+ ( 5.5 1. 6 ) 104 1339
B(Ds 1 (2536)+
D (2007)0 K +)
D 0 Ds 1(2536)+ ( 2. 3 1. 1 ) 104 1447
B(Ds 1 (2536)+ D + K 0 )
D 0 DsJ (2700)+ ( 5. 6 1. 8 ) 104 S=1.7 {
B(DsJ (2700)+ D 0 K + )
D 0 Ds 1 (2536)+, D +s 1 ( 3. 9 2. 6 ) 104 1339
D + K 0
D 0 DsJ (2573)+, D sJ + D0 K + ( 8 15 ) 106 {
D 0 DsJ (2573), D sJ + D0 K + < 2 104 CL=90% 1306
D (2007)0 DsJ (2573), D +sJ < 5 104 CL=90% 1306
D0 K +
D 0 D s + ( 7.6 1.6 ) 103 1734
D (2007)0 D +s ( 8.2 1.7 ) 103 1737
D (2007)0 D s + ( 1.71 0.24 ) % 1651
D (s)+ D 0 ( 2. 7 1 . 2 ) % {
D (2007)0 D (2010)+ ( 8.1 1.7 ) 104 1713
D 0 D (2010)+ + D (2007)0 D + < 1.30 % CL=90% 1792

D 0 D (2010)+ ( 3.9 0.5 ) 104 1792

D0 D+ ( 3.8 0.4 ) 104 1866
D0 D+ K 0 ( 1.55 0.21 ) 103 1571
D + D (2007)0 ( 6.3 1.7 ) 104 1791
D (2007)0 D + K 0 ( 2.1 0.5 ) 103 1475
D 0 D (2010)+ K 0 ( 3.8 0.4 ) 103 1476
D (2007)0 D (2010)+ K 0 ( 9.2 1.2 ) 103 1362
D 0 D 0 K + ( 1.45 0.33 ) 103 S=2.6 1577
D (2007)0 D 0 K + ( 2.26 0.23 ) 103 1481
D 0 D (2007)0 K + ( 6.3 0.5 ) 103 1481
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 K + ( 1.12 0.13 ) % 1368
D D+ K + + + ( 2. 2 0.7 ) 104 1571
D D (2010) K ( 6.3 1.1 ) 104 1475
D (2010) D + K + ( 6.0 1.3 ) 104 1475
D (2010) D (2010)+ K +

( 1.32 0.18 ) 103 1363
( D + D )( D + D ) K ( 4.05 0.30 ) % {
D +s 0 ( 1. 6 0.5 ) 105 2270
D s + 0 < 2.6 104 CL=90% 2215
D +s < 4 104 CL=90% 2235
D s + < 6 104 CL=90% 2178
D +s 0 < 3.0 104 CL=90% 2197
D s + 0 < 4 104 CL=90% 2138
D +s < 4 104 CL=90% 2195
D s + < 6 104 CL=90% 2136
D +s a1(1260)0 < 1.8 103 CL=90% 2079
D s + a1(1260)0 < 1.3 103 CL=90% 2015
D +s + 1. 2
( 1. 7
0.7 ) 106 2141
D s + < 1.2 105 CL=90% 2079
D +s K 0 < 8 104 CL=90% 2242
D s + K 0 < 9 104 CL=90% 2185
D +s K (892)0 < 4.4 106 CL=90% 2172
D +s K 0 < 3.5 106 CL=90% 2172
D s + K (892)0 < 3.5 104 CL=90% 2112
D s + K + ( 1.80 0.22 ) 104 2222
D
s K
+ + ( 1.45 0.24 ) 104 2164
D s + K (892)+ < 5 103 CL=90% 2138
s + K+(892)
D + + < 7 103 CL=90% 2076
Ds K K ( 9.7 2.1 ) 106 2149
D s K K
+ + < 1.5 105 CL=90% 2088
Charmonium modes
K+ ( 9.6 1.1 ) 104 1751
K + , K 0S K ( 2. 7 0.6 ) 105 {
K (892)+ + 0. 5
0.4 ) 10
( 1.0 3 1646
K + + < 3.9 10 4
CL=90% 1684
K + (782) < 5.3 104 CL=90% 1476
K + < 2.2 104 CL=90% 1588
K + 0 < 6.2 105 CL=90% 1723
(2S ) K + ( 3.4 1.8 ) 104 1319
(2S ) K + , pp < 1.06 107 CL=95% {
(2S ) K + , K 0S K + 2 . 3
( 3.4 1.6 ) 106 {

h (1P ) K +, h J / + < 3.4 106 CL=90% 1401

X (3730)0 K +, X 0 < 4. 6 105 CL=90% {
X (3730)0 K +, X 0 0 < 5.7 106 CL=90% {
X (3872) K + < 3.2 104 CL=90% 1141
X (3872) K +, X pp < 1. 7 108 CL=95% {
X (3872) K +, X ( 8.6 0.8 ) 106 1141
J / +
X (3872) K +, X J / ( 2.1 0.4 ) 106 S=1.1 1141
X (3872) K +, X (2S ) ( 4 4 ) 106 S=2.5 1141
X (3872) K +, X J /(1S ) < 7.7 106 CL=90% 1141
X (3872) K +, X D 0 D 0 < 6.0 105 CL=90% 1141
X (3872) K +, X D + D < 4.0 105 CL=90% 1141
X (3872) K +, X D 0 D 0 0 ( 1.0 0.4 ) 104 1141
X (3872) K +, X D 0 D 0 ( 8.5 2.6 ) 105 S=1.4 1141
X (3872)+0 K +, X 0 < 3.0 105 CL=90% {

X (3872)0 K +, X 0 < 6.9 105 CL=90% {
(782)
X (3915)0 K +, X 0 < 3. 3 105 CL=90% {
X (3915)0 K +, X 0 0 < 1.8 105 CL=90% {
X (4014)0 K +, X 0 < 3. 9 105 CL=90% {
X (4014)0 K +, X 0 0 < 1.2 105 CL=90% {
X (3900)0 K +, X 0 + < 4.7 105 CL=90% {
X (4020)0 K +, X 0 + < 1.6 105 CL=90% {
X (3872) K (892)+, X J / < 4.8 106 CL=90% 939
X (3872) K (892)+, X < 2.8 105 CL=90% 939
(2S )
X (3872)+ K 0,+ X0+ [zzz < 6.1 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S )
X (3872) K 0 +, X ( 1.06 0.31 ) 105 {
J /(1S ) +
X (4430)+ K 0, X + J / + < 1.5 105 CL=95% {
X (4430)+ K 0, X + (2S ) + < 4.7 105 CL=95% {
X (4260)0 K +, X 0 < 2.9 105 CL=95% {
J / +
X (3915) K +, X J / < 1. 4 105 CL=90% {
X (3930)0 K +, X 0 J / < 2. 5 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) K + ( 1.026 0.031) 103 1684
J /(1S ) K + + ( 8.1 1.3 ) 104 S=2.5 1612
J /(1S ) K + K K + ( 3.37 0.29 ) 105 1252
X (3915) K +, X pp < 7. 1 108 CL=95% {
J /(1S ) K (892)+ ( 1.43 0.08 ) 103 1571
J /(1S ) K (1270)+ ( 1.8 0.5 ) 103 1390
J /(1S ) K (1400)+ < 5 104 CL=90% 1308
J /(1S ) K + ( 1.24 0.14 ) 104 1510
X codd (3872) K +, X codd < 3.8 106 CL=90% {
J /
(4160) K + , J / < 7. 4 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) K + < 8.8 105 CL=90% 1273
J /(1S ) K + ( 5.0 0.4 ) 105 1227
X (4140) K +, X J /(1S ) ( 10 4 ) 106 {
X (4274) K +, X J /(1S ) < 4 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) K + + 0 . 60
( 3.20 0.32 ) 104 1388
X (3872) K , X J /
+ ( 6.0 2.2 ) 106 1141

X (3915) K +, X J / ( 3. 0 + 0. 9
0.7 ) 105 1103
J /(1S ) + ( 4. 1 0.4 ) 105 S=2.6 1728
J /(1S ) + ( 5.0 0.8 ) 105 1611
J /(1S ) + 0 nonresonant < 7.3 106 CL=90% 1717
J /(1S ) a1(1260)+ < 1.2 103 CL=90% 1415
J / pp + < 5.0 107 CL=90% 643
J /(1S ) p ( 1.18 0.31 ) 105 567
J /(1S ) 0 p < 1.1 105 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) D + < 1.2 104 CL=90% 871
J /(1S ) D 0 + < 2.5 105 CL=90% 665
(2S ) + ( 2.44 0.30 ) 105 1347
(2S ) K + ( 6.26 0.24 ) 104 1284
(2S ) K (892)+ ( 6. 7 1.4 ) 104 S=1.3 1116
(2S ) K + + ( 4. 3 0.5 ) 104 1179
(3770) K + ( 4.9 1.3 ) 104 1218
(3770) K +, D 0 D 0 ( 1.5 0.5 ) 104 S=1.4 1218
(3770) K +, D + D ( 9. 4 3.5 ) 105 1218
(4040) K + < 1.3 104 CL=90% 1003
(4160) K + ( 5.1 2.7 ) 104 868
(4160) K + , D 0 D 0 ( 8 5 ) 105 {
0 + , 0 + < 1 107 CL=90% 1531
PK
0 (1 ) + + 0.15
( 1.50 0.14 ) 104 1478
0K (892)+ < 2.1 104 CL=90% 1341
2 + , 2 + < 1 107 CL=90% 1437
K
2 + ( 1.1 0.4 ) 105 1379
K
2 (892)+ < 1.2 104 CL=90% 1228
P
1 (1 ) + ( 2.2 0.5 ) 105 1468
PK
1 (1 ) + ( 4.79 0.23 ) 104 1412
PK
1 (1 ) (892)+ ( 3.0 0.6 ) 104 S=1.1 1265
h (1P ) K + < 3.8 105 CL=90% 1401
h (1P ) K +, h pp < 6.4 108 CL=95% {
K or K modes
K 0 + ( 2.37 0.08 ) 105 2614
K + 0 ( 1.29 0.05 ) 105 2615
K + ( 7.06 0.25 ) 105 2528
K (892)+ ( 4.8 + 1. 8
1.6 ) 106 2472
K 0 (1430)+ ( 5.2 2.1 ) 106 {
K 2 (1430)+ ( 2.8 0.5 ) 105 2346
K+ ( 2.4 0.4 ) 106 S=1.7 2588
K (892)+ ( 1.93 0.16 ) 105 2534
K 0 (1430)+ ( 1.8 0.4 ) 105 {
K 2 (1430)+ ( 9.1 3.0 ) 106 2414
(1295) K + B( (1295) + 0. 8
( 2. 9 0.7 ) 106 2455
)
(1405) K + B( (1405) < 1.3 106 CL=90% 2425
)
(1405) K + B( (1405) < 1.2 106 CL=90% 2425
KK)
(1475) K + B( (1475) + 0.21 ) 105
( 1.38 0.18 2406
KK)
f1 (1285) K + < 2.0 106 CL=90% 2458

f1 (1420) K + B(f1 (1420) < 2.9 106 CL=90% 2420

)
f1 (1420) K + B(f1 (1420) < 4.1 106 CL=90% 2420
KK)
(1680) K + B((1680) < 3.4 106 CL=90% 2344
KK)
f0 (1500) K + ( 3. 7 2. 2) 106 2398
K+ ( 6. 5 0. 4) 106 2558
K (892)+ < 7.4 106 CL=90% 2503
(K )0+ ( 2. 8 0.4 ) 105 {
K 0 (1430)+ ( 2.4 0.5 ) 105 {
K 2 (1430)+ ( 2.1 0.4 ) 105 2380
a0(980)+ K 0 B(a0 (980)+ < 3.9 106 CL=90% {
+ )
a0(980)0 K + B(a0 (980)0 < 2.5 106 CL=90% {
0 )
K (892)0 + ( 1.01 0.09 ) 105 2562
K (892)+ 0 ( 8.2 1.9 ) 106 2563
K + + ( 5.10 0.29 ) 105 2609
K + + nonresonant + 0.21
( 1.63 0.15 ) 105 2609
(782) K + ( 6 9 ) 106 2558
K + f0 (980) B(f0 (980) ( 9.4 + 1.0
1. 2 ) 106 2522
+ )
f2 (1270)0 K + ( 1.07 0.27 ) 106 {
f0 (1370) 0 K + B(f (1370)0
0 < 1.07 105 CL=90% {
+ )
0 (1450) K + B(0 (1450) < 1.17 105 CL=90% {
+ )
f 2(1525) K + B(f 2 (1525) < 3.4 106 CL=90% 2392
+ )
K + 0 ( 3. 7 ) 106
0. 5 2559
K 0(1430)0 + + 0.9 ) 105
( 4. 5
0. 7 S=1.5 2445
K 2(1430)0 + + 2.2 ) 106

( 5. 6 1. 5 2445
K (1410)0 + < 4.5 105 CL=90% 2448
K (1680)0 + < 1.2 105 CL=90% 2358
K + 0 0 ( 1.62 0.19 ) 105 2610
f0 (980) K + B(f0 0 0 ) ( 2.8 0.8 ) 106 2522
K + + < 9.5 107 CL=90% 2609
K + + nonresonant < 5.6 105 CL=90% 2609
K1(1270)0 + < 4.0 105 CL=90% 2484
K1(1400)0 + < 3.9 105 CL=90% 2451
K 0 + 0 < 6.6 105 CL=90% 2609
K 0 + ( 8.0 1.5 ) 106 2558
K (892)+ +
( 7.5 1.0 ) 105 2557
K (892)+ 0 ( 4.6 1.1 ) 106 2504
K (892)+ f0(980) ( 4.2 0.7 ) 106 2466
a+1 K 0 ( 3.5 0.7 ) 105 {
b+1 K 0 B(b+1 + ) ( 9.6 1.9 ) 106 {
K (892)0 + ( 9.2 1.5 ) 106 2504
K1(1400)+ 0 < 7.8 104 CL=90% 2388
K 2(1430)+ 0 < 1.5 103 CL=90% 2381
b01 K + B(b01 0) ( 9.1 2.0 ) 106 {

b+1 K 0 B(b+1 +) < 5.9 106 CL=90% {

b01 K + B(b01 0 ) < 6.7 106 CL=90% {
K+K0 ( 1.31 0.17 ) 106 S=1.2 2593
K 0 K + 0 < 2.4 105 CL=90% 2578
K + K 0S K 0S ( 1.08 0.06 ) 105 2521
f0 (980) K +, f0 K 0S K 0S ( 1.47 0.33 ) 105 {
f0 (1710) K +, f0 K 0S K 0S ( 4.8 + 4. 0
2.6 ) 107 {
K + K 0S K 0S nonresonant ( 2.0 0.4 ) 105 2521
K 0S K 0S + < 5.1 107 CL=90% 2577
K + K + ( 5.0 0.7 ) 106 2578
K + K + nonresonant < 7.5 105 CL=90% 2578
K + K (892)0 < 1.1 106 CL=90% 2540
K + K 0(1430)0 < 2.2 106 CL=90% 2421
K + K + < 1.6 107 CL=90% 2578
f 2(1525) K + ( 1.8 0.5 ) 106 S=1.1 2392
K + + K < 1.18 105 CL=90% 2524
K (892)+ K (892)0 ( 9.1 2.9 ) 107 2484
K ++ K+ < 6.1 106 CL=90% 2524
K K K+ ( 3.40 0.14 ) 105 S=1.4 2523
K+ + 0. 7
( 8. 8 0.6 ) 106 S=1.1 2516
f0 (980) K+ B(f0 (980) ( 9.4 3.2 ) 106 2522
K+K )
a2(1320) K + B(a2 (1320) < 1.1 106 CL=90% 2449
K+K )
X0 (1550) K + B(X0 (1550) ( 4.3 0.7 ) 106 {
K + K )
(1680) K + B((1680) < 8 107 CL=90% 2344
K + K )
f0 (1710) K + B(f0 (1710) ( 1.1 0.6 ) 106 2330
K + K )
K + K K + nonresonant + 0.28
( 2.38 0.50 ) 105 2523
K (892)+ K + K
( 3.6 0.5 ) 105 2466
K (892)+ ( 10.0 2.0 ) 106 S=1.7 2460
(K )0+ ( 8.3 1.6 ) 106 {
K1 (1270)+ ( 6.1 1.9 ) 106 2375
K1 (1400)+ < 3.2 106 CL=90% 2339
K (1410)+ < 4.3 106 CL=90% {
K 0 (1430)+ ( 7.0 1.6 ) 106 {
K 2 (1430)+ ( 8.4 2.1 ) 106 2333
K 2 (1770)+ < 1.50 105 CL=90% {
K 2 (1820)+ < 1.63 105 CL=90% {
a+1 K 0 < 3.6 106 CL=90% {
K + ( 5.0 1.2 ) 106 S=2.3 2306
K + < 2.5 105 CL=90% 2338
K+ < 1.9 106 CL=90% 2374
X (1812) K + B(X ) < 3.2 107 CL=90% {
K (892)+ ( 4.21 0.18 ) 105 2564
K1(1270)+ ( 4. 3 1 . 3 ) 105 2486
K+ ( 7.9 0.9 ) 106 2588
K + + 1. 0
( 2. 9 0.9 ) 106 2528

K+ ( 2. 7 0 . 4 ) 106 S=1.2 2516

K + + ( 2.76 0.22 ) 105 S=1.2 2609
K (892)0 + ( 2. 0 + 0.7
0. 6 ) 105 2562
K + 0 < 2.0 105 CL=90% 2559
K + + nonresonant < 9.2 106 CL=90% 2609
K 0 + 0 ( 4. 6 0 . 5 ) 105 2609
K1(1400)+ < 1.5 105 CL=90% 2453
K 2(1430)+ ( 1. 4 0 . 4 ) 105 2447
K (1680)+ < 1.9 103 CL=90% 2360
K 3(1780)+ < 3.9 105 CL=90% 2341
K 4(2045)+ < 9.9 103 CL=90% 2244
Light un avored meson modes

+ ( 9. 8 2. 5 ) 107 2583
+ 0 ( 5. 5 0. 4 ) 106 S=1.2 2636
+ + ( 1.52 0.14 ) 105 2630
0 + ( 8. 3 1.2 ) 106 2581
f f
+ 0 (980), 0 + < 1.5 106 CL=90% 2545
f
+ 2 (1270) ( 1. 6 + 0.7 ) 106
0. 4 2484
(1450)0 + , 0 + ( 1. 4 + 0.6
0.9 ) 10
6 2434
f0 (1370) +, f0 + < 4.0 106 CL=90% 2460
f0 (500) + , f0 + < 4.1 106 CL=90% {
+ + nonresonant ( 5. 3 + 1.5
1. 1 ) 106 2630
+ 0 0 < 8.9 104 CL=90% 2631
+ 0 ( 1.09 0.14 ) 105 2581
+ + 0 < 4.0 103 CL=90% 2622
+ 0 ( 2.40 0.19 ) 105 2523
f f
+ 0 (980), 0 + < 2.0 106 CL=90% 2486
a + 0
1 (1260) ( 2.6 0. 7 ) 105 2494
a 0 +
1 (1260) ( 2.0 0. 6 ) 105 2494
+ ( 6. 9 0. 5 ) 106 2580
+ ( 1.59 0.21 ) 105 2522
+ ( 4.02 0.27 ) 106 2609
+ ( 7. 0 2. 9 ) 106 S=2.8 2553
+ ( 2. 7 0. 9 ) 106 S=1.9 2551
+ ( 9. 7 2. 2 ) 106 2492
+ < 1.5 107 CL=90% 2539
+ < 3.0 106 CL=90% 2480
a 0 + a0
0 (980) , 0
0 < 5.8 106 CL=90% {
a0 (980) a
+ 0 , + +
0 < 1.4 106 CL=90% {
+ + + < 8.6 104 CL=90% 2608
a
0 1 (1260)+ < 6.2 104 CL=90% 2433
a
0 2 (1320)+ < 7.2 104 CL=90% 2410
b 1 1b
0 + , 0 0 ( 6. 7 2. 0 ) 106 {
b 1 1b
+ 0 , + + < 3.3 106 CL=90% {
+ + + 0 < 6.3 103 CL=90% 2592
b 1 b
+ 0 , + +
1 < 5.2 106 CL=90% {
a1(1260)+ a1 (1260)0 < 1.3 % CL=90% 2336
b01 +, b01 0 < 3.3 106 CL=90% {

Charged parti le (h ) modes

h = K or
h+ 0 ( 1. 6 + 0. 7
0.6 ) 105 2636
h+ + 0.27 ) 105
( 1.38 0.24 2580
h+ X 0 (Familon) < 4. 9 105 CL=90% {
Baryon modes
pp + ( 1.62 0.20 ) 106 2439
pp + nonresonant < 5.3 105 CL=90% 2439
ppK + ( 5.9 0.5 ) 106 S=1.5 2348
(1710)++ p, ++ pK +[aaaa < 9. 1 108 CL=90% {
fJ (2220) K +, fJ pp [aaaa < 4. 1 107 CL=90% 2135
p(1520) ( 3.1 0.6 ) 107 2322
ppK + nonresonant < 8.9 105 CL=90% 2348
ppK (892)+ ( + 0. 8
3. 6 0.7 ) 106 2215
fJ (2220) K , fJ pp
+ < 7.7 107 CL=90% 2059
p < 3.2 107 CL=90% 2430
p ( + 0. 5
2. 4 0.4 ) 106 2430
p 0 ( + 0. 7
3. 0 0.6 ) 106 2402
p (1385)0 < 4.7 107 CL=90% 2362
+ < 8.2 107 CL=90% {
p < 4. 6 106 CL=90% 2413
p + ( 5.9 1.1 ) 106 2367
p 0 ( 4.8 0.9 ) 106 2214
pf2 (1270) ( 2.0 0.8 ) 106 2026
+ < 9.4 107 CL=90% 2358
K + ( 3.4 0.6 ) 106 2251
K + ( 2.2 + 1. 2
0.9 ) 106 2098
0 p < 1.38 106 CL=90% 2403
++ p < 1.4 107 CL=90% 2403
D + pp < 1.5 105 CL=90% 1860
D (2010)+ pp < 1.5 105 CL=90% 1786
D 0 pp + ( 3.72 0.27 ) 104 1789
D 0 pp + ( 3.73 0.32 ) 104 1709
D pp ++ ( 1.66 0.30 ) 104 1705
D pp ( 1.86 0.25 ) 104 1621
p00 D 0 ( 1.43 0.32 ) 105 {
p D (2007)0 < 5 105 CL=90% {
p + ( 2.2 0.4 ) 104 S=2.2 1980
(1232)++ < 1.9 105 CL=90% 1928
X (1600)++ ( 4.6 0.9 ) 105 {
X (2420)++ ( 3.7 0.8 ) 105 {
( p )s 0
+ [bbaa ( 3. 1 0 . 7 ) 105 {
(2520) p < 3 106 CL=90% 1904
(2800)0 p ( 2.6 0.9 ) 105 {
p + 0 ( 1.8 0.6 ) 103 1935
p + + ( 2.2 0.7 ) 103 1880
p + + 0 < 1.34 % CL=90% 1823
+ K + ( 6.9 2.2 ) 104 {
(2455)0 p ( 2.9 0.7 ) 105 1938

(2455)0 p 0 ( 3.5 1.1 ) 104 1896

(2455)0 p + ( 3.5 1.0 ) 104 1845
(2455) p + + ( 2.34 0.20 ) 104 1845
(2593) / (2625) p +
< 1.9 104 CL=90% {
0 + , 0 + ( 2.4 0.9 ) 105 S=1.4 1144
0 + , 0 K + ( 2.1 0.9 ) 105 S=1.5 1144
Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) or Baryon number (B )

violating modes, or/and B = 1 weak neutral urrent (B1 ) modes
+ + B1 < 4.9 108 CL=90% 2638
e e
+ + B1 < 8.0 108 CL=90% 2638
+ + B1 ( 1.79 0.23 ) 108 2634
+ B1 < 9.8 105 CL=90% 2638
K + + B1 [ttt ( 4.51 0.23 ) 107 S=1.1 2617
K + e+ e B1 ( 5. 5 0.7 ) 107 2617
K + + B1 ( 4.43 0.24 ) 107 S=1.2 2612
K+ B1 < 1. 6 105 CL=90% 2617
+ B1 < 2.13 104 CL=90% 2583
K (892)+ + B1 [ttt ( 1.01 0.11 ) 106 S=1.1 2564
K (892)+ e + e B1 ( 1.55 + 0.40
0.31 ) 106 2564
K (892)+ + B1 ( 9.6 1.0 ) 107 2560
K (892)+ B1 < 4.0 105 CL=90% 2564
K + + + B1 ( 4.4 0.4 ) 107 2593
K + + B1 ( 7. 9 + 2. 1
1. 7 ) 108 2490
+ e + LF < 6.4 103 CL=90% 2637
+ e + LF < 6.4 103 CL=90% 2637
+ e LF < 1.7 107 CL=90% 2637
+ e + LF < 7.4 105 CL=90% 2338
+ e + LF < 2.0 105 CL=90% 2338
+ e LF < 7.5 105 CL=90% 2338
+ + LF < 6.2 105 CL=90% 2333
+ + LF < 4.5 105 CL=90% 2333
+ LF < 7.2 105 CL=90% 2333
K e
+ + LF < 9.1 108 CL=90% 2615
K e
+ + LF < 1.3 107 CL=90% 2615
K e
+ LF < 9.1 108 CL=90% 2615
K e
+ + LF < 4.3 105 CL=90% 2312
K e
+ + LF < 1.5 105 CL=90% 2312
K e
+ LF < 3.0 105 CL=90% 2312
K + + LF < 4.5 105 CL=90% 2298
K + + LF < 2.8 105 CL=90% 2298
K + +
+ LF < 4.8 105 CL=90% 2298
K (892) e LF < 1.3 106 CL=90% 2563
K (892)+ e + LF < 9.9 107 CL=90% 2563
K (892)+ e LF < 1.4 106 CL=90% 2563
e + e + L < 2.3 108 CL=90% 2638
+ + L < 4.0 109 CL=95% 2634
e + + L < 1.5 107 CL=90% 2637
e + e + L < 1.7 107 CL=90% 2583
+ + L < 4.2 107 CL=90% 2578
e + + L < 4.7 107 CL=90% 2582
K e ++ e ++ L < 3.0 108 CL=90% 2617
K L < 4.1 108 CL=90% 2612
K e + + L < 1.6 107 CL=90% 2615

K (892) e + e + L < 4.0 107 CL=90% 2564

K (892) + + L < 5.9 107 CL=90% 2560
K (892) e + + L < 3.0 107 CL=90% 2563
D e + e ++ L < 2.6 106 CL=90% 2309
D e+ L < 1.8 106 CL=90% 2307
D ++++ L < 6.9 107 CL=95% 2303
D L < 2.4 106 CL=95% 2251
D s + + L < 5.8 107 CL=95% 2267
D 0 + + L < 1.5 106 CL=95% 2295
0 + L,B < 6 108 CL=90% {
00 e + L,B < 3. 2 108 CL=90% {
+ L,B < 6 108 CL=90% {
0 e + L,B < 8 108 CL=90% {
B0 I (J P ) = 21 (0 )
predi tions.
Mass m B 0 = 5279.62 0.15 MeV (S = 1.1)
mB 0 m B = 0.31 0.06 MeV
Mean life B 0 = (1.520 0.004) 1012 s
= 455.7 m
B + / B 0 = 1.076 0.004 (dire t measurements)
B 0 -B 0 mixing parameters
d = 0.1875 0.0017
m B 0 = m B 0 m B 0 = (0.5096 0.0034) 1012 h
s 1
H L
= (3.354 0.022) 1010 MeV
xd = mB /
0 B =00 .775 0.006
Re CP / CP Re(z) = 0.01 0.05
Re(z) = 0.007 0.004
Re(z) = (2 5) 102
Im(z) = ( 0.8 0.4) 102
CP violation parameters

Re(B 0 )/(1+B 0 2 ) = ( 0.4 0.4) 103
AT /CP = 0.005 0.018
ACP (B 0 D (2010)+ D ) = 0.037 0.034
ACP (B 0 [ K + K D K (892)0 ) = 0.20 0.15
ACP (B 0 [ K + D K (892)0) = 0.03 0.04
R +d = (B 0 [ + K D K 0 ) / (B 0 [ K + D K 0) =
0.06 0.032
R d = (B 0 [ K + D K 0 ) / (B 0 [ + K D K 0 ) =
0.06 0.032
ACP (B 0 [ + D K (892)0) = 0.09 0.22
ACP (B 0 K + ) = 0.082 0.006
ACP (B 0 K (892)0) = 0.07 0.18
ACP (B 0 K 0(1430)0 ) = 0.19 0.17
ACP (B 0 K 2(1430)0 ) = 0.14 0.18
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 ) = 0.19 0.05
ACP (B 0 K 0(1430)0) = 0.06 0.13
ACP (B 0 K 2(1430)0) = 0.07 0.19

ACP (B 0 b1 K +) = 0.07 0.12

ACP (B 0 K 0) = 0.45 0.25
ACP (B 0 (K )00 ) = 0.07 0.09
ACP (B 0 K 2(1430)0 ) = 0.37 0.17
ACP (B 0 K + 0 ) = (0 6) 102
ACP (B 0 K +) = 0.20 0.11
ACP (B 0 (1450) K +) = 0.10 0.33
ACP (B 0 (1700) K +) = 0.4 0.6
ACP (B 0 K + 0 nonresonant) = 0.10 0.18
ACP (B 0 K 0 + ) = 0.01 0.05
ACP (B 0 K (892)+ ) = 0.22 0.06
ACP (B 0 (K )0+ ) = 0.09 0.07
ACP (B 0 (K )00 0 ) = 0.15 0.11
ACP (B 0 K 0 0 ) = 0.15 0.13
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 + ) = 0.07 0.05
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 0) = 0.06 0.09
ACP (B 0 K 0 f0 (980)) = 0.07 0.10
ACP (B 0 K + ) = 0.21 0.15
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 K + K ) = 0.01 0.05
ACP (B 0 a1 K +) = 0.16 0.12
ACP (B 0 K 0 K 0) = 0.6 0.7
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 ) = 0.00 0.04
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 K + ) = 0.2 0.4
ACP (B 0 (K )00 ) = 0.12 0.08
ACP (B 0 K 2(1430)0) = 0.11 0.10
ACP (B 0 K (892)0 ) = 0.002 0.015
ACP (B 0 K 2(1430)0 ) = 0.08 0.15
ACP (B 0 + ) = 0.13 0.06 (S = 1.1)
ACP (B 0 +) = 0.08 0.08
ACP (B 0 a1(1260) ) = 0.07 0.06
ACP (B 0 b1 +) = 0.05 0.10
ACP (B 0 ppK (892)0 ) = 0.05 0.12
ACP (B 0 p ) = 0.04 0.07
ACP (B 0 K 0 + ) = 0.05 0.10
ACP (B 0 K 0 e + e ) = 0.21 0.19
ACP (B 0 K 0 + ) = 0.034 0.024
CD D (B 0 D (2010) D + ) = 0.01 0.11
+
SD D (B 0 D (2010) D + ) = 0.72 0.15

+
CD D (B 0 D (2010)+ D ) = 0.00 0.13 (S = 1.3)

+
SD D (B 0 D (2010)+ D ) = 0.73 0.14

+
CD D (B 0 D + D ) = 0.01 0.09 (S = 1.6)

+
SD D (B 0 D + D ) = 0.59 0.14 (S = 1.8)

+
C+ (B 0 D + D ) = 0.00 0.10 (S = 1.6)

S+ (B 0 D + D ) = 0.73 0.09
C (B 0 D + D ) = 0.19 0.31
S (B 0 D + D ) = 0.1 1.6 (S = 3.5)
C (B 0 D (2010)+ D (2010) K 0S ) = 0.01 0.29
S (B 0 D (2010)+ D (2010) K 0S ) = 0.1 0.4
CD D (B 0 D + D ) = 0.46 0.21 (S = 1.8)
+
SD D (B 0 D + D ) = 0.99 + 00..14
+
17

CJ /(1S ) (B 0 J /(1S ) 0 ) = 0.13 0.13

0
SJ /(1S ) (B 0 J /(1S ) 0 ) = 0.94 0.29 (S = 1.9)

0
C(B 0 J /(1S ) 0 ) = 0.06 0.06

S(B 0 J /(1S ) 0 ) = 0.66 + 00..12
16
CD h (B 0 D CP h0) = 0.02 0.08

( )
(
0
)
CP
SD h (B 0 D (CP
( ) 0
) 0
h ) = 0.66 0.12
CK (B K ) = 0.00 0.13 (S = 1.4)
CP
0 0 0
0 0
SK (B 0 K 0 0) = 0.58 0.17
0 0
C (958) K S (B 0 (958) K 0S ) = 0.04 0.20 (S = 2.5)

0
S (958) K S (B 0 (958) K 0S ) = 0.43 0.17 (S = 1.5)

0
C K (B 0 K 0) = 0.06 0.04
0
S K (B 0 K 0) = 0.63 0.06
0
C K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.0 0.4 (S = 3.0)

0
S K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.70 0.21
0
C (B 0 K 0S 0 0 ) = 0.2 0.5
S (B 0 K 0S 0 0) = 0.7 0.7
C K S (B 0 0 K 0S ) = 0.04 0.20
0 0
S K S (B 0 0 K 0S ) = 0.50 + 00..21
0 0
17
Cf K S (B f0 (980) K S ) = 0.29 0.20

0
0
0
0
Sf K S (B 0 f0 (980) K 0S ) = 0.50 0.16

0
0
Sf K S (B 0 f2 (1270) K 0S ) = 0.5 0.5

2
0
Cf K S (B 0 f2 (1270) K 0S ) = 0.3 0.4

2
0
Sfx K S (B 0 fx (1300) K 0S ) = 0.2 0.5

0
Cfx K S (B 0 fx (1300) K 0S ) = 0.13 0.35

0
SK (B 0 K 0 + nonresonant) = 0.01 0.33

0 +
CK (B 0 K 0 + nonresonant) = 0.01 0.26

0 +
CK S K S (B 0 K 0S K 0S ) = 0.0 0.4 (S = 1.4)

0 0
SK S K S (B 0 K 0S K 0S ) = 0.8 0.5
0 0
CK K K S (B 0 K + K K 0S nonresonant) = 0.06 0.08

+ 0
SK K K S (B 0 K + K K 0S nonresonant) = 0.66 0.11

+ 0
CK K K S (B 0 K + K K 0S in lusive) = 0.01 0.09

+ 0
SK K K S (B 0 K + K K 0S in lusive) = 0.65 0.12

+ 0
C K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.01 0.14
0
S K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.59 0.14
0
CKS KS KS (B 0 KS KS KS ) = 0.23 0.14

SKS KS KS (B 0 KS KS KS ) = 0.5 0.6 (S = 3.0)
CK S (B 0 K 0S 0 ) = 0.36 0.33
0 0
SK S (B 0 K 0S 0 ) = 0.8 0.6
0 0
CK (B 0 K (892)0 ) = 0.04 0.16 (S = 1.2)

0

SK (B 0 K (892)0 ) = 0.15 0.22

0
C K (B 0 K 0 ) = 0.3 0.4
0
S K (B 0 K 0 ) = 0.2 0.5
0
CK (B 0 K 0 ) = 0.3 0.6
0
SK (B 0 K 0 ) = 0.7 + 10..17
0
C(B 0 K 0S 0 ) = 0.05 0.19

S(B 0 K 0S 0 ) = 0.11 0.34
C (B 0 0 ) = 0.4 0.5
S (B 0 0 ) = 0.8 0.7
C (B 0 + ) = 0.31 0.05
S (B 0 + ) = 0.67 0.06
C (B 0 0 0) = 0.43 0.24
0 0
C (B 0 + ) = 0.03 0.07 (S = 1.2)

S (B 0 + ) = 0.05 0.07
C (B 0 + ) = 0.27 0.06
S (B 0 + ) = 0.01 0.08
C (B 0 0 0 ) = 0.27 0.24
0 0
S (B 0 0 0 ) = 0.23 0.34
0 0
Ca (B 0 a1 (1260)+ ) = 0.05 0.11

Sa (B 0 a1 (1260)+ ) = 0.2 0.4 (S = 3.2)
1
Ca (B 0 a1 (1260)+ ) = 0.43 0.14 (S = 1.3)

1
Sa (B 0 a1 (1260)+ ) = 0.11 0.12

1
C (B 0 b1 K +) = 0.22 0.24
C (B 0 b +
1 ) = 1.04 0.24
C (B 0) = 0.2 0.9
0 0
0 0
S (B 0 0 0 ) = 0.3 0.7
0 0
C (B 0 + ) = 0.00 0.09
S (B 0 + ) = 0.14 0.13
(B 0 J / K (892)0 ) < 0.25, CL = 95%
os 2 (B 0 J / K (892)0 ) = 1.7 + 0. 7
0.9 (S = 1.6)
os 2 (B 0 [ K 0S + D h0 ) = 1.0 +
( )
0. 6
0.7 (S = 1.8)
(S+ + S )/2 (B D ) = 0.039 0.011
0 +
(S S+ )/2 (B 0 D + ) = 0.009 0.015
(S+ + S )/2 (B 0 D + ) = 0.046 0.023
(S S+ )/2 (B 0 D + ) = 0.022 0.021
(S+ + S )/2 (B 0 D + ) = 0.024 0.032
(S S+ )/2 (B 0 D + ) = 0.10 0.06
C K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.08 0.13
0
S K S (B 0 K 0S ) = 0.93 0.17
0
C K (B 0 K ()0 ) = (0.5 1.7) 102

( )0
sin(2 ) = 0.679 0.020

CJ /(nS) K 0 (B 0 J /(nS) K 0) = (0.5 2.0) 102
SJ /(nS) K 0 (B 0 J /(nS) K 0) = 0.676 0.021
CJ / K (B 0 J / K 0) = 0.03 0.10
0
SJ / K (B 0 J / K 0) = 0.60 0.25
0
C K S (B 0 0 K 0S ) = 0.3 + 00..45
0
0

S K S (B 0 0 K 0S ) = 0.7 0.5
0
0
C K S (B 0 1 K 0S ) = 0.06 0.07
1
0
S K S (B 0 1 K 0S ) = 0.63 0.10
1
0
sin(2e )(B 0 K 0 ) = 0.22 0.30

sin(2e )(B 0 K0 (1430)0 ) = 0.97 + 0.03
0.52
sin(2e )(B 0 K + K K 0S ) = 0.77 + 0.13
0.12
sin(2e )(B 0 [ K 0S + D h0 ) = 0.45 0.28
( )
2 (B 0 J / 0 ) = (42 + 10
11 )
e 0
(B [ K 0 + h0 ) = 1.01 0.08
S D ( )
sin(2 + ) > 0.40, CL = 90%
2 + = (83 60)
B DK
( 0 0 0 ) = (162 60)
= (93 5)
B 0 modes are harge onjugates of the modes below. Rea tions indi ate the
weak de ay vertex and do not in lude mixing. Modes whi h do not identify the
harge state of the B are listed in the B /B 0 ADMIXTURE se tion.
The bran hing fra tions listed below assume 50% B 0 B 0 and 50% B + B
produ tion at the (4S ). We have attempted to bring older measurements up
to date by res aling their assumed (4S ) produ tion ratio to 50:50 and their
assumed D , Ds , D , and bran hing ratios to urrent values whenever this
would ae t our averages and best limits signi antly.
Indentation is used to indi ate a sub hannel of a previous rea tion. All resonant
sub hannels have been orre ted for resonan e bran hing fra tions to the nal
state so the sum of the sub hannel bran hing fra tions an ex eed that of the
nal state.
S ale fa tor/ p
B 0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
+ anything [ttt ( 10.33 0.28) % {

e + X
e ( 10.1 0.4 ) % {
D + anything ( 9. 2 0.8 ) % {
D + [ttt ( 2.19 0.12) % 2309
D

+ ( 1.03 0.22) % 1909
D

(2010) + [ttt ( 4.93 0.11) % 2257
D

(2010) + ( 1.78 0.17) % S=1.1 1837
D

0 + ( 4. 3 0.6 ) 103 2308

D (2400) + ,
0 D

0 ( 3. 0 1.2 ) 103 S=1.8 {
D 0
D (2460) + ,
2 D

2 ( 1.21 0.33) 103 S=1.8 2065
D 0
D () n + (n 1) ( 2.3 0.5 ) % {
D

0 + ( 4.9 0.8 ) 103 2256

D +
1 (2420) , D

1 ( 2.80 0.28) 103 {
D 0
D (2430) + ,
1 D

1 ( 3.1 0.9 ) 103 {
D 0
D (2460) + ,
2 D

2 ( 6.8 1.2 ) 104 2065
D 0

D + + ( 1. 3 0.5 ) 103 2299

D + +
( 1. 4 0.5 ) 103 2247
+
[ttt ( 2.94 0.21) 104 2583
+ [ttt ( 1.45 0.05) 104 2638
+ < 2.5 104 CL=90% 2338
In lusive modes
K anything ( 78 8 )% {
D 00 X ( 8. 1 1. 5 ) % {
DX ( 47.4 2.8 ) % {
D+ X < 3.9 % CL=90% {
D X ( 36.9 3.3 ) % {
D +s X + 2.1 ) %
( 10.3 1. 8 {
D s X < 2.6 % CL=90% {
+ X < 3.1 % CL=90% {
X + 2.1
( 5. 0 1. 5 )% {
X ( 95 5 )% {
X ( 24.6 3.1 )% {
X (119 6 )% {
D , D , or Ds modes
D + ( 2.52 0.13) 103 S=1.1 2306
D + 0 + ( 7. 5 1.2 ) 103 2235
D K ( 4.9 0.9 ) 104 2259
D K (892)+ ( 4.5 0.7 ) 104 2211
D + ( 2. 8 0.6 ) 103 2204
D K + ( 1.86 0.20) 104 2279
D K + + ( 3. 5 0.8 ) 104 2236
D K + K 0 < 3.1 104 CL=90% 2188
D K + K (892)0 ( 8.8 1.9 ) 104 2070
D 0 + ( 8. 8 0.5 ) 104 2301
D (2010) + ( 2.74 0.13) 103 2255
D0 K + K ( 4. 9 1.2 ) 105 2191
D + + ( 6. 0 0.7 ) 103 S=1.1 2287
( D + + ) nonresonant ( 3. 9 1.9 ) 103 2287
D + 0 ( 1. 1 1.0 ) 103 2206
D a1(1260)+ ( 6. 0 3.3 ) 103 2121
D (2010) + 0 ( 1.5 0. 5 ) % 2248
D (2010) + +
( 2. 2 1.8
2.7 ) 10
3 S=5.2 2180
D (2010) K
+ ( 2.12 0.15) 10 4
2226
D (2010) K 0 + ( 3.0 0.8 ) 104 2205
D (2010) K (892)+ ( 3.3 0.6 ) 104 2155
D (2010) K + K 0 < 4.7 104 CL=90% 2131
D (2010) K + K (892)0 ( 1.29 0.33) 103 2007
D (2010) + + ( 7. 0 0.8 ) 103 S=1.3 2235
( D (2010) + + ) nonres- ( 0. 0 2.5 ) 103 2235
onant
D (2010) + 0 ( 5. 7 3.2 ) 103 2150
D (2010) a1(1260)+ ( 1.30 0.27) % 2061
D 1 (2420)0 +, D 01 ( 1. 4 0.4 ) 104 {
D +
D (2010) K + + ( 4. 5 0.7 ) 104 2181
D (2010) + + 0 ( 1.76 0.27) % 2218
D 3+ 2 ( 4. 7 0.9 ) 103 2195

D (2010) + ( 2.46 0.18) 103 S=1.2 2148

D1 (2430)0 , D 01 D + ( 2. 7 + 0. 8
0.4 ) 10
4 1992
D (1450)+ ( 1.07 + 0.40

0.34 ) 10
3 {
D 1 (2420)0 ( 7.0 2.2 ) 105 1995
D 2 (2460)0 ( 4.0 1.4 ) 105 1975
D b1(1235), b1 < 7 105 CL=90% {
D + [yyy ( 1.9 0.9 ) 103 {
D1 (2420) + , D 1 ( 9. 9 + 2. 0
2.5 ) 10
5 {
D ++
D1 (2420) , D 1 < 3. 3 105 CL=90% {
D +
D 2 (2460) +, (D2 ) ( 2.38 0.16) 104 2062
D 0
D 0 (2400) +, (D0 ) ( 7.6 0.8 ) 105 2090
D 0
D2 (2460) + , (D2 ) < 2. 4 105 CL=90% {
D +
D 2 (2460) + < 4. 9 103 CL=90% 1974
D0 D0 ( 1. 4 0.7 ) 105 1868
D 0 D 0 < 2. 9 104 CL=90% 1794
D D+ ( 2.11 0.18) 104 1864
D D + (CP -averaged) ( 6. 1 0.6 ) 104 {
D Ds ( 7. 2 0.8 ) 103 1813
D (2010) D +s ( 8. 0 1.1 ) 103 1735
D D s+ ( 7. 4 1.6 ) 103 1732
D (2010) D s + ( 1.77 0.14) % 1649
Ds 0(2317) K +, D s 0 D s 0 ( 4. 2 1.4 ) 105 2097
Ds 0(2317) + , D s 0 D s 0 < 2. 5 105 CL=90% 2128
DsJ (2457) K +, D sJ D s 0 < 9. 4 106 CL=90% {
DsJ (2457) +, D sJ D s 0 < 4. 0 106 CL=90% {
D s D +s < 3. 6 105 CL=90% 1759
s D s+
D + < 1. 3 104 CL=90% 1675
Ds Ds < 2. 4 104 CL=90% 1583
D s 0 (2317)+ D , D s 0+ D +s 0 ( 1.04 0.17) 103 S=1.1 1602
Ds 0(2317)+ D , D +s 0 D s + < 9.5 104 CL=90% {
Ds 0(2317)+ D (2010), D +s 0 ( 1. 5 0.6 ) 103 1509
D +s 0
DsJ (2457)+ D ( 3.5 1.1 ) 103 {
DsJ (2457) D , D sJ D s
+ + + ( 6. 5 + 1.7
1.4 ) 10
4 {
DsJ (2457)+ D , D sJ + D +
s < 6.0 10 4
CL=90% {
DsJ (2457)+ D , D sJ + < 2. 0 104 CL=90% {
Ds
+ +
DsJ (2457)+ D , D sJ + D + 0
s < 3. 6 104 CL=90% {
D (2010) DsJ (2457)+ ( 9.3 2.2 ) 103 {
DsJ (2457)+ D (2010), D sJ + ( 2. 3 + 0. 9
0.7 ) 10
3 {
D +s
D Ds 1(2536)+, D +s 1
( 2.8 0.7 ) 104 1444
D0 K + + D++ K 0+
D Ds 1(2536) , D s 1 ( 1.7 0.6 ) 104 1444
D 0 K +

D Ds 1(2536)+, D +s 1 ( 2.6 1.1 ) 104 1444

D + K 0
D (2010) Ds 1(2536)+, D +s 1 ( 5.0 1.4 ) 104 1336
D 0 K + + D + K 0
D (2010) Ds 1(2536)+, ( 3.3 1.1 ) 104 1336
D +s 1 D 0 K +
D Ds 1(2536)+, D +s 1 ( 5.0 1.7 ) 104 1336
D + K 0
D DsJ (2573)+, D sJ + ( 3.4 1.8 ) 105 1414
D 0K+
D (2010) DsJ (2573)+, D sJ + < 2 104 CL=90% 1304
D 0K+
D DsJ (2700)+, D sJ + ( 7.1 1.2 ) 104 {
DK 0 +
D ++ ( 7. 4 1.3 ) 107 2306
D s ( 2.16 0.26) 105 2270
D s + ( 2. 1 0.4 ) 105 S=1.4 2215
D +s < 2.4 105 CL=90% 2197
D s + ( 4. 1 1.3 ) 105 2138
D +s a0 < 1.9 105 CL=90% {
D s + a0 < 3.6 105 CL=90% {
D +s a1(1260) < 2.1 103 CL=90% 2080
D s + a1(1260) < 1.7 103 CL=90% 2015
D +s a2 < 1.9 104 CL=90% {
D s + a2 < 2.0 104 CL=90% {
D s K + ( 2. 7 0.5 ) 105 S=2.7 2242
D
s K
+ ( 2.19 0.30) 105 2185
D s K (892)+ ( 3.5 1.0 ) 105 2172
D s K (892)
+ ( 3. 2 + 1.5
1.3 ) 10
5 2112
Ds K
+ 0
( 9.7 1.4 ) 10 5
2222
D s K
+ 0 < 1.10 104 CL=90% 2164
D s K + + ( 1. 7 0.5 ) 104 2198
D s + K (892)0 < 3.0 103 CL=90% 2138
D s K (892)
+ 0 < 1.6 103 CL=90% 2076
D0 K 0 ( 5.2 0.7 ) 105 2280
D 0 K + ( 8. 8 1.7 ) 105 2261
D 0 K (892)0 ( 4. 5 0.6 ) 105 2213
D 0 K (1410)0 < 6.7 105 CL=90% 2062
D 0 K 0(1430)0 ( 7 7 ) 106 2057
D 0 K 2(1430)0 ( 2. 1 0.9 ) 105 2057
D 0 (2400) , D 0 D
0 ( 1. 9 0.9 ) 105 {
D 2 (2460) K +, D 2 ( 2.03 0.35) 105 2029
D 0 +
D 3 (2760) K , D 3
< 1.0 106 CL=90% {
D 0
D 0 K + non-resonant < 3.7 105 CL=90% {
[ K + K D K (892)0 ( 4. 7 0.9 ) 105 {
[ + D K (892)0 ( 5.5 1.4 ) 105 {
D 00 00 ( 2.63 0.14) 104 2308
D ( 3.21 0.21) 104 2237
D 0 f2 ( 1.56 0.21) 104 {
D0 ( 2.36 0.32) 104 S=2.5 2274

D 0 ( 1.38 0.16) 104 S=1.3 2198

D 00 ( 2.54 0.16) 104 2235
D < 1.16 105 CL=90% 2183
D 0 K + ( 5. 3 3.2 ) 106 2261
D 0 K (892)0 < 1. 1 105 CL=90% 2213
D 0 < 2.5 105 CL=90% 2258
D (2007)0 0 ( 2. 2 0.6 ) 104 S=2.6 2256
D (2007)0 0 < 5. 1 104 CL=90% 2182
D (2007)0 ( 2. 3 0.6 ) 104 S=2.8 2220
D (2007)0 ( 1.40 0.22) 104 2141
D (2007)0 + ( 6. 2 2.2 ) 104 2249
D (2007)0 K 0 ( 3. 6 1.2 ) 105 2227
D (2007)0 K (892)0 < 6. 9 105 CL=90% 2157
D (2007)0 K (892)0 < 4. 0 105 CL=90% 2157
D (2007)0 + + ( 2. 7 0.5 ) 103 2219
D (2010)+ D (2010) ( 8. 0 0.6 ) 104 1711
D (2007)0 ( 3. 6 1.1 ) 104 S=3.1 2180
D (2010)+ D ( 6. 1 1.5 ) 104 S=1.6 1790
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 < 9 105 CL=90% 1715
D D 0 K + ( 1.07 0.11) 103 1574
D D (2007)0 K + ( 3. 5 0.4 ) 103 1478
D (2010) D 0 K + ( 2.47 0.21) 103 1479
D (2010) D (2007)0 K + ( 1.06 0.09) % 1366
D D+ K 0 ( 7. 5 1.7 ) 104 1568
D (2010) D + K 0 + ( 6. 4 0.5 ) 103 1473
D D (2010)+ K 0
D (2010) D (2010)+ K+0 ( 8.1 0.7 ) 103 1360
D Ds 1(2536)+, D s 1 ( 8.0 2.4 ) 104 1336
D + K 0
D0 D0 K 0 ( 2.7 1.1 ) 104 1574
D 0 D (2007)0 K 0 + ( 1.1 0.5 ) 103 1478
D (2007)0 D 0 K 0
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 K 0 ( 2.4 0.9 ) 103 1365
( D + D )( D + D ) K ( 3.68 0.26) % {
Charmonium modes
K
0 ( 8. 0 1.2 ) 104 1751
K
(892)0 ( 6. 3 0.9 ) 104 1646
SK
(2 ) 0 < 3. 9 104 CL=90% 1157
h (1P ) K 0 < 4 104 CL=90% 1253
J /(1S ) K 0 ( 8.73 0.32) 104 1683
J /(1S ) K + ( 1.15 0.05) 103 1652
J /(1S ) K (892)0 ( 1.28 0.05) 103 1571
J /(1S ) K 0S ( 5. 4 0.9 ) 105 1508
J /(1S ) K 0S < 2. 5 105 CL=90% 1271
J /(1S ) K 0 ( 4. 9 1.0 ) 105 S=1.3 1224
J /(1S ) K 0 ( 2. 3 0.4 ) 104 1386
X (3872) K 0 , X J / ( 6. 0 3.2 ) 106 1140
X (3915), X J / ( 2. 1 0.9 ) 105 1102
J /(1S ) K (1270)0 ( 1. 3 0.5 ) 103 1391
J /(1S ) 0 ( 1.76 0.16) 105 S=1.1 1728
J /(1S ) ( 1.08 0.24) 105 S=1.5 1673
J /(1S ) + ( 4.03 0.18) 105 1716
J /(1S ) + nonresonant < 1. 2 105 CL=90% 1716
J /(1S ) f0 (500), f0 ( 8. 1 + 1. 1
0.9 ) 10
6 {

J /(1S ) f2 ( 3.3 + 0.5 ) 106

0. 6 S=1.6 {
J /(1S ) 0 ( 2.54 0.14) 105 1612
J /(1S ) f0 (980), f0 + < 1.1 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) (1450)0 , 0 + 1. 6
( 3.0 0.7 ) 106 {
J / (1700)0 , 0 + ( 2.0 1.3 ) 106 {
J /(1S ) + 0.7 ) 105
( 1. 8 0. 5 1609
J /(1S ) K + K ( 2.6 0.4 ) 106 1533
J /(1+S ) a0(980), a0 ( 4.7 3.4 ) 107 {
K K
J /(1S ) < 1. 9 107 CL=90% 1520
J /(1S ) (958) ( 7. 6 2.4 ) 106 1546
J /(1S ) K 0 + ( 4. 4 0.4 ) 104 1611
J /(1S ) K 0 K + + . . < 2.1 105 CL=90% 1467
J /(1S ) K 0 K + K ( 2. 5 0.7 ) 105 S=1.8 1249
J /(1S ) K 0 0 ( 5. 4 3.0 ) 104 1390
J /(1S ) K (892)+ ( 8 4 ) 104 1514
J /(1S ) + + ( 1.45 0.13) 105 1670
J /(1S ) f1 (1285) ( 8.4 2.1 ) 106 1385
J /(1S ) K (892)0 + ( 6. 6 2.2 ) 104 1447
X (3872) K + < 5 104 CL=90% {
X (3872) K +, X (3872) [zzz < 4. 2 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) 0
X (3872) K 0 , X J / + ( 4.3 1.3 ) 106 1140
X (3872) K 0 , X J / < 2.4 106 CL=90% 1140
X (3872) K (892)0, X J / < 2.8 106 CL=90% 940
X (3872) K 0 , X (2S ) < 6.62 106 CL=90% 1140
X (3872) K (892)0, X < 4.4 106 CL=90% 940
(2S )
X (3872) K 0 , X D 0 D 0 0 ( 1.7 0.8 ) 104 1140
X (3872) K 0 , X D 0 D 0 ( 1.2 0.4 ) 104 1140
X (3872) K + , X ( 7.9 1.4 ) 106 {
J / +
X (3872) K (982)0, X ( 4.0 1.5 ) 106 {
J / +
X (4430) K , X (2S ) ( + 3.0 ) 105
6. 0 2. 4 583
X (4430) K , X J /
( + 4.0 ) 106
5. 4 1. 2 583
X (3900) K , X J / < 9 107 {
X (4200) K , X J / ( + 1 3
2.2 0.8 ) 105
. {
J /(1S ) pp < 5.2 107 CL=90% 862
J /(1S ) < 1.5 106 CL=90% 1732
J /(1S ) D 0 < 1.3 105 CL=90% 877
(2S ) 0 ( 1.17 0.19) 105 1348
(2S ) K 0 ( 5.8 0.5 ) 104 1283
(3770) K 0 , D 0 D 0 < 1.23 104 CL=90% 1217
(3770) K 0 , D D + < 1.88 104 CL=90% 1217
(2S ) + ( 2.3 0.4 ) 105 1331
(2S ) K + ( 5.8 0.4 ) 104 1239
(2S ) K (892)0 ( 5.9 0.4 ) 104 1116
0 K 0 ( 1.47 0.27) 104 1477
0 K (892)0 ( 1.7 0.4 ) 104 1342
2 K 0 < 1.5 105 CL=90% 1379
2 K (892)0 ( 4.9 1.2 ) 105 S=1.1 1228

1 0 ( 1.12 0.28) 105 1468

K
1 0 ( 3.93 0.27) 104 1411
K
1 + ( 3. 8 0.4 ) 104 1371
K
1 (892)0 ( 2.39 0.19) 104 S=1.2 1265
X (4051)+ K , X + 1 + ( 3. 0 +

4. 0
1.8 ) 10
5 {
X (4248)+ K , X + 1 + ( 4.0 +20.0
1.0 ) 10
5 {
K or K modes
K + ( 1.96 0.05) 105 2615
K 0 0 ( 9. 9 0.5 ) 106 2615
K 0 ( 6. 6 0.4 ) 105 S=1.4 2528
K (892)0 ( 2. 8 0.6 ) 106 2472
K 0 (1430)0 ( 6. 3 1.6 ) 106 2346
K 2 (1430)0 ( 1.37 0.32) 105 2346
K0 ( 1.23 + 0.27
0.24 ) 10
6 2587
K (892)0

( 1.59 0.10) 105 2534
K 0 (1430)0 ( 1.10 0.22) 105 2415
K 2 (1430)0 ( 9. 6 2.1 ) 106 2414
K0 ( 4. 8 0.4 ) 106 2557
a0(980)0 K 0, a00 0 < 7. 8 106 CL=90% {
b01 K 0, b01 0 < 7. 8 106 CL=90% {
a0(980) K , a0 < 1. 9 106 CL=90% {
b1 K +, b1 ( 7. 4 1.4 ) 106 {
b01 K 0, b01 0 < 8. 0 106 CL=90% {
b1 K +, b1 < 5. 0 106 CL=90% {
a0(1450) K , a0 < 3. 1 106 CL=90% {
K 0S X 0 (Familon) < 5. 3 105 CL=90% {
K (892)0 ( 2. 0 0.5 ) 106 2503
(K )00 ( 1.84 0.25) 105 {
K 0 (1430)0 ( 1.60 0.34) 105 2380
K 2 (1430)0 ( 1.01 0.23) 105 2380
K + nonresonant ( 5. 1 1.0 ) 106 2542
K + + 0 ( 3.78 0.32) 105 2609
K ( 7. 0 0.9 ) 106 2559
K + (1450) ( 2. 4 1.2 ) 106 {
K + (1700) ( 6 7 ) 107 {
( K + 0 ) non-resonant ( 2. 8 0.6 ) 106 {
(K )0+ , (K )0+ ( 3. 4 0.5 ) 105 {
K + 0
(K )00 0 , (K )00 K + ( 8. 6 1.7 ) 106 {
K 2(1430)0 0 < 4. 0 106 CL=90% 2445
K (1680)0 0 < 7. 5 106 CL=90% 2358
K x0 0 [ aa ( 6.1 1.6 ) 106 {
K 0 + ( 5.20 0.24) 105 S=1.3 2609
K 0 + non-resonant ( 1.47 + 0.40
0.26 ) 10
5 S=2.1 {
K

0 0 ( 4. 7 0.6 ) 10 6
2558
K (892)
+ ( 8. 4 0.8 ) 106 2563
K 0(1430)+ ( 3. 3 0.7 ) 105 S=2.0 {
K x+ [ aa ( 5.1 1.6 ) 106 {
K (1410) + , K + < 3. 8 106 CL=90% {
K 0 +

f0 (980) K 0, f0 + ( 7.0 0.9 ) 106 2522

f2 (1270) K 0 + 1.3 ) 106
( 2. 7 1. 2 2459
fx (1300) K 0, fx + ( 1.8 0.7 ) 106 {
K (892)0 0 ( 3.3 0.6 ) 106 2563
K 2(1430)+ < 6 106 CL=90% 2445
K (1680)+ < 1.0 105 CL=90% 2358
K + + [ddaa < 2.3 104 CL=90% 2600
0 K + ( 2.8 0.7 ) 106 2543
f0 (980) K + , f0 + 0.5 ) 106
( 1. 4 0. 6 2506
K + + + nonresonant < 2.1 106 CL=90% 2600
K (892)0 ( 5.5 0.5 ) 105 2557
K (892)0 0 ( 3.9 1.3 ) 106 S=1.9 2504
K (892)0 f0 (980), f0
+ 2.1 ) 106
( 3. 9 1. 8 S=3.9 2466
K1(1270)+ < 3.0 105 CL=90% 2484
K1(1400)+ < 2.7 105 CL=90% 2451
a1(1260) K + [ddaa ( 1.6 0.4 ) 105 2471
K (892)+ ( 1.03 0.26) 105 2504
K 0(1430)+ ( 2.8 1.2 ) 105 {
K1(1400)0 0 < 3.0 103 CL=90% 2388
K 0(1430)0 0 ( 2.7 0.6 ) 105 2381
K 0(1430)0 f0(980), f0 ( 2.7 0.9 ) 106 {
K 2(1430)0 f0(980), f0 ( 8.6 2.0 ) 106 {
K+K ( 1.3 0.5 ) 107 2593
K 00 K 0 + ( 1.21 0.16) 106 2592
K K ( 6.5 0.8 ) 106 2578
K (892) K < 4 107 CL=90% 2540
K 0 K 0 + K 0 K 0 < 9.6 107 CL=90% {
K + K 0 ( 2.2 0.6 ) 106 2579
K 0S K 0S 0 < 9 107 CL=90% 2578
K 0S K 0S < 1. 0 106 CL=90% 2515
K 0S K 0S < 2.0 106 CL=90% 2452
K0K+K ( 2.49 0.31) 105 S=3.0 2522
K0 ( 7.3 0.7 ) 106 2516
f0 (980) K 0, f0 K + K + 3.5 ) 106
( 7. 0 3. 0 {
f0 (1500) K 0 + 0.7 ) 105
( 1. 3 0. 5 2398
f 2(1525)0 K 0 ( 3 + 5 ) 107
4 {
f0 (1710) K 0, f0 K + K ( 4.4 0.9 ) 106 {
K 0 K + K nonresonant ( 3.3 1.0 ) 105 2522
K 0S K 0S K 0S ( 6.0 0.5 ) 106 S=1.1 2521
f0 (980) K 0, f0 K 0S K 0S ( 2.7 1.8 ) 106 {
f0 (1710) K 0, f0 K 0S K 0S + 5.0 ) 107
( 5. 0 2. 6 {
f0 (2010) K 0, f0 K 0S K 0S ( 5 6 ) 107 {
K 0S K 0S K 0S nonresonant ( 1.33 0.31) 105 2521
K 0S K 0S K 0L < 1.6 105 CL=90% 2521
K (892)0 K + K ( 2.75 0.26) 105 2467
K (892)0 ( 1.00 0.05) 105 2460
K + K 0+ nonresonant < 7.17 105 CL=90% 2559
K (892) K + ( 4.5 1.3 ) 106 2524
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 8 5 ) 107 S=2.2 2485

K (892)0 K + < 2. 2 106 CL=90% 2524

K (892)0 K (892)0 < 2 107 CL=90% 2485
K (892)+ K (892) < 2. 0 106 CL=90% 2485
K1(1400)0 < 5.0 103 CL=90% 2339
(K )00 ( 4. 3 0.4 ) 106 {
(K )00 (1.60<m K <2.15) [eeaa < 1. 7 106 CL=90% {
K 0(1430)0 K + < 3.18 105 CL=90% 2403
K 0(1430)0 K (892)0 < 3. 3 106 CL=90% 2360
K 0(1430)0 K 0 (1430)0 < 8. 4 106 CL=90% 2222
K 0(1430)0 ( 3. 9 0.8 ) 106 2333
K 0(1430)0 K (892)0 < 1. 7 106 CL=90% 2360
K 0(1430)0 K 0(1430)0 < 4. 7 106 CL=90% 2222
K (1680)0 < 3.5 106 CL=90% 2238
K (1780)0 < 2.7 106 CL=90% {
K (2045)0 < 1.53 105 CL=90% {
K 2(1430)0 0 < 1. 1 103 CL=90% 2381
K 2(1430)0 ( 6. 8 0.9 ) 106 S=1.2 2333
K 0 ( 4. 5 0.9 ) 106 2305
K 0 < 3. 1 105 CL=90% 2337
K0 ( 7. 6 1.8 ) 106 2587
K 0 < 6.4 106 CL=90% 2528
K 0 ( 2. 7 0.7 ) 106 2516
K+ ( 4. 6 1.4 ) 106 2615
K (892)0 ( 4.33 0.15) 105 2565
K (1410) < 1.3 104 CL=90% 2451
K + nonresonant < 2.6 106 CL=90% 2615
K (892)0 X (214), X + [aa < 2.26 108 CL=90% {
K 0++0 ( 1.95 0.22) 105 2609
K ( 4. 1 0.4 ) 105 2609
K1(1270)0 < 5.8 105 CL=90% 2486
K1(1400)0 < 1.2 105 CL=90% 2454
K 2(1430)0 ( 1.24 0.24) 105 2447
K (1680)0 < 2.0 103 CL=90% 2361
K 3(1780)0 < 8.3 105 CL=90% 2341
K 4(2045)0 < 4.3 103 CL=90% 2244

0 ( 8.6 1.5 ) 107 2583
X
0 (214), X + [aa < 1.73 108 CL=90% {
( 4. 4 + 1.8 ) 107
1.6 2582
< 8. 5 107 CL=90% 2541
+ ( 5.12 0.19) 106 2636
0 0 ( 1.91 0.22) 106 2636
0 ( 4.1 1.7 ) 107 2610
< 1.0 106 CL=90% 2582
0 ( 1.2 0.6 ) 106 S=1.7 2551
< 1. 7 106 CL=90% 2460
< 1. 2 106 CL=90% 2523
0 < 1. 3 106 CL=90% 2492
f f
0 (980), 0 + < 9 107 CL=90% 2454
0 < 1. 5 106 CL=90% 2553
f f
0 (980), 0 + < 4 107 CL=90% 2516
( 9. 4 + 4. 0
3.1 ) 10
7 2552

( 1. 0 + 0.5 ) 106 2491

0. 4
0 < 1.6 106 CL=90% 2522
f
0 (980), 0 + f < 1.5 106 CL=90% 2485
( 1.2 0.4 ) 106 2521
0 < 1.5 107 CL=90% 2540
< 5 107 CL=90% 2511
< 5 107 CL=90% 2448
0 < 3.3 107 CL=90% 2480
f
0 (980), 0 + f < 3.8 107 CL=90% 2441
< 7 107 CL=90% 2479
< 2.8 108 CL=90% 2435
a0 (980) , 0
a < 3.1 106 CL=90% {
a0 (1450) , 0
a
< 2.3 106 CL=90% {
+ 0 < 7.2 104 CL=90% 2631
0 0 ( 2.0 0.5 ) 106 2581
[hh ( 2.30 0.23) 105 2581
+ + < 1.12 105 CL=90% 2621
0 + < 8.8 106 CL=90% 2575
0 0 ( 9.6 1.5 ) 107 2523
f +
0 (980) , 0
+ < 3.0 f 106 CL=90% {
f
0 0 (980), 0 + f ( 7.8 2.5 ) 107 2486
f f +
0 (980) 0 (980), 0 , < 1.9 f 107 CL=90% 2447
0 f+
f f
0 (980) 0 (980), 0 ,
+ < 2.3f 107 CL=90% 2447
0 f + K K
a
1 (1260)
[hh ( 2.6 0.5 ) 105 S=1.9 2494
2 a
(1320) [hh < 6.3 106 CL=90% 2473
+ 0 0 < 3.1 103 CL=90% 2622
+ ( 2.77 0.19) 105 2523
a
1 (1260)
0 0 < 1.1 103 CL=90% 2495
0 < 5 107 CL=90% 2580
+ + 0 < 9.0 103 CL=90% 2609
1 a
(1260) + < 6 . 1 105 CL=90% 2433
a
1 (1260)
0 0 < 2.4 103 CL=90% 2433
1 b

,
1 b ( 1 . 09 0 . 15) 105 {
b 0 0 , 0 0
1 1 b < 1.9 106 CL=90% {
b +
1 , 1

b < 1.4 106 CL=90% {
b 0 0 , 0 0
1 1 b < 3 . 4 106 CL=90% {
+ + + < 3.0 103 CL=90% 2592
a +
1 (1260) 1 (1260) , 1
+ a a
( 1.18 0.31) 105 2336
2+ , 1 2
+ a
+ + + 0 < 1.1 % CL=90% 2572
Baryon modes
pp + 0.7 ) 108
( 1. 5 0. 5 2467
pp +0 < 2.5 104 CL=90% 2406
ppK ( 2.66 0.32) 106 2347
(1540)+ p, + pK 0S [ggaa < 5 108 CL=90% 2318
fJ (2220) K 0, fJ pp < 4.5 107 CL=90% 2135
ppK (892)0 + 0.28 ) 106
( 1.24 0.25 2216
fJ (2220) K 0, fJ pp < 1.5 107 CL=90% {
p ( 3.14 0.29) 106 2401
p < 6. 5 107 CL=90% 2401

p (1385) < 2. 6 107 CL=90% 2363

0 < 9. 3 107 CL=90% 2364
pK < 8. 2 107 CL=90% 2308
pD ( 2.5 0.4 ) 105 1765
pD ( 3.4 0.8 ) 105 1685
p 0 < 3. 8 106 CL=90% 2383
< 3. 2 107 CL=90% 2392
K 0 + 1 . 0
( 4.8 0.9 ) 106 2250
K 0 ( 2. 5 + 0. 9
0.8 ) 10
6 2098
D 0 + 0 . 30
( 1.00 0.26 ) 105 1661
D 00 0 + . . < 3.1 105 CL=90% 1611
0 < 1. 5 103 CL=90% 2335
++ < 1. 1 104 CL=90% 2335
D 0pp ( 1.04 0.07) 104 1863
D s p ( 2.8 0.9 ) 105 1710
D (2007)0 pp ( 9.9 1.1 ) 105 1788
D (2010) pn ( 1.4 0.4 ) 103 1785
D pp + ( 3.32 0.31) 104 1786
D (2010) pp + ( 4.7 0.5 ) 104 S=1.2 1708
D 0 pp + ( 3.0 0.5 ) 104 1708
D 0 pp + ( 1.9 0.5 ) 104 1623
p +, D p < 9 106 CL=90% {
p +, D p < 1. 4 105 CL=90% {
++ < 8 104 CL=90% 1839
p + ( 1.01 0.14) 103 S=1.3 1934
p ( 1.52 0.18) 105 2021
p 0 ( 1.53 0.18) 104 1982
(2455) p < 2. 4 105 {
p + 0 < 5.07 103 CL=90% 1882
p + + < 2.74 103 CL=90% 1821
p + (nonresonant) ( 5.4 1.0 ) 104 S=1.3 1934
(2520) p + ( 1.01 0.18) 104 1860
(2520)0 p < 3. 1 105 CL=90% 1860
(2455)0 p ( 1.07 0.16) 104 1895
(2455)0 N 0, N 0 p ( 6.3 1.6 ) 105 {
(2455) p + ( 1.81 0.24) 104 1895
pK + ( 3.4 0.7 ) 105 {
(2455) pK +, ( 8.7 2.5 ) 106 1754

pK (892)0 < 2.42 105 CL=90% {
pK + K ( 2. 0 0.4 ) 105 {
p < 9 106 CL=90% {
ppp < 2. 8 106 {
K + ( 4. 8 1.1 ) 105 1767
+ < 1. 6 105 CL=95% 1319
(2593) / (2625) p
< 1. 1 104 CL=90% {
+ , + ( 1. 7 1.8 ) 105 S=2.2 1147
+ K 0 ( 4. 3 2.2 ) 104 {

Lepton Family number (LF ) or Lepton number (L) or Baryon number (B )

violating modes, or/and B = 1 weak neutral urrent (B1 ) modes
B1 < 3.2 107 CL=90% 2640
e+ e B1 < 8.3 108 CL=90% 2640
e+ e B1 < 1. 2 107 CL=90% 2640
+ B1 ( 3. 9 + 1. 6
1.4 ) 10
10 2638
+ B1 < 1. 6 10 7
CL=90% 2638
+ + B1 < 5.3 109 CL=90% 2629
S P , S ++, B1 [hhaa < 5.1 109 CL=90% {
P
+
B1 < 4.1 103 CL=90% 1952
0 + B1 < 5.3 108 CL=90% 2638
e e
0 + B1 < 8.4 108 CL=90% 2638
0 + B1 < 6.9 108 CL=90% 2634
+ B1 < 6.4 108 CL=90% 2611
e e
+ B1 < 1.08 107 CL=90% 2611
+ B1 < 1.12 107 CL=90% 2607
0 B1 < 6. 9 105 CL=90% 2638
K 0 + B1 [ttt ( + 0 . 8
3.1 0.7 ) 107 2616
K 0 e+ e B1 ( 1. 6 + 1. 0
0.8 ) 10
7 2616
K 0 + B1 ( 3.39 0.34) 107 2612
K 0
B1 < 4.9 105 CL=90% 2616
0 B1 < 2.08 104 CL=90% 2583
K (892)0 + B1 [ttt ( + 1 . 2
9.9 1.1 ) 107 2565
K (892)0 e + e B1 ( 1.03 + 0.19

0.17 ) 10
6 2565
K (892)0 + B1 ( 1.02 0.09) 10 6
2560
+ + ( 2.1 0.5 ) 108 2626
K (892)0 B1 < 5.5 105 CL=90% 2565
B1 < 1.27 104 CL=90% 2541
e LF [hh < 2.8 109 CL=90% 2639
0 e LF < 1.4 107 CL=90% 2637
K 0 e LF < 2.7 107 CL=90% 2615
K (892)0 e + LF < 5.3 107 CL=90% 2563
K (892)0 e + LF < 3.4 107 CL=90% 2563
K (892)0 e LF < 5.8 107 CL=90% 2563
e LF [hh < 2.8 105 CL=90% 2341
LF [hh < 2.2 105 CL=90% 2339
invisible B1 < 2.4 105 CL=90% {
B1 < 1. 7 105 CL=90% 2640
+
L,B < 1. 4 106 CL=90% 2143
+ e L,B < 4 106 CL=90% 2145

B /B 0 ADMIXTURE
CP violation
ACP (B K (892) ) = 0.003 0.017
ACP (b s ) = 0.015 0.020
ACP (b ( s + d ) ) = 0.010 0.031
ACP (B Xs + ) = 0.04 0.11
ACP (B Xs + ) (1.0 < q2 < 6.0 GeV2 / 4) = 0.06 0.22
ACP (B Xs + ) (10.1 < q2 < 12.9 or q2 > 14.2 GeV2 / 4) =
0.19 0.18
ACP (B K e + e ) = 0.18 0.15
ACP (B K + ) = 0.03 0.13
ACP (B K + ) = 0.04 0.07
ACP (B anything) = 0.13 + 00..05
04
ACP (Xs ) = ACP (B Xs ) ACP (B 0 Xs ) = 0.05

0.04
The bran hing fra tion measurements are for an admixture of B mesons at the
(4S ). The values quoted assume that B( (4S ) B B ) = 100%.
For in lusive bran hing fra tions, e.g., B D anything, the treatment of
multiple D 's in the nal state must be dened. One possibility would be to
ount the number of events with one-or-more D 's and divide by the total num-
ber of B 's. Another possibility would be to ount the total number of D 's and
divide by the total number of B 's, whi h is the denition of average multipli -
ity. The two denitions are identi al if only one D is allowed in the nal state.
Even though the \one-or-more" denition seems sensible, for pra ti al reasons
in lusive bran hing fra tions are almost always measured using the multipli ity
denition. For heavy nal state parti les, authors all their results in lusive
bran hing fra tions while for light parti les some authors all their results mul-
tipli ities. In the B se tions, we list all results as in lusive bran hing fra tions,
adopting a multipli ity denition. This means that in lusive bran hing fra tions
an ex eed 100% and that in lusive partial widths an ex eed total widths, just
as in lusive ross se tions an ex eed total ross se tion.
B modes are harge onjugates of the modes below. Rea tions indi ate the
weak de ay vertex and do not in lude mixing.
S ale fa tor/ p
B DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )

+ anything [ttt,iiaa ( 10.86 0.16 ) % {
D + anything [ttt ( 2. 8 0. 9 )% {
D

0 + anything [ttt ( 7. 3 1.5 )% {
D

+ ( 2.42 0.12 )% 2310
D + anything [jjaa ( 6. 7 1. 3 ) 103 {
D

+ [kkaa ( 4.95 0.11 )% 2257
D

+ [ttt,llaa ( 2. 7 0. 7 )% {
D

+ ) 103
1 (2420) anything ( 3. 8 1.3 S=2.4 {
D + anything + ( 2. 6 0.5 )% S=1.5 {
D + anything
D

+ anything ( 1. 5 0.6 )% {
D + anything ( 1. 9 0.4 )% {
D

(2460) + anything ( 4. 4 1.6 ) 103 {
2
D + + anything ( 1.00 0.34 ) % {
D

+ + ( 1.62 0.32 ) 103 2301

D + + ( 9. 4 3.2 ) 104 2247

D s + anything [ttt < 7 103 CL=90% {
D s + K + anything [ttt < 5 103 CL=90% {
D s + K 0 anything [ttt < 7 103 CL=90% {
X + ( 10.65 0.16 ) % {
Xu + ( 2.14 0.31 ) 103 {
K + + anything [ttt ( 6. 3 0.6 ) % {
K + anything [ttt ( 10 4 ) 103 {
K 0 / K 0 + anything [ttt ( 4. 6 0.5 )% {
D + ( 9. 8 1.3 ) 103 1911
D + ( 1.58 0.12 ) % 1837
D , D , or Ds modes
D 0 anything ( 22.9 1. 3 )% {
D / D 0 anything ( 61.8 2. 9 )% S=1.3 {
D (2010) anything ( 22.5 1. 5 )% {
D (2007)0 anything ( 26.0 2. 7 )% {
D s anything [hh ( 8. 3 0.8 )% {
D
s anything ( 6. 3 1.0 )% {
D s D () ( 3. 4 0.6 )% {
D Ds 0(2317) seen 1605
D DsJ (2457) seen {
D () D () K 0 + D () D () K[hh,nnaa ( 7.1 + 2.7
1.7 ) % {
b ( s ( 22 4 )% {
Ds ) D ()

[hh,nnaa ( 3.9 0.4 ) % {
D D (2010) [hh < 5. 9 103 CL=90% 1711
D D (2010) + D D [hh < 5. 5 103 CL=90% {
D D [hh < 3. 1 103 CL=90% 1866
Ds D X ( n )
( ) ( ) [hh,nnaa ( 9 + 5
4 )% {
D +(2010) +

< 1. 1 103 CL=90% 2257
D s , D s , D +s , [hh < 4 104 CL=90% {
D s + , D +s 0 , D s + 0 ,
D +s , D s + , D +s 0 ,
D s + 0 , D +s , D s +
Ds 1(2536)+ anything < 9.5 103 CL=90% {
Charmonium modes
J /(1S )anything ( 1.094 0.032) % S=1.1 {
J /(1S )(dire t) anything ( 7.8 0.4 ) 103 S=1.1 {
(2S )anything ( 3.07 0.21 ) 103 {
1 (1P )anything ( 3.86 0.27 ) 103 {
1 (1P )(dire t) anything ( 3.24 0.25 ) 103 {
2 (1P )anything ( 1.4 0.4 ) 103 S=1.9 {
2 (1P )(dire t) anything ( 1.65 0.31 ) 103 {
(1S )anything < 9 103 CL=90% {
K X (3872), X D 0 D 0 0 ( 1.2 0.4 ) 104 1141
K X (3872), X D 0 D 0 ( 8.0 2.2 ) 105 1141
K X (3940), X D 0 D 0 < 6.7 105 CL=90% 1084
K X (3915), X J / [ooaa ( 7.1 3.4 ) 105 1103

K or K modes
K anything [hh ( 78.9 2.5 )% {
K + anything ( 66 5 )% {
K anything ( 13 4 )% {
K 0 / K 0 anything [hh ( 64 4 )% {
K (892) anything ( 18 6 )% {
K (892)0 / K (892)0 anything [hh ( 14.6 2.6 ) % {
K (892) ( 4. 2 0.6 ) 105 2565
K ( 8. 5 + 1. 8
1.6 ) 10
6 2588
K1(1400) < 1.27 10 4
CL=90% 2454
K 2(1430) ( + 0 6
1.7 0.5 ) 105
. 2447
K2(1770) < 1.2 103 CL=90% 2342
K 3(1780) < 3.7 105 CL=90% 2341
K 4(2045) < 1.0 103 CL=90% 2244
K (958) ( 8.3 1.1 ) 105 2528
K (892) (958) ( 4.1 1.1 ) 106 2472
K < 5.2 106 CL=90% 2588
K (892) ( 1.8 0.5 ) 105 2534
K ( 2.3 0.9 ) 106 2306
b s ( 3.49 0.19 ) 104 {
b d ( 9.2 3.0 ) 106 {
b s gluon < 6. 8 % CL=90% {
anything ( 2. 6 + 0.5 ) 104
0.8 {
anything ( 4.2 0.9 ) 104 {
K + gluon ( harmless) < 1.87 104 CL=90% {
K 0 gluon ( harmless) ( 1.9 0.7 ) 104 {
( 1.39 0.25 ) 106 S=1.2 2583
/ ( 1.30 0.23 ) 106 S=1.2 {
anything [hh,ppaa ( 358 7 )% {
0 anything ( 235 11 )% {
anything ( 17.6 1. 6 ) % {
0 anything ( 21 5 )% {
anything < 81 % CL=90% {
anything ( 3.43 0.12 ) % {
K
(892) < 2. 2 105 CL=90% 2460
+ gluon ( harmless) ( 3. 7 0.8 ) 104 {
Baryon modes
+ / anything 3. 5
( 0.4 )% {
+ anything < 1. 3 % CL=90% {
anything < 7 % CL=90% {
+ anything < 9 104 CL=90% {
e + anything < 1. 8 103 CL=90% {
+ anything < 1.4 103 CL=90% {
p anything ( 2.02 0.33 ) % {
pe + e < 8 104 CL=90% 2021

anything ( 3. 3 1.7 ) 103 {
anything < 8 103 CL=90% {
0 anything ( 3. 6 1.7 ) 103 {
0 N (N = p or n) < 1.2 103 CL=90% 1938

0 anything, 0 + ( 1.93 0.30 ) 104 S=1.1 {

+ , + + + ( 4.5 + 1.3
1.2 ) 104 {
p / p anything [hh ( 8.0 0.4 )% {
p / p (dire t) anything [hh ( 5.5 0.5 )% {
pe + e anything < 5. 9 104 CL=90% {
/ anything [hh ( 4.0 0.5 )% {
anything seen {
anything seen {
/ + anything [hh ( 2.7 0.6 ) 103 {
baryons anything ( 6.8 0.6 )% {
pp anything ( 2.47 0.23 )% {
p / p anything [hh ( 2. 5 0 . 4 )% {
anything < 5 103 CL=90% {
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or
B = 1 weak neutral urrent (B1 ) modes
s e+ e B1 ( 6. 7 1.7 ) 106 S=2.0 {
s ++ B1 ( 4. 3 1.0 ) 106 {
s B1 [ttt ( 5. 8 1.3 ) 106 S=1.8 {
+ B1 < 5.9 108 CL=90% 2638
e+ e B1 < 1.10 107 CL=90% 2638
+ B1 < 5.0 108 CL=90% 2634
K e + e B1 ( 4. 4 0.6 ) 107 2617
K (892) e + e B1 ( 1.19 0.20 ) 106 S=1.2 2565
K + B1 ( 4. 4 0.4 ) 107 2612
K (892) + B1 ( 1.06 0.09 ) 106 2560
K + B1 ( 4. 8 0.4 ) 107 2617
K (892) + B1 ( 1.05 0.10 ) 106 2565
K B1 < 1.7 105 CL=90% 2617
K B1 < 7. 6 105 CL=90% {
s e LF [hh < 2. 2 105 CL=90% {
e LF < 9.2 108 CL=90% 2637
e LF < 3.2 106 CL=90% 2582
K e LF < 3.8 108 CL=90% 2616
K (892) e LF < 5.1 107 CL=90% 2563
B /B 0 /B 0s /b-baryon ADMIXTURE
These measurements are for an admixture of bottom parti les at high
energy (LHC, LEP, Tevatron, Spp S).
Mean life = (1.566 0.003) 1012 s
Mean life = (1.72 0.10) 1012 s Charged b -hadron admixture
Mean life = (1.58 0.14) 1012 s Neutral b -hadron admixture
bhadron / neutral bhadron = 1.09 0.13
harged
b /
b,b = 0.001 0.014
Re(b ) / (1 + b 2 ) = (1.2 0.4) 103
The bran hing fra tion measurements are for an admixture of B mesons and
baryons at energies above the (4S ). Only the highest energy results (LHC,
LEP, Tevatron, Spp S) are used in the bran hing fra tion averages. In the
following, we assume that the produ tion fra tions are the same at the LHC,
LEP, and at the Tevatron.

The modes below are listed for a b initial state. b modes are their harge
onjugates. Rea tions indi ate the weak de ay vertex and do not in lude mixing.
S ale fa tor/ p
b DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
PRODUCTION FRACTIONS
The produ tion fra tions for weakly de aying b-hadrons at high energy
have been al ulated from the best values of mean lives, mixing parame-
ters, and bran hing fra tions in this edition by the Heavy Flavor Averaging
Group (HFAG) as des ribed in the note \B 0 -B 0 Mixing" in the B 0 Parti le
Listings. The produ tion fra tions in b-hadroni Z de ay or pp ollisions
at the Tevatron are also listed at the end of the se tion. Values assume
B(b B + ) = B(b B 0 )
B(b B + ) + B(b B 0 ) +B(b B 0 ) + B(b b -baryon) = 100%.
s
The orrelation oe ients between produ tion fra tions are also re-
ported:
or(B 0s , b-baryon) = 0.240
or(B 0s , B =B 0 ) = 0.161
or(b-baryon, B =B 0 ) = 0.920.
The notation for produ tion fra tions varies in the literature (fd , dB , 0
f (b B 0 ), Br(b B 0 )). We use our own bran hing fra tion notation
here, B(b B 0 ).
Note these produ tion fra tions are b-hadronization fra tions, not the on-
ventional bran hing fra tions of b-quark to a B -hadron, whi h may have
onsiderable dependen e on the initial and nal state kinemati and pro-
du tion environment.
B+ ( 40.4 0.6 ) % {
B 00 ( 40.4 0.6 ) % {
Bs ( 10.3 0.5 ) % {
b -baryon ( 8. 9 1.3 ) % {
DECAY MODES

anything ( 23.1 1.5 ) % {
+ anything [ttt ( 10.69 0.22) % {
e
+ anything
e ( 10.86 0.35) % {
+
anything ( 10.95 + 0.29 {
0.25 ) %
D

+ anything [ttt ( 2. 2 0.4 ) % S=1.9 {
D

+ + anything ( 4. 9 1.9 ) 103 {
D

+ anything ( 2. 6 1.6 ) 103 {
D 0 + anything

[ttt ( 6.81 0.34) % {
D 00 + ++ anything ( 1.07 0.27) % {
D anything ( 2. 3 1.6 ) 103 {
D + anything [ttt ( 2.75 0.19) % {
D + anything ( 6 7 ) 104 {
D (pi + lepton)+ anything ( 4. 8 1.0 ) 103 {
D 0j + anything B(D 0j [ttt,qqaa
( 2. 6 0.9 ) 103 {
D + )
D j + anything [ttt,qqaa ( 7.0 2.3 ) 103 {

B(D j D )
0
D 2 (2460) anything
0 + < 1. 4 103 CL=90% {
B(D 2 (2460)0
D +)

D 2 (2460) + anything + 1.5 ) 103

( 4.2 1. 8 {
B(D 2 (2460) D 0 )
D 2 (2460)0 + anything ( 1.6 0.8 ) 103 {
B(D 2 (2460)0 D + )
harmless [ttt ( 1. 7 0.5 ) 103 {
+ anything ( 2.41 0.23) % {
D anything ( 9 4 ) 103 {
anything [ttt ( 8.02 0.19) % {
+ anything +
( 1. 6 0.4
0. 5 ) % {
Charmed meson and baryon modes
D 0 anything ( 59.0 2.9 )% {
D 0 D s anything [hh + 4.0
( 9. 1 2. 8 )% {
D D s anything [hh + 2.3
( 4. 0 1. 8 )% {
D 0 D 0 anything [hh ( 5. 1 + 2.0
1. 8 )% {
D 0 D anything [hh + 1.8
( 2. 7 1. 6 )% {
D D anything [hh < 9 103 CL=90% {
D anything ( 22.5 1.7 )% {
D (2010)+ anything ( 17.3 2.0 )% {
D1 (2420)0 anything ( 5. 0 1 . 5 )% {
D (2010) D s anything [hh ( 3. 3 + 1.6
1. 3 )% {
D 0 D (2010) anything [hh + 1.1
( 3. 0 0. 9 )% {
D (2010) D anything [hh ( 2. 5 + 1.2
1. 0 )% {
D (2010) D (2010) anything [hh ( 1.2 0.4 )% {
D D anything ( 10 +11
10 )% {
D 2 (2460)0 anything ( 4.7 2.7 )% {
D s anything ( 14.7 2.1 )% {
D +s anything ( 10.1 3.1 )% {
+ anything ( 7. 6 1. 1 )% {
/ anything [ppaa (116.2 3.2 )% {
Charmonium modes
J /(1S )anything ( 1.16 0.10) % {
(2S )anything ( 2.83 0.29) 103 {
1 (1P )anything ( 1.4 0.4 ) % {
K or K modes
s ( 3.1 1.1 ) 104 {
s B1 < 6.4 104 CL=90% {
K 0 anything ( 74 6 ) % {
K S anything ( 29.0 2.9 ) % {
Pion modes
anything (397 21 ) % {
0 anything [ppaa (278 60 ) % {
anything ( 2.82 0.23) % {
Baryon modes
p / p anything ( 13.1 1.1 ) % {
/ anything ( 5.9 0.6 ) % {
b -baryon anything ( 10.2 2.8 ) % {

Other modes
harged anything [ppaa (497 7 ) % {
hadron+ hadron ( 1. 7 + 1. 0
0.7 ) 10
5 {
harmless ( 7 21 ) 10 3 {
+ anything B1 < 3. 2 104 CL=90% {
B I (J P ) = 21 (1 )
predi tions.
Mass m B = 5324.65 0.25 MeV
mB m B = 45.18 0.23 MeV
mB + m B + = 45.34 0.23 MeV
B DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
B dominant 45
B1 (5721)+ I (J P ) = 21 (1+)
Mass m = 5725.9 + 2. 5
2.7 MeV
mB + m B 0 = 401.2 + 22..74 MeV
1
B1 (5721)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B 0 + seen 363
B1 (5721)0 I (J P ) = 21 (1+)
B1(5721)0 MASS = 5726.0 1.3 MeV (S = 1.2)
mB m B = 446.7 1.3 MeV (S = 1.2)
0 +
mB m B = 401.4 1.2 MeV (S = 1.2)

1
0 +
1
Full width = 27.5 3.4 MeV (S = 1.1)
B1 (5721)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B + dominant 363

B 2 (5747)+ I (J P ) = 21 (2+)
Mass m = 5737.2 0.7 MeV
mB+ m B 0 = 457.5 0.7 MeV
2
B 2 (5747)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B 0 + seen 418
B 0 + seen 374
B 2 (5747)0 I (J P ) = 21 (2+)
B 2(5747)0 MASS = 5739.5 0.7 MeV (S = 1.4)
mB m B = 13.5 1.4 MeV (S = 1.3)
0 0
mB m B = 460.2 0.6 MeV (S = 1.4)

2 1
0 +
2
B 2 (5747)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B + dominant 421
B + dominant 376
BJ (5970)+ I (J P ) = 21 (?? )
Mass m = 5964 5 MeV
mB (5970)+ m B 0 = 685 5 MeV
mBJJ (5970) + mB 0
BJ (5970)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B 0 + possibly seen 632
B 0 + seen 591
BJ (5970)0 I (J P ) = 21 (?? )
Mass m = 5971 5 MeV
mB (5970)0 m B + = 691 5 MeV
mBJJ (5970) 0 mB
+
BJ (5970)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B + possibly seen 638
B + seen 597

BOTTOM, STRANGE MESONS

( = 1, = 1) B S
B 0s = sb, B 0s = s b, similarly for B s 's
B 0s I (J P ) = 0(0)
predi tions.
Mass m B 0 = 5366.82 0.22 MeV
mB 0 msB = 87.35 0.20 MeV
s
Mean life = (1.510 0.005) 1012 s
= 452.7 m
B 0 = B 0 B 0 = (0.082 0.007) 1012 s 1
s sL sH
B 0s -B 0s mixing parameters
m B = m B { m B = (17.757 0.021) 1012 h
0 0 0 s 1
s sH sL
= (1.1688 0.0014) 108 MeV
xs = mB 0s / B 0s = 26.81 0.10
s = 0.499308 0.000005
CP violation parameters in B s0

Re(B 0 ) / (1 + B 0 2 ) = ( 1.9 1.0) 103
s s
CK K (B 0s K + K ) = 0.14 0.11
SK K (B 0s K + K ) = 0.30 0.13
= (65 7)
B
B ( 0s s D K ) = (3 20)
B
rB ( 0s s D K ) = 0.53 0.17
CP
Violation phase s = (0.6 1.9) 102 rad
B J S
( 0 / (1 ) ) = 0.964 0.020
s
= 1.02 0.07
A, CP violation parameter = 0.5 + 0. 8
0.7
C, CP violation parameter = 0.3 0.4
S, CP violation parameter = 0.1 0.4
A B J K
L (
CP s / (892)0 ) = 0.05 0.06
AkCP (Bs J / K (892)0 ) = 0.17 0.15
ACP (Bs J / K (892)0 ) = 0.05 0.10
ACP (Bs + K ) = 0.263 0.035
ACP (B 0s [ K + K D K (892)0 ) = 0.04 0.07
ACP (B 0s [ + K D K (892)0) = 0.01 0.04
ACP (B 0s [ + D K (892)0) = 0.06 0.13
a < 1.2 1012 GeV, CL = 95%
These bran hing fra tions all s ale with B(b B 0s ).
The bran hing fra tion B(B 0s D +
s anything) is not a pure measure-
ment sin e the measured produ t bran hing fra tion B(b B 0s ) B(B 0s
D s + anything) was used to determine B(b B 0s ), as des ribed in the
note on \B 0 -B 0 Mixing"

For in lusive bran hing fra tions, e.g., B D anything, the values usually are multipli ities,
not bran hing fra tions. They an be greater than one.
S ale fa tor/ p
B 0s DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
D s anything (93 25 )% {
X ( 9. 6 0. 8 ) % {
e+ X ( 9. 1 0. 8 ) % {
+ X (10.2 1. 0 ) % {
D s + anything [rraa ( 8. 1 1. 3 ) % {
D +
s anything ( 5. 4 1. 1 ) % {
Ds 1(2536) + , D s 1 ( 2. 6 0.7 ) 103 {
D K 0S
Ds 1(2536) X + , ( 4.4 1.3 ) 103 {
D s 1 D 0 K +
Ds 2(2573) X + , ( 2.7 1.0 ) 103 {
D s 2 D 0 K +
D s + ( 3.00 0.23) 103 2320
D s + ( 6. 9 1.4 ) 103 2249
D s + + ( 6. 1 1.0 ) 103 2301
Ds 1(2536) + , D s 1 ( 2. 5 0.8 ) 105 {
D s +
Ds K

( 2.27 0.19) 104 2293
D s K + + ( 3. 2 0.6 ) 104 2249
D +s D s ( 4. 4 0.5 ) 103 1824
D s D + ( 2. 8 0.5 ) 104 1875
D+ D ( 2. 2 0.6 ) 104 1925
0 D0
D ( 1. 9 0.5 ) 104 1930
D s + ( 2. 0 0.5 ) 103 2265
s K+
D ( 1.33 0.35) 104 {
D
s ( 9. 6 2.1 ) 103 2191
D s + D s + D s Ds
+ ( 1.29 0.22) % S=1.1 1742
D s + D s ( 1.86 0.30) % 1655
D (s)+ D s() ( 4. 5 1. 4 ) % {
D 0 K + ( 1.03 0.13) 103 2312
D 0 K (892)0 ( 4. 4 0.6 ) 104 2264
D 0 K (1410) ( 3. 9 3.5 ) 104 2117
D 0 K 0(1430) ( 3.0 0.7 ) 104 2113
D 0 K 2(1430) ( 1.1 0.4 ) 104 2113
D 0 K (1680) < 7.8 105 CL=90% 1998
D 0 K 0(1950) < 1.1 104 CL=90% 1890
D 0 K 3(1780) < 2.6 105 CL=90% 1971
D 0 K 4(2045) < 3.1 105 CL=90% 1837
D 0 K + (non-resonant) ( 2.1 0.8 ) 104 2312
D s 2 (2573) +, D s 2 ( 2. 6 0.4 ) 104 {
D0 K
D s 1 (2700) +, D s 1 ( 1.6 0.8 ) 105 {
D0 K
D s 1 (2860) +, D s 1 ( 5 4 ) 105 {
D0 K
D s 3 (2860) +, D s 3 ( 2.2 0.6 ) 105 {
D0 K

D0 K + K ( 4.4 2.0 ) 105 2243

D 0 f0 (980) < 3.1 106 CL=90% 2242
D0 ( 3.0 0.8 ) 105 2235
D < 6.1 106 CL=90% {
J /(1S ) ( 1.07 0.08) 103 1588
J /(1S ) 0 < 1.2 103 CL=90% 1786
J /(1S ) ( 3.9 0.7 ) 104 S=1.4 1733
J /(1S ) K 0S ( 1.89 0.12) 105 1743
J /(1S ) K (892)0 ( 4.1 0.4 ) 105 1637
J /(1S ) ( 3.3 0.4 ) 104 1612
J /(1S ) + ( 2.13 0.18) 104 1775
J /(1S ) f0 (500), f0 < 1.7 106 CL=90% {
+
J /(1S ) , + < 1.2 106 CL=90% {
J /(1+S )f0 (980), f0 ( 1.34 0.15) 104 {

J /(1S ) f0 (980) 0, f0 ( 5.1 0.9 ) 105 {
+
J /(1S ) f2 (1270) 0, ( 2.6 0.7 ) 107 {
f2 +
J /(1S ) f2 (1270) k , ( 3.8 1.3 ) 107 {
f2 +
J /(1S ) f2 (1270) , ( 4.6 2.7 ) 107 {
f2 +
J /(1S ) f0 (1500), f0 + 1.6 ) 106
( 7. 3 1.4 {
+
J /(1S ) f 2 (1525) 0, ( 3.7 1.0 ) 107 {
f 2 +
J /(1S ) f 2 (1525) k, + 9.0 ) 108
( 4. 3 3.1 {
f 2 +
J /(1S ) f 2 (1525) , ( 1.9 1.4 ) 107 {
f 2 +
J /(1S ) f0 (1790), f0 + 4.0 ) 106
( 1. 7 0.4 {
+
J /(1S ) K 0 + < 4.4 105 CL=90% 1675
J /(1S ) K + K ( 7. 9 0.7 ) 104 1601
J /(1S ) K 0 K + + . . ( 9.3 1.3 ) 104 1538
J /(1S ) K 0 K + K < 1.2 105 CL=90% 1333
J /(1S ) f 2 (1525) ( 2.6 0.6 ) 104 1304
J /(1S ) pp < 4.8 106 CL=90% 982
J /(1S ) < 7. 3 106 CL=90% 1790
J /(1S ) + + ( 7. 9 0.9 ) 105 1731
J /(1S ) f1 (1285) ( 7.1 1.4 ) 105 1460
(2S ) ( 3. 3 0.9 ) 104 1338
(2S ) ( 1.29 0.35) 104 1158
(2S ) + ( 7. 2 1.2 ) 105 1397
(2S ) ( 5. 4 0.5 ) 104 1120
(2S ) K + ( 3.12 0.30) 105 1310
(2S ) K (892)0 ( 3. 3 0.5 ) 105 1196
1 ( 2.03 0.29) 104 1274
+ ( 7. 7 2.0 ) 107 S=1.4 2680
0 0 < 2.1 104 CL=90% 2680
0 < 1.0 103 CL=90% 2654
< 1.5 103 CL=90% 2627

0 0 < 3.20 104 CL=90% 2569

( 3. 3 0.7 ) 105 2507
0 < 6.17 104 CL=90% 2526
( 1.87 0.15) 105 2482
+ K ( 5. 6 0.6 ) 106 2659
K+K ( 2.52 0.17) 105 2638
K0K0 < 6.6 105 CL=90% 2637
K 0 + ( 1. 5 0.4 ) 105 2653
K0K ( 7. 7 1.0 ) 105 2622
K (892) + ( 3.3 1.2 ) 106 2607
K (892) K ( 1.25 0.26) 105 2585
K 0S K (892)0 + . . ( 1.6 0.4 ) 105 2585
K 0 K + K0 0 < 3.5 106 CL=90% 2568
K (892) < 7.67 104 CL=90% 2550
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 1.11 0.27) 105 2531
K (892)0 ( 1.14 0.30) 106 2507
pp ( 2. 8 +2.2
1.7 ) 10
8 2514
+ ( 3.6 1.6 ) 104 {
+ < 8.0 105 CL=95% {
B1 < 3.1 106 CL=90% 2683
( 3.52 0.34) 105 2587
Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes or

+ B1 ( 2. 9 + 0. 7
0.6 ) 10
9 2681
e e
+ B1 < 2.8 10 7
CL=90% 2683
+ + B1 < 1.2 108 CL=90% 2673
S P , S +, B1 [hhaa < 1.2 108 CL=90% {
P + +
(1020) B1 ( 8.2 1.2 ) 107 2582
+ + B1 ( 8.4 1.7 ) 108 2670
B1 < 5.4 103 CL=90% 2587
e LF [hh < 1.1 108 CL=90% 2682
B s I (J P ) = 0(1)
predi tions.
Mass m = 5415.4 + 1. 8
1.5 MeV (S = 3.0)
mBs m Bs = 48.6 + 11..68 MeV (S = 2.8)
B s DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
Bs dominant {

Bs 1 (5830)0 I (J P ) = 0(1+)
Mass m = 5828.63 0.27 MeV
mB 0s 1 m B + = 503.98 0.18 MeV
Bs 1 (5830)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B K
+ dominant 97
B s 2 (5840)0 I (J P ) = 0(2+)
Mass m = 5839.84 0.18 MeV (S = 1.1)
mB s0 mBs
0
mB s mB
2 1
0 + = 560.53 0.18 MeV (S = 1.1)
2
B s 2 (5840)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

B K
+ dominant 253
BOTTOM, CHARMED MESONS

( = = 1) B C
B + = b, B = b, similarly for B 's
B+
I (J P ) = 0(0)
Quantum numbers shown are quark-model predi itions.
Mass m = 6275.1 1.0 MeV
Mean life = (0.507 0.009) 1012 s
B modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
p
B + DECAY MODES B(b B ) Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
The following quantities are not pure bran hing ratios; rather the fra tion
i / B(b B ).
J /(1S ) + anything (5.2 +2.4 ) 105
2.1 {
J /(1S ) + seen 2371
J /(1S ) K + seen 2341
J /(1S ) + + seen 2350
J /(1S ) a1(1260) < 1. 2 103 90% 2170
J /(1S ) K + K + seen 2203
J /(1S ) + + + seen 2309
(2S ) + seen 2052
J /(1S ) D +s seen 1822

J /(1S ) D s + seen 1728

J /(1S ) pp + seen 1792
D (2010)+ D 0 < 6.2 103 90% 2467
D + K 00 < 0.20 106 90% 2783
D ++ K < 0.16 106 90% 2783
D s K 0 < 0.28 106 90% 2751
D +s K 0 < 0.4 106 90% 2751
D +s < 0.32 106 90% 2727
K+K0 < 4.6 107 90% 3098
B 0s + / B(b Bs ) +0 37
(2.37 0.35 ) 103
. {
MESONS
(1S ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 2983.4 0.5 MeV (S = 1.2)
p
S
(1 ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
De ays involving hadroni resonan es

(958) ( 4.1 1.7 ) % 1323
( 1.8 0.5 ) % 1274
K (892)0 K + + . . ( 2.0 0.7 ) % 1277
K (892) K (892) ( 7.0 1.3 ) 103 1196
K (892)0 K (892)0 + ( 1.1 0.5 ) % 1073
K+ K ( 2.9 1.4 ) 103 1104
( 1.75 0.20) 103 1089
2(+ ) < 4 103 90% 1251
a0 (980) < 2 % 90% 1327
a2 (1320) < 2 % 90% 1196
K (892) K + . . < 1.28 % 90% 1309
f2 (1270) < 1. 1 % 90% 1145
< 3.1 103 90% 1270
< 1. 7 103 90% 1185
f2 (1270) f2 (1270) ( 9.8 2.5 ) 103 774
f2 (1270) f 2 (1525) ( 9.7 3.2 ) 103 513
f0 (980) seen 1264
f0 (1500) seen 1026
f0 (2200) seen 496
a0(980) seen 1327
a0(1320) seen {
a0(1450) seen 1123
a0(1950) seen 859
a2(1950) not seen {
K0 (1430) K seen {
K2 (1430) K seen {
K0 (1950) K seen {

De ays into stable hadrons

KK ( 7. 3 0 . 5 ) % 1381
K K+ ( 1.35 0.16) % 1265
( 1. 7 0 . 5 ) % 1427
2(+ ) ( 4. 4 1 . 3 ) % 1385
K K
+ + ( 6.9 1.1 ) 103 1345
K K
+ + 0 ( 3.5 0.6 ) % 1304
K K
0 + + + . . ( 5.6 1.5 ) % {
K K
+ 2( + ) ( 7.5 2.4 ) 103 1253
2(K + K ) ( 1.46 0.30) 103 1055
+ 0 0 ( 4.7 1.0 ) % 1460
2(+ ) ( 9.7 1.2 ) 103 1459
2(+ 0 ) (17.4 3.3 ) % 1409
3(+ ) ( 1.8 0.4 ) % 1406
pp ( 1.50 0.16) 103 1160
pp 0 ( 3.6 1.3 ) 103 1101
( 1.09 0.24) 103 990
+ ( 2.1 0.6 ) 103 900
+ ( 8.9 2.7 ) 104 692
+ pp ( 5.3 1.8 ) 103 1027
Radiative de ays
( 1.59 0.13) 104 1492
Charge onjugation (C), Parity (P),
Lepton family number (LF) violating modes
+ P,CP < 1.1 104 90% 1485
0 0 P,CP < 4 105 90% 1486
K+K P,CP < 6 104 90% 1408
K 0S K 0S P,CP < 3.1 104 90% 1406
J / (1S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 3096.900 0.006 MeV
Full width = 92.9 2.8 keV (S = 1.1)
e e = 5.55 0.14 0.02 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
J /(1S ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
hadrons (87.7 0.5 ) % {
virtual hadrons (13.50 0.30 ) % {
ggg (64.1 1.0 ) % {
g g ( 8. 8 1 . 1 ) % {
e + e+ ( 5.971 0.032) % 1548
e e [ssaa ( 8.8 1.4 ) 103 1548
+ ( 5.961 0.033) % 1545
De ays involving hadroni resonan es

( 1.69 0.15 ) % S=2.4 1448
0 0 ( 5. 6 0.7 ) 103 1448
a2 (1320) ( 1.09 0.22 ) % 1123
+ + ( 8. 5 3.4 ) 103 1392
+ 0 ( 4. 0 0.7 ) 103 1418
+ ( 8. 6 0.7 ) 103 S=1.1 1435
f
2 (1270) ( 4. 3 0.6 ) 103 1142
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 2. 3 0.7 ) 104 1266

K (892) K (892) +0.22

( 1.00 0.40 ) 103 1266
K (892) K (800) +1.0

( 1. 1 0. 6 ) 103 {
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 1.15 0.26 ) 103 1003
K (892)0 K 2(1430)0 + . . ( 6.0 0.6 ) 103 1012
K (892)0 K 20(1770)0 + . . ( 6. 9 0 . 9 ) 104 {
K (892) K + + . .
K (892) K + . . ( 6.1 0.9 ) 103 1097
K + K (892) + . . ( 5.12 0.30 ) 103 1373
K + K (892) + . . ( 1.97 0.20 ) 103 {
K + K 0
K + K (892) + . . ( 3. 0 0. 4 ) 103 {
K 0 K + . .
K 0 K (892)0 + . . ( 4.39 0.31 ) 103 1373
K 0 K 0(892) 0 + . . ( 3.2 0.4 ) 103 {
K K + . .
K1(1400) K ( 3. 8 1. 4 ) 103 1170
K (892)0 K + + . . seen 1343
0 0 ( 3. 4 0. 8 ) 103 1436
b1(1235) [hh ( 3. 0 0. 5 ) 103 1300
K K 0S [hh ( 3. 4 0. 5 ) 103 1210
b1(1235)0 0 ( 2. 3 0. 6 ) 103 1300
K K 0S [hh ( 2. 2 0. 4 ) 103 1278
K (892) K + . . ( 2.18 0.23 ) 103 969
K K ( 1.70 0.32 ) 103 1268
f0 (1710) K K ( 4. 8 1.1 ) 104 878
2(+ ) ( 1.66 0.23 ) 103 1318
(1232)++ p ( 1. 6 0. 5 ) 103 1030
( 1.74 0.20 ) 103 S=1.6 1394
K K ( 1.83 0.24 ) 103 S=1.5 1179
f0 (1710) K K ( 3. 6 0. 6 ) 104 875
f2 (1270) ( 7.2 1. 3 ) 104 1036
(1232)++ (1232) ( 1.10 0.29 ) 103 938
(1385) (1385)+ (or . .) [hh ( 1.10 0.12 ) 103 697
f 2 (1525) ( 8 4 ) 104 S=2.7 871
+ ( 9. 4 0. 9 ) 104 S=1.2 1365
0 0 ( 5. 6 1. 6 ) 104 1366
K K
0S [hh ( 7. 2 0. 8 ) 104 1114
f
1 (1420) ( 6.8 2. 4 ) 104 1062
( 7. 5 0.8 ) 104 S=1.5 1320
00 ( 1.20 0.24 ) 103 818
(1530) + ( 5. 9 1. 5 ) 104 600
pK (1385)0 ( 5. 1 3. 2 ) 104 646
0 ( 4. 5 0. 5 ) 104 S=1.4 1446
(958) ( 4. 0 0.7 ) 104 S=2.1 1192
f
0 (980) ( 3.2 0. 9 ) 104 S=1.9 1178
f
0 (980) + ( 1. 8 0. 4 ) 104 {
f
0 (980) 0 0 ( 1. 7 0. 7 ) 104 {
f
0 0 (980) 0 + ( 4. 5 1. 0 ) 106 {
f p
0 0 (980) 0 0 0 ( 1. 7 0. 6 ) 106 1045
f
0 (980) + ( 3. 2 1. 0 ) 104 {
a
0 (980)0 0 ( 5 4 ) 106 {
(1530)0 0 ( 3. 2 1. 4 ) 104 608
(1385) + (or . .) [hh ( 3. 1 0.5 ) 104 855
f1 (1285) ( 2.6 0. 5 ) 104 1032

f f
1 (1285) 0 0 (980) ( 9. 4 2.8 ) 107 952
0 +
f f
1 (1285) 0 0 (980) ( 2. 1 2.2 ) 107 955
0 0 0
+ ( 4.0 1.7 ) 104 1487
( 1.93 0.23 ) 104 1396
(958) ( 1.82 0.21 ) 104 1279
f
0 (980) ( 1.4 0.5 ) 104 1267
(958) ( 1.05 0.18 ) 104 1281
a2 (1320)
[hh < 4.3 103 CL=90% 1263
K K 2(1430)+ . . < 4.0 103 CL=90% 1159
K1(1270) K < 3.0 103 CL=90% 1231
K 2(1430)0 K 2 (1430)0 < 2.9 103 CL=90% 604
0 3 106 or 1 107 1377
(1405) + ( 2.0 1.0 ) 105 946
f
2 (1525) < 2.2 104 CL=90% 1003
X
(1835) pp < 3.9 106 CL=95% {
X
(1835) + < 2.8 104 CL=90% 578
X
(1870) + < 6.13 105 CL=90% {
f
(2170) 0 (980) ( 1.2 0.4 ) 104 628
+
(2170) < 2.52 104 CL=90% {
K K
(892)0 (892)0
(1385)0 + . . < 8.2 106 CL=90% 912
(1232)+ p < 1 104 CL=90% 1100
(1520) + . . < 4.1 106 CL=90% {
(1540) (1540) < 1.1 105 CL=90% {
K 0S pK n + . .
(1540) K n K 0S pK n < 2.1 105 CL=90% {
(1540) K 0S p K 0S pK + n < 1.6 105 CL=90% {
(1540) K + n K 0S pK + n < 5.6 105 CL=90% {
(1540) K 0S p K 0S pK n < 1.1 105 CL=90% {
0 < 9 105 CL=90% 1032
De ays into stable hadrons

2(+ ) 0 ( 4.1 0.5 ) % S=2.4 1496
3(+ ) 0 ( 2.9 0.6 ) % 1433
+ 0 ( 2.11 0.07 ) % S=1.5 1533
+ 0 + K K ( 1.79 0.29 ) % S=2.2 1368
4(+ ) 0 ( 9.0 3.0 ) 103 1345
+ + K K ( 6.6 0.5 ) 103 1407
K K
+ + ( 1.84 0.28 ) 103 1221
0 0 + K K ( 2.45 0.31 ) 103 1410
KK ( 6.1 1.0 ) 103 1442
2(+ ) ( 3.57 0.30 ) 103 1517
3(+ ) ( 4.3 0.4 ) 103 1466
2(+ 0 ) ( 1.62 0.21 ) % 1468
2(+ ) ( 2.29 0.24 ) 103 1446
3(+ ) ( 7.2 1.5 ) 104 1379
pp 0 ( 2.120 0.029) 103 1232
pp ( 1.19 0.08 ) 103 S=1.1 1176
pp + ( 6.0 0.5 ) 103 S=1.3 1107
pp + 0 [ttaa ( 2.3 0.9 ) 103 S=1.9 1033
pp ( 2.00 0.12 ) 103 948
pp < 3. 1 104 CL=90% 774

pp ( 9. 8 1.0 ) 104 S=1.3 768

pp (958) ( 2. 1 0. 4 ) 104 596
ppa0(980) pp 0 ( 6. 8 1.8 ) 105 {
pp ( 4. 5 1.5 ) 105 527
nn ( 2.09 0.16 ) 103 1231
nn++ ( 4 4 ) 103 1106
( 1.50 0.24 ) 103 992
0 0 ( 1.29 0.09 ) 103 988
2(+ ) K + K ( 4. 7 0. 7 ) 103 S=1.3 1320
pn ( 2.12 0.09 ) 103 1174
nN (1440) seen 984
nN (1520) seen 928
nN (1535) seen 914
+ ( 8. 6 1. 1 ) 104 S=1.2 807
( 1.61 0.15 ) 103 S=1.9 1074
+ (or . .) [hh ( 8.3 0.7 ) 104 S=1.2 950
pK ( 8. 9 1.6 ) 104 876
2(K + K ) ( 7. 6 0. 9 ) 104 1131
pK 0 ( 2. 9 0. 8 ) 104 819
K+K ( 2.86 0.21 ) 104 1468
K 0S K 0L ( 2.1 0. 4 ) 104 S=3.2 1466
+ ( 4. 3 1. 0 ) 103 903
( 1.62 0.17 ) 104 672
0 ( 3. 8 0. 4 ) 105 998
nK 0S + . . ( 6. 5 1. 1 ) 104 872
+ ( 1.47 0.14 ) 104 1542
+ . . ( 2.83 0.23 ) 105 1034
K 0S K 0S < 1 106 CL=95% 1466
Radiative de ays
3 ( 1.16 0.22 ) 105 1548
4 < 9 106 CL=90% 1548
5 < 1. 5 105 CL=90% 1548
0 0 ( 1.15 0.05 ) 103 1543
(1 )S ( 1. 7 0.4 )% S=1.5 111
S
(1 ) 3 ( 3. 8 +1.3
1. 0 ) 106 S=1.1 {
+ 2 0 ( 8. 3 3. 1 ) 103 1518
( 6. 1 1. 0 ) 103 1487
2 (1870) + ( 6. 2 2. 4 ) 104 {
(1405/1475) KK [o ( 2. 8 0. 6 ) 103 S=1.6 1223
(1405/1475) 0 ( 7. 8 2. 0 ) 105 S=1.8 1223
(1405/1475) + ( 3. 0 0. 5 ) 104 {
(1405/1475) < 8.2 105 CL=95% {
( 4. 5 0. 8 ) 103 1340
< 5.4 104 CL=90% 1338
< 8.8 105 CL=90% 1258
(958) ( 5.15 0.16 ) 103 S=1.2 1400
2 + 2 ( 2. 8 0. 5 ) 103 S=1.9 1517
f f
2 (1270) 2 (1270) ( 9. 5 1. 7 ) 104 878
f f
2 (1270) 2 (1270)(non reso- ( 8. 2 1. 9 ) 104 {
nant)
K K
+ + ( 2. 1 0. 6 ) 103 1407
f
4 (2050) ( 2. 7 0. 7 ) 103 891
( 1.61 0.33 ) 103 1336
(1405/1475) 0 0 ( 1. 7 0.4 ) 103 S=1.3 1223

f
2 (1270) ( 1.64 0.12 ) 103 S=1.3 1286
f
0 (1370) KK ( 4.2 1.5 ) 104 {
f0 (1710) K K ( 1.00 +0 .11
0.09 ) 10
3 S=1.5 1075
f0 (1710) ( 3.8 0.5 ) 10 4 {
f0 (1710) ( 3.1 1.0 ) 104 {
f0 (1710) ( 2.4 +1 .2
0.7 ) 10
4 {
( 1.104 0.034) 10 3
1500
f
1 (1420) KK ( 7.9 1.3 ) 104 1220
f
1 (1285) ( 6.1 0.8 ) 104 1283
f
1 (1510) + ( 4.5 1.2 ) 104 {
f 2 (1525) ( 5. 7 +0.8
0.5 ) 104 S=1.5 1173
f 2 (1525) ( 3. 4 1. 4) 105 {
f2 (1640) ( 2. 8 1.8 ) 104 {
f2 (1910) ( 2. 0 1.4 ) 104 {
f0 (1800) ( 2. 5 0.6 ) 104 {
f2 (1810) ( 5. 4 +3.5 ) 105
2.4 {
f2 (1950) ( 7. 0 2.2 ) 104 {
K (892) K (892)
K (892) K (892) ( 4. 0 1.3 ) 103 1266
( 4. 0 1.2 ) 104 S=2.1 1166
pp ( 3. 8 1.0 ) 104 1232
(2225) ( 3. 3 0.5 ) 104 749
(1760) 0 0 ( 1. 3 0.9 ) 104 1048
(1760) ( 1.98 0.33 ) 103 {
X
(1835) + ( 2. 6 0.4 ) 104 1006
X (1835) pp ( 7.7 +1.5
0.9 ) 105 {
X (1835) K 0S K 0S ( 3.3 +2 .0
1.3 ) 105 {
X (1840) 3( + ) ( 2.4 +0.7
0.8 ) 105 {
(K K ) [J PC = 0 + ( 7 4 ) 104 S=2.1 1442
0 ( +0.33
3.49 0.30 ) 105 1546
pp + < 7.9 104 CL=90% 1107
< 1.3 104 CL=90% 1074
f0 (2100) ( 1.13 +0 .60
0.30 ) 104 {
f0 (2100) ( 6. 2 1 . 0 ) 104 {
f0 (2200) K K ( 5.9 1.3 ) 104 {
fJ (2220) < 3.9 105 CL=90% {
fJ (2220) K K < 4.1 105 CL=90% {
fJ (2220) pp ( 1.5 0.8 ) 105 {
f2 (2340) ( 5.6 +2 .4
2.2 ) 105 {
f0 (1500) ( 1.09 0.24 ) 104 1183
f0 (1500) ( 1.7 +0 .6
1.4 ) 105 {
A invisible [uuaa < 6. 3 106 CL=90% {
A0 + [vvaa < 2.1 105 CL=90% {
Dalitz de ays
e e
0 + ( 7.6 1.4 ) 107 1546
e e
+ ( 1.16 0.09 ) 105 1500
(958) +e e ( 5.81 0.35 ) 105 1400

Weak de ays
D e + e + . . < 1. 2 105 CL=90% 984
D 0 e + e + . . < 1. 1 105 CL=90% 987
D s e + e + . . < 1. 3 106 CL=90% 923
s e e + . .
D + < 1.8 106 CL=90% 828
D + + . . < 7. 5 105 CL=90% 977
D 0 K 0 + . . < 1. 7 104 CL=90% 898
D 0 K 0 + . . < 2. 5 106 CL=90% 670
D s + + . . < 1. 3 104 CL=90% 916
D s + + . . < 1. 3 105 CL=90% 663
Charge onjugation (C ), Parity (P ),

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes
C < 2.7 107 CL=90% 1548
C < 1. 4 106 CL=90% 1381
e LF < 1. 6 107 CL=90% 1547
e LF < 8. 3 106 CL=90% 1039
LF < 2. 0 106 CL=90% 1035
Other de ays
invisible < 7 104 CL=90% {
0 (1P ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)
Mass m = 3414.75 0.31 MeV
S ale fa tor/ p
P
0 (1 ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Hadroni de ays
2(+ ) (2.24 0.18) % 1679
0 + (8.7 2.8 ) 103 1607
f0 (980) f0 (980) (6.5 2.1 ) 104 1391
+ 0 0 (3.3 0.4 ) % 1680
+ 0 + . . (2.8 0.4 ) % 1607
40 (3.2 0.4 ) 103 1681
K K
+ + (1.75 0.14) % 1580
K 0(1430)0 K 0 (1430)0 (9.6 +3 .5
2.8 ) 10
4 {
+ K + K
K 0(1430)0 K 2 (1430)0 + . . (7.8 +1 .9
2.4 ) 10
4 {
+ K + K
K1(1270)+ K + . . (6.1 1.9 ) 103 {
+ K + K
K1(1400)+ K + . . < 2.6 103 CL=90% {
+ K + K
f0 (980) f0 (980) (1.6 +1 .0
0.9 ) 10
4 1391
f0 (980) f0 (2200) (7.8 +2 .0

2.5 ) 10
4 584
f0 (1370) f0 (1370) < 2.7 10 4
CL=90% 1019
f0 (1370) f0 (1500) < 1.7 104 CL=90% 921
f0 (1370) f0 (1710) (6.6 +3 .5 ) 104
2.3 720
f0 (1500) f0 (1370) < 1.3 104 CL=90% 921
f0 (1500) f0 (1500) < 5 105 CL=90% 807
f0 (1500) f0 (1710) < 7 105 CL=90% 557

K + K + 0 (8.6 0.9 ) 103 1545

K 0S K + (4.2 0.4 ) 103 1544
K ++ K 00 00 (5.4 0.9 ) 103 1582
K K + . . (2.44 0.33) % 1581
+ K K 0 + . . (1.18 0.21) % 1458
K (892) K + 0 (4.5 1.1 ) 103 {
K + K 0 0 + . .
K 0S K 0S + (5.6 1.0 ) 103 1579
K ++K 0 (3.0 0.7 ) 103 1468
3( ) (1.20 0.18) % 1633
K + K (892)0 + . . (7.2 1.6 ) 103 1523
K (892)0 K (892)0 (1.7 0.6 ) 103 1456
(8.33 0.35) 103 1702
0 < 1. 8 104 1661
0 < 1.1 103 1570
0 < 1.6 103 CL=90% 384
(2.95 0.19) 103 1617
< 2.3 104 CL=90% 1521
(1.96 0.21) 103 1413
(9.5 1.1 ) 104 1517
(1.16 0.21) 104 1447
K K
+ (1.94 0.21) 103 1457
K+K (5.91 0.32) 103 1634
K 0S K 0S (3.10 0.18) 103 1633
+ < 1.9 104 CL=90% 1651
+ < 3.5 104 CL=90% 1560
K K
0 + + . . < 9 105 CL=90% 1610
K K
+ 0 < 6 105 CL=90% 1611
K K
+ < 2. 2 104 CL=90% 1512
K + K K 0S K 0S (1.4 0.5 ) 103 1331
K ++ K K + K (2.75 0.28) 103 1333
K K (9.5 2.4 ) 104 1381
K 0 K + + . . (3.7 0.6 ) 103 1326
K + K 0 (1.90 0.35) 103 1329
+ 0 (1.18 0.15) 103 1525
(7.7 0.7 ) 104 1370
pp 0 (2.25 0.09) 104 1426
pp (6.8 0.7 ) 104 S=1.3 1379
pp (3.5 0.4 ) 104 1187
pp (5.1 0.6 ) 104 1043
pp (5.9 1.4 ) 105 876
pp + (2.1 0.7 ) 103 S=1.4 1320
pp 0 0 (1.02 0.27) 103 1324
ppK + K (non-resonant) (1.19 0.26) 104 890
ppK 0S K 0S < 8.8 104 CL=90% 884
pn (1.24 0.11) 103 1376
pn + (1.34 0.12) 103 1376
pn 0 (2.29 0.21) 103 1321
pn + 0 (2.16 0.18) 103 1321
+ (3.21 0.25) 104 1292
+ (1.15 0.13) 103 1153
(non-resonant) < 5 104 CL=90% 1153
(1385)+ + . . < 5 104 CL=90% 1083
(1385) + + . . < 5 104 CL=90% 1083
K + p + . . (1.22 0.12) 103 S=1.3 1132

K + p(1520)+ . . (2.9 0.7 ) 104 858

(1520) (1520) (3.1 1.2 ) 104 779
0 0 (4.4 0.4 ) 104 1222
+ + (3.9 0.7 ) 104 S=1.7 1225
(1385) (1385) (1.6 0.6 ) 104 1001
(1385) (1385)+ (2.3 0.6 ) 104 1001
K + + . . (1.90 0.34) 104 873
00 (3.1 0.8 ) 104 1089
+ (4.7 0.7 ) 104 1081
+ < 7 104 CL=90% 308
Radiative de ays
J S
/ (1 ) (1.27 0.06) % 303
0 < 9 106 CL=90% 1619
< 8 106 CL=90% 1618
< 6 106 CL=90% 1555
(2.23 0.13) 104 1707
1 (1P ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)
Mass m = 3510.66 0.07 MeV (S = 1.5)
S ale fa tor/ p
P
Hadroni de ays
3(+ ) ( 5.8 1.4 ) 103 S=1.2 1683
2(+ ) ( 7.6 2.6 ) 103 1728
+ 0 0 ( 1.22 0.16) % 1729
+ 0 + . . ( 1.48 0.25) % 1658
0 + ( 3.9 3.5 ) 103 1657
40 ( 5.5 0.8 ) 104 1729
+ + K K ( 4.5 1.0 ) 103 1632
K K
+ 0 0 ( 1.14 0.28) 103 1634
K K
+ + 0 ( 1.15 0.13) % 1598
K K
0 +
S+ 0 0 ( 7.5 0.8 ) 103 1596
K K + . . ( 8.7 1.4 ) 103 1632
K K
+ 0 + . . ( 5.1 1.2 ) 103 1514
K K
(892)0 0 0 ( 2.4 0.7 ) 103 {
K K
+ 0 0 + . .
K K
+ 0 ( 1.14 0.35) 103 1523
K K
+ 0S 0S ( 7.0 3.0 ) 104 1630
K K+ (
3. 2 1.0 ) 104 1566
K K
0 + + . . (
7. 1 0.6 ) 103 1661
K (892)0 K 0 + . . (
1. 0 0.4 ) 103 1602
K (892)+ K + . . (
1.5 0.7 ) 103 1602
K J (1430)0 K 0 + . . < 8 104 CL=90% {
K 0S K + + . .
K J (1430)+ K + . . < 2.2 103 CL=90% {
K 0S K + + . .
K K 0
+ ( 1.85 0.25) 103 1662
+ ( 4.9 0.5 ) 103 1701
a0(980)+ + . . + ( 1.8 0.6 ) 103 {
f2 (1270) ( 2.7 0.8 ) 103 1467

+ ( 2.3 0.5 ) 103 1612

K K
+ (958) ( 8.8 0.9 ) 104 1461
K 0(1430)+ K + . . ( 6.4 +2 .2
2.8 ) 10
4 {
f0 (980) (958) ( 1.6 +1.4 ) 104
0. 7 1460
f0 (1710) (958) +7
( 7 5 ) 105 1106
f 2(1525) (958) ( 9 6 ) 105 1225
0 f0 (980) 0 + < 6 106 CL=90% {
K + K (892)0 + . . ( 3.2 2.1 ) 103 1577
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 1.5 0.4 ) 103 1512
K + K K 0S K 0S < 4 104 CL=90% 1390
K ++ K K + K ( 5.5 1.1 ) 104 1393
K K ( 4.2 1.6 ) 104 1440
K 0 K + + . . ( 3.3 0.5 ) 103 1387
K + K 0 ( 1.62 0.30) 103 1390
+ 0 ( 7.5 1.0 ) 104 1578
( 5.8 0.7 ) 104 1571
K K
+ ( 7.8 0.9 ) 104 1513
( 2.1 0.6 ) 105 1503
( 4.2 0.5 ) 104 1429
pp ( 7.72 0.35) 105 1484
pp 0 ( 1.59 0.19) 104 1438
pp ( 1.48 0.25) 104 1254
pp ( 2.16 0.31) 104 1117
pp < 1.8 105 CL=90% 962
pp + ( 5.0 1.9 ) 104 1381
ppK + K (non-resonant) ( 1.30 0.23) 104 974
ppK 0S K 0S < 4.5 104 CL=90% 968
pn ( 3.9 0.5 ) 104 1435
pn + ( 4.0 0.5 ) 104 1435
pn 0 ( 1.05 0.12) 103 1383
pn + 0 ( 1.03 0.12) 103 1383
( 1.16 0.12) 104 1355
+ + ( 3.0 0.5 ) 104 1223
(non-resonant) ( 2.5 0.6 ) 104 1223
(1385)+ + . . < 1. 3 104 CL=90% 1157
(1385) + + . . < 1. 3 104 CL=90% 1157
K + p ( 4.2 0.4 ) 104 S=1.1 1203
K + p(1520)+ . . ( 1.7 0.5 ) 104 950
(1520) (1520) < 1.0 104 CL=90% 879
00 < 4 105 CL=90% 1288
+ + < 6 105 CL=90% 1291
(1385) (1385) < 1.0 104 CL=90% 1081
(1385) (1385)+ < 5 105 CL=90% 1081
K + + . . ( 1.38 0.25) 104 963
00 < 6 105 CL=90% 1163
+ ( 8.2 2.2 ) 105 1155
+ + K + K < 2.1 103 {
K 0S K 0S < 6 105 CL=90% 1683
+ < 3.2 103 CL=90% 413

Radiative de ays
J S
/ (1 ) (33.9 1.2 ) % 389
0 ( 2.20 0.18) 104 1670
( 6.9 0.8 ) 105 1668
( 2.5 0.5 ) 105 1607
h (1P ) I G (J PC ) = ?? (1 + )
Mass m = 3525.38 0.11 MeV
p
h (1P ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
J /(1S ) not seen 312
pp < 1.5 104 90% 1492
(1S ) (51 6 ) % 500
+ 0 < 2.2 103 1749
2+ 2 0 +0.8 ) %
( 2. 2 0.7 1716
3+ 3 0 < 2.9 % 1661
2 (1P ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 3556.20 0.09 MeV
p
P
Hadroni de ays
2(+ ) ( 1.07 0.10) % 1751
+ 0 0 ( 1.91 0.25) % 1752
+ 0 + . . ( 2.3 0.4 ) % 1682
40 ( 1.16 0.16) 103 1752
K K
+ 0 0 ( 2.2 0.4 ) 103 1658
K K
+ 0 0 + . . ( 1.44 0.21) % 1657
K K
+ 0 + . . ( 4.3 1.3 ) 103 1540
K K
(892)0 + ( 3.1 0.8 ) 103 {
K K + 0 0 + . .
K K
(892)0 0 0 ( 4.0 0.9 ) 103 {
K K+ 0 0 + . .
K K
(892) + 0 ( 3.9 0.9 ) 103 {
K K+ 0 0 + . .
K K
(892)+ 0 ( 3.1 0.8 ) 103 {
K K+ 0 0 + . .
K K
+ 0 ( 1.3 0.5 ) 103 1549
K K
+ + ( 8.9 1.0 ) 103 1656
K K
+ + 0 ( 1.17 0.13) % 1623
K K
0 +
S+ ( 7.3 0.8 ) 103 1621
K K (892)0 + . . ( 2.2 1.1 ) 103 1602
K (892)0 K (892)0 ( 2.4 0.5 ) 103 1538
3(+ ) ( 8.6 1.8 ) 103 1707
( 1.12 0.10) 103 1457
( 8.8 1.1 ) 104 1597
K K
+ ( 7.3 0.9 ) 104 1540
( 2.33 0.12) 103 1773

0 + ( 3.8 1.6 ) 103 1682

+ ( 5.0 1.3 ) 104 1724
+ ( 5.2 1.9 ) 104 1636
( 5.7 0.5 ) 104 1692
K+K ( 1.05 0.07) 103 1708
K 0S K 0S ( 5.5 0.4 ) 104 1707
K 0 K + + . . ( 1.34 0.19) 103 1685
K ++ K 0 ( 3.2 0.8 ) 104 1686
K K < 3. 4 104 90% 1592
K + K (958) ( 1.94 0.34) 104 1488
< 6 105 90% 1600
< 1.0 104 90% 1498
K K 0S
+ 0S ( 2.3 0.6 ) 103 1655
K + K K 0S K 0S < 4 104 90% 1418
K+KK+K ( 1.73 0.21) 103 1421
K+K ( 1.48 0.31) 103 1468
K 0 K + + . . ( 4.8 0.7 ) 103 1416
K + K 0 ( 2.7 0.5 ) 103 1419
+ 0 ( 9.3 1.2 ) 104 1603
pp 0 ( 7.5 0.4 ) 105 1510
pp ( 4.9 0.4 ) 104 1465
pp ( 1.82 0.26) 104 1285
pp ( 3.8 0.5 ) 104 1152
pp ( 2.9 0.9 ) 105 1002
pp + ( 1.32 0.34) 103 1410
pp 0+0 ( 8.2 2.5 ) 104 1414
ppK K (non-resonant) ( 2.00 0.34) 104 1013
ppK 0S K 0S < 7.9 104 90% 1007
pn ( 8.9 1.0 ) 104 1463
pn + ( 9.3 0.9 ) 104 1463
pn 0 ( 2.27 0.19) 103 1411
pn + 0 ( 2.21 0.20) 103 1411
( 1.92 0.16) 104 1385
+ + ( 1.31 0.17) 103 1255
(non-resonant) ( 6.9 1.6 ) 104 1255
(1385)+ + . . < 4 104 90% 1192
(1385) + + . . < 6 104 90% 1192
K ++ p + . . ( 8.1 0.6 ) 104 1236
K p(1520)+ . . ( 2.9 0.7 ) 104 992
(1520) (1520) ( 4.8 1.5 ) 104 923
00 < 6 105 90% 1319
+ < 7 105 90% 1322
(1385)+ (1385) < 1.6 104 90% 1118
(1385) (1385)+ < 8 105 90% 1118
K + + . . ( 1.84 0.34) 104 1004
00 < 1.1 104 90% 1197
+ ( 1.48 0.33) 104 1189
J /(1S ) + 0 < 1.5 % 90% 185
0 < 3.2 103 90% 512
(1S ) + < 5.4 103 90% 459

Radiative de ays
J
/ (1 ) S (19.2 0.7 ) % 430
0 < 2.0 105 90% 1694
< 6 106 90% 1692
< 8 106 90% 1632
( 2.74 0.14) 104 1778
(2S ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Quantum numbers are quark model predi tions.
Mass m = 3639.2 1.2 MeV
+ 3.2 MeV
Full width = 11.3 2. 9
p
S
hadrons not seen {
KK ( 1.9 1.2) % 1730
K K+ ( 5 4 ) 103 1638
2 2 not seen 1793
0 0 not seen 1646
3+ 3 not seen 1750
K + K + not seen 1701
K 0 K 0 not seen 1586
K + K + 0 ( 1.4 1.0) % 1668
K + K 2+ 2 not seen 1628
K 0S K 2+ + . . seen 1667
2K + 2K not seen 1471
not seen 1507
pp < 2.0 103 90% 1559
( 1.9 1.3) 104 1820
+ not seen 1767
+ not seen 1681
+ (1 )S < 25 % 90% 539
(2S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 3686.097 0.025 MeV (S = 2.6)
Full width = 296 8 keV
e e = 2.34 0.04 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
S
hadrons (97.85 0.13 ) % {
virtual hadrons ( 1.73 0.14 ) % S=1.5 {
ggg (10.6 1.6 )% {
g g ( 1.03 0.29 ) % {
light hadrons (15.4 1. 5 ) % {
e+ e ( 7.89 0.17 ) 103 1843
+ ( 7. 9 0.9 ) 103 1840
+ ( 3. 1 0.4 ) 103 489

De ays into J / (1S ) and anything

J /(1S )anything (61.0 0.6 ) % {
J /(1S )neutrals (25.14 0.33 ) % {
J /(1S ) + (34.49 0.30 ) % 477
J /(1S ) 0 0 (18.16 0.31 ) % 481
J /(1S ) ( 3.36 0.05 ) % 199
J /(1S ) 0 ( 1.268 0.032) 103 528
Hadroni de ays
h P
0 (1 ) ( 8. 6 1. 3 ) 104 85
3(+ ) 0 ( 3.5 1. 6 ) 103 1746
2(+ ) 0 ( 2.9 1. 0 ) 103 S=4.7 1799
a
2 (1320) ( 2.6 0. 9 ) 104 1500
pp ( 2.88 0.09 ) 104 1586
++ ( 1.28 0.35 ) 104 1371
0 < 2.9 106 CL=90% 1412
+ ( 2. 5 0. 4 ) 105 1197
pK ( 1.00 0.14 ) 104 1327
pK++ + ( 1. 8 0. 4 ) 104 1167
( 2. 8 0. 6 ) 104 1346
( 3.57 0.18 ) 104 1467
+ + + . . ( 1.40 0.13 ) 104 1376
+ . . ( 1.54 0.14 ) 104 1379
0 pK + + . . ( 1.67 0.18 ) 105 1291
+ 0 ( 2.51 0.21 ) 104 1408
0 ( 2.32 0.16 ) 104 1405
(1385)+ (1385) ( 1. 1 0. 4 ) 104 1218
+ ( 2.64 0.18 ) 104 1284
00 ( 2.07 0.23 ) 104 1291
(1530)0 (1530)0 ( 5.2 +3.2 ) 105
1.2 1025
K + + . . ( 3.9 0.4 ) 105 1114
(1690) + K + + ( 5.2 1.6 ) 106 {
. .
(1820) + K + + ( 1.20 0.32 ) 105 {
. .
K +0 + + . . ( 3.7 0.4 ) 105 1060

( 4. 7 1 . 0 ) 105 774
0 pp ( 1.53 0.07 ) 104 1543
N (940) p + . . 0 pp ( 6.4 +1 .8
1.3 ) 105 {
N (1440) p + . . 0 pp ( 7.3 +1 .7
1.5 ) 105 S=2.5 {
N (1520) p + . . 0 pp ( 6.4 +2 .3
1.8 ) 106 {
N (1535) p + . . 0 pp ( 2. 5 1 . 0 ) 105 {
N (1650) p + . . 0 pp ( 3.8 +1 .4
1.7 ) 105 {
N (1720) p + . . 0 pp ( 1.79 +0 .26
0.70 ) 105 {
N (2300) p + . . 0 pp ( 2.6 +1 .2
0.7 ) 105 {
N (2570) p + . . 0 pp +0 40
( 2.13 0..31 ) 105 {
0 f0 (2100) 0 pp ( 1.1 0.4 ) 105 {
pp ( 6.0 0.4 ) 105 1373
f0 (2100) pp ( 1. 2 0. 4 ) 105 {
N (1535) p pp ( 4. 4 0 . 7 ) 105 {
pp ( 6. 9 2 . 1 ) 105 1247

pp < 2. 4 105 CL=90% 1109

pp
+ ( 6. 0 0.4 ) 104 1491
pn or . . ( 2.48 0.17 ) 104 {
pn 0 ( 3. 2 0.7 ) 104 1492
2(+ 0 ) ( 4.8 1.5 ) 103 1776
+ < 1.6 104 CL=90% 1791
+ 0 ( 9. 5 1.7 ) 104 1778
2(+ ) ( 1. 2 0. 6 ) 103 1758
+ 0 ( 4. 5 2.1 ) 104 1692
+ ( 7. 3 1.2 ) 104 S=2.1 1748
b
1 ( 4. 0 0.6 ) 104 S=1.1 1635
b 0 0
1 ( 2. 4 0.6 ) 104 {
f
2 (1270) ( 2.2 0.4 ) 104 1515
+ + K K ( 7. 5 0.9 ) 104 S=1.9 1726
0 + K K ( 2. 2 0.4 ) 104 1616
K (892)0K2 (1430)0 ( 1. 9 0.5 ) 104 1418
K + K + ( 1. 3 0.7 ) 103 1574
K + K 2(+ ) 0 ( 1.00 0.31 ) 103 1611
K + K 2(+ ) ( 1.9 0.9 ) 103 1654
K1(1270) K ( 1.00 0.28 ) 103 1581
K 0S K 0S + ( 2. 2 0.4 ) 104 1724
0 pp ( 5. 0 2.2 ) 105 1252
K + K (892)0 + . . ( 6. 7 2.5 ) 104 1674
2(+ ) ( 2. 4 0. 6 ) 104 S=2.2 1817
0 + ( 2. 2 0.6 ) 104 S=1.4 1750
K K
+ + 0 ( 1.26 0.09 ) 103 1694
f
0 (1710) + K K ( 5. 9 2.2 ) 105 {
K K
(892)0 + 0 + . . ( 8. 6 2.2 ) 104 {
K K
(892)+ + + . . ( 9.6 2.8 ) 104 {
K K
(892)+ 0 + . . ( 7.3 2.6 ) 104 {
K K
(892)0 + + . . ( 6. 1 1.8 ) 104 {
K K
+ , no ( 3. 1 0.4 ) 105 1664
K K
+ ( 1.62 0.11 ) 104 S=1.1 1614
K K
(892)+ + . . ( 2.07 0.26 ) 104 1482
K K
2 (1430)+ + . . ( 6. 1 1.2 ) 105 1253
K
(892)0 0 K ( 1.68 0.30 ) 104 1481
K
2 (1430)0 0K ( 5.8 2.2 ) 105 1251
X K K
(1440) 0S + + . . ( 1. 6 0.4 ) 105 {
X
(1440) + 0 K K ( 1.09 0.26 ) 105 {
f K K
1 (1285) 0S + + . . ( 3.0 1.0 ) 106 {
f K
1 (1285) + 0 K ( 1. 2 0.7 ) 106 {
3(+ ) ( 3. 5 2. 0 ) 104 S=2.8 1774
pp + 0 ( 7.3 0.7 ) 104 1435
K+K ( 7. 5 0.5 ) 105 1776
K 0S K 0L ( 5.34 0.33 ) 105 1775
+ 0 ( 2.01 0.17 ) 104 S=1.7 1830
(2150) + 0 ( 1. 9 +1.2
0.4 ) 10
4 {
(770) + 0 ( 3.2 1.2 ) 105 S=1.8 {
+ ( 7.8 2.6 ) 106 1838
K1(1400) K < 3.1 104 CL=90% 1532
K 2(1430) K ( +1 3
7.1 0.9 ) 105
. {
K + K+ 0 ( 4.07 0.31 ) 105 1754
K K (892) + . . ( 2.9 0.4 ) 105 S=1.2 1698

K (892)0 K 0 + . . ( 1.09 0.20 ) 104 1697

+ ( 1.17 0.29 ) 104 S=1.7 1690
f0 (980) + ( 6. 8 2. 5 ) 105 S=1.2 {
2(K + K ) ( 6.0 1. 4 ) 105 1499
K+ K ( 7. 0 1. 6 ) 105 1546
2(K + K ) 0 ( 1.10 0.28 ) 104 1440
( 3.10 0.31 ) 105 1654
( 3. 1 1. 6 ) 105 1555
( 3. 2 +2.5 ) 105 1623
2.1
0 ( 2.1 0. 6 ) 105 1757
( 1. 9 +1.7 ) 105 1625
1.2
( 2. 2 0.6 ) 105 S=1.1 1717
< 1. 1 105 CL=90% 1715
0 < 4 107 CL=90% 1699
+ 0 < 1.0 103 CL=90% 513
ppK + K ( 2. 7 0.7 ) 105 1118
nK 0S + . . ( 8. 1 1.8 ) 105 1324
f 2 (1525) ( 4.4 1.6 ) 105 1321
(1540) (1540) < 8.8 106 CL=90% {
K 0S pK n + . .
(1540) K n K 0S pK n < 1.0 105 CL=90% {
(1540) K 0S p K 0S pK + n < 7.0 106 CL=90% {
(1540) K + n K 0S pK + n < 2.6 105 CL=90% {
(1540) K 0S p K 0S pK n < 6.0 106 CL=90% {
K 0S K 0S < 4.6 106 1775
Radiative de ays
0 (1 )P ( 9.99 0.27 ) % 261
1 (1 )P ( 9.55 0.31 ) % 171
2 (1 )P ( 9.11 0.31 ) % 128
S
(1 ) ( 3. 4 ) 103
0.5 S=1.3 636
S
(2 ) ( 7 5) 104 47
0 ( 0.4 ) 106
1.6 1841
(958) ( 0.06 ) 104
1.23 1719
f
2 (1270) ( 2.73 +0 .29
0.25 ) 10
4 S=1.8 1622
f0 (1370) K K ( 3.1 1.7 ) 10 5 1588
f0 (1500) ( 9.2 1.9 ) 105 1536
f 2 (1525) ( 3.3 0.8 ) 105 1528
f0 (1710) ( 3.5 0.6 ) 105 {
f0 (1710) K K ( 6.6 0.7 ) 105 {
f0 (2100) ( 4.8 1.0 ) 106 1244
f0 (2200) K K ( 3.2 1.0 ) 106 1193
fJ (2220) < 5. 8 106 CL=90% 1168
fJ (2220) K K < 9.5 106 CL=90% 1168
< 1.5 104 CL=90% 1843
( 1.4 0.5 ) 106 1802
+ ( 8.7 2.1 ) 104 1791
(1405) KK < 9 105 CL=90% 1569
(1405) + ( 3.6 2.5 ) 105 {
(1475) KK < 1.4 104 CL=90% {
(1475) + < 8.8 105 CL=90% {
2( + ) ( 4.0 0.6 ) 104 1817
K K
0 + + . . ( 3.7 0.9 ) 104 1674

K K
0 0 ( 2. 4 0.7 ) 104 1613
K K
0S + + . . ( 2. 6 0.5 ) 104 1753
K K
+ + ( 1. 9 0.5 ) 104 1726
pp ( 3. 9 0. 5 ) 105 S=2.0 1586
f
2 (1950) pp ( 1.20 0.22 ) 105 {
f
2 (2150) pp ( 7.2 1. 8 ) 106 {
X (1835) pp ( 4. 6 +1.8 ) 106
4.0 {
X pp [xxaa < 2 106 CL=90% {
+ pp ( 2. 8 1.4 ) 105 1491
2( + ) K + K < 2.2 104 CL=90% 1654
3( + ) < 1.7 104 CL=90% 1774
K+KK+K < 4 105 CL=90% 1499
J / ( 3. 1 +1.0 ) 104
1.2 542
Other de ays
invisible < 1.6 % CL=90% {
(3770) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 3773.13 0.35 MeV (S = 1.1)
ee = 0.262 0.018 keV (S = 1.4)
In addition to the dominant de ay mode to D D , (3770) was found to de ay
into the nal states ontaining the J / (BAI 05, ADAM 06). ADAMS 06 and
HUANG 06A sear hed for various de ay modes with light hadrons and found a
statisti ally signi ant signal for the de ay to only (ADAMS 06).
S ale fa tor/ p
DD (93 +8 ) %
9 S=2.0 286
D0 D0 (52 +4 5 ) % S=2.0 286

D+ D (41 4 ) % S=2.0 253
J / + ( 1.93 0.28) 103 560
J / 0 0 ( 8.0 3.0 ) 104 564
J / ( 9 4 ) 104 360
J / 0 < 2.8 104 CL=90% 603
e+ e ( 9.6 0.7 ) 106 S=1.3 1887
De ays to light hadrons

b1(1235) < 1.4 105 CL=90% 1683
< 7 104 CL=90% 1607
< 4 104 CL=90% 1672
0 < 6 104 CL=90% 1674
( 3.1 0.7 ) 104 1703
< 1.4 105 CL=90% 1762
0 < 5 104 CL=90% 1764
0 < 3 105 CL=90% 1746
0 < 6 104 CL=90% 1803
+ 0 < 5 106 CL=90% 1874
< 5 106 CL=90% 1804
K (892)+ K + . . < 1.4 105 CL=90% 1745
K (892)0 K 0 + . . < 1.2 103 CL=90% 1744
K 0S K 0L < 1.2 105 CL=90% 1820

2(+ ) < 1.12 103 CL=90% 1861

2(+ ) 0 < 1.06 103 CL=90% 1843
2(+ 0 ) < 5.85 % CL=90% 1821
+ < 6.0 104 CL=90% 1794
3(+ ) < 9.1 103 CL=90% 1819
3(+ ) 0 < 1.37 % CL=90% 1792
3(+ )20 < 11.74 % CL=90% 1760
+ < 1.24 103 CL=90% 1836
+ 2 0 < 8.9 103 CL=90% 1862
0 + < 6.9 103 CL=90% 1796
3 < 1.34 103 CL=90% 1824
2(+ ) < 2.43 % CL=90% 1804
0 + < 1.45 % CL=90% 1708
3 < 2.44 103 CL=90% 1740
K K+ + < 9.0 104 CL=90% 1772
+ < 4.1 104 CL=90% 1737
K K+ 2 0 < 4.2 103 CL=90% 1774
4(+ ) < 1.67 % CL=90% 1757
4(+ ) 0 < 3.06 % CL=90% 1720
f
0 (980) < 4.5 104 CL=90% 1597
K K+ + 0 < 2.36 103 CL=90% 1741
K K+ 0 0 < 8 104 CL=90% 1624
K K+ + < 1.46 % CL=90% 1622
K K
+ < 3.4 104 CL=90% 1664
+ 0 < 3.8 103 CL=90% 1722
K K0 + 0 + . . < 1.62 % CL=90% 1693
K K+ + + . . < 3.23 % CL=90% 1692
K K+ + 2 0 < 2.67 % CL=90% 1705
K K+ 2( + ) < 1.03 % CL=90% 1702
K K+ 2( + ) 0 < 3.60 % CL=90% 1660
K K
+ < 4.1 104 CL=90% 1712
K K
+ + < 1.24 % CL=90% 1624
K K
0 + < 5.0 103 CL=90% 1665
2(K + K ) < 6.0 104 CL=90% 1552
K+ K < 7.5 104 CL=90% 1598
2(K + K ) 0 < 2.9 104 CL=90% 1493
2(K + K ) + < 3.2 103 CL=90% 1425
K 0S K + < 3.2 103 CL=90% 1799
K 0S K + 0 < 1.33 % CL=90% 1773
K 0S K + < 6.6 103 CL=90% 1664
K 0S K 2+ < 8.7 103 CL=90% 1739
K 0S K + 0 < 1.6 % CL=90% 1621
K 0S K + < 1.3 % CL=90% 1669
K 0S K 2+ 0 < 4.18 % CL=90% 1703
K 0S K 2+ < 4. 8 % CL=90% 1570
K 0S K + 2(+ ) < 1.22 % CL=90% 1658
K 0S K + 20 < 2.65 % CL=90% 1742
K 0S K K + K + < 4.9 103 CL=90% 1490
K 0S K K + K + 0 < 3.0 % CL=90% 1427
K 0S K K + K + < 2. 2 % CL=90% 1214
K 0 K + + . . < 9.7 103 CL=90% 1722
pp 0 < 4 105 CL=90% 1595
pp + < 5.8 104 CL=90% 1544
< 1. 2 104 CL=90% 1521

pp + 0 < 1.85 103 CL=90% 1490

pp < 2.9 104 CL=90% 1309
0 < 7 105 CL=90% 1468
pp 2(+ ) < 2.6 103 CL=90% 1425
pp < 5. 4 104 CL=90% 1430
pp + < 3.3 103 CL=90% 1284
0 pp < 1.7 103 CL=90% 1313
ppK + K < 3.2 104 CL=90% 1185
ppK + K < 6.9 103 CL=90% 736
0 ppK + K < 1.2 103 CL=90% 1093
pp < 1. 3 104 CL=90% 1178
++ < 2.5 104 CL=90% 1404
pK + < 2.8 104 CL=90% 1387
pK + < 6.3 104 CL=90% 1234
+ < 1.9 104 CL=90% 1262
< 1.0 104 CL=90% 1464
0 0 < 4 105 CL=90% 1462
+ 0 < 1.5 104 CL=90% 1346
0 < 1.4 104 CL=90% 1353
Radiative de ays
2 < 6.4 104 CL=90% 211
1 ( 2.48 0.23) 103 253
0 ( 7.0 0.6 ) 103 341
< 7 104 CL=90% 707
(2 )S < 9 104 CL=90% 132
< 1.8 104 CL=90% 1765
< 1.5 104 CL=90% 1847
0 < 2 104 CL=90% 1884
(3823)
X (3823),
I G (J PC ) = ?? (2 )
was
Mass m = 3822.2 1.2 MeV
Full width < 16 MeV, CL = 90%

1 seen 299
2 not seen 257
X (3872) I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)
Mass m = 3871.69 0.17 MeV
mX (3872) m J / = 775 4 MeV
mX (3872) m (2S )
X (3872) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

J S
+ / (1 ) > 2.6 % 650
J S
/ (1 ) > 1.9 %
DD

0 0 0 >32 % 117
D 0 D 0 >24 % 3

J
/ > 6 103 697
S
(2 ) > 3.0 % 181
S
+ (1 ) not seen 746
pp not seen 1693
X (3900) I G (J PC ) = 1+(1 + )
Mass m = 3886.6 2.4 MeV (S = 1.6)

J / seen 699
h not seen 318
+ not seen 759
(D D ) seen {
D 0 D + . . seen 150
D D 0 + . . seen 141
not seen 1862
J / not seen 509
D + D + . seen {
D 0 D 0 + . seen {
X (3915) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 or 2 + +)
was 0 (3915)
Mass m = 3918.4 1.9 MeV


J
/ seen 222
S
+ (1 ) not seen 785
not seen 665
0 not seen 815
KK not seen 1896
seen 1959
2 (2P ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)
Mass m = 3927.2 2.6 MeV
P
2 (2 ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
seen 1964
DD seen 615
D +0 D0 seen 600
DD seen 615
+ (1S ) not seen 792
KK not seen 1901

X (4020) I (J P ) = 1(??)
Mass m = 4024.1 1.9 MeV

h (1P ) seen 450
DD seen 85
D D + . . not seen 542
+ not seen 872
(4040) [yyaa I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 4039 1 MeV
ee = 0.86 0.07 keV
ee < 2.9 eV, CL = 90%
ee < 4.6 eV, CL = 90%
Due to the omplexity of the threshold region, in this listing, \seen" (\not
seen") means

that a ross se tion for the mode in question has been measured
at ee tive s near this parti le's entral mass value,

more (less) than 2 above
zero, without regard to any peaking behavior in s or absen e thereof. See
mode listing(s) for details and referen es.
p
e+ e (1.07 0.16) 105 2019
DD0 seen 775
D D0 seen 775
D+ D seen 764
D D + . . seen 569
D (2007)0 D 0 + . . seen 575
D (2010)+ D + . . seen 561
D D seen 193
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 seen 226
D (2010)+ D (2010) seen 193
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. not seen {
D (2007)0 D 0+ . .,
D (2010)+ D + . .)
D D (ex l. D D ) not seen {
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. seen {
D (2010)+ D (2010))
D +s D s seen 452
J / + < 4 103 90% 794
J / 0 0 < 2 103 90% 797
J / (5.2 0.7 ) 103 675
J / 0 < 2.8 104 90% 823
J / + 0 < 2 103 90% 746
1 < 3.4 103 90% 494
2 < 5 103 90% 454
1 + 0 < 1.1 % 90% 306
2 + 0 < 3.2 % 90% 233
h P
(1 ) + < 3 103 90% 403

+ < 3 103 90% 1880

+ < 2.9 104 90% 1578
0 < 9 105 90% 1636
< 3. 0 104 90% 1452
+ < 1.3 104 90% 1632
0 0 < 7 105 90% 1630
+ < 1.6 104 90% 1527
00 < 1.8 104 90% 1533
X (4140) I G (J PC ) = 0+(??+)
Mass m = 4146.9 3.1 MeV (S = 1.3)
+ 6 MeV
Full width = 15 5

J / seen 217
not seen 2073
(4160) [yyaa I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 4191 5 MeV
ee = 0.48 0.22 keV
ee < 2.2 eV, CL = 90%
ee
seen") means

at ee tive s near this parti le's entral mass value,

more (less) than 2 above
p
e+ e (6.9 3.3) 106 2096
+ seen 2093
DD 0 seen 956
D0 D seen 956
D+ D seen 947
D D+ . . 0 0 seen 798
D (2007) D + . . seen 802
D (2010)+ D + . . seen 792
D D seen 592
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 seen 604
D (2010)+ D (2010) seen 592
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. D (2007)0 D 0 not seen {
+ . ., D (2010)+ D + . .)
D D + . . (ex l. D D ) seen {
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. not seen {
D (2010)+ D (2010))
D +s D s not seen 720
D s + D s + . . seen 385
J / + < 3 103 90% 919
J / 0 0 < 3 103 90% 922

J / K + K < 2 103 90% 407

J / < 8 103 90% 822
J / 0 < 1 103 90% 944
J / < 5 103 90% 457
J / + 0 < 1 103 90% 879
(2S ) + < 4 103 90% 396
1 < 5 103 90% 625
2 < 1.3 % 90% 587
1 + 0 < 2 103 90% 496
2 + 0 < 8 103 90% 445
h P
(1 ) +0 0 < 5 103 90% 556
h P
(1 ) < 2 103 90% 560
h P
(1 ) 0 < 2 103 90% 348
h P
(1 ) < 4 104 90% 600
+ < 2 103 90% 1961
X
(3872) J
/ + < 6.8 105 90% {
X
(3915) J
/ + < 1.36 104 90% {
X
(3930) J
/ + < 1.18 104 90% {
X
(3940) J
/ + < 1.47 104 90% {
X
(3872) J
/ < 1.05 104 90% {
X
(3915) J
/ < 1.26 104 90% {
X
(3930) J
/ < 8.8 105 90% {
X
(3940) J
/ < 1.79 104 90% {
X (4260) I G (J PC ) = ?? (1 )
Mass m = 4251 9 MeV (S = 1.6)
Full width = 120 12 MeV (S = 1.1)

J / + seen 967
J / f0 (980), f0 (980) + seen {
X (3900) , X J / seen {
J / 0 0 seen 969
J / K + K seen 512
J / K 0S K 0S not seen 501
X (3872) seen 363
J / not seen 876
J / 0 not seen 991
J / not seen 552
J / + 0 not seen 930
J / 0 not seen 801
J / not seen 311
(2S ) + not seen 459
(2S ) not seen 129
0 not seen 265
1 not seen 676
2 not seen 638
1 + 0 not seen 560
2 + 0 not seen 512
h P
(1 ) + not seen 613
+ not seen 1993
f 0 (980) + not seen {

DD not seen 1020

D0 D0 not seen 1020
D+ D not seen 1011
D D + . . not seen 887
D (2007)0 D 0 + . . not seen {
D (2010)+ D + . . not seen {
D D not seen 691
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 not seen 701
D (2010)+ D (2010) not seen 691
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. not seen {
D (2007)0 D 0 + . .,
D (2010)+ D + . .)
D D + . . (ex l. D D ) not seen 723
D 0 D + + . . (ex l. not seen {
D (2010)+ D (2010))
D 0 D (2010) + + . . not seen 716
D D not seen 448
D +s D s not seen 803
D s + D s + . . not seen 615
D s + D
s not seen 239
pp not seen 1907
K 0S K not seen 2048
K + K 0 not seen 2049
X (4360) I G (J PC ) = ?? (1 )
X (4360) MASS = 4346 6 MeV
X (4360) WIDTH = 102 10 MeV
ee
ee < 0.57 eV, CL = 90%
ee < 1.9 eV, CL = 90%

S
(2 ) + seen 552
(3823) + possibly seen 416
(4415) [yyaa I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 4421 4 MeV
ee = 0.58 0.07 keV
ee < 3.6 eV, CL = 90%
ee < 0.47 eV, CL = 90%
ee < 2.3 eV, CL = 90%
seen") means

at ee tive s near this parti le's entral mass value, more (less) than 2 above


p
DD 0 seen 1187
D0 D seen 1187
D + D seen 1179
D D+ . . 0 0 seen 1063
D (2007) D + . . seen 1067
D (2010)+ D + . . seen 1059
D D seen 919
D (2007)0 D (2007)0 + . . seen 927
D (2010)+ D (2010) + . . seen 919
D 0 D + (ex l. D (2007)0 D 0 < 2.3 % 90% {
+ . ., D (2010)+ D + . .
D D 2(2460) D 0 D + + . . (10 4 ) % {
D 0+D + + . . < 11 % 90% 926
D s D s not seen 1006
2 possibly seen 330
D s + D s + . . seen {
D s + D
s not seen 652
(3823) + possibly seen 494
J/ < 6 103 90% 1022
1 < 8 104 90% 817
2 < 4 103 90% 780
e+ e ( 9.4 3.2) 106 2210
X (4430) I (J P ) = ?(1+)
Quantum numbers not established.
Mass m = 4478 + 15
18 MeV

S
+ (2 ) seen 711
J
+ / seen 1162
X (4660) I G (J PC ) = ?? (1 )
X (4660) MASS = 4643 9 MeV (S = 1.2)
X (4660) WIDTH = 72 11 MeV
ee
ee < 0.45 eV, CL = 90%
ee < 2.1 eV, CL = 90%

S
(2 ) + seen 820

bb MESONS
b (1S ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + )
Mass m = 9399.0 2.3 MeV (S = 1.6)
+ 5 MeV
Full width = 10 4
p
b S
hadrons seen {
3h+ 3h not seen 4673
2h+ 2h not seen 4689
not seen 4700
+ <9 103 90% 4698
+ <8 % 90% 4351
(1S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 9460.30 0.26 MeV (S = 3.3)
ee = 1.340 0.018 keV
p
(1S ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
+ ( 2.60 0.10 ) % 4384
e+ e ( 2.38 0.11 ) % 4730
+ ( 2.48 0.05 ) % 4729
Hadroni de ays
ggg (81.7 0. 7 )% {
g g ( 2. 2 0. 6 )% {
(958) anything ( 2.94 0.24 )% {
J /(1S ) anything ( 6. 5 0.7 ) 104 4223
J /(1S ) < 2.2 106 90% 3623
J /(1S ) 0 < 3.4 106 90% 3429
J /(1S ) 1 ( 3. 9 1. 2 ) 106 3382
J /(1S ) 2 < 1.4 106 90% 3359
J /(1S ) (2S ) < 2.2 106 90% 3316
J /(1S ) X (3940) < 5.4 106 90% 3148
J /(1S ) X (4160) < 5.4 106 90% 3018
0 anything < 5 103 90% {
1 anything ( 2. 3 0. 7 ) 104 {
2 anything ( 3. 4 1. 0 ) 104 {
S
(2 ) anything ( 2. 7 0.9 ) 104 {
S
(2 ) < 3.6 106 90% 3345
S
(2 ) 0 < 6.5 106 90% 3124
S
(2 ) 1 < 4.5 106 90% 3070
S
(2 ) 2 < 2.1 106 90% 3043
S S
(2 ) (2 ) < 3.2 106 90% 2993
SX
(2 ) (3940) < 2. 9 106 90% 2797
SX
(2 ) (4160) < 2. 9 106 90% 2642
< 3.68 106 90% 4697
0 < 3.90 106 90% 4697

+ < 5 104 90% 4728

K+K < 5 104 90% 4704
pp < 5 104 90% 4636
+ 0 ( 2.1 0.8 ) 106 4725
K+ K ( 2.4 0.5 ) 106 4622
+ ( 4.5 1.0 ) 106 4694
K (892)0 K + + . . ( 4.4 0.8 ) 106 4667
f 2 (1525) < 1.63 106 90% 4549
f2 (1270) < 1.79 106 90% 4611
(770) a2 (1320) < 2.24 106 90% 4605
K (892)0 K 2(1430)0 + . . ( 3.0 0.8 ) 106 4579
K1(1270) K < 2.41 106 90% 4631
K1(1400) K ( 1.0 0.4 ) 106 4613
b1(1235) < 1.25 106 90% 4649
+ 0 0 ( 1.28 0.30 ) 105 4720
K 0S K + + . . ( 1.6 0.4 ) 106 4696
K (892)0 K 0 + . . ( 2.9 0.9 ) 106 4675
K (892) K + + . . < 1.11 106 90% 4675
D (2010) anything ( 2.52 0.20 ) % {
2 H anything ( 2.85 0.25 ) 105 {
Sum of 100 ex lusive modes ( 1.200 0.017) % {
Radiative de ays
+ ( 6. 3 1.8 ) 105 4728
0 0 ( 1. 7 0.7 ) 105 4728
0 < 2.4 106 90% 4713
K K
+ [zzaa ( 1.14 0.13 ) 105 4704
pp [aabb < 6 106 90% 4636
h h
2 +2 ( 7. 0 1.5 ) 104 4720
h h
3 +3 ( 5. 4 2.0 ) 104 4703
h h
4 +4 ( 7. 4 3.5 ) 104 4679
K K
+ + ( 2. 9 0.9 ) 104 4686
2 + 2 ( 2. 5 0.9 ) 104 4720
3 + 3 ( 2. 5 1.2 ) 104 4703
K K
2 + 2 + ( 2. 4 1.2 ) 104 4658
+ pp ( 1. 5 0.6 ) 104 4604
pp
2 + 2 ( 4 6 ) 105 4563
K K
2 +2 ( 2. 0 2.0 ) 105 4601
(958) < 1.9 106 90% 4682
< 1.0 106 90% 4714
f
0 (980) < 3 105 90% 4678
f
2 (1525) ( 3. 8 0. 9 ) 105 4607
f
2 (1270) ( 1.01 0.09 ) 104 4644
(1405) < 8.2 105 90% 4625
f
0 (1500) < 1.5 105 90% 4611
f
0 (1710) < 2.6 104 90% 4573
f K K
0 (1710) + < 7 106 90% {
f
0 (1710) 0 0 < 1.4 106 90% {
f
0 (1710) < 1. 8 106 90% {
f
4 (2050) < 5.3 105 90% 4515
f K K
0 (2200) + < 2 104 90% 4475
f K K
J (2220) + < 8 107 90% 4469
f
J (2220) + < 6 107 90% {
f
J (2220) pp < 1.1 106 90% {
(2225) < 3 103 90% 4469

S
(1 ) < 5. 7 105 90% 4260
0 < 6.5 104 90% 4114
1 < 2.3 105 90% 4079
2 < 7.6 106 90% 4062
X J
(3872) + / < 1.6 106 90% {
X J
(3872) + 0 / < 2. 8 106 90% {
X J
(3915) / < 3.0 106 90% {
X J
(4140) / < 2.2 106 90% {
X [bbbb < 4. 5 106 90% {
XX m
( X < 3.1 GeV) [ bb < 1 103 90% {
XX m
( X < 4.5 GeV) [ddbb < 2. 4 104 90% {
X
+ 4 prongs [eebb < 1.78 104 95% {
a
01 + [bb < 9 106 90% {
a
01 + [zzaa < 1.30 104 90% {
a
01 gg [ggbb < 1 % 90% {
a
01 ss [ggbb < 1 103 90% {
LF < 6. 0 106 95% 4563
Other de ays
invisible < 3.0 104 90% {
b 0 (1P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 9859.44 0.42 0.31 MeV
p
b P
(1S ) ( 1.76 0.35) % 391
D0 X < 10.4 % 90% {
+ K + K 0 < 1.6 104 90% 4875
2+ K K 0S < 5 105 90% 4875
2+ K K 0S 20 < 5 104 90% 4846
2+ 2 20 < 2.1 104 90% 4905
2+ 2 K + K ( 1.1 0.6 ) 104 4861
2+ 2 K + K 0 < 2.7 104 90% 4846
2+ 2 K + K 20 < 5 104 90% 4828
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 < 1.6 104 90% 4827
3+ 3 < 8 105 90% 4904
3+ 3 20 < 6 104 90% 4881
3+ 3 K + K ( 2.4 1.2 ) 104 4827
3+ 3 K + K 0 < 1.0 103 90% 4808
4+ 4 < 8 105 90% 4880
4+ 4 20 < 2.1 103 90% 4850
J / J / < 7 105 90% 3836
J / (2S ) < 1.2 104 90% 3571
(2S ) (2S ) < 3.1 105 90% 3273

b 1 (1P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 9892.78 0.26 0.31 MeV
p
b P
(1S ) (33.9 2.2) % 423
D0 X (12.6 2.2) % {
+ K + K 0 ( 2.0 0.6) 104 4892
2+ K K 0S ( 1.3 0.5) 104 4892
2+ K K 0S 20 < 6 104 90% 4863
2+ 2 20 ( 8.0 2.5) 104 4921
2+ 2 K + K ( 1.5 0.5) 104 4878
2+ 2 K + K 0 ( 3.5 1.2) 104 4863
2+ 2 K + K 20 ( 8.6 3.2) 104 4845
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 ( 9.3 3.3) 104 4844
3+ 3 ( 1.9 0.6) 104 4921
3+ 3 20 ( 1.7 0.5) 103 4898
3+ 3 K + K ( 2.6 0.8) 104 4844
3+ 3 K + K 0 ( 7.5 2.6) 104 4825
4+ 4 ( 2.6 0.9) 104 4897
4+ 4 20 ( 1.4 0.6) 103 4867
J / J / < 2. 7 105 90% 3857
J / (2S ) < 1.7 105 90% 3594
(2S ) (2S ) < 6 105 90% 3298
hb (1P ) I G (J PC ) = ?? (1 + )
Mass m = 9899.3 0.8 MeV
hb (1P ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

S
b (1 ) (52 +6
5) % 488
b 2 (1P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 9912.21 0.26 0.31 MeV
p
b P
(1S ) (19.1 1.2) % 442
D 0 X + < 7.9 % 90% {
+ K K 0 ( 8 5 ) 105 4902
2+ K K 0S < 1.0 104 90% 4901
2+ K K 0S 20 ( 5.3 2.4) 104 4873
2+ 2 20 ( 3.5 1.4) 104 4931
2+ 2 K + K ( 1.1 0.4) 104 4888
2+ 2 K + K 0 ( 2.1 0.9) 104 4872
2+ 2 K + K 20 ( 3.9 1.8) 104 4855
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 < 5 104 90% 4854
3+ 3 ( 7.0 3.1) 105 4931

3+ 3 20 ( 1.0 0.4) 103 4908

3+ 3 K + K < 8 105 90% 4854
3+ 3 K + K 0 ( 3.6 1.5) 104 4835
4+ 4 ( 8 4 ) 105 4907
4+ 4 20 ( 1.8 0.7) 103 4877
J / J / < 4 105 90% 3869
J / (2S ) < 5 105 90% 3608
(2S ) (2S ) < 1.6 105 90% 3313
(2S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 10023.26 0.31 MeV
m (3S ) m (2S ) = 331.50 0.13 MeV
ee = 0.612 0.011 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
(1S ) + (17.85 0.26) % 475
(1S ) 0 0 ( 8.6 0.4 ) % 480
+ ( 2.00 0.21) % 4686
+ ( 1.93 0.17) % S=2.2 5011
e+ e ( 1.91 0.16) % 5012
(1S ) 0 < 4 105 CL=90% 531
(1S ) ( 2. 9 0.4 ) 104 S=2.0 126
J /(1S ) anything < 6 103 CL=90% 4533
J /(1S ) < 5.4 106 CL=90% 3984
J /(1S ) 0 < 3.4 106 CL=90% 3808
J /(1S ) 1 < 1.2 106 CL=90% 3765
J /(1S ) 2 < 2.0 106 CL=90% 3744
J /(1S ) (2S ) < 2.5 106 CL=90% 3706
J /(1S ) X (3940) < 2.0 106 CL=90% 3555
J /(1S ) X (4160) < 2.0 106 CL=90% 3440
(2S ) < 5.1 106 CL=90% 3732
(2S ) 0 < 4.7 106 CL=90% 3536
(2S ) 1 < 2.5 106 CL=90% 3488
(2S ) 2 < 1.9 106 CL=90% 3464
(2S ) (2S ) < 3.3 106 CL=90% 3421
(2S ) X (3940) < 3. 9 106 CL=90% 3250
(2S ) X (4160) < 3. 9 106 CL=90% 3118
2 H anything ( 2.78 + 0.30
0.26 ) 10
5 S=1.2 {
hadrons (94 11 ) % {
ggg (58.8 1.2 ) % {
g g ( 1.87 0.28) % {
K+ K ( 1.6 0.4 ) 106 4910
+ < 2.58 106 CL=90% 4977
K (892)0 K + + . . ( 2.3 0.7 ) 106 4952
f 2 (1525) < 1.33 106 CL=90% 4841
f2 (1270) < 5.7 107 CL=90% 4899
(770) a2 (1320) < 8.8 107 CL=90% 4894
K (892)0 K 2(1430)0 + . . ( 1.5 0.6 ) 106 4869
K1(1270) K < 3.22 106 CL=90% 4918
K1(1400) K < 8.3 107 CL=90% 4901
b1(1235) < 4.0 107 CL=90% 4935

< 1.16 106 CL=90% 4981

+ 0 < 8.0 107 CL=90% 5007
0 < 1.63 106 CL=90% 4980
+ 0 0 ( 1.30 0.28) 105 5002
K K
0 + + . .
S ( 1.14 0.33) 106 4979
K (892)0 K 0 + . . < 4.22 106 CL=90% 4959
K (892) K + + . . < 1.45 106 CL=90% 4960
Sum of 100 ex lusive modes ( 2.90 0.30) 103 {
Radiative de ays
b1 (1 ) P ( 6. 9 0. 4 ) % 130
b2 (1 ) P ( 7.15 0.35) % 110
b0 (1 ) P ( 3. 8 0. 4 ) % 162
f
0 (1710) < 5.9 104 CL=90% 4864
f
2 (1525) < 5.3 104 CL=90% 4896
f
2 (1270) < 2.41 104 CL=90% 4930
S
(1 ) < 2.7 105 CL=90% 4568
0 < 1.0 104 CL=90% 4430
1 < 3.6 106 CL=90% 4397
2 < 1.5 105 CL=90% 4381
X
(3872) + / J < 8 107 CL=90% {
X
(3872) + 0 / J < 2.4 106 CL=90% {
X
(3915) / J < 2. 8 106 CL=90% {
X
(4140) / J < 1. 2 106 CL=90% {
X
(4350) / J < 1. 3 106 CL=90% {
S
b (1 ) ( 3. 9 1.5 ) 104 605
S
b (1 ) Sum of 26 ex lu- < 3.7 106 CL=90% {
sive modes
X b b Sum of 26 ex lusive < 4.9 106 CL=90% {
modes
X + 4 prongs [iibb < 1.95 104 CL=95% {
A hadrons
0 < 8 105 CL=90% {
a
01 + < 8.3 106 CL=90% {
e LF < 3.2 106 CL=90% 4854
LF < 3.3 106 CL=90% 4854
(1D ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (2 )
Mass m = 10163.7 1.4 MeV (S = 1.7)
(1D ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

S
(1 ) seen 679
P
bJ (1 ) seen 300
S
(1 ) not seen 426
S
+ (1 ) (6.6 1.6) 103 623

b 0 (2P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(0 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 10232.5 0.4 0.5 MeV
p
b P
(2S ) (4.6 2.1) % 207
(1S ) (9 6 ) 103 743
D+0 X < 8.2 % 90% {
K + K 0 < 3.4 105 90% 5064
2+ K K 0S < 5 105 90% 5063
2+ K K 0S 20 < 2.2 104 90% 5036
2+ 2 20 < 2.4 104 90% 5092
2+ 2 K + K < 1.5 104 90% 5050
2+ 2 K + K 0 < 2.2 104 90% 5035
2+ 2 K + K 20 < 1.1 103 90% 5019
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 < 7 104 90% 5018
3+ 3 < 7 105 90% 5091
3+ 3 20 < 1.2 103 90% 5070
3+ 3 K + K < 1.5 104 90% 5017
3+ 3 K + K 0 < 7 104 90% 4999
4+ 4 < 1.7 104 90% 5069
4+ 4 20 < 6 104 90% 5039
b 1 (2P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 10255.46 0.22 0.50 MeV
mb (2P ) m b (2P ) = 23.5 1.0 MeV
1 0
p
b P
1 (2 ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) S ale fa tor (MeV/ )
(1S ) +0.40 ) %
( 1.63 0.34 135
S
(2 ) (19.9 1. 9 ) % 230
S
(1 ) ( 9. 2 0.8 ) % 1.1 764
P
b1 (1 ) ( 9.1 1.3 ) 103 238
D0 X ( 8.8 1. 7 ) % {
+ K + K 0 ( 3.1 1.0 ) 104 5075
2+ K K 0S ( 1.1 0.5 ) 104 5075
2+ K K 0S 20 ( 7.7 3.2 ) 104 5047
2+ 2 20 ( 5.9 2.0 ) 104 5104
2+ 2 K + K (10 4 ) 105 5062
2+ 2 K + K 0 ( 5.5 1.8 ) 104 5047
2+ 2 K + K 20 (10 4 ) 104 5030
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 ( 6.7 2.6 ) 104 5029
3+ 3 ( 1. 2 0.4 ) 104 5103
3+ 3 20 ( 1.2 0.4 ) 103 5081
3+ 3 K + K ( 2. 0 0.8 ) 104 5029
3+ 3 K + K 0 ( 6.1 2.2 ) 104 5011
4+ 4 ( 1. 7 0.6 ) 104 5080
4+ 4 20 ( 1.9 0.7 ) 103 5051

b 2 (2P ) [hhbb I G (J PC ) = 0+(2 + +)

J needs onrmation.
Mass m = 10268.65 0.22 0.50 MeV
mb (2P ) m b (2P ) = 13.4 0.6 MeV
2 1
S ale fa tor/ p
b P
(1S ) +0.34 ) %
( 1.10 0.30 194
(2S ) (10.6 2. 6 ) % S=2.0 242
(1S ) ( 7. 0 0. 7 ) % 777
b2 (1P ) ( 5. 1 0.9 ) 103 229
D0 X < 2.4 % CL=90% {
+ K + K 0 < 1.1 104 CL=90% 5082
2+ K K 0S < 9 105 CL=90% 5082
2+ K K 0S 20 < 7 104 CL=90% 5054
2+ 2 20 ( 3. 9 1.6 ) 104 5110
2+ 2 K + K ( 9 4 ) 105 5068
2+ 2 K + K 0 ( 2. 4 1.1 ) 104 5054
2+ 2 K + K 20 ( 4.7 2.3 ) 104 5037
3+ 2 K K 0S 0 < 4 104 CL=90% 5036
3+ 3 ( 9 4 ) 105 5110
3+ 3 20 ( 1. 2 0.4 ) 103 5088
3+ 3 K + K ( 1. 4 0.7 ) 104 5036
3+ 3 K + K 0 ( 4. 2 1.7 ) 104 5017
4+ 4 ( 9 5 ) 105 5087
4+ 4 20 ( 1. 3 0.5 ) 103 5058
(3S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 10355.2 0.5 MeV
m (3S ) m (2S ) = 331.50 0.13 MeV
ee = 0.443 0.008 keV
S ale fa tor/ p
(2S )anything (10.6 0.8 ) % 296
(2S ) + ( 2.82 0.18) % S=1.6 177
(2S ) 0 0 ( 1.85 0.14) % 190
(2S ) ( 5.0 0.7 ) % 327
(2S ) 0 < 5.1 104 CL=90% 298
(1S ) + ( 4.37 0.08) % 813
(1S ) 0 0 ( 2.20 0.13) % 816
(1S ) < 1 104 CL=90% 677
(1S ) 0 < 7 105 CL=90% 846
hb (1P ) 0 < 1.2 103 CL=90% 426
hb (1P ) 0 S
b (1 ) 0 ( 4.3 1.4 ) 104 {
hb (1P ) + < 1.2 104 CL=90% 353
+ ( 2.29 0.30) % 4863
+ ( 2.18 0.21) % S=2.1 5177
e+ e seen 5178
ggg (35.7 2.6 ) % {
g g ( 9.7 1.8 ) 103 {
2 H anything ( 2.33 0.33) 105 {

Radiative de ays
b2 (2 ) P (13.1 1. 6 ) % S=3.4 86
b1 (2 ) P (12.6 1. 2 ) % S=2.4 99
b0 (2 ) P ( 5.9 0. 6 ) % S=1.4 122
b2 (1 ) P ( 9.9 1.3 ) 103 S=2.0 434
A
0 hadrons < 8 105 CL=90% {
b1 (1 ) P ( 9 5 ) 104 S=1.9 452
b0 (1 ) P ( 2.7 0.4 ) 103 484
S
b (2 ) < 6. 2 104 CL=90% 350
S
b (1 ) ( 5. 1 0.7 ) 104 913
X
+ 4 prongs [jjbb < 2.2 104 CL=95% {
a
01 + < 5.5 106 CL=90% {
a
01 + [kkbb < 1.6 104 CL=90% {
e LF < 4. 2 106 CL=90% 5025
LF < 3. 1 106 CL=90% 5025
b 1 (3P ) I G (J PC ) = 0+(1 + +)
Mass m = 10512.1 2.3 MeV
b P
1 (3 ) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
(1S ) seen 999
(2S ) seen 477
(3S ) seen 156
(4S ) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
or (10580)
Mass m = 10579.4 1.2 MeV

ee = 0.272 0.029 keV (S = 1.5)
p
BB > 96 % 95% 326
B + B+ (51.4 0.6 ) % 331
D s anything + . . (17.8 2.6 ) % {
B0 B0 (48.6 0.6 ) % 326
J / K 0S + (J /, ) K 0S < 4 107 90% {
non- B B < 4 % 95% {
e+ e ( 1.57 0.08) 105 5290
+ < 5.7 106 90% 5233
K (892)0 K 0 < 2.0 106 90% 5240
J /(1S ) anything < 1. 9 104 95% {
D + anything + . . < 7.4 % 90% 5099
anything ( 7 . 1 0. 6 ) % 5240
< 1.8 106 90% 5226
< 4.3 106 90% 5196
< 1.3 106 90% 5247
< 2.5 106 90% 5217

(1S ) anything < 4 103 90% 1053

(1S ) + ( 8.1 0.6 ) 105 1026
(1S ) ( 1.96 0.28) 104 924
(2S ) + ( 8.6 1.3 ) 105 468
hb (1P ) + not seen 600
hb (1P ) ( 2.18 0.21) 103 390
2 H anything < 1.3 105 90% {
X (10610) I G (J P ) = 1+(1+)
Mass m = 10607.2 2.0 MeV
X (10610) de ay modes are harge onjugates of the modes below.
X (10610)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

(1S ) + seen 1077
(2S ) + seen 551
(3S ) + seen 207
hb (1P ) + seen 671
hb (2P ) + seen 313
X (10610)0 I G (J P ) = 1+(1+)
X (10610)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

S
(1 ) 0 not seen 1079
S
(2 ) 0 seen 554
S
(3 ) 0 seen 212
(10860) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
ee = 0.31 0.07 keV (S = 1.3)
p
BBX ( 76.2 +2 .7
4.0 )% {
BB ( 5.5 1.0 )% 1334
B B + . . ( 13.7 1.6 )% {
BB ( 38.1 3.4 )% 1141
B B ( ) < 19.7 % 90% 1031
B B ( 0.0 1.2 )% 1031
B B + B B ( 7.3 2.3 )% {
B B ( 1.0 1.4 )% 761
B B < 8. 9 % 90% 580
B (s) B s() ( 20.1 3.1 ) % 923
Bs B s ( 5 5 ) 103 923
Bs B s + . . ( 1.35 0.32) % {

B s B s ( 17.6 2.7 ) % 572

no open-bottom ( 3.8 +5 .0
0.5 ) % {
e+ e ( 5.7 1.5 ) 106 5446
K (892)0 K 0 < 1. 0 105 90% 5398
(1S ) + ( 5.3 0.6 ) 103 1311
(2S ) + ( 7.8 1.3 ) 103 789
(3S ) + ( 4.8 +1 .9
1.7 ) 10
3 446
(1S ) K + K ( 6.1 1.8 ) 104 966
hb (1P ) + ( 3.5 +1 .0
1.3 ) 10
3 908
hb (2P ) + +2 1
( 6.0 1.8 ) 103
. 550
b0 (1P ) + 0 < 6. 3 103 90% 900
b0 (1P ) < 3. 9 103 90% 640
b0 (1P ) ( + 0 )non < 4. 8 103 90% {
b1 (1P ) + 0 ( 1.85 0.33) 103 867
b1 (1P ) ( 1.57 0.30) 103 591
b1 (1P ) ( + 0 )non ( 5.2 1.9 ) 104 {
b2 (1P ) + 0 ( 1.17 0.30) 103 847
b2 (1P ) ( 6.0 2.7 ) 104 561
b2 (1P ) ( + 0 )non ( 6 4 ) 104 {
Xb (1S ) < 3.8 105 90% {
In lusive De ays.
These de ay modes are submodes of one or more of the de ay modes above.
anything ( 13.8 +2 .4
1.7 ) % {
D 0 anything + . . (108 8 ) % {
Ds anything + . . ( 46 6 ) % {
J / anything ( 2.06 0.21) % {
B 0+ anything + . . ( 77 8 ) % {
B anything + . . ( 72 6 ) % {
(11020) I G (J PC ) = 0 (1 )
Mass m = 10987.5 + 11.0 MeV
3. 4
+
ee = 0.130 0.030 keV

e+ e +1.1 ) 106
(2.1 0.6 5494

NOTES
When a quantity has \(S = . . .)" to its right, the p
error on the quantity has been
this frame.
[a See the \Note on and K Form Fa tors" in the

Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for denitions
and details.
[b Measurements of (e + e )/ (+ ) always in lude de ays with 's, and
measurements of (e + e ) and (+ ) never in lude low-energy 's.
Therefore, sin e no lean separation is possible, we onsider the modes
with 's to be subrea tions of the modes without them, and let [ (e + e )
+ (+ )/ total = 100%.
[ See the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for the
energy limits used in this measurement; low-energy 's are not in luded.
[d Derived from an analysis of neutrino-os illation experiments.
[e Astrophysi al and osmologi al arguments give limits of order 1013 ; see
the 0 Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[f C parity forbids this to o ur as a single-photon pro ess.
[g See the \Note on s alar mesons" in the f0 (500) Parti le Listings in the
Full Review of Parti le Physi s. The interpretation of this entry as a
parti le is ontroversial.
[h See the \Note on (770)" in the (770) Parti le Listings in the Full
Review of Parti le Physi s.
[i The interferen e is then due to mixing only, and is expe ted to
be small. If e universality holds, (0 + ) = (0 e + e )
0.99785.
[j See the \Note on s alar mesons" in the f0 (500) Parti le Listings in the
Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[k See the \Note on a1 (1260)" in the a1 (1260) Parti le Listings in PDG 06,
Journal of Physi s G33 1 (2006).
[l This is only an edu ated guess; the error given is larger than the error
on the average of the published values. See the Parti le Listings in the
Full Review of Parti le Physi s for details.
[n See the \Note on non-qq mesons" in the Parti le Listings in PDG 06,
Journal of Physi s G33 1 (2006).
[o See the \Note on the (1405)" in the (1405) Parti le Listings in the
[p See the \Note on the f1 (1420)" in the (1405) Parti le Listings in the
[q See also the (1650) Parti le Listings.
[r See the \Note on the (1450) and the (1700)" in the (1700) Parti le
Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[s See also the (1420) Parti le Listings.

[t See the \Note on f0 (1710)" in the f0 (1710) Parti le Listings in 2004

edition of Review of Parti le Physi s.
[u See the note in the K Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le
Physi s.
[v Negle ting photon hannels. See, e.g., A. Pais and S.B. Treiman, Phys.
D12, 2744 (1975).
Rev. D12
[x The denition of the slope parameters of the K 3 Dalitz plot is as
follows (see also \Note on Dalitz Plot Parameters for K 3 De ays"
in the K Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s):
M = 1 + g (s3 s0 )/m2 + .
2
+
[y For more details and denitions of parameters see Parti le Listings in the
[z See the K Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for
the energy limits used in this measurement.
[aa Most of this radiative mode, the low-momentum part, is also in luded
in the parent mode listed without 's.
[bb Stru ture-dependent part.
[ Dire t-emission bran hing fra tion.
[dd Violates angular-momentum onservation.
[ee Derived from measured values of + , 00 , , m K 0 m K 0 , and

L S
K 0 , as des ribed in the introdu tion to \Tests of Conservation Laws."
S
[ The CP-violation parameters are dened as follows (see also \Note on
CP Violation in KS 3" and \Note on CP Violation in K 0L De ay"
in the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s):
A(K 0L + )
+ = + ei+ = = +
A(K 0S + )
A(K 0L 0 0)
00 = 00 ei00 = = 2
A(K 0S 0 0 )
(K 0L + ) (K 0L + )
= ,
(K 0L + ) + (K 0L + )
(K 0S + 0 )CP viol.
Im( +0 )2 = ,
(K 0L + 0 )
(K 0S 0 0 0 )
Im( 000 )2 = .
(K 0L 0 0 0 )
where for the last two relations CPT is assumed valid, i.e., Re( +0 )
0 and Re( 000 ) 0.
[gg See the K 0S Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for
[hh The value is for the sum of the harge states or parti le/antiparti le
states indi ated.
[ii Re( /) = / to a very good approximation provided the phases satisfy
CPT invarian e.
[jj This mode in ludes gammas from inner bremsstrahlung but not the dire t
emission mode K 0L + (DE).
[kk See the K 0L Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for

[ll Allowed by higher-order ele troweak intera tions.

[nn Violates CP in leading order. Test of dire t CP violation sin e the in-
dire t CP-violating and CP- onserving ontributions are expe ted to be
suppressed.
[oo See the \Note on f0 (1370)" in the f0 (1370) Parti le Listings in the Full
Review of Parti le Physi s and in the 1994 edition.
[pp See the note in the L(1770) Parti le Listings in Reviews of Modern
Physi s 56 S1 (1984), p. S200. See also the \Note on K2 (1770) and
the K2 (1820)" in the K2 (1770) Parti le Listings in the Full Review of
Parti le Physi s.
[qq See the \Note on K2 (1770) and the K2 (1820)" in the K2 (1770) Parti le
Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[rr This result applies to Z 0 de ays only. Here + is an average (not
a sum) of e + and + de ays.
[ss See the Parti le Listings for the ( ompli ated) denition of this quantity.
[tt The bran hing fra tion for this mode may dier from the sum of the
submodes that ontribute to it, due to interferen e ee ts. See the
relevant papers in the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le
Physi s.
[uu These subfra tions of the K 2+ mode are un ertain: see the Parti le
Listings.
[vv Submodes of the D + K 2+ 0 and K 0S 2+ modes were studied
by ANJOS 92C and COFFMAN 92B, but with at most 142 events for the
rst mode and 229 for the se ond { not enough for pre ise results. With
nothing new for 18 years, we refer to our 2008 edition, Physi s Letters
B667 1 (2008), for those results.
[xx The unseen de ay modes of the resonan es are in luded.
[yy This is not a test for the C=1 weak neutral urrent, but leads to the
+ + nal state.
[zz This mode is not a useful test for a C=1 weak neutral urrent be ause
both quarks must hange avor in this de ay.
[aaa In the 2010 Review, the values for these quantities were given using a
measure of the asymmetry that was in onsistent with the usual denition.
[bbb This value is obtained by subtra ting the bran hing fra tions for 2-, 4-
and 6-prongs from unity.
[ This is the sum of our K 2+ , K 2+ 0 ,
K 0+2+ 2+ ,K +0 2K +, 2+ 2, 2+ 2 0 , K + K + , and
K K , bran hing fra tions.
[ddd This is the sum of our K 3+ 2 and 3+ 3 bran hing fra tions.
[eee The bran hing fra tions for the K e + e , K (892) e + e , e + e ,
and e + e modes add up to 6.19 0.17 %.
[f This is a doubly Cabibbo-suppressed mode.
[ggg The two experiments measuring this fra tion are in serious disagreement.
See the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[hhh Submodes of the D 0 K 0S + 0 mode with a K and/or were
studied by COFFMAN 92B, but with only 140 events. With nothing new
for 18 years, we refer to our 2008 edition, Physi s Letters B667 1 (2008),
for those results.
[iii This bran hing fra tion in ludes all the de ay modes of the resonan e in
the nal state.
[jjj This limit is for either D 0 or D 0 to pe .
[kkk This limit is for either D 0 or D 0 to pe + .

[lll This is the purely e + semileptoni bran hing fra tion: the e + fra tion
from + de ays has been subtra ted o. The sum of our (non- ) e +
ex lusive fra tions | an e + e with an , , , K 0 , K 0 , or f0 (980) |
is 7.0 0.4 %
[nnn This fra tion in ludes from de ays.
[ooo Two times (to in lude de ays) the e + e bran hing fra tion, plus the
+ , + , and K + fra tions, is (18.6 2.3)%, whi h onsiderably
ex eeds the in lusive fra tion of (11.7 1.8)%. Our best guess is that
the + fra tion, (12.5 2.2)%, is too large.
[ppp This bran hing fra tion in ludes all the de ay modes of the nal-state
resonan e.
[qqq A test for uu or dd ontent in the D + s . Neither Cabibbo-favored nor
Cabibbo-suppressed de ays an ontribute, and mixing is an unlikely
explanation for any fra tion above about 2 104 .
[rrr We de ouple the D + +
s bran hing fra tion obtained from mass
proje tions (and used to get some of the other bran hing fra tions) from
the D + s , K K bran hing fra tion obtained from the
+ +
Dalitz-plot analysis of D + s K + K +. That is, the ratio of these two
bran hing fra tions is not exa tly the K + K bran hing fra tion
0.491.
[sss This is the average of a model-independent and a K-matrix parametriza-
tion of the + S-wave and is a sum over several f0 mesons.
[ttt An indi ates an e or a mode, not a sum over these modes.
[uuu An CP( 1) indi ates the CP=+1 and CP= 1 eigenstates of the D 0 -D 0
system.
[vvv D denotes D 0 or D 0 .
[xxx D CP 0
+ de ays into D with the D re onstru ted in CP-even eigen-
0 0 0
states K + K and + .
[yyy D represents an ex ited state with mass 2.2 < M < 2.8 GeV/ 2 .
[zzz X (3872)+ is a hypotheti al harged partner of the X (3872).
[aaaa (1710)++ is a possible narrow pentaquark state and G (2220) is a
possible glueball resonan e.
[bbaa ( p )s denotes a low-mass enhan ement near 3.35 GeV/ .
2
[ aa Stands for the possible andidates of K (1410), K 0(1430) and

K 2(1430).
[ddaa B 0 and B 0s ontributions not separated. Limit is on weighted average of
the two de ay rates.
[eeaa This de ay refers to the oherent sum of resonant and nonresonant J P
= 0+ K omponents with 1.60 < m K < 2.15 GeV/ 2 .
[aa X (214) is a hypotheti al parti le of mass 214 MeV/ 2 reported by the
HyperCP experiment, Physi al Review Letters 94 021801 (2005)
[ggaa (1540)+ denotes a possible narrow pentaquark state.
[hhaa Here S and P are the hypotheti al s alar and pseudos alar parti les with
masses of 2.5 GeV/ 2 and 214.3 MeV/ 2 , respe tively.
[iiaa These values are model dependent.
[jjaa Here \anything" means at least one parti le observed.
[kkaa This is a B(B 0 D + ) value.

[llaa D stands for the sum of the D(1 1P1 ), D(1 3P0 ), D(1 3P1 ), D(1 3P2 ),
D(2 1S0), and D(2 1S1) resonan es.
[nnaa D () D () stands for the sum of D D , D D , D D , and D D .
[ooaa X (3915) denotes a near-threshold enhan ement in the J / mass spe -
trum.
[ppaa In lusive bran hing fra tions have a multipli ity denition and an be
greater than 100%.
[qqaa Dj represents an unresolved mixture of pseudos alar and tensor D
(P -wave) states.
[rraa Not a pure measurement. See note at head of B 0s De ay Modes.
[ssaa For E > 100 MeV.
[ttaa In ludes pp + and ex ludes pp , pp , pp .
[uuaa For a narrow state A with mass less than 960 MeV.
[vvaa For a narrow s alar or pseudos alar A0 with mass 0.21{3.0 GeV.
[xxaa For a narrow resonan e in the range 2.2 < M (X ) < 2.8 GeV.
[yyaa J PC known by produ tion in e + e via single photon annihilation. I G
is not known; interpretation of this state as a single resonan e is un lear
be ause of the expe tation of substantial threshold ee ts in this energy
region.
[zzaa 2m < M( + ) < 9.2 GeV
[aabb 2 GeV < m K + K < 3 GeV
[bbbb X = s alar with m < 8.0 GeV
[ bb X X = ve tors with m < 3.1 GeV
[ddbb X and X = zero spin with m < 4.5 GeV
[eebb 1.5 GeV < m X < 5.0 GeV
[bb 201 MeV < M(+ ) < 3565 MeV
[ggbb 0.5 GeV < m X < 9.0 GeV, where m X is the invariant mass of the
hadroni nal state.
[hhbb Spe tros opi labeling for these states is theoreti al, pending experimen-
tal information.
[iibb 1.5 GeV < m X < 5.0 GeV
[jjbb 1.5 GeV < m X < 5.0 GeV
[kkbb For m + in the ranges 4.03{9.52 and 9.61{10.10 GeV.

Baryon Summary Table 159
N BARYONS
(S = 0, I = 1/2)
p, N + = uud; n, N 0 = udd
p I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 +)
Mass m = 1.00727646688 0.00000000009 u
Mass m = 938.272081 0.000006 MeV [a
m p m p /m p < 7 1010 , CL = 90% [b

q p qp
/( ) = 0.99999999991 0.00000000009
m m
p p
q
p+ < 7 1010 , CL = 90% [b
qp /e
q qe /e< 1 1021 [

p+
Magneti moment
= 2.792847351 0.000000009 N
( p + p ) p = (0 5) 106
d
Ele tri dipole moment < 0.54 1023 m e
Ele tri polarizability = (11.2 0.4) 104 fm3
Magneti polarizability = (2.5 0.4) 104 fm3 (S = 1.2)
Charge radius, Lamb shift = 0.84087 0.00039 fm [d
p
Charge radius, epCODATA value = 0.8751 0.0061 fm [d
Magneti radius = 0.78 0.04 fm [e
Mean life > 2.1 1029 years, CL = 90% [f ( invisible p
mode)
Mean life > 1031 to 1033 years [f (mode dependent)
D50, 1173)
See the \Note on Nu leon De ay" in our 1994 edition (Phys. Rev. D50
for a short review.
The \partial mean life" limits tabulated here are the limits on /Bi , where is
the total mean life and Bi is the bran hing fra tion for the mode in question.
For N de ays, p and n indi ate proton and neutron partial lifetimes.
Partial mean life p

p DECAY MODES (1030 years) Conden e level (MeV/ )
Antilepton + meson
N e+ n
> 2000 ( ), > 8200 ( ) p 90% 459
N + n
> 1000 ( ), > 6600 ( ) p 90% 453
N n
> 1100 ( ), > 390 ( ) p 90% 459
p e+ > 4200 90% 309
p + > 1300 90% 297
n > 158 90% 310
N e ++ n p
> 217 ( ), > 710 ( ) 90% 149
N n p
> 228 ( ), > 160 ( ) 90% 113
N > 19 (n ), > 162 (p ) 90% 149
p e+ > 320 90% 143
p + > 780 90% 105
n > 108 90% 144
N e+ K n p
> 17 ( ), > 1000 ( ) 90% 339
N + K n p
> 26 ( ), > 1600 ( ) 90% 329
N K 0 > 86 (n ), > 5900 (p ) 90% 339
n KS > 260 90% 338
p e + K (892)0 > 84 90% 45
N K (892) n
> 78 ( ), > 51 ( ) p 90% 45

160 Baryon Summary Table
Antilepton + mesons
p e + + > 82 90% 448
p e + 0 0 > 147 90% 449
n e +++0 > 52 90% 449
p > 133 90% 425
p + 0 0 > 101 90% 427
n + 0 > 74 90% 427
n e K
+ 0 > 18 90% 319
Lepton + meson
n e ++ > 65 90% 459
n > 49 90% 453
n e + > 62 90% 150
n ++ >7 90% 115
n e K > 32 90% 340
n K + > 57 90% 330
Lepton + mesons
p e ++ 0+ > 30 90% 448
n e > 29 90% 449
p ++ 0+ > 17 90% 425
n + + > 34 90% 427
p e K > 75 90% 320
p + K + > 245 90% 279
Antilepton + photon(s)
p e+ > 670 90% 469
p + > 478 90% 463
n > 550 90% 470
p e+ > 100 90% 469
n > 219 90% 470
Antilepton + single massless

p e+ X > 790 90% {
p + X > 410 90% {
Three (or more) leptons
p e+ e+ e > 793 90% 469
p e + + > 359 90% 457
p e+ > 170 90% 469
n e+ e > 257 90% 470
n + e > 83 90% 464
n + > 79 90% 458
p + e + e > 529 90% 463
p + + > 675 90% 439
p + > 220 90% 463
p e + + >6 90% 457
n 3 > 5 104 90% 470
In lusive modes
N e + anything > 0.6 ( ,n p) 90% {
N + anything > 12 ( ,n p) 90% {
N e + 0 anything > 0 . 6 (n , p ) 90% {

B = 2 dinu leon modes

The following are lifetime limits per iron nu leus.
pp + + > 72.2 90% {
pn + 0 > 170 90% {
nn + > 0.7 90% {
nn 0 0 > 404 90% {
pp K++ K++ > 170 90% {
pp e e > 5.8 90% {
pp e + + > 3.6 90% {
pp + + > 1.7 90% {
pn e+ > 260 90% {
pn + > 200 90% {
pn + > 29 90% {
nn e e > 1.4 90% {
nn > 1.4 90% {
pn invisible > 2.1 105 90% {
pp invisible > 5 105 90% {
p DECAY MODES
Partial mean life p
Mode (years) Conden e level (MeV/ )
p e > 7 105 90% 469

p > 5 104 90% 463
p e 00 > 4 105 90% 459
p > 5 104 90% 453
p e > 2 104 90% 309
p > 8 103 90% 297
p e K 0S > 900 90% 337
p K 0S > 4 103 90% 326
p e K 0L > 9 103 90% 337
p K 0L > 7 103 90% 326
p e > 2 104 90% 469
p > 2 104 90% 463
p e > 200 90% 143
n I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 +)
Mass m = 1.0086649159 0.0000000005 u
Mass m = 939.565413 0.000006 MeV [a
(m n m n )/ m n = (9 6) 105
mn m p = 1.2933321 0.0000005 MeV
= 0.00138844919(45) u
Mean life = 880.2 1.0 s (S = 1.9)
= 2.6387 108 km
Magneti moment = 1.9130427 0.0000005 N
Mean-square harge radius r2n = 0.1161 0.0022
fm2 (S = 1.3) q
Magneti radius r M2 = 0.864 + 00..008
009 fm
Ele tri polarizability = (11.8 1.1) 104 fm3

Magneti polarizability = (3.7 1.2) 104 fm3
Charge q = ( 0.2 0.8) 1021 e

Mean nn-os illation time > 2.7 108 s, CL = 90% (free n)

Mean nn-os illation time > 1.3 108 s, CL = 90% [g (bound n)
Mean nn -os illation time > 414 s, CL = 90% [h
pe e de ay parameters [i
g A / g V = 1.2723 0.0023 (S = 2.2)
A = 0.1184 0.0010 (S = 2.4)
B = 0.9807 0.0030
C = 0.2377 0.0026
a = 0.103 0.004
AV = (180.017 0.026) [j
D = ( 1.2 2.0) 104 [k
R = 0.004 0.013 [k
p
n DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
pe e 100 % 1
pe e [l ( 3.09 0.32) 103 1
Charge onservation (Q ) violating mode
p e e Q < 8 1027 68% 1
N (1440) 1/2+ I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 +)
Re(pole position)
2Im(pole position)
Breit-Wigner mass = 1410 to 1450 ( 1430) MeV
Breit-Wigner full width = 250 to 450 ( 350) MeV
The following bran hing fra tions are our estimates, not ts or averages.
N (1440) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

N 55{75 % 391
N <1 %
N

25{50 % 338
(1232) 20{30 % 135
(1232) , P-wave 13{27 % 135
N 11{23 % {
p , heli ity=1/2 0.035{0.048 % 407
n , heli ity=1/2 0.02{0.04 % 406
N (1520) 3/2 I (J P ) = 21 ( 23 )
Re(pole position) = 1505 to 1515 ( 1510) MeV
2Im(pole position) = 105 to 120 ( 110) MeV

N 55{65 % 453
N <1% 142
N 25{35 % 410

(1232) 22{34 % 225

(1232) , S-wave 15{23 % 225
(1232) , D-wave 7{11 % 225
N <2% {
p 0.31{0.52 % 467
p , heli ity=1/2 0.01{0.02 % 467
p , heli ity=3/2 0.30{0.50 % 467
n 0.30{0.53 % 466
n , heli ity=1/2 0.04{0.10 % 466
n , heli ity=3/2 0.25{0.45 % 466
N (1535) 1/2 I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 )

N 35{55 % 468
N 32{52 % 186
N 3{14 % 426
(1232) , D-wave 1{4 % 244
N 2{10 % {
N (1440) 5{12 %
p , heli ity=1/2

0.15{0.30 % 481
n , heli ity=1/2 0.01{0.25 % 480
N (1650) 1/2 , N (1675) 5/2 , N (1680) 5/2+ , N (1700) 3/2 , N (1710) 1/2+ ,
N (1720) 3/2+ , N (2190) 7/2 , N (2220) 9/2+ , N (2250) 9/2 , N (2600) 11/2
The N resonan es listed above are omitted from this Booklet but not
from the Summary Table in the full Review.
N (1875) 3/2 I (J P ) = 21 ( 32 )
Re(pole position) = 1800 to 1950 MeV
2Im(pole position) = 150 to 250 MeV
Breit-Wigner full width = 250 70 MeV

N 2{14 % 695
N <1 % 559
N 15{25 % 371
K seen 454
K seen 384
N 670
(1232) 10{35 % 520
(1232) , S-wave 7{21 % 520

(1232) , D-wave 2{12 % 520

N , S=3/2, S-wave seen 379
N 30{60 % {
N (1440) 2{8 % 373
N (1520) <2 % 301
p 0.001{0.025 % 703
p , heli ity=1/2 0.001{0.021 % 703
p , heli ity=3/2 <0.003 % 703
n <0.040 % 702
n , heli ity=1/2 <0.007 % 702
n , heli ity=3/2 <0.033 % 702
N (1900) 3/2+ I (J P ) = 21 ( 23 +)
2Im(pole position) = 130 to 300 MeV
Breit-Wigner mass = 1900 30 MeV
Breit-Wigner full width = 200 50 MeV

N <10 % 710
N 2{14 % 579
N 7{13 % 401
K 2{20 % 477
K 3{7 % 410
N 40{80 % 686
(1232) 30{70 % 539
(1232) , P-wave 9{25 % 539
(1232) , F-wave 21{45 % 539
N 1{7 % {
N (1520) 7{23 % 324
N (1535) 4{10 % 306
p 0.001{0.025 % 718
p , heli ity=1/2 0.001{0.021 % 718
p , heli ity=3/2 <0.003 % 718
n <0.040 % 718
n , heli ity=1/2 <0.007 % 718
n , heli ity=3/2 <0.033 % 718
BARYONS
S = 0, I = 3/2)
(
++ = uuu, + = uud, 0 = udd, = ddd
(1232) 3/2+ I (J P ) = 23 ( 23 +)
Breit-Wigner mass (mixed harges) = 1230 to 1234 ( 1232) MeV
Breit-Wigner full width (mixed harges) = 114 to 120 ( 117) MeV


N 99.4 % 229
N 0.55{0.65 % 259
N , heli ity=1/2 0.11{0.13 % 259
N , heli ity=3/2 0.44{0.52 % 259
(1600) 3/2+ I (J P ) = 23 ( 32 +)

N 10{25 % 513
N 75{90 % 477
(1232) 73{83 % 303
(1232) , P-wave 72{82 % 303
(1232) , F-wave <2 % 303
N (1440) , P-wave seen 98
N 0.001{0.035 % 525
N , heli ity=1/2 0.0{0.02 % 525
N , heli ity=3/2 0.001{0.015 % 525
(1620) 1/2 I (J P ) = 23 ( 12 )

N 20{30 % 534
N 55{80 % 499
(1232) , D-wave 52{72 % 328
N , S=1/2, S-wave seen
N , S=3/2, D-wave seen
N (1440)

3{9 % 138
N , heli ity=1/2 0.03{0.10 % 545
(1700) 3/2 , (1905) 5/2+ , (1910) 1/2+ ,

(1920) 3/2+ , (1930) 5/2 , (1950) 7/2+ , (2420) 11/2+
The resonan es listed above are omitted from this Booklet but not

BARYONS
(S = 1, I = 0)
0 = uds
I (J P ) = 0( 12 +)
Mass m = 1115 .683 0.006 MeV
(m m ) m = ( 0.1 1.1) 105 (S = 1.6)
Mean life = (2.632 0.020) 1010 s (S = 1.6)
( ) / = 0.001 0.009
= 7.89 m
Magneti moment = 0.613 0.004 N
De ay parameters
p = 0.642 0.013
p + + = 0.71 0.08
p = ( 6.5 3.5)
" = 0.76 [n
" = (8 4) [n
n 0 0 = 0.65 0.04
pe e gA/gV = 0.718 0.015 [i
p
p (63.9 0.5 ) % 101
n 0 (35.8 0.5 ) % 104
n ( 1.75 0.15) 103 162
p [o ( 8.4 1.4 ) 104 101
pe e ( 8.32 0.14) 104 163
p ( 1.57 0.35) 104 131
Lepton (L) and/or Baryon (B ) number violating de ay modes

+ e L,B < 6 107 90% 549
+ L,B < 6 107 90% 544
+ e L,B < 4 107 90% 549
+ L,B < 6 107 90% 544
K + e L,B < 2 106 90% 449
K + + L,B < 3 106 90% 441
K e L,B < 2 106 90% 449
K + L,B < 3 106 90% 441
K 0S L,B < 2 105 90% 447
p + B < 9 107 90% 101

(1405) 1/2 I (J P ) = 0( 12 )
Mass m = 1405.1 + 1. 3
1.0 MeV
Below K N threshold

100 % 155
(1520) 3/2 I (J P ) = 0( 32 )
Mass m = 1519.5 1.0 MeV [p
Full width = 15.6 1.0 MeV [p

NK (45 1 ) % 243
(42 1 ) % 268
(10 1 ) % 259
( 0. 9 0 . 1 ) % 169
( 0.85 0.15) % 350
(1600) 1/2+ , (1670) 1/2 , (1690) 3/2 ,

(1800) 1/2 , (1810) 1/2+ , (1820) 5/2+ ,
(1830) 5/2 , (1890) 3/2+ , (2100) 7/2 , (2110) 5/2+ , (2350) 9/2+
BARYONS
(S = 1, I = 1)
+ = uus, 0 = uds, = dds
+ I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
Mass m = 1189.37 0.07 MeV (S = 2.2)
Mean life = (0.8018 0.0026) 1010 s
= 2.404 m
( + ) / + = 0.0006 0.0012
Magneti moment = 2.458 0.010 N (S = 2.1)
( + + ) + = 0.014 0.015
+ n + / n < 0.043
De ay parameters
p 0 0 = 0.980 + 0.017
0.015
" 0 = (36 34)
" 0 = 0.16 [n
" 0 = (187 6) [n

n + + = 0.068 0.013
" + = (167 20) (S = 1.1)
" + = 0.97 [n
" + = ( 73 + 133 ) [n
10
p = 0.76 0.08
p
p 0 (51.57 0.30) % 189
n + (48.31 0.30) % 185
p ( 1.23 0.05) 103 225
n + [o ( 4.5 0.5 ) 104 185
e + e ( 2.0 0.5 ) 105 71
S = Q (SQ) violating modes or
S = 1 weak neutral urrent (S1 ) modes
ne + e SQ < 5 106 90% 224
n + SQ < 3.0 105 90% 202
pe + e S1 < 7 106 225
p + S1 ( 9 +9
8 ) 108 121
0 I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
Mass m = 1192.642 0.024 MeV
m m 0 = 4.807 0.035 MeV (S = 1.1)
m 0 m = 76.959 0.023 MeV
Mean life = (7.4 0.7) 1020 s
= 2.22 1011 m
Transition magneti moment = 1.61 0.08 N
p
100 % 74
< 3% 90% 74
e + e [q 5 103 74
I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
Mass m = 1197.449 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2)
m m + = 8.08 0.08 MeV (S = 1.9)
m m = 81.766 0.030 MeV (S = 1.2)
Mean life = (1.479 0.011) 1010 s (S = 1.3)
= 4.434 m
Magneti moment = 1.160 0.025 N (S = 1.7)
harge radius = 0.78 0.10 fm
De ay parameters
n = 0.068 0.008
" = (10 15)
" = 0.98 [n
= (249 + 12 [n
" 120 )

ne e gA/gV = 0.340 0.017 [i

" f2(0)f1 (0) = 0.97 0.14
" D = 0.11 0.10
e e gV /gA = 0.01 0.10 [i (S = 1.5)
" gWM /gA = 2.4 1.7 [i
DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
n (99.848 0.005) % 193
n [o ( 4.6 0.6 ) 104 193
ne e ( 1.017 0.034) 103 230
n ( 4.5 0.4 ) 104 210
e e ( 5.73 0.27 ) 105 79
(1385) 3/2+ I (J P ) = 1( 32 +)
(1385)+ mass m = 1382.80 0.35 MeV (S = 1.9)
(1385)0 mass m = 1383.7 1.0 MeV (S = 1.4)
(1385) mass m = 1387.2 0.5 MeV (S = 2.2)
(1385)+ full width = 36.0 0.7 MeV
(1385)0 full width = 36 5 MeV
(1385) full width = 39.4 2.1 MeV (S = 1.7)
Below K N threshold
p
(87.0 1.5 ) % 208
(11.7 1.5 ) % 129
( 1.25 +0 .13
0.12 ) % 241
+ ( 7.0 1.7 ) 103 180
< 2. 4 104 90% 173
(1660) 1/2+ I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
Mass m = 1630 to 1690 ( 1660) MeV
Full width = 40 to 200 ( 100) MeV

NK 10{30 % 405
seen 440
seen 387
(1670) 3/2 , (1750) 1/2 , (1775) 5/2 , (1915) 5/2+ ,

(1940) 3/2 , (2030) 7/2+ , (2250)

BARYONS
(S = 2, I = 1/2)
0 = uss, = dss
0 I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 +)
P is not yet measured; + is the quark model predi tion.
Mass m = 1314.86 0.20 MeV
m m 0 = 6.85 0.21 MeV
Mean life = (2.90 0.09) 1010 s
= 8.71 m
De ay parameters
0 = 0.406 0.013
" = (21 12)
" = 0.85 [n
= (218 + 12 [n
" 19 )
= 0.70 0.07
e + e = 0.8 0.2
0 = 0.69 0.06
+ e e g1(0)/f1(0) = 1.22 0.05
+ e e f2(0)/f1 (0) = 2.0 0.9
p
0 (99.524 0.012) % 135
( 1.17 0.07 ) 103 184
e + e ( 7.6 0.6 ) 106 184
0 ( 3.33 0.10 ) 103 117
+ e e ( 2.52 0.08 ) 104 120
+ ( 2.33 0.35 ) 106 64
S = Q (SQ) violating modes or

S = 2 forbidden (S2 ) modes
e + e SQ < 9 104 90% 112
+ SQ < 9 104 90% 49
p S2 < 8 106 90% 299
pe e S2 < 1.3 103 323
p S2 < 1.3 103 309
I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 +)
P is not yet measured; + is the quark model predi tion.
Mass m = 1321.71 0.07 MeV
(m m + ) / m = ( 3 9) 105
Mean life = (1.639 0.015) 1010 s
= 4.91 m
( + ) / = 0.01 0.07
( + + ) / = +0.01 0.05

De ay parameters
= 0.458 0.012 (S = 1.8)
[( ) () ( + )+ () / [ sum = (0 7) 104
" = ( 2.1 0.8)
" = 0.89 [n
" = (175.9 1.5) [n
e e A / V = 0.25 0.05 [i
g g
p
(99.887 0.035) % 140
( 1.27 0.23 ) 104 118
e e ( 5.63 0.31 ) 104 190
( 3.5 +3 .5
2.2 ) 10
4 163
0 e e ( 8.7 1.7 ) 10 5 123
0 < 8 104 90% 70
0 e e < 2.3 103 90% 7

n S2 < 1.9 105 90% 304
ne e S2 < 3.2 103 90% 327
n S2 < 1.5 % 90% 314
p S2 < 4 104 90% 223
p e e S2 < 4 104 90% 305
p S2 < 4 104 90% 251
p L < 4 108 90% 272
(1530) 3/2+ I (J P ) = 21 ( 32 +)
(1530)0 mass m = 1531.80 0.32 MeV (S = 1.3)
(1530) mass m = 1535.0 0.6 MeV
(1530)0 full width = 9.1 0.5 MeV
(1530) full width = 9.9 + 11..97 MeV
p
100 % 158
<4 % 90% 202
(1690), (1820) 3/2 , (1950), (2030)



BARYONS
(S = 3, I = 0)

= sss

I (J P ) = 0( 32 +)
J P = 23 + is the quark-model predi tion; and J = 3/2 is fairly well
established.
Mass m = 1672.45 0.29 MeV
(m
m
+ ) / m
= ( 1 8) 105
Mean life = (0.821 0.011) 1010 s
= 2.461 m
(

+ ) /
= 0.00 0.05
De ay parameters
K = 0.0180 0.0024
K , K + ( + )/( ) = 0.02 0.13
0 = 0.09 0.14
0 = 0.05 0.21
p

K (67.8 0.7) % 211
0 (23.6 0.7) % 294
0 ( 8.6 0.4) % 289
+ +0.7 ) 104
( 3. 7 0.6 189
(1530)0 < 7 105 90% 17
0 e e ( 5.6 2.8) 103 319
< 4.6 104 90% 314

S2 < 2.9 106 90% 449

(2250) I (J P ) = 0(??)
Mass m = 2252 9 MeV

+ K seen 532
(1530)0 K seen 437

CHARMED BARYONS
( = + 1) C
+ =
ud , ++ =
uu , + = ud , 0 = d d ,
+ = us , 0 = d s ,
0 = s s
+
I (J P ) = 0( 12 +)
J is not well measured; 12 is the quark-model predi tion.
Mass m = 2286.46 0.14 MeV
Mean life = (200 6) 1015 s (S = 1.6)
= 59.9 m
De ay asymmetry parameters
+ = 0.91 0.15
+ 0 = 0.45 0.32
+ = 0.86 0.04
( + )/( ) in +
+ , = 0.07 0.31
+
( + )/( ) in e e , e e = 0.00 0.04

+
S ale fa tor/ p
Hadroni modes with a p : S = 1 nal states

pK 0S ( 1.58 0.08) % S=1.2 873
pK + ( 6.35 0.33) % S=1.4 823
pK (892)0 [r ( 1.98 0.28) % 685
(1232)++ K ( 1.09 0.25) % 710
(1520) + [r ( 2. 2 0. 5 ) % 627
pK + nonresonant ( 3.5 0.4 ) % 823
pK 0S 0 ( 1.99 0.13) % S=1.1 823
pK 0 ( 1. 6 0. 4 ) % 568
pK 0S + ( 1.66 0.12) % S=1.1 754
pK + 0 ( 4. 9 0.4 ) % S=1.3 759
pK (892) + [r ( 1. 5 0. 5 ) % 580
p (K +)nonresonant 0 ( 4.6 0.9 ) % 759
(1232) K (892) seen 419
pK 2+ ( 1. 4 1.0 ) 103 671
pK + 20 ( 1. 0 0.5 ) % 678
Hadroni modes with a p : S = 0 nal states

p + ( 4. 4 2.3 ) 103 927
pf0 (980) [r ( 3. 5 2.3 ) 103 614
p 2++ 2 ( 2. 3 1.5 ) 103 852
pK K (10 4 ) 104 616
p [r ( 1.04 0.21) 103 590
pK + K non- ( 4. 4 1.8 ) 104 616
Hadroni modes with a hyperon: S = 1 nal states

+ ( 1.30 0.07) % S=1.2 864
+ 0 ( 7.1 0.4 ) % S=1.2 844
+ < 6 % CL=95% 636

2+ ( 3. 7 0 . 4 ) % S=1.9 807
(1385) + + , + ( 1. 0 0 . 5 ) % 688
+ +
(1385) 2 , ( 7.8 1.6 ) 103 688
+ 0 + 0 + ( 1. 5 0 . 6 ) % 524
(1385) , + ( 5 4 ) 103 363
02++nonresonant < 1.1 % CL=90% 807
2 total ( 2. 3 0 . 8 ) % 757
+ + [r ( 2. 3 0 . 5 ) % 691
(1385) [r ( 1.08 0.32) % 570
+ [r ( 1.5 0.5 ) % 517
0 2+ , no or < 8 103 CL=90% 757
K + K 0 ( 5.7 1.1 ) 103 S=2.0 443
(1690)0 K + , 0 K 0 ( 1.6 0.5 ) 103 286
0 + ( 1.29 0.07) % S=1.1 825
+ 0 ( 1.24 0.10) % 827
+ ( 7.0 2.3 ) 103 713
+ + ( 4.57 0.29) % S=1.2 804
+ 0 < 1.7 % CL=95% 575
2+ ( 2. 1 0 . 4 ) % 799
0 + 0 ( 2. 3 0 . 9 ) % 803
0 +2+ 0 ( 1.13 0.29) % 763
+ | 767
+ [r ( 1.74 0.21) % 569
+ K++ K ( 3.6 0.4 ) 103 349
[r ( 4.0 0.6 ) 103 S=1.1 295
(1690)0 K + , 0 + K ( 1.03 0.26) 103 286
+ K + K nonresonant < 8 104 CL=90% 349
0K+ ( 5.0 1.2 ) 103 653
K + + ( 6.2 0.6 ) 103 S=1.1 565
(1530)0 K + [r ( 3.3 0.9 ) 103 473
Hadroni modes with a hyperon: S = 0 nal states

K + ( 6.1 1.2 ) 104 781
K + + < 5 104 CL=90% 637
0 K+ ( 5.2 0.8 ) 104 735
0 K + + < 2.6 104 CL=90% 574
+ K + ( 2. 1 0.6 ) 103 670
+ K (892)0 [r ( 3.6 1.0 ) 103 470
K + +
< 1.2 103 CL=90% 664

pK + < 2.9 104 CL=90% 823
Semileptoni modes
e + e ( 3. 6 0 . 4 ) % 871
In lusive modes
e + anything ( 4. 5 1. 7 ) % {
pe + anything ( 1. 8 0. 9 ) % {
p anything (50 16 )% {
p anything (no ) (12 19 )% {
n anything (50 16 )% {
n anything (no ) (29 17 )% {
anything (35 11 )% S=1.4 {
anything [s (10 5 )% {
3prongs (24 8 )% {

C = 1 weak neutral urrent (C1 ) modes, or

Lepton Family number (LF ), or Lepton number (L), or
Baryon number (B ) violating modes
pe + e C1 < 5. 5 106 CL=90% 951
p + C1 < 4. 4 105 CL=90% 937
pe + LF < 9.9 106 CL=90% 947
pe + LF < 1. 9 105 CL=90% 947
p 2e + L,B < 2.7 106 CL=90% 951
p 2++ + L,B < 9.4 106 CL=90% 937
pe L,B < 1.6 105 CL=90% 947
+ + L < 7. 0 104 CL=90% 812
(2595) +
I (J P ) = 0( 12 )
The spin-parity follows from the fa t that (2455) de ays, with
little available phase spa e, are dominant. This assumes that J P =
1/2+ for the (2455).

Mass m = 2592.25 0.28 MeV
m m + = 305.79 0.24 MeV
+ and its submode (2455) | the latter just barely | are the only
strong de ays allowed to an ex ited +
having this mass; and the submode
seems to dominate.
(2595)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

+ + [t | 117
(2455)++ 24 7 %
+ (2455)0 + 24 7 %
+ 3-body 18 10 % 117
+ 0 [u not seen 258
+ not seen 288
(2625) +
I (J P ) = 0( 32 )
J P has not been measured; 32 is the quark-model predi tion.
Mass m = 2628.11 0.19 MeV (S = 1.1)
m m + = 341.65 0.13 MeV (S = 1.1)
+ and its submode (2455) are the only strong de ays allowed to an
ex ited +
having this mass.
p
(2625)+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
+ + [t 67% 184
(2455)++ <5 90% 102
+ (2455)0 + <5 90% 102
+ 3-body large 184
0
+ [u not seen 293
+ not seen 319

(2880) +
I (J P ) = 0( 52 +)
There is some good eviden e that indeed J P = 5/2+
Mass m = 2881.53 0.35 MeV
m m + = 595.1 0.4 MeV

+ + seen 471
(2455)0 ,++ seen 376
(2520)0 ,++ seen 317
pD 0 seen 316
(2940) +
I (J P ) = 0(??)
Mass m = 2939.3 + 1. 4
1.5 MeV
+

pD 0 seen 420
(2455)0 ,++ seen {
(2455) I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
(2455)++mass m = 2453.97 0.14 MeV
(2455)+ mass m = 2452.9 0.4 MeV
(2455)0 mass m = 2453.75 0.14 MeV
m ++ m + = 167.510 0.017 MeV
m + m + = 166.4 0.4 MeV
m 0 m + = 167.290 0.017 MeV
m ++ m 0 = 0.220 0.013 MeV

m + m 0 = 0.9 0.4 MeV
(2455)++full width = 1.89 + 00..18
09 MeV (S = 1.1)
(2455) full width < 4.6 MeV, CL = 90%

+
(2455)0 full width = 1.83 + 00..19
11 MeV (S = 1.2)
+ is the only strong de ay allowed to a having this mass.

+ 100 % 94
(2520) I (J P ) = 1( 32 +)
J P has not been measured; 23 + is the quark-model predi tion.
(2520)++mass m = 2518.41 + 00..19
21 MeV (S = 1.1)

(2520)+ mass m = 2517.5 2.3 MeV

(2520)0 mass m = 2518.48 0.20 MeV (S = 1.1)
m (2520)++ m + = 231.95 + 00..12
17 MeV (S = 1.3)
m (2520)+ m + = 231.0 2.3 MeV

m (2520)0 m + = 232.02 + 00..14
15 MeV (S = 1.3)
m (2520)++ m (2520)0 = 0.01 0.15 MeV

(2520)++ full width = 14.78 + 00..40 30 MeV
(2520)+ full width < 17 MeV, CL = 90%

(2520)0 full width = 15.3 + 00..54 MeV
+ is the only strong de ay allowed to a having this mass.
+ 100 % 179
(2800) I (J P ) = 1(??)
(2800)++ mass m = 2801 + 64 MeV
(2800)+ mass m = 2792 + 145 MeV
(2800)0 mass m = 2806 + 75 MeV (S = 1.3)
m (2800)++ m + = 514 + 64 MeV
m (2800)+ m + = 505 + 145 MeV
m (2800)0 m + = 519 + 75 MeV (S = 1.3)
(2800)++ full width = 75 + 17 22 MeV
(2800)+ full width = 62 + 40 60 MeV
(2800)0 full width = 72 + 1522 MeV

+ seen 443
+
I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 +)
Mass m = 2467.93 + 0.28
0.40 MeV
Mean life = (442 26) 1015 s (S = 1.3)
= 132 m
p
No absolute bran hing fra tions have been measured.

The following are bran hing ratios relative to 2+ .
Cabibbo-favored (S = 2) de ays | relative to 2+

p 2K 0S 0.087 0.021 767
K 0 + | 852
(1385)+ K 0 [r 1.0 0.5 746

K 2+ 0.323 0.033 787

K (892)0 + [r <0.16 90% 608
(1385)+ K + [r <0.23 90% 678
+ K + 0.94 0.10 811
+ K (892)0 [r 0.81 0.15 658
00 K 2+ 0.27 0.12 735
+ 0.55 0.16 877
2+ DEFINED AS 1 851
(1530)0 + [r <0.10 90% 750
0 + 0 2.3 0.7 856
0 2+ 1.7 0.5 818
0 e + e 2.3 +0.7
0. 8 884

K + + 0.07 0.04 399
Cabibbo-suppressed de ays | relative to 2+

pK + 0.21 0.04 944
pK (892)0 [r 0.116 0.030 828
+ + 0.48 0.20 922
2+ 0.18 0.09 918
+K+K 0.15 0.06 580
+ [r <0.11 90% 549
(1690)0 K + , 0 + K <0.05 90% 501
0
I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 +)
Mass m = 2470.85 + 0.28 MeV
0.40
m 0 m + = 2.93 0.24 MeV
+ 13 ) 1015 s
Mean life = (112 10
= 33.6 m
De ay asymmetry parameters
+ = 0.6 0.4
No absolute bran hing fra tions have been measured. Several measurements of
ratios of fra tions may be found in the Listings that follow.
0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

The following are bran hing ratios relative to + .
Cabibbo-favored (S = 2) de ays | relative to +

pK K + 0.34 0.04 676
pK K (892)0 0.21 0.05 413
pK K + (no K 0 ) 0.21 0.04 676
K 0S 0.210 0.028 906
K + 1.07 0.14 856
K 0 + seen 787
K + + seen 703
+ DEFINED AS 1 875

+ + 3. 3 1. 4 816

K++ 0.297 0.024 522
e e 3. 1 1. 1 882
+ anything 1.0 0.5 {
Cabibbo-suppressed de ays | relative to +
+K + 0.028 0.006 790
K K (no ) 0.029 0.007 648
0.034 0.007 621

+
I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 +)
Mass m = 2575.7 3.0 MeV
m + m + = 107.8 3.0 MeV
The + { + mass dieren e is too small for any strong de ay to o ur.
+ DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

+ seen 106

0
I (J P ) = 21 ( 12 +)
Mass m = 2577.9 2.9 MeV
m 0 m 0 = 107.0 2.9 MeV
The 0 0 mass dieren e is too small for any strong de ay to o ur.

0 seen 105
(2645) I (J P ) = 21 ( 32 +)
(2645)+ mass m = 2645.9 0.5 MeV (S = 1.1)
(2645)0 mass m = 2645.9 0.5 MeV
m (2645)+ m 0 = 175.0 0.6 MeV (S = 1.1)
m (2645)0 m + = 178.0 0.6 MeV
m (2645)+ m (2645)0 = 0.0 0.5 MeV
(2645)+ full width = 2.6 0.4 MeV
(2645)0 full width < 5.5 MeV, CL = 90%
is the only strong de ay allowed to a resonan e having this mass.
0 + seen 102
+ seen 107

(2790) I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 )
(2790)+ mass = 2789.1 3.2 MeV
(2790)0 mass = 2791.9 3.3 MeV
m (2790)+ m 0 = 318.2 3.2 MeV
m (2790)0 m + = 324.0 3.3 MeV
(2790)+ width < 15 MeV, CL = 90%
(2790)0 width < 12 MeV, CL = 90%
seen 159
(2815) I (J P ) = 21 ( 23 )
(2815)+ mass m = 2816.6 0.9 MeV
(2815)0 mass m = 2819.6 1.2 MeV
m (2815)+ m + = 348.7 0.9 MeV
m (2815)0 m 0 = 348.8 1.2 MeV
m (2815)+ m (2815)0 = 3.0 1.3 MeV
(2815)+ full width < 3.5 MeV, CL = 90%
(2815)0 full width < 6.5 MeV, CL = 90%
The modes are onsistent with being entirely via (2645) .
+ + seen 196
0 + seen 191
(2970) I (J P ) = 21 (?? )
was (2980)
(2970)+ m = 2970.7 2.2 MeV (S = 1.5)
(2970)0 m = 2968.0 2.6 MeV (S = 1.2)
(2970)+ width = 17.9 3.5 MeV
(2970)0 width = 20 7 MeV (S = 1.3)
+ K seen 231
(2455) K seen 134
+ K not seen 414
2 seen 385
(2645) seen 277

(3055) I (J P ) = ?(?? )
Mass m = 3055.1 1.7 MeV (S = 1.5)
(3080) I (J P ) = 21 (?? )
(3080)+ m = 3076.94 0.28 MeV
(3080)0 m = 3079.9 1.4 MeV (S = 1.3)
(3080)+ width = 4.3 1.5 MeV (S = 1.3)
(3080)0 width = 5.6 2.2 MeV
+ K seen 415
(2455) K seen 342
(2455) K + (2520) K seen {
+ K not seen 536
+ K + not seen 143

0
I (J P ) = 0( 12 +)
Mass m = 2695.2 1.7 MeV (S = 1.3)
Mean life = (69 12) 1015 s
= 21 m

K K
+ + seen 689
K
0 + seen 901
K
+ + seen 830

e
+
e seen 829

+ seen 821

+ 0 seen 797

+ + seen 753

(2770) 0
I (J P ) = 0( 32 +)
Mass m = 2765.9 2.0 MeV (S = 1.2)
m
(2770)0 m
0 = 70.7 + 00..98 MeV
The
(2770)0 {
0 mass dieren e is too small for any strong de ay to o ur.

(2770)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

0 presumably 100% 70

BOTTOM BARYONS
( = 1) B

0 =
b ud b, 0 =
b us b, b = d s b,
b = s s b
b
0
I (J P ) = 0( 12 +)
I (J P ) not yet measured; 0( 21 +) is the quark model predi tion.
Mass m = 5619.51 0.23 MeV
m0b m B 0 = 339.2 1.4 MeV
m0b m B + = 339.72 0.28 MeV
Mean life = (1.466 0.010) 1012 s
= 439.5 m
ACP (b p ) = 0.06 0.07
ACP (b pK ) = 0.00 0.19 (S = 2.4)
ACP (b pK 0 ) = 0.22 0.13
ACP (J / p / K ) ACP (J / p ) ACP (J / pK ) =
(5.7 2.7) 102
de ay parameter for b J / = 0.18 0.13
AF B () in b + = 0.05 0.09
AhF B (p ) in b (p ) + = 0.29 0.08
fL () longitudinal polarization fra tion in b + =
0.61 + 0.11
0.14
The bran hing fra tions B(b -baryon anything) and B(0b
+ anything) are not pure measurements be ause the underlying mea-
sured produ ts of these with B(b b -baryon) were used to determine B(b
b -baryon), as des ribed in the note \Produ tion and De ay of b-Flavored
Hadrons."
For in lusive bran hing fra tions, e.g., b anything, the values usually
S ale fa tor/ p
0b DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
J /(1S ) B(b 0b ) ( 5.8 0.8 ) 105 1740

pD 0 ( 6.4 0.7 ) 104 2370
pD 0 K ( 4.7 0.8 ) 105 2269
pJ / +0.5 ) 105
( 2. 6 0.4 1755
pJ / K +0.6 ) 104
( 3. 2 0.5 1589
P (4380)+ K , P pJ / [v ( 2.7 1.4 ) 105 {
P (4450)+ K , P pJ / [v ( 1.3 0.4 ) 105 {
pK 0 ( 1.3 0.4 ) 105 2693
pK+ 0 K < 3.5 106 CL=90% 2639
( 4.9 0.4 ) 103 S=1.2 2342
+ K ( 3.59 0.30) 104 S=1.2 2314
+ a1 (1260) seen 2153
+ D ( 4.6 0.6 ) 104 1886
+ D s ( 1.10 0.10) % 1833
+ + ( 7.7 1.1 ) 103 S=1.1 2323

(2595)+ , (2595)+ ( 3.4 1.5 ) 104 2210

+ +
(2625)+ , (2625)+ ( 3.3 1.3 ) 104 2193
+ +
(2455)0 + , 0 ( 5.7 2.2 ) 104 2265
+
(2455)++ , ++ ( 3.2 1.6 ) 104 2265
+ +
+ anything [x (10.3 2.2 ) % {
+ +1.4 ) %
( 6. 2 1. 3 2345
+ + ( 5. 6 3 . 1 ) % 2335
(2595)+ +4.0 ) 103
( 7. 9 3. 5 2212
(2625)+ +0.6 ) %
( 1. 3 0. 5 2195
ph [y < 2 . 3 105 CL=90% 2730
p ( 4.2 0.8 ) 106 2730
pK ( 5.1 1.0 ) 106 2708
pD s < 4.8 104 CL=90% 2364
p ( 4.1 1.0 ) 104 2730
+ ( 1.08 0.28) 106 2695
< 1. 3 103 CL=90% 2699
0 +7
( 9 5 ) 106 {
0 (958) < 3.1 106 CL=90% {
b (5912) 0
J P = 21
Mass m = 5912.11 0.26 MeV
b (5912)0 DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

0b + seen 86
b (5920) 0
J P = 23
Mass m = 5919.81 0.23 MeV

0b + seen 108
b I (J P ) = 1( 12 +)
Mass m( +
b ) = 5811.3 1.9 MeV
Mass m(
b ) = 5815.5 1.8 MeV
m + m = 4.2 1.1 MeV
b b
( + + 4. 0
b ) = 9.7 + 33.0 MeV
( b ) = 4.9 2..43 MeV


b DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

0b dominant 134
b I (J P ) = 1( 32 +)
Mass m( b+ ) = 5832.1 1.9 MeV
Mass m(
b ) = 5835.1 1.9 MeV
m + m = 3.0 + 01..90 MeV
b b
( b+ ) = 11.5 2.8 MeV
(
b ) = 7.5 2.3 MeV
m m b = 21.2 2.0 MeV
b

0b dominant 161
b , b
0 I (J P ) = 21 ( 21 +)
m( b ) = 5794.5 1.4 MeV (S = 4.0)
m( 0b ) = 5791.9 0.5 MeV
m b m 0b = 177.9 0.9 MeV (S = 2.1)
m 0b m 0b = 172.5 0.4 MeV
m b m 0b = 5.9 0.6 MeV
Mean life = (1.560 0.040) 1012 s
b
Mean life 0 = (1.464 0.031) 1012 s
b
S ale fa tor/ p
b DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )
b X B(b b ) (3.9 1.2 ) 104 S=1.4 {
b J / B(b b ) (1.02 +0 .26
0.21 ) 10
5 1782
0b pD 0 K B(b b ) (1.7 0.6 ) 10 6 2374
0b pK 0 B(b < 1.6 106 CL=90% 2783
b )/B(b B 0)
0b pK 0 K B(b < 1.1 106 CL=90% 2730
b )/B(+b B 0)
b K B(b b )
0 (6 4 ) 107 2416
b 0b B(b (5.7 2.0 ) 104 100
b )/B(b 0b )
b (5935) J P = 21 +
Mass m = 5935.02 0.05 MeV
m b (5935) m 0b m = 3.653 0.019 MeV

b (5935) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

b b
0 B( (11.8 1.8) % 31
b (5935) )/B(b 0b )
b (5945) 0
J P = 23 +
Mass m = 5948.9 1.6 MeV

b + seen 71
b (5955) J P = 23 +
Mass m = 5955.33 0.13 MeV
m b (5955) m 0b m = 23.96 0.13 MeV
b (5955) DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )

b b
0 B( (20.7 3.5) % 84
b (5955) )/B(b 0b )

b I (J P ) = 0( 12 +)
Mass m = 6046.4 1.9 MeV
m
m 0 = 426.4 2.2 MeV
b b
+ 0.23 ) 1012 s
Mean life = (1.57 0.20

J /
B(b
b ) +1.1 ) 106
(2.9 0.8 1806
b-baryon ADMIXTURE (b , b , b ,

b )
Mean life
These bran hing fra tions are a tually an average over weakly de aying b-
baryons weighted by their produ tion rates at the LHC, LEP, and Tevatron,
bran hing ratios, and dete tion e ien ies. They s ale with the b-baryon pro-
du tion fra tion B(b b -baryon).
The bran hing fra tions B(b -baryon anything) and B(0b
+ anything) are not pure measurements be ause the underlying mea-
sured produ ts of these with B(b b -baryon) were used to determine B(b
b -baryon), as des ribed in the note \Produ tion and De ay of b-Flavored
Hadrons."

b-baryon ADMIXTURE DECAY MODES

(b ,b ,b ,
b ) Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
p anything + 2. 2 ) %
( 5. 5 1.9 {
p anything ( 5.3 1.2) % {
p anything (66 21 ) % {
anything ( 3.6 0.6) % {
+ anything ( 3.0 0.8) % {
anything (37 7 ) % {
anything ( 6.2 1.6) 103 {
EXOTIC BARYONS
P (4380) +

Mode
Mode Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
J / p seen 741
P (4450) +
Mass m = 4449.8 3.0 MeV

Mode
Mode Fra tion ( i / ) p (MeV/ )
J / p seen 820
NOTES
This Summary Table only in ludes established baryons. The Parti le Listings in lude
eviden e for other baryons. The masses, widths, and bran hing fra tions for the
resonan es in this Table are Breit-Wigner parameters, but pole positions are also
given for most of the N and resonan es.
For most of the resonan es, the parameters ome from various partial-wave analyses
of more or less the same sets of data, and it is not appropriate to treat the results
of the analyses as independent or to average them together.
When a quantity has \(S = . . .)" to its right, the perror on the quantity has been
number of measurements used in al ulating the quantity.
this frame. For any resonan e, the nominal mass is used in al ulating p.
[a The masses of the p and n are most pre isely known in u (unied atomi
mass units). The onversion fa tor to MeV, 1 u = 931.494061(21) MeV,
is less well known than are the masses in u.
[b The m p m p /m p and qp + qp /e are not

independent, and both use
the more pre ise measurement of qp /m p /(qp /m p ).


[ The limit is from neutrality-of-matter experiments; it assumes qn = qp +

qe . See also the harge of the neutron.
[d The p and e p values for the harge radius are mu h too dierent to
average them. The disagreement is not yet understood.
[e There is a lot of disagreement about the value of the proton magneti
harge radius. See the Listings.
[f The rst limit is for p anything or "disappearan e" modes of a bound
proton. The se ond entry, a rough range of limits, assumes the dominant
de ay modes are among those investigated. For antiprotons the best
limit, inferred from the observation of osmi ray p 's is p > 107
yr, the osmi -ray storage time, but this limit depends on a number of
assumptions. The best dire t observation of stored antiprotons gives
p /B(p e ) > 7 105 yr.
[g There is some ontroversy about whether nu lear physi s and model
dependen e ompli ate the analysis for bound neutrons (from whi h the
best limit omes). The rst limit here is from rea tor experiments with
free neutrons.
[h Lee and Yang in 1956 proposed the existen e of a mirror world in an
attempt to restore global parity symmetry|thus a sear h for os illations
between the two worlds. Os illations between the worlds would be max-
imal when the magneti elds B and B were equal. The limit for any
B in the range 0 to 12.5 T is >12 s (95% CL).
[i The parameters g A , g V , and g WM for semileptoni modes are dened by
B f [ (gV + gA5) + i (gWM /mBi ) q Bi , and AV is dened by
gA/gV = gA/gV ei AV . See the \Note on Baryon De ay Parameters"
in the neutron Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[j Time-reversal invarian e requires this to be 0 or 180 .
[k This oe ient is zero if time invarian e is not violated.
[l This limit is for energies between 15 and 340 keV.
[n The de ay parameters and are al ulated from and using
p p
= 12 os , tan = 1 12 sin .

See the \Note on Baryon De ay Parameters" in the neutron Parti le List-
ings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s.
[o See Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for the pion
momentum range used in this measurement.
[p The error given here is only an edu ated guess. It is larger than the error
on the weighted average of the published values.
[q A theoreti al value using QED.
[r This bran hing fra tion in ludes all the de ay modes of the nal-state
resonan e.
[s The value is for the sum of the harge states or parti le/antiparti le
states indi ated.
[t See AALTONEN 11H, Fig. 8, for the al ulated ratio of + 0 0
+ and
partial widths as a fun tion of the (2595) mass
+ + +
dieren e. At our value of the mass dieren e, the ratio is about 4.
[u A test that the isospin is indeed 0, so that the parti le is indeed a +
.
[v P +
is a pentaquark- harmonium state.
[x Not a pure measurement. See note at head of 0b De ay Modes.
[y Here h means or K .

188 Sear hes Summary Table
SEARCHES FOR
MONOPOLES,
SUPERSYMMETRY,
TECHNICOLOR,
COMPOSITENESS,
EXTRA DIMENSIONS, et .
Magneti Monopole Sear hes
Isolated supermassive monopole andidate events have not been on-

rmed. The most sensitive experiments obtain negative results.
Best osmi -ray supermassive monopole ux limit:
< 1.4 1016 m 2 sr 1 s 1 for 1.1 104 < < 1
Supersymmetri Parti le Sear hes
Presently all supersymmetri mass bounds are model dependent. This

table ontains a sele tion of bounds indi ating the range of possibilities.
For a more extensive set of ases onsult the detailed listings.
The limits are based on the Minimal Supersymmetri Standard Model
(MSSM) with additional assumptions as follows:
1) e01 is lightest supersymmetri parti le; 2) R-parity is onserved;
See the Parti le Listings in the Full Review of Parti le Physi s for a Note
giving details of supersymmetry.
e0i | neutralinos (mixtures of
e, Z
e 0 , and He 0)
i
Mass me01 > 0 GeV, CL = 95%
[general MSSM, non-universal gaugino masses
Mass me01 > 46 GeV, CL = 95%
[all tan, all m0, all me02 m e01
Mass me02 > 62.4 GeV, CL = 95%
[1<tan <40, all m0, all me02 m e01
Mass me02 > 345 GeV, CL = 95%
[e1 e02 W e01 Z e01, simplied model, me1 = me02 , me01 = 0
GeV
Mass me03 > 99.9 GeV, CL = 95%
Mass me04 > 116 GeV, CL = 95%
ei | harginos (mixtures of W
f and H e )
i
Mass me1 > 94 GeV, CL = 95%
[tan < 40, me1 m e01 > 3 GeV, all m0

Sear hes Summary Table 189
Mass me1 > 345 GeV, CL = 95%

[simplied model, me1 = me02 , me01 = 0 GeV
e | sneutrino
Mass m > 94 GeV, CL = 95%
[CMSSM, 1 tan 40, m eeR m e01 >10 GeV
e | s alar ele tron (sele tron)
e
Mass m(eeL) > 107 GeV, CL = 95% [all meeR {me01
Mass m(eeR ) > 97.5 GeV, CL = 95%
[m > 11 GeV, >100 GeV, tan=1.5
e | s alar muon (smuon)
Mass m > 94 GeV, CL = 95%
[CMSSM, 1 tan 40, m eR {me01 > 10 GeV
e | s alar tau (stau)
Mass m > 81.9 GeV, CL = 95%
[meR m e01 >15 GeV, all , B(e e01) = 100%
qe { squarks of the rst two quark generations
The rst of these limits is within CMSSM with as ade de ays,
evaluated assuming a xed value of the parameters and tan.
The rst two limits assume two-generations of mass degenerate
squarks (eqL and eqR ) and gaugino mass parameters that are on-
strained by the uni ation ondition at the grand uni ation s ale.
The third limit assumes a simplied model with a 100% bran hing
ratio for the prompt de ay eq q e01 .
Mass m > 1450 GeV, CL = 95%
[CMSSM, tan = 30, A0 = 2max(m 0, m1/2), > 0
Mass m > 850 GeV, CL = 95%
[jets + E6 T , qe q e01 simplied model, me01 = 0 GeV
Mass m > 520 GeV, CL = 95%
[eq q e01, simplied model, single light squark, me01 = 0
b | s alar bottom (sbottom)
e
Mass m > 650 GeV, CL = 95% [eb b e01 , me01 = 0
Mass m > 600 GeV, CL = 95% [eb b e01 , me01 < 250 GeV
et | s alar top (stop)
Mass m > 730 GeV, CL = 95%
[et t e01, me01 = 100 GeV, met > mt + me01
Mass m > 500 GeV, CL = 95%
[ + jets + E6 T , et1 b e1 , me1 = 2 me01 , 100 GeV <
m e0 < 150 GeV
Mass m > 240 GeV, CL = 95%
1
[et1 e01 ,met1 m e01 <85 GeV

ge | gluino
The rst limit assumes a simplied model with a 100% bran h-
ing ratio for the prompt 3 body de ay, independent of the squark
mass. The se ond of these limits is within the CMSSM (for
m ge & 5 GeV), and in ludes the ee ts of as ade de ays, evalu-
ated assuming a xed value of the parameters and tan. The
limit assumes GUT relations between gaugino masses and the
gauge ouplings. The third limit is based on a ombination of
sear hes.
Mass m > 1225 GeV, CL = 95% [ge q q e01 , me01 = 0
Mass m > 1150 GeV, CL = 95%
[CMSSM, tan=30, A0 =2max(m 0,m1/2), >0
Mass m > 1150 GeV, CL = 95%
[general RPC ge de ays, me01 < 100 GeV
Te hni olor
The limits for te hni olor (and top- olor) parti les are quite varied
depending on assumptions. See the Te hni olor se tion of the full
Review (the data listings).
Quark and Lepton Compositeness,
Sear hes for
S ale Limits for Conta t Intera tions

(the lowest dimensional intera tions with four fermions)
If the Lagrangian has2 the form
g 2 L L L L
2
(with g 2/4 set equal to 1), then we dene LL . For the
full denitions and for other forms, see the Note in the Listings on
Sear hes for Quark and Lepton Compositeness in the full Review
and the original literature.
+LL(e e e e ) > 8.3 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e e e ) > 10.3 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(e e ) > 8.5 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e ) > 9.5 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(e e ) > 7.9 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e ) > 7.2 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL( ) > 9.1 TeV, CL = 95%
LL( ) > 10.3 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(e e u u) > 23.3 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e u u) > 12.5 TeV, CL = 95%

Sear hes Summary Table 191
+LL(e e d d ) > 11.1 TeV, CL = 95%

LL(e e d d ) > 26.4 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(e e ) > 9.4 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e ) > 5.6 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(e e b b) > 9.4 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(e e b b) > 10.2 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL( q q) > 12.5 TeV, CL = 95%
LL( q q) > 16.7 TeV, CL = 95%
( ) > 3.10 TeV, CL = 90%
(e q q) > 2.81 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL(q q q q) > 9.0 TeV, CL = 95%
LL(q q q q) > 12.0 TeV, CL = 95%
+LL( q q) > 5.0 TeV, CL = 95%
LL( q q) > 5.4 TeV, CL = 95%
Ex ited Leptons
The limits from + do not depend on (where is the
transition oupling). The -dependent limits assume hiral oupling.
e | ex ited ele tron
Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from e e )
Mass m > 3.000 103 GeV, CL = 95% (from e e )
Mass m > 356 GeV, CL = 95% (if = 1)
| ex ited muon
Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from )
Mass m > 3.000 103 GeV, CL = 95% (from )
| ex ited tau
Mass m > 103.2 GeV, CL = 95% (from )
Mass m > 2.500 103 GeV, CL = 95% (from )
| ex ited neutrino
Mass m > 1.600 103 GeV, CL = 95% (from )
Mass m > 213 GeV, CL = 95% (from X )
q | ex ited quark
Mass m > 338 GeV, CL = 95% (from q q )
Mass m > 4.060 103 GeV, CL = 95% (from q X )
Color Sextet and O tet Parti les
Color Sextet Quarks (q6)
Mass m > 84 GeV, CL = 95% (Stable q6)
Color O tet Charged Leptons (8)
Mass m > 86 GeV, CL = 95% (Stable 8)
Color O tet Neutrinos (8 )
Mass m > 110 GeV, CL = 90% (8 g )

Extra Dimensions
Please refer to the Extra Dimensions se tion of the full Review for a
dis ussion of the model-dependen e of these bounds, and further
onstraints.
Constraints on the radius of the extra dimensions,
for the ase of two- at dimensions of equal radii
R < 30 m, CL = 95% (dire t tests of Newton's law)
R < 15 m, CL = 95% (p p j G )
R < 0.16{916 nm (astrophysi s; limits depend on te hnique and as-
sumptions)
Constraints on the fundamental gravity s ale
MT T > 6.3 TeV, CL = 95% (p p dijet, angular distribution)
Mc > 4.16 TeV, CL = 95% (p p )
Constraints on the Kaluza-Klein graviton in warped extra dimensions
MG > 2.73 TeV, CL = 95% (p p e + e , + )
Constraints on the Kaluza-Klein gluon in warped extra dimensions
Mg KK > 2.5 TeV, CL = 95% (gKK t t )

Tests of Conservation Laws 193
TESTS OF CONSERVATION LAWS

Updated June 2016 by L. Wolfenstein (Carnegie-Mellon University)
and C.-J. Lin (LBNL).
In the following text, we list the best limits from the Test of Conser-
vation Laws table from the full Review of Particle Physics. Com-
plete details are in that full Review. Limits in this text are for
CL=90% unless otherwise specified. The Table is in two parts:
Discrete Space-Time Symmetries, i.e., C, P , T , CP , and CP T ;
and Number Conservation Laws, i.e., lepton, baryon, hadronic
flavor, and charge conservation. The references for these data can
be found in the the Particle Listings in the Review. A discussion of
these tests follows.
CP T INVARIANCE
General principles of relativistic field theory require invariance un-
der the combined transformation CP T . The simplest tests of CP T
invariance are the equality of the masses and lifetimes of a particle
and its antiparticle. The best test comes from the limit on the mass
0
difference between K 0 and K . Any such difference contributes to
the CP -violating parameter .
CP AND T INVARIANCE
Given CP T invariance, CP violation and T violation are equiv-
alent. The original evidence for CP violation came from the
measurement of |+ | = |A(KL0 + )/A(KS0 + )| =
0
(2.232 0.011) 103 . This could be explained in terms of K 0 K
mixing, which also leads to the asymmetry [(KL0 e+ )
(KL0 + e )]/[sum] = (0.334 0.007)%. Evidence for CP vio-
lation in the kaon decay amplitude comes from the measurement of
(1 |00 /+ |)/3 = Re( /) = (1.66 0.23) 103. In the Stan-
dard Model much larger CP -violating effects are expected. The
first of these, which is associated with BB mixing, is the param-
eter sin(2) now measured quite accurately to be 0.679 0.020.
A number of other CP -violating observables are being measured
in B decays; direct evidence for CP violation in the B decay am-
0
plitude comes from the asymmetry [(B K + ) (B 0
K + )]/[sum] = 0.082 0.006. Direct tests of T violation are
much more difficult; a measurement by CPLEAR of the difference
between the oscillation probabilities of K 0 to K 0 and K 0 to K 0 is
related to T violation [3]. A nonzero value of the electric dipole

194 Tests of Conservation Laws
moment of the neutron and electron requires both P and T vio-

lation. The current experimental results are < 3.0 1026 e cm
(neutron), and < 8.7 1029 e cm (electron) at the 90% C.L. The
BABAR experiment reported the first direct observation of T viola-
tion in the B system. The measured T -violating parameters in the
time evolution of the neutral B mesons are ST+ = 1.37 0.15
and ST = 1.17 0.21, with a significance of 14 [4]. This ob-
servation of T violation, with exchange of initial and final states of
the neutral B, was made possible in a B-factory using the Einstein-
Podolsky-Rosen Entanglement of the two Bs produced in the decay
of the (4S) and the two time-ordered decays of the Bs as filtering
measurements of the meson state [5].
CONSERVATION OF LEPTON NUMBERS
Present experimental evidence and the standard electroweak theory
are consistent with the absolute conservation of three separate lep-
ton numbers: electron number Le , muon number L , and tau num-
ber L , except for the effect of neutrino mixing associated with
neutrino masses. Searches for violations are of the following types:
a) L = 2 for one type of charged lepton. The best limit
comes from the search for neutrinoless double beta decay (Z, A)
(Z + 2, A) + e + e . The best laboratory limit is t1/2 > 1.07 1026
yr (CL=90%) for 136 Xe from the KamLAND-Zen experiment [6].
b) Conversion of one charged-lepton type to another. For
purely leptonic processes, the best limits are on e and
3e, measured as ( e)/( all) < 5.7 1013 and (
3e)/( all) < 1.0 1012 .
c) Conversion of one type of charged lepton into an-
other type of charged antilepton. The case most studied is
+(Z, A) e+ + (Z 2, A), the strongest limit being ( Ti
e+ Ca)/( Ti all) < 3.6 1011 .
d) Neutrino oscillations. It is expected even in the standard
electroweak theory that the lepton numbers are not separately con-
served, as a consequence of lepton mixing analogous to Cabibbo-
Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing. However, if the only source of
lepton-number violation is the mixing of low-mass neutrinos then
processes such as e are expected to have extremely small

Tests of Conservation Laws 195
unobservable probabilities. For small neutrino masses, the lepton-

number violation would be observed first in neutrino oscillations,
which have been the subject of extensive experimental studies.
CONSERVATION OF HADRONIC FLAVORS
In strong and electromagnetic interactions, hadronic flavor
is conserved, i.e. the conversion of a quark of one flavor
(d, u, s, c, b, t) into a quark of another flavor is forbidden. In the
Standard Model, the weak interactions violate these conservation
laws in a manner described by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa
mixing (see the section Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Mixing Ma-
trix). The way in which these conservation laws are violated is
tested as follows:
(a) S = Q rule. In the strangeness-changing semileptonic decay
of strange particles, the strangeness change equals the change in
charge of the hadrons. Tests come from limits on decay rates such
as (+ ne+ )/(+ all) < 5 106 , and from a detailed
analysis of KL e, which yields the parameter x, measured to
be (Re x, Im x) = (0.002 0.006, 0.0012 0.0021). Corresponding
rules are C = Q and B = Q.
(b) Change of flavor by two units. In the Standard Model this
occurs only in second-order weak interactions. The classic example
0
is S = 2 via K 0 K mixing. The B = 2 transitions in the
B 0 and Bs0 systems via mixing are also well established. There is
now strong evidence of C = 2 transition in the charm sector. with
the mass difference All results are consistent with the second-order
calculations in the Standard Model.
(c) Flavor-changing neutral currents. In the Standard Model
the neutral-current interactions do not change flavor. The low rate
(KL + )/(KL all) = (6.84 0.11) 109 puts limits
on such interactions; the nonzero value for this rate is attributed to
a combination of the weak and electromagnetic interactions. The
best test should come from K + + . The LHCb and CMS ex-
periments have recently observed the FCNC decay of Bs0 + .
The current world average value is (Bs0 + )/(Bs0 all) =
+0.7
(2.90.6 ) 109 , which is consistent with the Standard Model ex-
pectation.
See the full Review of Particle Physics for references and Summary Tables.

196 9. Quantum chromodynamics
9. QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS
Revised September 2015 (April 2016 for section on s ) by S. Bethke
(Max-Planck-Institute of Physics, Munich), G. Dissertori (ETH Zurich),
and G.P. Salam (CERN).
9.1. Basics
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge field theory that
describes the strong interactions of colored quarks and gluons, is the SU(3)
component of the SU(3)SU(2)U(1) Standard Model of Particle Physics.
The Lagrangian of QCD is given by
X 1 A A
L= q,a (i ab gs tC C
ab A mq ab )q,b 4 F F , (9.1)
q
where repeated indices are summed over. The are the Dirac -matrices.
The q,a are quark-field spinors for a quark of flavor q and mass mq , with
a color-index a that runs from a = 1 to Nc = 3, i.e. quarks come in three
colors. Quarks are said to be in the fundamental representation of the
SU(3) color group.
The AC correspond to the gluon fields, with C running from 1 to
2
Nc 1 = 8, i.e. there are eight kinds of gluon. Gluons transform under
the adjoint representation of the SU(3) color group. The tC ab correspond
to eight 3 3 matrices and are the generators of the SU(3) group (cf. the
section on SU(3) isoscalar factors and representation matrices in this
Review with tC C
ab ab /2). They encode the fact that a gluons interaction
with a quark rotates the quarks color in SU(3) space. The quantity gs is
the QCD coupling constant. Finally, the field tensor F A is given by
A
F = AA A B C
A gs fABC A A [tA , tB ] = ifABC tC , (9.2)
where the fABC are the structure constants of the SU(3) group.
Neither quarks nor gluons are observed as free particles. Hadrons are
color-singlet (i.e. color-neutral) combinations of quarks, anti-quarks, and
gluons.
Ab-initio predictive methods for QCD include lattice gauge theory
and perturbative expansions in the coupling. The Feynman rules of QCD
involve a quark-antiquark-gluon (qqg) vertex, a 3-gluon vertex (both
proportional to gs ), and a 4-gluon vertex (proportional to gs2 ). A full set
of Feynman rules is to be found for example in Ref. 1.
Useful color-algebra relations include: tA A
ab tbc = CF ac , where CF
2
(Nc 1)/(2Nc) = 4/3 is the color-factor (Casimir) associated with gluon
emission from a quark; fACD fBCD = CA AB where CA Nc = 3 is the
color-factor associated with gluon emission from a gluon; tA B
ab tab = TR AB ,
where TR = 1/2 is the color-factor for a gluon to split to a qq pair.
g2
The fundamental parameters of QCD are the coupling gs (or s = s )
4
and the quark masses mq .
9.1.1. Running coupling : In the framework of perturbative QCD
(pQCD), predictions for observables are expressed in terms of the renor-
malized coupling s (2R ), a function of an (unphysical) renormalization
scale R . When one takes R close to the scale of the momentum transfer
Q in a given process, then s (2R Q2 ) is indicative of the effective
strength of the strong interaction in that process.

9. Quantum chromodynamics 197
The coupling satisfies the following renormalization group equation

(RGE):
ds
2R 2 = (s ) = (b0 2s + b1 3s + b2 4s + ) (9.3)
dR
where b0 = (11CA 4nf TR )/(12) = (33 2nf )/(12) is referred
to as the 1-loop beta-function coefficient, the 2-loop coefficient is
b1 = (17CA 2 n T (10C + 6C ))/(24 2 ) = (153 19n )/(24 2 ), and the
f R A F f
3-loop coefficient is, in MS scheme, b2 = (2857 5033 325 2 3
9 nf + 27 nf )/(128 )
for the SU(3) values of CA and CF . The 4-loop coefficient, b3 , is to
be found in Refs. 11, 12. The minus sign in Eq. (9.3) is the origin of
Asymptotic Freedom, i.e. the fact that the strong coupling becomes weak
for processes involving large momentum transfers (hard processes),
s 0.1 for momentum transfers in the 100 GeV TeV range.
The -function coefficients, the bi , are given for the coupling of an
effective theory in which nf of the quark flavors are considered light
(mq R ), and in which the remaining heavier quark flavors decouple
from the theory. One may relate the coupling for the theory with nf + 1
light flavors to that with nf flavors through an equation of the form
n
!
X 2
X
(n +1) 2 (n ) (n )
s f (R ) = s f (2R ) 1 + cn [s f (2R )]n ln R2 , (9.4)
n=1
mh
=0
where mh is the mass of the (nf + 1)th flavor, and the first few cn
1 , c = 0, c = c2 , c = 19 , and c = 11
coefficients are c11 = 6 10 22 11 21 24 2 20 72 2
when mh is the MS mass at scale mh (c20 = 24 7
2 when mh is the pole
mass mass definitions are discussed below and in the review on Quark
Masses). Terms up to c4 are to be found in Refs. 16, 17. Numerically,
when one chooses R = mh , the matching is a modest effect, owing to the
zero value for the c10 coefficient.
Working in an energy range where the number of flavors is taken
constant, a simple exact analytic solution exists for Eq. (9.3) only if one
neglects all but the b0 term, giving s (2R ) = (b0 ln(2R /2 ))1 . Here
is a constant of integration, which corresponds to the scale where
the perturbatively-defined coupling would diverge, i.e. it is the non-
perturbative scale of QCD. A convenient approximate analytic solution to
the RGE that includes also the b1 , b2 , and b3 terms is given by (see for
example Ref. 19),

1 b1 ln t b21 (ln2 t ln t 1) + b0 b2
s (2R ) 1 2 + (9.5)
b0 t b0 t b40 t2

5 1 1
b31 (ln3 t ln2 t 2 ln t + ) + 3b0 b1 b2 ln t b20 b3 2
2 2 2
6 3 , t ln R2 ,
b0 t
again parametrized in terms of a constant . Note that Eq. (9.5) is one of

several possible approximate 4-loop solutions for s (2R ), and that a value
for only defines s (2R ) once one knows which particular approximation
is being used. An alternative to the use of formulas such as Eq. (9.5)
is to solve the RGE exactly, numerically (including the discontinuities,
Eq. (9.4), at flavor thresholds). In such cases the quantity is not defined

198 9. Quantum chromodynamics
at all. For these reasons, in determinations of the coupling, it has become

standard practice to quote the value of s at a given scale (typically the
mass of the Z boson, MZ ) rather than to quote a value for .
The value of the coupling, as well as the exact forms of the b2 , c10 (and
higher-order) coefficients, depend on the renormalization scheme in which
the coupling is defined, i.e. the convention used to subtract infinities in
the context of renormalization. The coefficients given above hold for a
coupling defined in the MS scheme.
-decays
Baikov
Davier
Pich
Boito
SM review
HPQCD (Wilson loops)

HPQCD (c-c correlators)
Maltmann (Wilson loops)
lattice
PACS-CS (SF scheme)
ETM (ghost-gluon vertex)
BBGPSV (static potent.)
ABM
functions
structure +
BBG
JR
NNPDF
MMHT
e e jets & shapes
ALEPH (jets&shapes)
OPAL(j&s)
JADE(j&s)
Dissertori (3j)
JADE (3j)
DW (T)
Abbate (T)
Gehrm. (T)
Hoang
(C)
electroweak
GFitter
precision fits
CMS hadron
(tt cross section) collider
April 2016
Figure 9.2: Summary of determinations of s (MZ2 ) from the six

sub-fields discussed in the text. The yellow (light shaded) bands and
dashed lines indicate the pre-average values of each sub-field. The
dotted line and grey (dark shaded) band represent the final world
average value of s (MZ2 ).

9. Quantum chromodynamics 199
9.4. Determinations of the strong coupling constant

Beside the quark masses, the only free parameter in the QCD
Lagrangian is the strong coupling constant s . The coupling constant in
itself is not a physical observable, but rather a quantity defined in the
context of perturbation theory, which enters predictions for experimentally
measurable observables, such as R in Eq. (9.7).
In this review, we update the measurements of s summarized in the
2013 edition, and we extract a new world average value of s (MZ2 ) from
the most significant and complete results available today.
We have chosen to determine pre-averages for classes of measurements
which are considered to exhibit a maximum of independence between
each other, considering experimental as well as theoretical issues. The six
classes are summarized in Fig. 9.2. The respective pre-averages are then
combined to the final world average value of s (MZ2 ):
s (MZ2 ) = 0.1181 0.0011 , (9.23)
with an uncertainty of 0.9 %. This world average value is in reasonable
agreement with that from the 2013 version of this Review, which was
s (MZ2 ) = 0.1185 0.0006, however at a somewhat decreased central value
and with an overall uncertainty that has almost doubled.
Notwithstanding the many open issues still present within each of
the sub-fields summarized in this Review, the wealth of available results
provides a rather precise and reasonably stable world average value of
s (MZ2 ) as well as a clear signature and proof of the energy dependence
of s, in full agreement with the QCD prediction of Asymptotic Freedom.
This is demonstrated in Fig. 9.3, where results of s (Q2 ) obtained at
discrete energy scales Q, now also including those based just on NLO
QCD, are summarized.
April 2016
s(Q2) decays (N3LO)

DIS jets (NLO)
Heavy Quarkonia (NLO)
0.3 e+e jets & shapes (res. NNLO)
e.w. precision fits (NNNLO)
()
pp > jets (NLO)
pp > tt (NNLO)
0.2
0.1
QCD s(Mz) = 0.1181 0.0011
1 10 100 1000
Q [GeV]
Figure 9.3: Summary of measurements of s as a function of
the energy scale Q.
Further discussion and all references may be found in the full Review.

200 10. Electroweak model and constraints on new physics
10. ELECTROWEAK MODEL AND

CONSTRAINTS ON NEW PHYSICS
Revised November 2015 by J. Erler (U. Mexico) and A. Freitas (Pittsburgh

U.).
10.1. Introduction
The standard model of the electroweak interactions (SM) [1] is
based on the gauge group SU(2) U(1), with gauge bosons Wi ,
i = 1, 2, 3, and B for the SU(2) and U(1) factors, respectively,
and the corresponding gauge coupling constants g and g . The left-
handed fermion fields th
of the i fermion family transform as doublets
i ui P
i = and d under SU(2), where di j Vij dj , and V is
i i
the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa mixing matrix. [Constraints on V are
discussed and in the Section on The CKM Quark-Mixing Matrix. The
extension of the mixing formalism to leptons is discussed in the Section on
Neutrino Mass, Mixing, and Oscillations.] The right-handed fields are
SU(2) singlets. There are three sequential fermion families.
+

A complex scalar Higgs doublet, 0 , is added to the model for
mass generation through spontaneous symmetry breaking with potential
given by,
2 2
V () = 2 + ( ) . (10.1)
2

For 2 negative, develops a vacuum expectation value, v/ 2 = /,
where v 246 GeV, breaking part of the electroweak (EW) gauge
symmetry, after which only one neutral Higgs scalar, H, remains in the
physical particle spectrum. In non-minimal models there are additional
charged and neutral scalar Higgs particles [3].
After symmetry breaking the Lagrangian for the fermions, i , is
X mH

LF = i i 6 mi i i
v
i
g X
i (1 5 )(T + W+ + T W ) i (10.2)
2 2 i
X g X
e Qi i i A i (gVi gA
i 5
) i Z .
2 cos W
i i
Here W tan1 (g /g)is the weak angle; e = g sin W is the positron

electric charge; and A B cos W + W 3 sin W is the photon field ().
W (W 1 iW 2 )/ 2 and Z B sin W + W 3 cos W are the charged
and neutral weak boson fields, respectively. The Yukawa coupling of H to
i in the first term in LF , which is flavor diagonal in the minimal model,
is gmi /2MW . The boson masses in the EW sector are given (at tree level,
i.e., to lowest order in perturbation theory) by,
MH = v, (10.3a)
1 ev
MW = gv = , (10.3b)
2 2 sin W

10. Electroweak model and constraints on new physics 201

1p 2 ev MW
MZ = g + g 2 v = = , (10.3c)
2 2 sin W cos W cos W
M = 0. (10.3d)
The second term in LF represents the charged-current weak interac-

tion [47], where T + and T are the weak isospin raising and lowering
operators. For example, the coupling of a W to an electron and a neutrino
is h i
e
W e (1 5 ) + W+ (1 5 )e . (10.4)
2 2 sin W
For momenta small compared to MW , this term gives rise to the effective

four-fermion interaction with the Fermi constant given by GF / 2 =
1/2v 2 = g 2 /8MW 2 . The third term in L
F describes electromagnetic
interactions (QED) [8,9], and the last is the weak neutral-current
interaction [57]. Here
gVi t3L(i) 2Qi sin2 W , i

gA t3L(i), (10.5)
where t3L (i) and Qi are the weak isospin and charge i , respectively.
The first term in Eq. (10.2) also gives rise to fermion masses, and in
the presence of right-handed neutrinos to Dirac neutrino masses. The
possibility of Majorana masses is discussed in the Section on Neutrino
Mass, Mixing, and Oscillations.
10.2. Renormalization and radiative corrections
In addition to the Higgs boson mass, MH , the fermion masses
and mixings, and the strong coupling constant, s , the SM has three
parameters. The set with the smallest experimental errors contains the
Z mass, MZ = 91.1876 0.0021 GeV, which has been determined
from the Z lineshape scan at LEP 1 [10], the Fermi constant,
GF = 1.1663787(6) 105 GeV2 , which is derived from the muon
lifetime, and the fine structure constant, = 1/137.035999074(44), which
is best determined from the e anomalous magnetic moment [16]. It

is convenient to define a running (Q) = dependent on the
1 (Q)
(5)
energy scale Q of the process. The hadronic contribution to , had ,
+
is non-perturbative for low Q and can be derived from e e annihilation

(5)
and decay data. Various evaluations of had are summarized in
Table 10.1 in the full Review For the top quark pole mass, we use
mt = 173.34 0.37 stat. 0.52 syst. GeV [48], which is an average of 12
individual CDF and D measurements.
sin2 W and MW can be calculated from these inputs, or conversely,
MH can be constrained by sin2 W and MW . The value of sin2 W is
extracted from neutral-current processes (see Sec. 10.3 in the full Review)
and Z pole observables (see Sec. 10.4 in the full Review) and depends
on the renormalization prescription. There are a number of popular
schemes [5662] leading to values which differ by small factors depending
on mt and MH , including the MS definition sb 2Z and the on-shell definition
s2W 1 MW 2 /M 2 .
Z
Experiments are at such level of precision that complete one-loop,
dominant two-loop, and partial three and four-loop radiative corrections
must be applied. These are discussed in the full edition of this Review. A

variety of related cross-section and asymmetry formulae are also discussed

there.
0.245
QW(p) QW(e) NuTeV

0.240
sin W()
QW(APV)
0.235
eDIS
2
Tevatron LEP 1
LHC
0.230 SLC
0.225
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000
[GeV]
Figure 10.2: Scale dependence of the weak mixing angle in the MS

scheme [122]. The width of the curve reflects the theory uncertainty
from strong interaction effects which at low energies is at the level
of 7 105 [122]. For NuTeV we display the updated value
from Ref. 125. The Tevatron and LHC measurements are strongly
dominated by invariant masses of the final state dilepton pair of
O(MZ ) and can thus be considered as additional Z pole data points.
For clarity we displayed the Tevatron and LHC points horizontally
to the left and to the right, respectively.
10.4.5. H decays :
The ATLAS and CMS collaborations at LHC observed a Higgs
boson [183] with properties appearing well consistent with the SM
Higgs (see the Section on Status of Higgs Boson Physics). A recent
combination [184] of ATLAS and CMS results for the Higgs boson mass
from kinematical reconstruction yields
MH = 125.09 0.24 GeV. (10.49)
We can include some of the Higgs decay properties into the global analysis
of Sec. 10.6. However, the total Higgs decay width, which in the SM
amounts to H = 4.15 0.06 MeV, is too small to be resolved at the LHC.
However, one can employ results of Higgs branching ratios into different
final states. The most useful channels are Higgs decays into W W and
ZZ (with at least one gauge boson off-shell), as well as and . We
define
BRHXX
XY ln . (10.51)
BRHY Y
These quantities are constructed to have a SM expectation of zero,
and their physical range is over all real numbers, which allows one
to straightforwardly use Gaussian error propagation (in view of the
fairly large errors). Moreover, possible effects of new physics on Higgs
production rates would also cancel and one may focus on the decay side of

the processes. From a combination of ALTAS and CMS results [184], we

find
W = 0.03 0.20 , Z = 0.27 0.31 ,
which we take to be uncorrelated as they involve distinct final states. We
evaluate the decay rates with the package HDECAY [185].
10.6. Global fit results
Table 10.4: Principal non-Z pole observables, compared with the

SM best fit predictions. The first MW and W values are from
the Tevatron [219,220] and the second ones from LEP 2 [173]. The
value of mt differs from the one in the Particle Listings since it
e are
includes recent preliminary results. The world averages for gV,A
e
dominated by the CHARM II [86] results, gV = 0.035 0.017
and gAe = 0.503 0.017. The errors are the total (experimental
plus theoretical) uncertainties. The value is the lifetime world
average computed by combining the direct measurements with values
derived from the leptonic branching ratios [45]; in this case, the
theory uncertainty is included in the SM prediction. In all other SM
predictions, the uncertainty is from MZ , MH , mt , mb , mc ,
b(MZ ),
and s , and their correlations have been accounted for. The column
denoted Pull gives the standard deviations.
Quantity Value Standard Model Pull
mt [GeV] 173.34 0.81 173.76 0.76 0.5

MW [GeV] 80.387 0.016 80.361 0.006 1.6
80.376 0.033 0.4
W [GeV] 2.046 0.049 2.089 0.001 0.9
2.195 0.083 1.3
MH [GeV] 125.09 0.24 125.11 0.24 0.0
W 0.03 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.0
Z 0.27 0.31 0.00 0.03 0.9
gVe 0.040 0.015 0.0397 0.0002 0.0
gA e 0.507 0.014 0.5064 0.0
QW (e) 0.0403 0.0053 0.0473 0.0003 1.3
QW (p) 0.064 0.012 0.0708 0.0003 0.6
QW (Cs) 72.62 0.43 73.25 0.02 1.5
QW (Tl) 116.4 3.6 116.91 0.02 0.1
sb2Z (eDIS) 0.2299 0.0043 0.23129 0.00005 0.3
[fs] 290.88 0.35 289.85 2.12 0.4
1
2 (g 2
) (4511.18 0.78) 109 (4507.89 0.08) 109 4.2
The values for mt [48], MW [173,219], W [173,220], MH and

the ratios of Higgs branching fractions [184] discussed in Sec. 10.4.5,
-lepton scattering [8388], the weak charges of the electron [121], the

Table 10.5: Principal Z pole observables and their SM predictions

(cf. Table 10.4). The first s2 is the effective weak mixing angle
extracted from the hadronic charge asymmetry, the second is the
combined value from the Tevatron [164166], and the third from
the LHC [170172]. The values of Ae are (i) from ALR for hadronic
final states [159]; (ii) from ALR for leptonic final states and from
polarized Bhabba scattering [161]; and (iii) from the angular
distribution of the polarization at LEP 1. The A values are from
SLD and the total polarization, respectively.
Quantity Value Standard Model Pull

MZ [GeV] 91.1876 0.0021 91.1880 0.0020 0.2
Z [GeV] 2.4952 0.0023 2.4943 0.0008 0.4
(had) [GeV] 1.7444 0.0020 1.7420 0.0008
(inv) [MeV] 499.0 1.5 501.66 0.05
(+ ) [MeV] 83.984 0.086 83.995 0.010
had [nb] 41.541 0.037 41.484 0.008 1.5
Re 20.804 0.050 20.734 0.010 1.4
R 20.785 0.033 20.734 0.010 1.6
R 20.764 0.045 20.779 0.010 0.3
Rb 0.21629 0.00066 0.21579 0.00003 0.8
Rc 0.1721 0.0030 0.17221 0.00003 0.0
(0,e)
AF B 0.0145 0.0025 0.01622 0.00009 0.7
(0,)
AF B 0.0169 0.0013 0.5
(0, )
AF B 0.0188 0.0017 1.5
(0,b)
AF B 0.0992 0.0016 0.1031 0.0003 2.4
(0,c)
AF B 0.0707 0.0035 0.0736 0.0002 0.8
(0,s)
AF B 0.0976 0.0114 0.1032 0.0003 0.5
2
s 0.2324 0.0012 0.23152 0.00005 0.7
0.23185 0.00035 0.9
0.23105 0.00087 0.5
Ae 0.15138 0.00216 0.1470 0.0004 2.0
0.1544 0.0060 1.2
0.1498 0.0049 0.6
A 0.142 0.015 0.3
A 0.136 0.015 0.7
0.1439 0.0043 0.7
Ab 0.923 0.020 0.9347 0.6
Ac 0.670 0.027 0.6678 0.0002 0.1
As 0.895 0.091 0.9356 0.4
proton [126], cesium [129,130] and thallium [131], the weak mixing angle
extracted from eDIS [113], the muon anomalous magnetic moment [196],
and the lifetime are listed in Table 10.4. Likewise, the principal Z pole
observables can be found in Table 10.5, where the LEP 1 averages of
the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL results include common systematic
errors and correlations [10]. The heavy flavor results of LEP 1 and
SLD are based on common inputs and correlated, as well [10]. Note

that the values of (+ ), (had), and (inv) are not independent of

Z , the R , and had and that the SM errors in those latter are largely
dominated by the uncertainty in s . Also shown in both tables are the
SM predictions for the values of MZ , MH , and mt . The predictions result
from a global least-square (2 ) fit to all data using the minimization
package MINUIT [221] and the EW library GAPP [21]. In most cases, we
treat all input errors (the uncertainties of the values) as Gaussian. The
reason is not that we assume that theoretical and systematic errors are
intrinsically bell-shaped (which they are not) but because in most cases
the input errors are either dominated by the statistical components or they
are combinations of many different (including statistical) error sources,
which should yield approximately Gaussian combined errors by the large
number theorem. Sizes and shapes of the output errors (the uncertainties
of the predictions and the SM fit parameters) are fully determined by the
fit, and 1 errors are defined to correspond to 2 = 2 2min = 1, and
do not necessarily correspond to the 68.3% probability range or the 39.3%
probability contour (for 2 parameters).
The agreement is generally very good. Despite the few discrepancies
discussed in the following, the fit describes the data well, with a
2 /d.o.f. = 53.6/42. The probability of a larger 2 is 11%. Only the final
result for g 2 from BNL is currently showing a large (4.2 ) conflict. In
(0,b)
addition, AF B from LEP 1 and A0LR (SLD) from hadronic final states
2 from NuTeV is nominally in conflict with the
deviate at the 2 level. gL
SM, as well, but the precise status is still unresolved (see Sec. 10.3 in the
full Review).
(0,b)
Ab can be extracted from AF B when Ae = 0.1501 0.0016 is taken
from a fit to leptonic asymmetries (using lepton universality). The result,
Ab = 0.881 0.017, is 3.1 below the SM predictionand also 1.6 below
Ab = 0.923 0.020 obtained from AF B
LR (b) at SLD. Thus, it appears that
at least some of the problem in Ab is due to a statistical fluctuation or
other experimental effect in one of the asymmetries. Note, however, that
(0,b)
the uncertainty in AF B is strongly statistics dominated. The combined
value, Ab = 0.899 0.013 deviates by 2.8 .
The left-right asymmetry, A0LR = 0.15138 0.00216 [159], based
on all hadronic data from 19921998 differs 2.0 from the SM
expectation of 0.1470 0.0004. However, it is consistent with the value
(0,)
A = 0.1481 0.0027 from LEP 1, obtained from a fit to AF B , Ae (P ),
and A (P ), assuming lepton universality.
The observables in Table 10.4 and Table 10.5, as well as some other
less precise observables, are used in the global fits described below. In
all fits, the errors include full statistical, systematic, and theoretical
uncertainties. The correlations on the LEP 1 lineshape and polarization,
the LEP/SLD heavy flavor observables, the SLD lepton asymmetries, and
the -e scattering observables, are included. The theoretical correlations
(5)
between had and g 2, and between the charm and bottom quark
masses, are also accounted for.
As a cross-check, one can also perform a fit without the direct mass
constraint, MH = 125.09 0.24 GeV, in Eq. (10.49). In this case we
obtain a 2% indirect mass determination,
MH = 126.1 1.9 GeV , (10.56)


1000
Z, had, Rl, Rq (1)
Z pole asymmetries (1)
500 MW (1)
direct mt (1)
300
direct MH
200 precision data (90%)
MH [GeV]
100
50
30
20
10
150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185
mt [GeV]
Figure 10.4: Fit result and one-standard-deviation (39.35% for

the closed contours and 68% for the others) uncertainties in MH
as a function of mt for various inputs, and the 90% CL region
(2 = 4.605) allowed by all data. s (MZ ) = 0.1182 is assumed
except for the fits including the Z lineshapeThe width of the
horizontal dashed band is not visible on the scale of the plot.
arising predominantly from the quantities in Eq. (10.51), since the

branching ratio for H ZZ varies very rapidly as a function of MH for
Higgs masses near 125 GeV. Removing also the branching ratio constraints
gives the loop-level determination from the precision data alone,
MH = 96+22
19 GeV , (10.57)
which is 1.2 below the kinematical constraint, but the latter is inside the
90% central confidence range,
66 GeV < MH < 134 GeV . (10.58)
This is mostly a reflection of the Tevatron determination of MW , which is
1.6 higher than the SM best fit value in Table 10.4., see Fig. 10.4.
The extracted Z pole value of s (MZ ) is based on a formula with
negligible theoretical uncertainty if one assumes the exact validity
of the SM. One should keep in mind, however, that this value,
s (MZ ) = 0.1203 0.0028, is very sensitive to certain types of new physics
such as non-universal vertex corrections. In contrast, the value derived
from decays, s (MZ ) = 0.1174+0.0019
0.0017 , is theory dominated but less
sensitive to new physics. The two values are in reasonable agreement
with each other. They are also in good agreement with the averages
from jet-event shapes in e+ e annihilation (0.1169 0.0034) and lattice
simulations (0.1187 0.0012), whereas the DIS average (0.1156 0.0023)
is somewhat lower than the Z pole value. For more details, see Section 9
on Quantum Chromodynamics in this Review.

10.7. Constraints on new physics

The masses and decay properties of the electroweak bosons and low
energy data can be used to search for and set limits on deviations from
the SM. We will mainly discuss the effects of exotic particles (with
heavy masses Mnew MZ in an expansion in MZ /Mnew ) on the gauge
boson self-energies. Most of the effects on precision measurements can be
described by three gauge self-energy parameters S, T , and U . We will
define these, as well as the related parameter 0 , to arise from new physics
only. In other words, they are equal to zero (0 = 1) exactly in the SM,
and do not include any (loop induced) contributions that depend on mt or
MH , which are treated separately.
The dominant effect of many extensions of the SM can be described by
the 0 parameter,
M2
0 2 W2 , (10.59)
MZ bc Z b
which describes new sources of SU(2) breaking that cannot be accounted
for by the SM Higgs doublet or mt effects. From the global fit,
0 = 1.00037 0.00023 . (10.60)
The result in Eq. (10.60) is 1.6 above the SM expectation, 0 = 1.
It can be used to constrain higher-dimensional Higgs representations to
have vacuum expectation values of less than a few percent of those of the
doublets. Furthermore, it implies the following limit on the mass splitting,
m2i , of all new scalar or fermion SU(2) doublets at the 95% CL,
X Ci
m2i (49 GeV)2 . (10.65)
3
i
where the sum runs over all new-physics doublets, and C = 1 (3) for color
singlets (triplets).
A number of authors [230235] have considered the general effects on
neutral-current and Z and W boson observables of various types of heavy
(i.e., Mnew MZ ) physics which contribute to the W and Z self-energies
but which do not have any direct coupling to the ordinary fermions.
Such effects can be described by just three parameters, S, T , and U .
Denoting the contributions of new physics to the various self-energies by
new
ij , we have
new new
W W (0) ZZ (0) ,

b(MZ )T 2 (10.66a)
MW MZ2

b(MZ ) new (MZ2 ) new
ZZ (0)
2 2
S ZZ
4b
s ZbcZ MZ2
new 2
cb 2Z sb 2Z Z (MZ ) new 2
(MZ )
2 2 , (10.66b)
c Z sb Z
b MZ MZ

b(MZ ) new (MW2 ) new (0)
(S + U ) W W WW
4 sb 2Z MW 2
new 2
c Z Z (MZ ) new
b 2
(MZ )
2
2
. (10.66c)
sb Z MZ MZ
S, T , and U are defined with a factor proportional to
b removed, so that
they are expected to be of order unity in the presence of new physics.

A heavy non-degenerate multiplet of fermions or scalars contributes

positively to T , which is related to the 0 parameter via 0 1
b(MZ )T .
A heavy degenerate ordinary or mirror family would contribute 2/3 to S.
Large positive values S > 0 can also be generated in Technicolor models
with QCD-like dynamics, and in models with warped extra dimensions.
The data allow a simultaneous determination of sb 2Z (from the Z pole
asymmetries), S (from MZ ), U (from MW ), T (mainly from Z ), s (from
R , had , and ), MH and mt (from the hadron colliders), with little
correlation among the SM parameters:
S = 0.05 0.10, T = 0.08 0.12, U = 0.02 0.10, (10.72)
sb 2Z
= 0.23131 0.00015, and s (MZ ) = 0.1182 0.0017, where the
uncertainties are from the inputs. The parameters in Eqs. (10.72), which
by definition are due to new physics only, are in excellent agreement with
the SM values of zero. There is a strong correlation (91%) between the
S and T parameters. The U parameter is 61% (82%) anti-correlated
with S (T ).
As discussed in Sec. 10.6, there is a 4.0% deviation in the asymmetry
parameter Ab . Assuming that this is due to new physics affecting
preferentially the third generation, we can perform a fit allowing additional
Z bb vertex corrections b and b as in Eq. (10.33) (here defined to be
due to new physics only with the SM contributions removed), as well as
S, T , U , and the SM parameters, with the result,
b = 0.056 0.020, b = 0.182 0.068, (10.73)
with an almost perfect correlation of 99% (because Rb is much better
determined than Ab ). The central values of the oblique parameters are
close to their SM values of zero, and there is little change in the SM
parameters, except that the value of s (MZ ) is lower by 0.0006 compared
to the SM fit. Given that almost a 20% correction to b would be
necessary, it would be difficult to account for the deviation in Ab by
new physics that enters only at the level of radiative corrections. Thus,
if it is due to new physics, it is most likely of tree-level type affecting
preferentially the third generation.
More examples for constraints on new physics can be found in the full
Review.
Further discussion and all references may be found in the full Review
of Particle Physics; the equation and reference numbering corresponds to
that version.

11. Status of Higgs boson physics 209
11. STATUS OF HIGGS BOSON PHYSICS

Revised September 2016 by M. Carena (Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory and the University of Chicago), C. Grojean (DESY, Hamburg,
on leave from ICREA, Barcelona), M. Kado (Laboratoire de lAccelerateur
Lineaire, Orsay), and V. Sharma (University of California, San Diego).
The Standard Model (SM) fermions are chiral and should therefore
be massless if the electroweak symmetry were exact. Understanding the
mechanism that breaks the electroweak symmetry and generates the
masses of the known elementary particles has been one of the fundamental
endeavors in particle physics. The discovery in 2012 by the ATLAS and
the CMS collaborations of the Higgs boson was a major milestone as well
as an extraordinary success of the LHC machine and the ATLAS and CMS
experiments.
This is an update of the 2014 review which followed the discovery
of the Higgs boson. Since then the ATLAS and CMS experiments have
made substantial progress, yielding an increasingly precise profile of the
properties of the Higgs boson, all being consistent with the Standard
Model. Nevertheless, many theoretical questions remain unanswered and
new conundrums about what lies behind the Higgs boson have come to
fore. Four years since its discovery, the Higgs boson has turned into a new
tool to explore the manifestations of the SM and to probe the physics
landscape beyond it.
An experimental profile of the Higgs boson
The ATLAS and CMS experiments have made a combined measurement
of the mass of the Higgs boson in the diphoton and the four-lepton channels
at per mille precision, mH = 125.09 0.24 GeV. The quantum numbers
of the Higgs boson have been probed in greater detail and show an
excellent consistency with the J PC = 0++ hypothesis. Anomalous
CP-even and CP-odd couplings have also been probed, mostly using
angular distributions in diboson events. Higgs boson production and decay
mechanisms have been further characterized through the measurement of
various differential and fiducial cross sections.
Combining ATLAS and CMS data, the production by vector boson
fusion has been directly established and the decay into a pair of taus
observed. This combination also provides the most precise probes of the
coupling structure of the Higgs boson, with a 10%-20% accuracy. This
precision could not have been reached without the rapid and profound
theoretical developments on many fronts: higher order calculations, Monte
Carlo simulations, and new ideas on how to extract further informations
on the nature of the Higgs boson. All measurements are consistent with
the SM predictions and provide stringent constraints on a large number of
scenarios of new physics predicting sizeable deviations in the couplings of
the Higgs boson.
Without assumptions on or a measurement of the Higgs boson width,
the measurements at the LHC do not provide constraints on the absolute
couplings of the Higgs boson. The direct experimental measurements
using the Higgs boson mass lineshape yield an upper bound on the total

Higgs width still three orders of magnitude above its SM value (4.2MeV).
However, new ideas have emerged through the study of the Higgs couplings
away from its mass shell or through mass shifts due to interference between

210 11. Status of Higgs boson physics
signal and background.

Further useful information on the components of the width of the Higgs
boson can also be obtained from searches for rare and exotic decay modes,
including invisible decays. Insights on the couplings of the Higgs boson are
also obtained from the searches for rare production modes. No significant
deviation from the SM Higgs boson expectations has been found in the
channels analyzed so far.
Finally, all extensions of the SM at higher energies call for an
enlargement of the EWSB sector. Therefore invaluable insights can also
be acquired from searches for new additional scalar states. Since the
2014 review, an ample number of new searches for CP-even and CP-Odd
neutral Higgs bosons, and charged Higgs bosons have been carried out. No
significant deviations from the minimal SM Higgs sector has been found in
the ranges of mass and couplings of the additional states that have been
explored so far.
Fundamental questions and outlook
Perturbative unitarity in vector boson scattering (VBS) is preserved to
a large amount with the sole exchange of the Higgs boson and without
the need for any additional states within the reach of the LHC. VBS
is, however, still an important channel to investigate further in order to
directly access the Higgs couplings above the weak scale and to idenfity
the possible completion of the SM. In association with the double Higgs
boson production channel by vector boson fusion, VBS could, for instance,
confirm that the Higgs boson is part of a weak doublet and also establish
whether it is an elementary object or a composite state of a new strong
interaction.
The Higgs boson couplings are not dictated by any local gauge
symmetry. Thus, in addition to a new particle, the LHC has also
discovered a new force, different in nature from the other fundamental
interactions since it is non-universal and distinguishes between the three
families of quarks and leptons.
The existence of the Higgs boson embodies the problem of an unnatural
cancellation among the quantum corrections to its mass, if new physics
is present at scale significantly higher than the EW scale. The non-
observation of additional states which could stabilize the Higgs mass is a
challenge for natural scenarios like supersymmetry or models with a new
strong interaction in which the Higgs boson is not a fundamental particle.
This increasingly pressing paradox starts questioning the principle of
naturalness.
The review discusses in detail the latest developments in theories
extending the SM to solve the fundamental questions raised by the
existence of the Higgs boson.
Further discussion and references may be found in the full Review of

Particle Physics.

12. The CKM quark-mixing matrix 211
12. THE CKM QUARK-MIXING MATRIX

Revised January 2016 by A. Ceccucci (CERN), Z. Ligeti (LBNL), and
Y. Sakai (KEK).
12.1. Introduction
The masses and mixings of quarks have a common origin in the
Standard Model (SM). They arise from the Yukawa interactions of the
quarks with the Higgs condensate. When the Higgs field acquires a vacuum
expectation value, quark mass terms are generated. The physical states are
obtained by diagonalizing the up and down quark mass matrices by four
u,d
unitary matrices, VL,R . As a result, the charged current W interactions
couple to the physical up and down-type quarks with couplings given by

Vud Vus Vub
u d
VCKM VL VL = Vcd Vcs Vcb . (12.2)
Vtd Vts Vtb
This Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix [1,2] is a 3 3
unitary matrix. It can be parameterized by three mixing angles and a
CP -violating phase,

c12 c13 s12 c13 s13 ei
V = s12 c23 c12 s23 s13 ei c12 c23 s12 s23 s13 ei s23 c13 , (12.3)
s12 s23 c12 c23 s13 ei c12 s23 s12 c23 s13 ei c23 c13
where sij = sin ij , cij = cos ij , and is the phase responsible for all
CP -violating phenomena in flavor changing processes in the SM. The
angles ij can be chosen to lie in the first quadrant.
It is known experimentally that s13 s23 s12 1, and it is
convenient to exhibit this hierarchy using the Wolfenstein parameterization.
We define [46]

|Vus | V
s12 = = p , s23 = A2 = cb ,
|Vud |2 + |Vus |2 Vus

3
A ( ) 1 A 4
+ i 2
s13 ei = Vub

= A3 ( + i) = . (12.4)
1 [1 A2 4 (
2 + i
)]
These ensure that + i = (Vud Vub )/(V V ) is phase-convention
cd cb
independent and the CKM matrix written in terms of , A, and is
unitary to all orders in . To O(4 ),

1 2 /2 A3 ( i)
V = 1 2 /2 A2 + O(4 ) . (12.5)
A3 (1 i) A2 1
P P
Unitarity implies i Vij Vik = jk and

j Vij Vkj = ik . The six

vanishing combinations can be represented as triangles in a complex plane.

The most commonly used unitarity triangle arises from

Vud Vub + Vcd Vcb + Vtd Vtb = 0 , (12.6)
by dividing each side by Vcd Vcb (see Fig. 1). The vertices are exactly (0, 0),
(1, 0) and, due to the definition in Eq. (12.4), (
, ). An important goal of
flavor physics is to overconstrain the CKM elements, many of which can
be displayed and compared in the , plane.

212 12. The CKM quark-mixing matrix
Figure 12.1: Sketch of the unitarity triangle.
12.2. Magnitudes of CKM elements

12.2.1. |Vud | :
The most precise determination of |Vud | comes from the study of super-
allowed 0+ 0+ nuclear beta decays, which are pure vector transitions.
Taking the average of the twenty most precise determinations [9] yields
|Vud | = 0.97417 0.00021. (12.7)
12.2.2. |Vus | :
The magnitude of Vus is extracted from semileptonic kaon decays or
leptonic kaon decays. Combining the data on KL 0 e, K 0 ,
L
0 0 0
K e , K and KS e gives |Vus | = 0.2237 0.0009
with the unquenched lattice QCD calculation value, f+ (0) = 0.9677
0.0037 [13]. The KLOE measurement of the K + + () branching
ratio [19] with the lattice QCD value, fK /f = 1.1928 0.0026 [13] leads
to |Vus | = 0.2254 0.0008. The average of these two determinations is
quoted by Ref. [10] as
|Vus | = 0.2248 0.0006. (12.8)
12.2.3. |Vcd | :
There are three comparable determinations of |Vcd |, from semileptonic
D decay, leptonic D+ + decay, and from neutrino and
antineutrino interactions. The former two use lattice QCD for the
normalization of the of the form factor or decay constant [14]. The latter
utilizes that the difference of the ratio of double-muon to single-muon
production by neutrino and antineutrino beams [3134] is proportional to
the charm cross section off valence d-quarks. Averaging the results,
|Vcd | = 0.220 0.005. (12.9)
12.2.4. |Vcs | :
The determination of |Vcs | is possible from semileptonic D or leptonic
Ds decays. Using the recent Ds+ + [4042] and Ds+ + [4045]
data gives |Vcs | = 1.008 0.021 with fDs = (248.6 2.7) MeV [14]. The
recent D K measurements [27,28,46] combined with the lattice QCD
calculation of the form factor [14] gives |Vcs | = 0.975 0.007 0.025.
Averaging these two determinations, we obtain
|Vcs | = 0.995 0.016. (12.10)

12.2.5. |Vcb | :
The determination of |Vcb | from inclusive semileptonic B decays use
the semileptonic rate measurement together with the leptonic energy
and the hadronic invariant-mass spectra. Determinations from exclusive
B D() decays are based on the fact that in the mb,c QCD limit
all form factors are given by a single Isgur-Wise function [53], which is
normalized at zero recoil. The Vcb and Vub minireview [15] quotes the
combination with a scaled error as
|Vcb | = (40.5 1.5) 103 . (12.11)
12.2.6. |Vub | :
The determination of |Vub | from inclusive B Xu decay suffers from
large B Xc backgrounds. In most regions of phase space where the
charm background is kinematically forbidden the rate is determined by
nonperturbative shape functions. At leading order in QCD /mb there is
only one such function, which is related to the photon energy spectrum
in B Xs [55,56]. The large and pure BB samples at the B factories
permit the selection of B Xu decays in events where the other B is
fully reconstructed [61]. With this full-reconstruction tag method, one can
measure the four-momenta of both the leptonic and hadronic systems, and
access wider kinematic regions because of improved signal purity.
To extract |Vub | from exclusive channels, the form factors have to be
known. Unquenched lattice QCD calculations of the B form factor
for q 2 > 16 GeV2 are available [62,63]. The theoretical uncertainties in
the inclusive and exclusive determinations are different. The Vcb and Vub
minireview [15] quotes the combination
|Vub | = (4.09 0.39) 103 . (12.12)
12.2.7. |Vtd | and |Vts | :

These CKM elements are not likely to be precisely measurable
in tree-level processes involving top quarks, so one has to use BB
oscillations or loop-mediated rare K and B decays. The mass difference
of the two neutral B meson mass eigenstates is well measured,
md = (0.5064 0.0019) ps1 [68]. In the Bs0 system, the average
of the CDF [69] and recent more precise LHCb [70] measurements
yields ms = (17.757 0.021) ps1 . Using unquenched lattice QCD
calculations [14] and assuming |Vtb | = 1, we find
|Vtd | = (8.2 0.6) 103 , |Vts | = (40.0 2.7) 103 . (12.13)
Several uncertainties are reduced in the lattice QCD calculation of the
ratio md /ms , which gives a significantly improved constraint,

Vtd /Vts = 0.215 0.001 0.011. (12.14)
12.2.8. |Vtb | :
The determination of |Vtb | from top decaysPuses the ratio of branching
fractions B(t W b)/B(t W q) = |Vtb |2 /( q |Vtq |2 ) = |Vtb |2 , where
q = b, s, d [7779]. The direct determination of |Vtb | without assuming
unitarity has become possible from the single top quark production
cross section. The (3.30+0.52
0.40 ) pb average Tevatron cross section [80]
implies |Vtb | = 1.02+0.06
0.05 ). The LHC experiments, ATLAS and CMS, have

measured single-top production cross sections (and extracted |Vtb |) in

t-channel, W t-channel, and s-channel at 7 TeV, 8 TeV, and 13 TeV [81],
resulting the average |Vtb | value to be |Vtb | = 1.005 0.036. The average
of Tevatron and LHC values gives
|Vtb | = 1.009 0.031 . (12.15)
12.3. Phases of CKM elements

The angles of the unitarity triangle are

Vcd Vcb Vtd Vtb
= 1 = arg , = 2 = arg ,
Vtd Vtb
Vud Vub

Vud Vub

= 3 = arg . (12.16)
Vcd Vcb

Since CP violation involves phases of CKM elements, many measurements

of CP -violating observables can be used to constrain these angles and the
,
parameters.
12.3.1. and :
The measurement of CP violation in K 0 K 0 mixing, || = (2.233
0.015) 103 [83], provides constraints in the ,
plane bounded by
hyperbolas approximately. Lattice QCD has determined the bag parameter
well enough that the main uncertainties come from perturbation theory
and the parametric uncertainty proportional to (A4 ) [i.e., (|Vcb |4 )].
The measurement of provides a qualitative test of the CKM
mechanism because its nonzero experimental average, Re( /) =
(1.67 0.23) 103 [83], demonstrated the existence of direct CP
violation, a prediction of the KM ansatz. While Re( /) Im(Vtd Vts ),
this quantity cannot easily be used to extract CKM parameters, because
of hadronic uncertainties.
12.3.2. / 1 :
The time-dependent CP asymmetry of neutral B decays to a final state
f common to B 0 and B 0 is given by [93,94]
(B 0(t) f ) (B 0(t) f )
Af = = Sf sin(m t) Cf cos(m t),
(B 0(t) f ) + (B 0(t) f )
(12.18)
where Sf = 2 Imf /(1 + |f |2 ), Cf = (1 |f |2 )/(1 + |f |2 ), and
f = (q/p)(Af /Af ). Here q/p describes B 0 B 0 mixing and, to a good
4
= e2i+O( ) in the usual
approximation in the SM, q/p = Vtb Vtd /Vtb Vtd
phase convention. Af (Af ) is the amplitude of B 0 f (B 0 f ) decay.
If f is a CP eigenstate and amplitudes with one CKM phase dominate,
then |Af | = |Af |, Cf = 0 and Sf = sin(arg f ) = f sin 2, where f is
the CP eigenvalue of f and 2 is the phase difference between the B 0 f
and B 0 B 0 f decay paths.
The b c cs decays to CP eigenstates (B 0 charmonium KS,L 0 )
are the theoretically cleanest examples, measuring Sf = f sin 2. The
world average is [98]
sin 2 = 0.691 0.017 . (12.20)
This measurement of has a four-fold ambiguity. Of these, /2
(but not + ) has been resolved by a time-dependent angular

analysis of B 0 J/K 0 [99,100] and a time-dependent Dalitz plot

analysis of B 0 D 0 h0 (h0 = 0 , , ) [101,102].
The b s q q penguin dominated decays have the same CKM phase
as the b c cs tree dominated decays, up to corrections suppressed
by 2 . Therefore, decays such as B 0 K 0 and K 0 provide sin 2
measurements in the SM. If new physics contributes to the b s
loop diagrams and has a different weak phase, it would give rise to
Sf 6= f sin 2 and possibly Cf 6= 0. The results and their uncertainties
are summarized in Fig. 12.3 and Table 12.1 of Ref. [94].
12.3.3. / 2 :
Since is the phase between Vtb Vtd and Vub V , only time-dependent
ud
CP asymmetries in b u ud dominated modes can directly measure it.
In such decays the penguin contribution can be sizable. Then S+ no
longer measures sin 2, but can still be extracted using the isospin
relations among the B 0 + , B 0 0 0 , and B + + 0
amplitudes and their CP conjugates [104]. Because the isospin analysis
gives 16 mirror solutions, only a loose constraint is obtained at present.
The B 0 + decay can in general have a mixture of CP -even and
CP -odd components. However, the longitudinal polarization fractions in
B + + 0 and B 0 + are measured to be close to unity [106], which
implies that the final states are almost purely CP -even. Furthermore,
B(B 0 0 0 ) = (0.97 0.24) 106 implies that the effect of the penguin
diagrams is small. The isospin analysis gives = (89.8 5.5) [105] with
a mirror solution at 3/2 .
The final state in B 0 + decay is not a CP eigenstate, but
mixing induced CP violations can still occur in the four decay amplitudes,
B 0 , B 0 . Because of the more complicated isospin relations, the
time-dependent Dalitz plot analysis of B 0 + 0 gives the best model
independent extraction of [109]. The combination of Belle [110] and
BABAR [111] measurements yield = (54.1+7.7 +4.7
10.3 ) and (141.85.4 ) [105].

Combining these three decay modes [105], is constrained as

= (87.6+3.5
3.3 ) . (12.23)
12.3.4. / 3 :
The angle does not depend on CKM elements involving the top
quark, so it can be measured in tree-level B decays. This is an important
distinction from and , implying that the measurements of are unlikely
to be affected by physics beyond the SM.
The interference of B D0 K (b c us) and B D 0 K
(b u cs) transitions can be studied in final states accessible in both
D0 and D0 decays [93]. It is possible to extract from the data the B
and D decay amplitudes, their relative strong phases, and . Analyses
in two-body D decays using the GLW [113,114] and ADS methods [115]
have been made [98] by the B factories, CDF, and LHCb. The Dalitz plot
analysis of D0 , D 0 KS + [116,117] by the B factories gives the best
present determination of [118,119].
Combining these analyses [105],
= (73.2+6.3
7.0 ) . (12.25)

12.4. Global fit in the Standard Model

Using the independently measured CKM elements mentioned in
the previous sections, the unitarity of the CKM matrix can be
checked. We obtain |Vud |2 + |Vus |2 + |Vub |2 = 0.9996 0.0005 (1st row),
|Vcd |2 + |Vcs |2 + |Vcb |2 = 1.040 0.032 (2nd row), |Vud |2 + |Vcd |2 + |Vtd |2 =
0.9975 0.0022 (1st column), and |Vus |2 + |Vcs |2 + |Vts |2 = 1.042 0.032
(2nd column), respectively. For the second row, a slightly better check
is obtained
P subtracting the sum of the first row from the measurement
of 2
u,c,d,s,b |Vij | from the W leptonic branching ratio [47], yielding
|Vcd |2 + |Vcs |2 + |Vcb |2 = 1.002 0.027. The sum of the three angles,
+ + = (183+7 8 ) , is also consistent with the SM expectation.

The CKM matrix elements can be most precisely determined by a

global fit that uses all available measurements and imposes the SM
constraints. There are several approaches to combining the experimental
data [6,105,112,129], which provide similar results. The results for the
Wolfenstein parameters are
= 0.22506 0.00050 , A = 0.811 0.026 ,
= 0.124+0.019
0.018 , = 0.356 +0.011 . (12.26)
The allowed ranges of the magnitudes of all nine CKM elements are

0.97434+0.00011
0.00012 0.22506 0.00050 0.00357 0.00015
VCKM = 0.22492 0.00050 0.97351 0.00013 0.0411 0.0013 ,
0.00875+0.00032
0.00033 0.0403 0.0013 0.99915 0.00005
(12.27)
and the Jarlskog invariant is J = (3.04+0.21
0.20 ) 10 5 . Fig. 12.2 illustrates
the constraints on the , plane from various measurements and the global
fit result. The shaded 95% CL regions all overlap consistently around the
global fit region.
12.5. Implications beyond the SM
The effects in B, K, and D decays and mixings due to high-scale physics
(W , Z, t, h in the SM, or new physics particles) can be parameterized by
operators composed of SM fields, obeying the SU (3) SU (2) U (1) gauge
symmetry. The observable effects of non-SM interactions are encoded
in the coefficients of these operators, and are suppressed by powers of
the new physics scale. In the SM, these coefficients are determined by
just the four CKM parameters, and the W , Z, and quark masses. For
example, md , (B ), and (B Xd + ) are all proportional
to |Vtd Vtb |2 in the SM, however, they may receive unrelated new
physics contributions. Similar to measurements of sin 2 in tree- and
loop-dominated decays, overconstraining the magnitudes and phases of
flavor-changing neutral-current amplitudes give good sensitivity to new
physics.
To illustrate the level of suppression required for non-SM contributions,
consider a class of models in which the dominant effect of new physics is to
modify the neutral meson mixing amplitudes [132] by (zij /2 )(q i PL qj )2 .
New physics with a generic weak phase may still contribute to meson
mixings at a significant fraction of the SM [137,129]. The data imply that
/|zij |1/2 has to exceed about 104 TeV for K 0 K 0 mixing, 103 TeV for
D0 D0 mixing, 500 TeV for B 0 B 0 mixing, and 100 TeV for Bs0 B 0s
mixing [129,134]. Thus, if there is new physics at the TeV scale, |zij | 1


1.5
exc
excluded area has CL > 0.95
lud
ed

at C
L>
1.0
md & ms
0.9
5
sin 2
0.5
md
K
0.0

Vub
-0.5
-1.0 K
sol. w/ cos 2 < 0
(excl. at CL > 0.95)
-1.5
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Figure 12.2: 95% CL constraints on the ,
plane.
is required. Even if |zij | are suppressed by a loop factor and |Vti Vtj |2 (in
the down quark sector), as in the SM, one expects TeV-scale new physics
to give greater than percent-level effects, which may be observable in
forthcoming experiments.
The CKM elements are fundamental parameters, so they should be
measured as precisely as possible. The overconstraining measurements of
CP asymmetries, mixing, semileptonic, and rare decays severely constrain
the magnitudes and phases of possible new physics contributions to
flavor-changing interactions. When new particles are seen at the LHC, it
will be important to know the flavor parameters as precisely as possible to
understand the underlying physics.
of Particle Physics. The numbering of references and equations used here
corresponds to that version.

218 13. CP violation in the quark sector
13. CP VIOLATION IN THE QUARK SECTOR

Revised August 2015 by T. Gershon (University of Warwick) and Y. Nir
(Weizmann Institute).
The CP transformation combines charge conjugation C with parity
P . Under C, particles and antiparticles are interchanged, by conjugating
all internal quantum numbers, e.g., Q Q for electromagnetic charge.
Under P , the handedness of space is reversed, ~x ~x. Thus, for example,
a left-handed electron e L is transformed under CP into a right-handed
positron, e+R .
If CP were an exact symmetry, the laws of Nature would be the same
for matter and for antimatter. We observe that most phenomena are
C- and P -symmetric, and therefore, also CP -symmetric. In particular,
these symmetries are respected by the gravitational, electromagnetic, and
strong interactions. The weak interactions, on the other hand, violate
C and P in the strongest possible way. For example, the charged W
bosons couple to left-handed electrons, e L , and to their CP -conjugate
right-handed positrons, e+ R , but to neither their C-conjugate left-handed
positrons, e+
L , nor their P -conjugate right-handed electrons, eR . While
weak interactions violate C and P separately, CP is still preserved in
most weak interaction processes. The CP symmetry is, however, violated
in certain rare processes, as discovered in neutral K decays in 1964 [1],
and observed in recent years in B decays. A KL meson decays more often
to e+ e than to + e e , thus allowing electrons and positrons to be
unambiguously distinguished, but the decay-rate asymmetry is only at
the 0.003 level. The CP -violating effects observed in the B system are
larger: the parameter describing the CP asymmetry in the decay time
distribution of B 0 /B 0 meson transitions to CP eigenstates like J/KS is
about 0.7 [2,3]. These effects are related to K 0 K 0 and B 0 B 0 mixing,
but CP violation arising solely from decay amplitudes has also been
observed, first in K decays [46], and more recently in B 0 [7,8],
B + [911], and Bs0 [12] decays. Similar effects could also occur, but have
not yet been observed, in decays of b baryons. CP violation is not yet
experimentally established in the D system, where the Standard Model
effects are expected to be O(103 ). Moreover, CP violation has not yet
been observed in processes involving the top quark, nor in flavor-conserving
processes such as electric dipole moments, nor in the lepton sector; for all
of these any significant observation would be a clear indication of physics
beyond the Standard Model.
In addition to parity and to continuous Lorentz transformations,
there is one other spacetime operation that could be a symmetry of the
interactions: time reversal T , t t. Violations of T symmetry have
been observed in neutral K decays [13]. More recently, exploiting the
fact that for neutral B mesons both flavor tagging and CP tagging can
be used [14], T violation has been observed between states that are
not CP -conjugate [15]. Moreover, T violation is expected as a corollary
of CP violation if the combined CP T transformation is a fundamental
symmetry of Nature [16]. All observations indicate that CP T is indeed
a symmetry of Nature. Furthermore, one cannot build a locally Lorentz-
invariant quantum field theory with a Hermitian Hamiltonian that violates
CP T . (At several points in our discussion, we avoid assumptions about
CP T , in order to identify cases where evidence for CP violation relies on
assumptions about CP T .)

13. CP violation in the quark sector 219
Within the Standard Model, CP symmetry is broken by complex

phases in the Yukawa couplings (that is, the couplings of the Higgs
scalar to quarks). When all manipulations to remove unphysical phases
in this model are exhausted, one finds that there is a single CP -violating
parameter [17]. In the basis of mass eigenstates, this single phase appears
in the 3 3 unitary matrix that gives the W -boson couplings to an
up-type antiquark and a down-type quark. (If the Standard Model is
supplemented with Majorana mass terms for the neutrinos, the analogous
mixing matrix for leptons has three CP -violating phases.) The beautifully
consistent and economical Standard-Model description of CP violation
in terms of Yukawa couplings, known as the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM)
mechanism [17], agrees with all measurements to date.
The current level of experimental accuracy and the theoretical
uncertainties involved in the interpretation of the various observations
leave room, however, for additional subdominant sources of CP violation
from new physics. Indeed, almost all extensions of the Standard Model
imply that there are such additional sources. Moreover, CP violation
is a necessary condition for baryogenesis, the process of dynamically
generating the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe [20].
Despite the phenomenological success of the KM mechanism, it fails (by
several orders of magnitude) to accommodate the observed asymmetry [21].
This discrepancy strongly suggests that Nature provides additional sources
of CP violation beyond the KM mechanism. The evidence for neutrino
masses implies that CP can be violated also in the lepton sector. This
situation makes leptogenesis [22,23], a scenario where CP -violating
phases in the Yukawa couplings of the neutrinos play a crucial role in the
generation of the baryon asymmetry, a very attractive possibility. The
expectation of new sources motivates the large ongoing experimental effort
to find deviations from the predictions of the KM mechanism.
CP violation can be experimentally searched for in a variety of
processes, such as hadron decays, electric dipole moments of neutrons,
electrons and nuclei, and neutrino oscillations. Hadron decays via the
weak interaction probe flavor-changing CP violation. The search for
electric dipole moments may find (or constrain) sources of CP violation
that, unlike the KM phase, are not related to flavor-changing couplings.
Following the discovery of the Higgs boson [24,25], searches for CP
violation in the Higgs sector are becoming feasible. Future searches for
CP violation in neutrino oscillations might provide further input on
leptogenesis.
The present measurements of CP asymmetries provide some of
the strongest constraints on the weak couplings of quarks. Future
measurements of CP violation in K, D, B, and Bs0 meson decays
will provide additional constraints on the flavor parameters of the
Standard Model, and can probe new physics. In this review, we give the
formalism and basic physics that are relevant to present and near future
measurements of CP violation in the quark sector.
Before going into details, we list here the observables where CP
violation has been observed at a level above 5 [2628]:
Indirect CP violation in K and K decays, and in the

KL + e+ e decay, is given by
|| = (2.228 0.011) 103 . (13.1)

220 13. CP violation in the quark sector
Direct CP violation in K decays is given by

Re( /) = (1.65 0.26) 103 . (13.2)
CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay in the tree-
dominated b c cs transitions, such as B 0 K 0 , is given by (we
use K 0 throughout to denote results that combine KS and KL modes,
but use the sign appropriate to KS ):
SK 0 = +0.691 0.017 . (13.3)
CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay in modes
governed by the tree-dominated b c
ud transitions is given by
S () 0 = +0.63 0.11 , (13.4)
DCP h
CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay in various modes
related to b c
cd transitions is given by
S0 = 0.93 0.15 , (13.5)
SD+ D = 0.98 0.17 . (13.6)
SD+ D = 0.71 0.09 . (13.7)
CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay in various modes
related to b qqs (penguin) transitions is given by
+0.11
SK 0 = + 0.74 0.13 , (13.8)
S K 0 = + 0.63 0.06 , (13.9)
+0.10
Sf K 0 = + 0.69 0.12 , (13.10)
0
+0.09
SK + K K = + 0.68 0.10 , (13.11)
S
CP violation in the interference of mixing and decay in the
B 0 + mode is given by
S+ = 0.66 0.06 . (13.12)
Direct CP violation in the B 0 + mode is given by
C+ = 0.31 0.05 . (13.13)
Direct CP violation in the B 0 K + mode is given by
AB 0 K + = 0.082 0.006 . (13.14)
Direct CP violation in B + D+ K + decays (D+ is the CP -even
neutral D state) is given by
AB + D+ K + = +0.195 0.027 . (13.15)
Direct CP violation in the B 0s K + mode is given by
AB 0 K + = +0.26 0.04 . (13.16)
s
Direct CP violation in B+
K + K +
decays is given by
AB + K + K + = 0.118 0.022 . (13.17)
In addition, large CP violation effects have recently been observed in

certain regions of the phase space of B + K + K K + , + K + ,
+ + and K + K + decays.

14. Neutrino mixing 221
14. NEUTRINO MASS, MIXING, AND OSCILLATIONS

Updated June 2016 by K. Nakamura (Kavli IPMU (WPI), U. Tokyo,
KEK), and S.T. Petcov (SISSA/INFN Trieste, Kavli IPMU (WPI), U.
Tokyo, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences).
14.1. Massive neutrinos and neutrino mixing
It is a well-established experimental fact that the neutrinos and
antineutrinos which take part in the standard charged current (CC) and
neutral current (NC) weak interaction are of three varieties (types) or
flavours: electron, e and e , muon, and , and tauon, and . The
notion of neutrino type or flavour is dynamical: e is the neutrino which
is produced with e+ , or produces an e , in CC weak interaction processes;
is the neutrino which is produced with + , or produces , etc. The
flavour of a given neutrino is Lorentz invariant.
The experiments with solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator
neutrinos have provided compelling evidences for the existence of neutrino
oscillations [4,5], transitions in flight between the different flavour
neutrinos e , , (antineutrinos e , , ), caused by nonzero
neutrino masses and neutrino mixing. The existence of flavour neutrino
oscillations implies that if a neutrino of a given flavour, say , with
energy E is produced in some weak interaction process, at a sufficiently
large distance L from the source the probability to find a neutrino
of a different flavour, say , P ( ; E, L), is different from zero.
P ( ; E, L) is called the oscillation or transition probability.
If P ( ; E, L) 6= 0, the probability that will not change into
a neutrino of a different flavour, i.e., the survival probability
P ( ; E, L), will be smaller than one. If only muon neutrinos
are detected in a given experiment and they take part in oscillations, one
would observe a disappearance of muon neutrinos on the way from the
source to the detector.
Oscillations of neutrinos are a consequence of the presence of flavour
neutrino mixing, or lepton mixing, in vacuum. In the local quantum field
theory, used to construct the Standard Model, this means that the LH
flavour neutrino fields lL (x), which enter into the expression for the lepton
current in the CC weak interaction Lagrangian, are linear combinations of
the fields of three (or more) neutrinos j , having masses mj 6= 0:
X
lL (x) = Ulj jL (x), l = e, , , (14.1)
j
where jL (x) is the LH component of the field of j possessing a mass

mj and U is a unitary matrix - the neutrino mixing matrix [1,4,5]. The
matrix U is often called the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS)
or Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (MNS) mixing matrix. Obviously, Eq. (14.1)
implies that the individual lepton charges Ll , l = e, , , are not conserved.
All compelling neutrino oscillation data can be described assuming
3-flavour neutrino mixing in vacuum. The data on the invisible decay
width of the Z-boson is compatible with only 3 light flavour neutrinos
coupled to Z [43]. The number of massive neutrinos j , n, can, in
general, be bigger than 3, n > 3, if, for instance, there exist sterile
neutrinos and they mix with the flavour neutrinos. It is firmly established
on the basis of the current data that at least 3 of the neutrinos j , say
1 , 2 , 3 , must be light, m1,2,3 . 1 eV, and must have different masses.
At present there are several experimental hints for existence of one or

222 14. Neutrino mixing
two light sterile neutrinos at the eV scale, which mix with the flavour
neutrinos, implying the presence in the neutrino mixing of additional one
or two neutrinos, 4 or 4,5 , with masses m4 (m4,5 ) 1 eV (see the full
Review for details).
Being electrically neutral, the neutrinos with definite mass j can be
Dirac fermions or Majorana particles [44,45]. The first possibility is
realized when there exists a lepton charge carried by the neutrinos j ,
which is conserved by the particle interactions. This could be, e.g., the
total lepton charge L = Le + L + L : L(j ) = 1, j = 1, 2, 3. In this
case the neutrino j has a distinctive antiparticle j : j differs from j
by the value of the lepton charge L it carries, L( j ) = 1. The massive
neutrinos j can be Majorana particles if no lepton charge is conserved
(see, e.g., Refs. [46,47]) . A massive Majorana particle j is identical with
its antiparticle j : j j . On the basis of the existing neutrino data
it is impossible to determine whether the massive neutrinos are Dirac or
Majorana fermions.
In the case of n neutrino flavours and n massive neutrinos, the n n
unitary neutrino mixing matrix U can be parametrized by n(n 1)/2
Euler angles and n(n + 1)/2 phases. If the massive neutrinos j are Dirac
particles, only (n 1)(n 2)/2 phases are physical and can be responsible
for CP violation in the lepton sector. In this respect the neutrino (lepton)
mixing with Dirac massive neutrinos is similar to the quark mixing. For
n = 3 there is just one CP violating phase in U , which is usually called
the Dirac CP violating phase. CP invariance holds if (in a certain
standard convention) U is real, U = U .
If, however, the massive neutrinos are Majorana fermions, j j , the
neutrino mixing matrix U contains n(n 1)/2 CP violation phases [48,49],
i.e., by (n 1) phases more than in the Dirac neutrino case: in contrast to
Dirac fields, the massive Majorana neutrino fields cannot absorb phases.
In this case U can be cast in the form [48]
U =V P (14.2)
where the matrix V contains the (n 1)(n 2)/2 Dirac CP violation
phases, while P is a diagonal matrix with the additional (n 1) Majorana
CP violation phases 21 , 31 ,..., n1 ,
21 31 n1
P = diag 1, ei 2 , ei 2 , ..., ei 2 . (14.3)
The Majorana phases will conserve CP if [50] j1 = qj , qj = 0, 1, 2,
j = 2, 3, ..., n. In this case exp[i(j1 k1 )] = 1 has a simple physical
interpretation: this is the relative CP-parity of Majorana neutrinos j and
k . The condition of CP invariance of the leptonic CC weak interaction in
the case of mixing and massive Majorana neutrinos reads [46]:
1
Ulj = Ulj j , j = CP (j ) = 1 , (14.4)
i
where CP (j ) = ij = i is the CP parity of the Majorana neutrino
j [50]. Thus, if CP invariance holds, the elements of U are either real or
purely imaginary.
In the case of n = 3 there are altogether 3 CP violation phases - one
Dirac and two Majorana. Even in the mixing involving only 2 massive
Majorana neutrinos there is one physical CP violation Majorana phase.
14.2. The three neutrino mixing
All existing compelling data on neutrino oscillations can be described
assuming 3-flavour neutrino mixing in vacuum. This is the minimal

neutrino mixing scheme which can account for the currently available
data on the oscillations of the solar (e ), atmospheric ( and ),
reactor (e ) and accelerator ( and ) neutrinos. The (left-handed)
fields of the flavour neutrinos e , and in the expression for the
weak charged lepton current in the CC weak interaction Lagrangian, are
linear combinations of the LH components of the fields of three massive
neutrinos j :
g X
LCC = lL (x) lL (x) W (x) + h.c. ,
2 l=e,,
3
X
lL (x) = Ulj jL (x), (14.5)
j=1
where U is the 3 3 unitary neutrino mixing matrix [4,5]. As we
have discussed in the preceding Section, the mixing matrix U can be
parameterized by 3 angles, and, depending on whether the massive
neutrinos j are Dirac or Majorana particles, by 1 or 3 CP violation
phases [48,49]:

c12 c13 s12 c13 s13 ei
U = s12 c23 c12 s23 s13 e i c12 c23 s12 s23 s13 e i s23 c13
s12 s23 c12 c23 s13 ei c12 s23 s12 c23 s13 ei c23 c13
21 31
diag(1, ei 2 , ei 2 ) . (14.6)
where cij = cos ij , sij = sin ij , the angles ij = [0, /2], = [0, 2] is
the Dirac CP violation phase and 21 , 31 are two Majorana CP violation
(CPV) phases. Thus, in the case of massive Dirac neutrinos, the neutrino
mixing matrix U is similar, in what concerns the number of mixing angles
and CPV phases, to the CKM quark mixing matrix. The presence of two
additional physical CPV phases in U if j are Majorana particles is a
consequence of the special properties of the latter (e.g., Refs. [46,48]) .
The fundamental parameters characterizing the 3-neutrino mixing are:
i) the 3 angles 12 , 23 , 13 , ii) depending on the nature of massive
neutrinos j - 1 Dirac (), or 1 Dirac + 2 Majorana (, 21 , 31 ), CPV
phases, and iii) the 3 neutrino masses, m1 , m2 , m3 . Thus, depending on
whether the massive neutrinos are Dirac or Majorana particles, this makes
7 or 9 additional parameters in the minimally extended Standard Model
of particle interactions with massive neutrinos.
The angles 12 , 23 and 13 can be defined via the elements of the
neutrino mixing matrix:
|Ue1 |2 |Ue2 |2
c212 cos2 12 = 2
, s212 sin2 12 = , (14.7)
1 |Ue3 | 1 |Ue3 |2
|U3 |2
s213 sin2 13 = |Ue3 |2 , s223 sin2 23 = ,
1 |Ue3 |2
|U 3 |2
c223 cos2 23 = . (14.8)
1 |Ue3 |2
The neutrino oscillation probabilities depend, in general, on the neutrino
energy, E, the source-detector distance L, on the elements of U and, for
relativistic neutrinos used in all neutrino experiments performed so far, on
m2ij (m2i m2j ), i 6= j. In the case of 3-neutrino mixing there are only
two independent neutrino mass squared differences, say m221 6= 0 and
m231 6= 0. The numbering of massive neutrinos j is arbitrary. It proves

convenient from the point of view of relating the mixing angles 12 , 23 and
13 to observables, to identify |m221 | with the smaller of the two neutrino
mass squared differences, which, as it follows from the data, is responsible
for the solar e and, the observed by KamLAND, reactor e oscillations.
We will number (just for convenience) the massive neutrinos in such a way
that m1 < m2 , so that m221 > 0. With these choices made, there are two
possibilities: either m1 < m2 < m3 , or m3 < m1 < m2 . Then the larger
neutrino mass square difference |m231 | or |m232 |, can be associated with
the experimentally observed oscillations of the atmospheric and accelerator
and , as well as of the reactor e at L 1 km. The effects of m231
or m232 in the oscillations of solar e , and of m221 in the oscillations of
atmospheric and accelerator and or of the reactor e at L 1 km,
are relatively small and subdominant as a consequence of the facts that
i) L, E and L/E in the experiments with solar e and with atmospheric
and accelerator and , or with reactor e and baseline L 1 km, are
very different, ii) the conditions of production and propagation (on the
way to the detector) of the solar e and of the atmospheric or accelerator
and and of the reactor e , are very different, and iii) |m221 |
and |m231 | (|m232 |) in the case of m1 < m2 < m3 (m3 < m1 < m2 ),
as it follows from the data, differ by approximately a factor of 30,
|m221 | |m231(32) |, |m221 |/|m231(32) |
= 0.03. This implies that in
both cases of m1 < m2 < m3 and m3 < m1 < m2 we have m2 32 = m2 31
with |m231 m232 | = |m221 | |m231,32 |. Obviously, in the case of
m1 < m2 < m3 (m3 < m1 < m2 ) we have m231(32) > 0 (m231(32) < 0).
It followed from the results of the Chooz experiment [51] with reactor
e and from the more recent data of the Daya Bay, RENO, Double
Chooz and T2K experiments that, in the convention we use, in which
0 < m221 < |m231(32) |, the element |Ue3 |=sin 13 of the neutrino mixing
matrix U is relatively small. This makes it possible to identify the angles
12 and 23 as the neutrino mixing angles associated with the solar e
and the dominant atmospheric (and ) oscillations, respectively.
The angles 12 and 23 are sometimes called solar and atmospheric
neutrino mixing angles, and are sometimes denoted as 12 = and
23 = A (or atm ), while m221 and m231 are often referred to as the
solar and atmospheric neutrino mass squared differences and are often
denoted as m221 m2 , m231 m2A (or m2atm ).
The solar neutrino data tell us that m221 cos 212 > 0. In the
convention employed by us we have m221 > 0. Correspondingly, in this
convention one must have cos 212 > 0.
In August 2015 the first results of the NOA neutrino oscillation
experiment were announced [55,56]. These results together with the
latest neutrino and the first antineutrino data from the T2K experiment
[57,58] (see also Ref. 59) were included, in particular, in the latest
analysis of the global neutrino oscillation data performed in Ref. 60. Thus,
in Ref. 60 the authors updated the results obtained earlier in [52,53,54].
We present in Table 14.1 the best fit values and the 99.73% CL allowed
ranges of the neutrino oscillation parameters found in Ref. 60 using, in
particular, the more conservative LID NOA data from Ref. 56. The
best fit value of sin2 23 found for m231(32) > 0 (m231(32) < 0) in Ref. 60
reads: sin2 23 = 0.437 (0.569). The authors of Ref. 60 also find that the
hint for
= 3/2 is strengthened by the NOA e and T2K e

oscillation data. The values of = /2 and = 0 (2) are disfavored at

3 CL and 2 CL, respectively, while = is allowed at approximately
1.6 CL (1.2 CL) for m231(32) > 0 (m231(32) < 0).
Table 14.1: The best-fit values and 3 allowed ranges of the

3-neutrino oscillation parameters, derived from a global fit of the
current neutrino oscillation data (from [60]) . For the Dirac phase
we give the best fit value and the 2 allowed ranges; at 3 no physical
values of are disfavored. The values (values in brackets) correspond
to m1 < m2 < m3 (m3 < m1 < m2 ). The definition of m2 used
is: m2 = m23 (m22 + m21 )/2. Thus, m2 = m231 m221 /2 > 0,
if m1 < m2 < m3 , and m2 = m232 + m221 /2 < 0 for
m3 < m1 < m2 .
Parameter best-fit 3
m221 [105 eV 2 ] 7.37 6.93 7.97

|m2 | [103 eV 2 ] 2.50 (2.46) 2.37 2.63 (2.33 2.60)
sin2 12 0.297 0.250 0.354
sin2 23 , m2 > 0 0.437 0.379 0.616
sin2 23 , m2 < 0 0.569 0.383 0.637
sin2 13 , m2 > 0 0.0214 0.0185 0.0246
sin2 13 , m2 < 0 0.0218 0.0186 0.0248
/ 1.35 (1.32) (0.92 1.99)
((0.83 1.99))
It follows from the results given in Table 14.1 that 23 is close to,
but can be different from, /4, 12 = /5.4 and that 13 = /20.
Correspondingly, the pattern of neutrino mixing is drastically different
from the pattern of quark mixing.
Note also that m221 , sin2 12 , |m231(32) |, sin2 23 and sin2 13 are
determined from the data with a 1 uncertainty (= 1/6 of the 3 range)
of approximately 2.3%, 5.8%, 1.7%, 9.0% and 4.8%. respectively.
The existing SK atmospheric neutrino, K2K, MINOS, T2K and NOA
data do not allow to determine the sign of m231(32) . Maximal solar
neutrino mixing, i.e., 12 = /4, is ruled out at more than 6 by the data.
Correspondingly, one has cos 212 0.29 (at 99.73% CL).
Apart from the hint that the Dirac phase = 3/2, no other
experimental information on the Dirac and Majorana CPV phases in
the neutrino mixing matrix is available at present. Thus, the status
of CP symmetry in the lepton sector is essentially unknown. With
13
= 0.15 6= 0, the Dirac phase can generate CP violating effects in
neutrino oscillations [48,61,62], i.e., a difference between the probabilities
of the l l and l l oscillations, l 6= l = e, , . The magnitude
of CP violation in l l and l l oscillations, l 6= l = e, , , is
determined by [63] the rephasing invariant JCP , associated with the Dirac
CPV phase in U :

JCP = Im U3 Ue3 Ue2 U2 . (14.9)

It is analogous to the rephasing invariant associated with the Dirac

CPV phase in the CKM quark mixing matrix [64]. In the standard
parametrization of the neutrino mixing matrix (Eq. (14.6)), JCP has the
form:
1
JCP Im (U3 Ue3 Ue2 U2 ) = cos 13 sin 212 sin 223 sin 213 sin .
8
(14.10)
Thus, given the fact that sin 212 , sin 223 and sin 213 have been
determined experimentally with a relatively good precision, the size of
CP violation effects in neutrino oscillations depends essentially only on
the magnitude of the currently not well determined value of the Dirac
phase . The current data implies JCP . 0.035 sin , where we have used
the 3 ranges of sin2 12 , sin2 23 and sin2 13 given in Table 14.1. For
the best fit values of sin2 12 , sin2 23 , sin2 13 and we find in the
case of m231(2) > 0 (m231(2) < 0): JCP = 0.0327 sin
= 0.0291
(JCP = 0.0327 sin = 0.0276). Thus, if the indication that
= 3/2 is
confirmed by future more precise data, the CP violation effects in neutrino
oscillations would be relatively large.
If the neutrinos with definite masses i , i = 1, 2, 3, are Majorana
particles, the 3-neutrino mixing matrix contains two additional Majorana
CPV phases [48]. However, the flavour neutrino oscillation probabilities
P (l l ) and P (
l l ), l, l = e, , , do not depend on the Majorana
phases [48,65]. The Majorana phases can play important role, e.g.,
in |L| = 2 processes like neutrinoless double beta (()0 -) decay
(A, Z) (A, Z + 2) + e + e , L being the total lepton charge, in which
the Majorana nature of massive neutrinos i manifests itself (see, e.g.,
Refs. [46,66]) . Our interest in the CPV phases present in the neutrino
mixing matrix is stimulated also by the intriguing possibility that the
Dirac phase and/or the Majorana phases in UPMNS can provide the CP
violation necessary for the generation of the observed baryon asymmetry
of the Universe [67,68].
The existing data do not allow one to determine the sign of
m2A = m231(2) . In the case of 3-neutrino mixing, the two possible signs
of m231(2) correspond to two types of neutrino mass spectrum. In the
widely used conventions of numbering the neutrinos with definite mass,
the two spectra read: i) Normal Ordering: m1 < m2 < m3 , m231 =
1
m2A > 0, m221 m2 > 0, m2(3) = (m21 + m221(31) ) 2 ; ii) Inverted
Ordering: m3 < m1 < m2 , m232 = m2A < 0, m221 m2 > 0,
1 1
m2 = (m23 + m223 ) 2 , m1 = (m23 + m223 m221 ) 2 .
14.8. Matter effects in neutrino oscillations
The presence of matter can change drastically the pattern of neutrino
oscillations: neutrinos can interact with the particles forming the matter.
Accordingly, the Hamiltonian of the neutrino system in matter Hm ,
differs from the Hamiltonian in vacuum H0 , Hm = H0 + Hint , where
Hint describes the interaction of neutrinos with the particles of matter.
When, for instance, e and propagate in matter, they can scatter (due
to Hint ) on the electrons (e ), protons (p) and neutrons (n) present in
matter. The incoherent elastic and the quasi-elastic scattering, in which
the states of the initial particles change in the process (destroying the
coherence between the neutrino states), are not of interest - they have a
negligible effect on the solar neutrino propagation in the Sun and on the

solar, atmospheric and reactor neutrino propagation in the Earth [144]:

even in the center of the Sun, where the matter density is relatively high
( 150 g/cm3 ), a e with energy of 1 MeV has a mean free path with
respect to the indicated scattering processes 1010 km. We recall that
the solar radius is much smaller: R = 6.96 105 km. The oscillating e
and can scatter also elastically in the forward direction on the e , p
and n, with the momenta and the spin states of the particles remaining
unchanged. In such a process the coherence of the neutrino states is
preserved.
The e and coherent elastic scattering on the particles of matter
generates nontrivial indices of refraction of the e and in matter [26]:
(e ) 6= 1, ( ) 6= 1. Most importantly, we have (e ) 6= ( ). The
difference (e ) ( ) is determined essentially by the difference of
the real parts of the forward e e and e elastic scattering
amplitudes [26] Re [Fe e (0)] Re [F e (0)]: due to the flavour
symmetry of the neutrino quark (neutrino nucleon) neutral current
interaction, the forward e p, n and p, n elastic scattering amplitudes
are equal and therefore do not contribute to the difference of interest [145].
The imaginary parts of the forward scattering amplitudes (responsible, in
particular, for decoherence effects) are proportional to the corresponding
total scattering cross-sections and in the case of interest are negligible
in comparison with the real parts. The real parts of the amplitudes
Fe e (0) and F e (0) can be calculated in the Standard Model. To
leading order in the Fermi constant GF , only the term in Fe e (0)
due to the diagram with exchange of a virtual W -boson contributes to
Fe e (0) F e (0). One finds the following result for (e ) ( )
in the rest frame of the scatters [26,146,147]:
2
(e ) ( ) = 2 Re [Fe e (0)] Re [F e (0)]
p
1
= 2GF Ne , (14.53)
p
where Ne is the electron number density in matter. Given (e ) ( ),
the system of evolution equations describing the e oscillations in
matter reads [26]:

d Ae (t, t0 ) (t) Ae (t, t0 )
i = (14.54)
dt A (t, t0 ) (t) A (t, t0 )
where Ae (t, t0 ) (A (t, t0 )) is the amplitude of the probability to find e
( ) at time t of the evolution of the system if at time t0 t the neutrino
e or has been produced and
1 m2 m2
(t) = [ cos 2 2GF Ne (t)], = sin 2. (14.55)
2 2E 4E
The term 2GF Ne (t) in (t) accounts for the effects of matter on neutrino
oscillations. The system of evolution equations describing the oscillations
of antineutrinos e in matter has exactly the same form except
for the matter term in (t) which changes sign. The effect of matter in
neutrino oscillations is usually called the Mikheyev, Smirnov, Wolfenstein
(or MSW) effect.

228 15. Quark model
15. QUARK MODEL

Revised August 2015 by C. Amsler (University of Bern), T. DeGrand
(University of Colorado, Boulder), and B. Krusche (University of Basel).
15.1. Quantum numbers of the quarks
Quarks are strongly interacting fermions with spin 1/2 and, by
convention, positive parity. Antiquarks have negative parity. Quarks have
the additive baryon number 1/3, antiquarks -1/3. Table 15.1 gives the
other additive quantum numbers (flavors) for the three generations of
quarks. They are related to the charge Q (in units of the elementary
charge e) through the generalized Gell-Mann-Nishijima formula
B+S+C+B+T
Q = Iz + , (15.1)
2
where B is the baryon number. The convention is that the flavor of a
quark (Iz , S, C, B, or T) has the same sign as its charge Q. With this
convention, any flavor carried by a charged meson has the same sign as its
charge, e.g., the strangeness of the K + is +1, the bottomness of the B +
is +1, and the charm and strangeness of the Ds are each 1. Antiquarks
have the opposite flavor signs. The hypercharge is defined as
CB+T
Y=B+S .
3
Thus Y is equal to 1 for the u and d quarks, 2 for the s quark, and 0 for
3 3
all other quarks.
15.2. Mesons
Mesons have baryon number B = 0. In the quark model, they are qq
bound states of quarks q and antiquarks q (the flavors of q and q may
be different). If the orbital angular momentum of the qq state is , then
the parity P is (1)+1 . The meson spin J is given by the usual relation
| s| J | + s|, where s is 0 (antiparallel quark spins) or 1 (parallel
quark spins). The charge conjugation, or C-parity C = (1)+s , is defined
only for the qq states made of quarks and their own antiquarks. The
C-parity can be generalized to the G-parity G = (1)I++s for mesons
made of quarks and their own antiquarks (isospin Iz = 0), and for the
charged ud and d u states (isospin I = 1).
The mesons are classified in J P C multiplets. The = 0 states are the
pseudoscalars (0+ ) and the vectors (1 ). The orbital excitations = 1
are the scalars (0++ ), the axial vectors (1++ ) and (1+ ), and the tensors
(2++ ). Assignments for many of the known mesons are given in Tables
15.2 and 15.3. Radial excitations are denoted by the principal quantum
number n. The very short lifetime of the t quark makes it likely that
bound-state hadrons containing t quarks and/or antiquarks do not exist.
States in the natural spin-parity series P = (1)J must, according to
the above, have s = 1 and hence, CP = +1. Thus, mesons with natural
spin-parity and CP = 1 (0+ , 1+ , 2+ , 3+ , etc.) are forbidden in
the qq model. The J P C = 0 state is forbidden as well. Mesons with
such exotic quantum numbers may exist, but would lie outside the qq
model (see section below on exotic mesons).
Following SU(3), the nine possible qq combinations containing the
light u, d, and s quarks are grouped into an octet and a singlet of light
quark mesons:

15. Quark model 229
33= 81 . (15.2)
A fourth quark such as charm c can be included by extending SU(3)
to SU(4). However, SU(4) is badly broken owing to the much heavier c
quark. Nevertheless, in an SU(4) classification, the sixteen mesons are
grouped into a 15-plet and a singlet:
4 4 = 15 1 . (15.3)
Figure 15.1: SU(4) weight diagram showing the 16-plets for the
pseudoscalar (a) and vector mesons (b) made of the u, d, s, and c
quarks as a function of isospin Iz , charm C, and hypercharge Y = B
+ S C . The nonets of light mesons occupy the central planes to
3
which the c
c states have been added.
The weight diagrams for the ground-state pseudoscalar (0+ ) and

vector (1 ) mesons are depicted in Fig. 15.1. The light quark mesons
are members of nonets building the middle plane in Fig. 15.1(a) and (b).
Isoscalar states with the same J P C will mix, but mixing between the
two light quark isoscalar mesons, and the much heavier charmonium or
bottomonium states, are generally assumed to be negligible.

230 15. Quark model
15.3. Exotic mesons

The existence of a light nonet composed of four quarks with masses
below 1 GeV was suggested a long time ago [9]. Coupling two triplets
of light quarks u, d, and s, one obtains nine states, of which the six
symmetric (uu, dd, ss, ud + du, us + su, ds + sd) form the six dimensional
representation 6, while the three antisymmetric (ud du, us su, ds sd)
form the three dimensional representation 3 of SU(3):
33= 6
3. (15.20)
Combining with spin and color and requiring antisymmetry, one finds
that the most deeply bound diquark (and hence the lightest) is the one
in the 3 and spin singlet state. The combination of the diquark with an
antidiquark in the 3 representation then gives a light nonet of four-quark
scalar states.
15.4. Baryons: qqq states
Baryons are fermions with baryon number B = 1, i.e., in the most
general case, they are composed of three quarks plus any number of
quark - antiquark pairs. So far all established baryons are 3-quark (qqq)
configurations (the LHCb collaboration has very recently announced
observation of two charmed pentaquark states of minimal quark content
c
cuud at invariant masses close to 4.4 GeV [23]). The color part of their
state functions is an SU(3) singlet, a completely antisymmetric state of
the three colors. Since the quarks are fermions, the state function must be
antisymmetric under interchange of any two equal-mass quarks (up and
down quarks in the limit of isospin symmetry). Thus it can be written as
| qqq iA = | color iA | space, spin, flavor iS , (15.21)

where the subscripts S and A indicate symmetry or antisymmetry under
interchange of any two equal-mass quarks. Note the contrast with the
state function for the three nucleons in 3 H or 3 He:
| N N N iA = | space, spin, isospin iA . (15.22)
This difference has major implications for internal structure, magnetic
moments, etc.
The ordinary baryons are made up of u, d, and s quarks. The three
flavors imply an approximate flavor SU(3), which requires that baryons
made of these quarks belong to the multiplets on the right side of
3 3 3 = 10S 8M 8M 1A . (15.23)

16. Grand Unified Theories 231
16. GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES

Revised September 2016 by A. Hebecker (U. Heidelberg) and J. Hisano
(Nagoya U.)
The Standard Model (SM) has gauge group GSM = SU (3)C SU (2)L
U (1)Y , three generations of fermions in the representation
(3, 2)1/3 + (
3, 1)4/3 + (
3, 1)2/3 + (1, 2)1 + (1, 1)2 , (16.1)
and a scalar Higgs doublet H transforming as (1, 2)1 . In our convention
the electric charge is Q = T3 + Y /2 and all our spinor fields are left-handed.
We use boldface numbers to specify the dimension of representations of
non-Abelian groups (in this case fundamental and antifundamental) and
lower indices for U (1) charges. The fields of Eq. (16.1) should also be
familiar as [Q, uc , dc , L, ec ], with Q = (u, d) and L = (, e) being the quark
and lepton SU (2)-doublets and uc , dc , ec charge conjugate SU (2)-singlets.
Though neutrinos are massless in the original SM, finite neutrino masses
are incorporated by allowing for the dimension-five operator (HL)2 , which
is in turn generated by the see-saw mechanism.
Within the SM, the rather complex group-theoretic data of Eq. (16.1)
remains unexplained. In addition, there are 19 seemingly arbitrary
coupling constants, including the gauge couplings* g3 , g2 and g1 and
fermion masses and mixings. The paradigm of Grand Unification Theories
(GUTs) addresses mainly the group theoretic data and the values of the
three gauge couplings. It may also impact other issues of the SM.
More specifically, after precision measurements of the Weinberg angle
W in the LEP experiments, supersymmetric GUTs (SUSY GUTs)
have become the leading paradigm for Physics beyond the SM. This
is due to their correct prediction of W . The measured Higgs mass
( 125 GeV) is in principle consistent with this picture, but it suggests
heavy superpartners. Independently, the LHC has disfavored light colored
superpartners. These are new hints for future work on SUSY GUTs or on
GUTs without TeV-scale supersymmetry.
The minimal choice for unification in a simple group is SU (5).
Embedding GSM in SU (5) is straightforward, with SU (3)C and
SU (2)L corresponding e.g. to the upper-left 33 and lower-right 2 2
blocks, respectively, in traceless 5 5 matrices for SU (5) generators
of the fundamental representation. The U (1)Y corresponds to matrices
generated by diag(2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 1, 1), which hence commute with
SU (3)C SU (2)L SU (5). Quantization of U (1)Y hypercharge is
automatic. It is then easy to derive how one SM generation precisely
comes from the 10 + 5 of SU (5) (where 10 is the antisymmetric rank-2
tensor):
c
0 ucb ucg ur dr dr
c c
ub 0 u1 ug dg dcg

10 : ucg ucr 0 ub db and 5 : dcb (16.2)
c
ur ug ub 0 e e
dr dg db e c 0 e
* Equivalently,
p the SU (2)L and U (1)Y couplings are denoted as g = g2
and g = 3/5 g1 . One also uses s = 3 = (g32 /4), EM = (e2 /4)
with e = g sin W and sin2 W = (g )2 /(g 2 + (g )2 ).

232 16. Grand Unified Theories
SU (5) GUTs have 12 new gauge bosons known as X bosons (or X/Y
bosons) in addition to the SM. X bosons form an SU (3)C -triplet and
SU (2)L -doublet. Their interactions connect quarks and leptons, violating
baryon (B) and lepton numbers (L). Hence nucleon decay is predicted.
The unification group SO(10) has the remarkable feature that its
16-dimensional spinor representation accommodates a full SM generation
together with an extra singlet, potentially a r.h. neutrino. This makes
SO(10) GUTs particularly interesting. It is noteworthy that GSM is a
maximal subgroup of SU (5), which together with an extra factor U (1)X
is a maximal subgroup of SO(10). This logic continues very elegantly up
to the largest exceptional group E8 .
The SM Higgs can sit in either a 5H or 5H of SU (5), with the
additional states known as color-triplet Higgs scalars. They also induce
nucleon decay, leading to a lower mass bound of 1011 GeV. In SUSY
GUTs, both Higgs multiplets 5H , and 5H are required and the mass
bound from nucleon decay is much more severe the mass is required to
be above the GUT scale MG .
The unified gauge group can be broken spontaneously by an appropriate
GUT Higgs sector. In the simplest case of SU (5), the 24 (adjoint) GUT
Higgs develops a vacuum expectation value (VEV) along the GSM -singlet
direction as hi diag(2/3, 2/3, 2/3, 1, 1). The masses of doublet
and triplet in the 5H (and 5H ) generically split due to their coupling
to the GUT Higgs. In addition, both the doublet and the triplet mass
get an equal contribution from an SU (5)-invariant GUT-scale mass term.
Without any further structure, an extreme fine-tuning between two large
effects is then necessary to keep the doublet mass at the electroweak scale.
Supersymmetry can forbid large radiative corrections to the doublet mass,
but the tree-level fine tune remains. This is the doublet-triplet splitting
problem. Many mechanisms for its natural solution have been suggested
over the years.
In general, GUT-breaking sectors successfully resolving the doublet-
triplet splitting problem, dynamically stabilizing all GUT-scale VEVs
and allowing for realistic fermion masses require many ingredients. Thus
models beyond 4d field theory appear attractive. In such models, in
particular in string constructions, GUT breaking may occur due to
boundary conditions in the compactified dimensions. Moreover, such
boundary conditions can give mass only to the triplet, leaving the doublet
massless.
The proximity of the GUT scale to the Planck scale provides an
independent motivation to go beyond 4d field theory. The leading model
at such energies is Superstring or M-theory. From it, five 10d and one 11d
effective supergravity theories arise. Grand unification is realized most
naturally in the context of the two heterotic theories with gauge groups
E8 E8 and SO(32). To describe particle physics, solutions of the 10d
theory with geometry R1,3 M6 are considered, where M6 is a Calabi-Yau
3-fold (with 6 real dimensions). These solutions involve VEVs of higher-
dimensional components of the E8 E8 gauge fields, leading to symmetry
breaking. Heterotic orbifold models represent an important limiting case:
Here the internal space is a six-torus, modded out by a discrete symmetry
group (e.g. T 6 /Zn ). An even simpler approach is provided by Orbifold
GUTs. These are 5d or 6d field theories with unified gauge group (e.g.

SU (5) or SO(10)), broken in the process of compactifying to 4d.

With the advent of the string-theory flux landscape, which is best
understood in 10d type-IIB supergravity, the focus in string model
building has shifted to this framework. In type IIB, gauge fields do not
live in 10d but on brane-stacks. For example, models with 8d gauge
theories on D7 branes have been considered. Certain problems of such
constructions can be overcome on the non-perturbative branch of type
IIB, also known as F-theory. This framework combines the advantages
of the heterotic approach with the more recent progress in the flux
landscape. It is the presently most active branch of theory-driven GUT
model building. A final important issue in string GUTs is the so-called
string-scale/GUT-scale problem - a failure of heterotic models to realize
the phenomenological goal of MG 2 1016 GeV. In F-theory GUTs, this
situation is improved.
The quantitative unification of the three SM gauge couplings at the
energy scale MG is one of the cornerstones of the GUT paradigm. In the
simplest case, the relevant effective field theory (EFT) at energies MG
has a unified gauge symmetry and a single running gauge coupling G ().
At energies MG , states with mass MG (such as X bosons, GUT
Higgs, color-triplet Higgs) have to be integrated out. The EFT now has
three independent couplings and SM (or MSSM) matter content. One-loop
renormalization group equations readily allow for an extrapolation to the
weak scale (i gi2 /(4)):

bi MG
1 1
i (mZ ) = G (MG ) + 2 log m + i . (16.3)
Z
Here we defined i to absorb all sub-leading effects, including in particular
threshold corrections. It is apparent from Eq. (16.3) that the three
low-scale couplings can be very different. Inverting the argument, one
expects that extrapolating the measured couplings to the high scale, we
find quantitative unification at MG . While this fails in the SM, it
works intriguingly well in the MSSM (cf. Fig. 1).
The three equations contained in Eq. (16.3) can be used to determine
the three unknowns 1 16 GeV, and
G (MG ) 24.3, MG 2 10
LO 1
1
3 (mZ ) = (3 ) (mZ ) + 3 = (0.117)
1
+ 3 .
Remarkably, the leading order result for 3 is in excellent agreement with
experiments: EXP
3 (mZ ) = 0.1185 0.0006 . However, this near perfection
is to some extent accidental. Indeed,

19 mSUSY
3 0.82 + log ,
28 mZ
based on two-loop running and low-scale thresholds. For an effective
SUSY scale mSUSY near 1 TeV, a discrepancy results. This can be fixed
by invoking high-scale threshold corrections and/or raising mSUSY . For
non-SUSY GUTs or GUTs with a very high SUSY breaking scale to fit
the data, new light states in incomplete GUT multiplets or multiple GUT
breaking scales are required.
Quarks and leptons are indistinguishable in any 4d GUT. This leads
to B-violating nucleon decay. The lowest-dimension operators relevant
for nucleon decay are (B + L) violating dimension-six four-fermion-
terms. In SU (5) GUTs, they are induced by X boson exchange. These

SM
60
1
2
50 3
40
i (Q)
30
-1
20
10
SOFTSUSY 3.6.2
0
0 5 10 15
log10(Q/GeV)
MSSM: m0=M1/2=2 TeV, A0=0, tan=30

60
1
2
50 3
40
i (Q)
30
-1
20
10
SOFTSUSY 3.6.2
0
0 5 10 15
log10(Q/GeV)
Figure 16.1: Running couplings in SM and MSSM using two-loop

RG evolution. (We thank Ben Allanach for providing the plots
created using SOFTSUSY.)
operators are suppressed by (1/MG 2 ), and the nucleon lifetime is given by

4 2 5
N MG /(G mp ) (mp is the proton mass). The dominant decay mode
of the proton, via X boson exchange, is p e+ 0 . In any simple gauge
symmetry with one universal GUT coupling G and scale MG , the nucleon
lifetime from gauge boson exchange is calculable. Hence, the GUT scale
may be directly observed via the extremely rare decay of the nucleon. The

present experimental bounds on the modes come from Super-Kamiokande,

e.g. p /Br(p e+ 0 ) > 1.67 1034 years. While non-SUSY GUTs are
constrained by the non-observation of nucleon decay, a precise and general
statement is hard to make due to failure of the simple gauge coupling
unification. In SUSY GUTs one generically has MG 2 1016 GeV, and
dimension-six B-violating operators are predicted to induce a lifetime of
about p 1036 years.
In SUSY GUTs there are additional sources for B and/or L
violation dimension-four and five operators. These arise since, in
the SUSY SM, quarks and leptons have scalar partners (squarks and
sleptons). Although our notation does not change, when discussing
SUSY models our fields are chiral superfields and both fermionic and
bosonic matter is implicitly represented by those. Within the context
of SU (5) the B- and/or L-violating dimension-four and five operators
have the form (10 5 5) (uc dc dc ) + (Q L dc ) + (ec L L), and
(10 10 10 5) (Q Q Q L) + (uc uc dc ec ) + B- and L-conserving terms,
respectively, which contain two fermionic components and the rest scalars
or products of scalars.
The dimension-four operators are either B- or L-violating. The nucleon
lifetime is extremely short if both types of dimension-four operators are
present in the SUSY SM since squark or slepton exchange induces the
dangerous dimension-six SM operators. Even in the case that they violate
B or L only but not both, they are constrained by various phenomena.
Both types of operators can be eliminated by requiring R parity, which
distinguishes Higgs from ordinary matter multiplets. R parity acts as
F F, H H with F = {10, 5}, H = {5H , 5H } in SU (5).
The dimension-five operators have a dimensionful coupling of order
(1/MG ). They are generated by integrating out the color-triplet Higgs
with GUT-scale mass. The operators include squarks and/or sleptons.
To allow for nucleon decay, these must be converted to light quarks or
leptons by exchange of a gaugino or Higgsino in the SUSY SM. The
nucleon lifetime is proportional to MG 2 m2 5
SUSY /mp , where mSUSY is
the SUSY breaking scale. Thus, dimension-five operators may predict a
shorter nucleon lifetime than dimension-six operators. Unless accidental
cancellations are present, the dominant decay modes from dimension-five
operators include a K meson, such as p K + , due to a simple
symmetry argument.
Recent Super-Kamiokande bounds on the proton lifetime severely
constrain the dimension-six and five operators. The lower bound on the
X boson mass from null results in nucleon decay searches is approaching
1016 GeV in SUSY SU (5) GUTs. In the minimal SUSY SU (5), the
proton lifetime is smaller than about 1031 years if the triplet Higgs mass
is 1016 GeV and mSUSY = 1 TeV. The triplet Higgs mass bound from
nucleon decay is then in conflict with gauge coupling unification so that
this model is considered to be ruled out.
Since nucleon decay induced by the triplet Higgs is a severe problem in
SUSY GUTs, various proposals for its suppression have been made. The
null results may also suggest heavy superpartners. Future experiments
with larger neutrino detectors, such as JUNO, Hyper-Kamiokande and
DUNE, are planned and will have higher sensitivities to nucleon decay.
Masses and mixings for quarks and leptons come from the Yukawa

couplings with the Higgs doublet in the SM, but the values of these
couplings remain a mystery. GUTs provide at least a partial understanding
since each generation is embedded in unified multiplet(s). Specifically,
since quarks and leptons are two sides of the same coin, the GUT
symmetry relates the Yukawa couplings (and hence the masses) of quarks
and leptons. In SU (5), we have relations between Yukawa coupling
constants for charged lepton and down quark masses at the GUT scale,
such as b = in which b/ are the bottom quark / lepton Yukawa
coupling constants. In SO(10), there is only one type of independent
renormalizable Yukawa interaction, leading to relations among all Yukawa
coupling constants and the fermion masses within one generation (such
as t = b = , with t the top quark Yukawa coupling constant).
Comparing these relations with the observed values of fermion masses, we
get constraints on the parameter space in the MSSM.
Now we know that neutrinos have finite, but tiny masses. The seesaw
mechanism, naturally explaining such tiny neutrino masses, introduces
three sterile neutrinos to have Yukawa couplings with lepton doublets,
. The sterile neutrinos have no SM gauge quantum numbers so that
there is no symmetry other than global lepton number which forbids
the Majorana mass terms, M . Note also that sterile neutrinos can be
identified with the r.h. neutrinos necessarily contained in complete families
of SO(10) or Pati-Salam models. Since the Majorana mass term violates
U (1)X in SO(10), one might expect it is around MG . The heavy sterile
neutrinos can be integrated out, the Majorana mass terms of light active
Majorana neutrinos are given as m = mT M 1 m where m = hHi.
When assuming hierarchical neutrino masses and also a neutrino Yukawa
coupling equal to the top quark Yukawa coupling, = t at the GUT
scale, as in SO(10) or SU (4) SU (2)L SU (2)R models, the atmospheric
neutrino oscillation implies M 1014 GeV. This is remarkably close to
the GUT scale. On the other hand, neutrinos pose a special problem for
GUTs. The question is why are the quark mixing angles in the CKM
matrix small, while there are two large lepton mixing angles in the PMNS
matrix.
To conclude, we recall that quantitative gauge coupling unification
with supersymmetry still works well even if the SUSY scale is somewhat
high. However, once it so high that the gauge-hierarchy motivation for
SUSY must be abandoned, it becomes a free parameter and the GUT
prediction of 3 crumbles. It is the more important to keep pushing
bounds on nucleon decay which is arguably a more generic part of the
GUT paradigm. Furthermore, due to limitations of the 4d approach,
especially free parameters or ad hoc assumptions in models of flavor and
GUT breaking, the string theoretic approach has become more important
in GUT model building.
Further discussion and references may be found in the full Review.

19. Structure functions 237
19. STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS

Updated September 2015 by B. Foster (University of Hamburg/DESY),
A.D. Martin (University of Durham), R.S. Thorne (University College
London) and M.G. Vincter (Carleton University).
This section has been abridged from the full version of the Review.
19.1. Deep inelastic scattering
High-energy lepton-nucleon scattering (deep inelastic scattering) plays
a key role in determining the partonic structure of the proton. The
process N X is illustrated in Fig. 19.1. The filled circle in this figure
represents the internal structure of the proton which can be expressed in
terms of structure functions.
k
q
P, M W
Figure 19.1: Kinematic quantities for the description of deep

inelastic scattering. The quantities k and k are the four-momenta
of the incoming and outgoing leptons, P is the four-momentum of a
nucleon with mass M , and W is the mass of the recoiling system X.
The exchanged particle is a , W , or Z; it transfers four-momentum
q = k k to the nucleon.
Invariant quantities:
qP
= = E E is the leptons energy loss in the nucleon rest frame
M (in earlier literature sometimes = q P ). Here, E and E
are the initial and final lepton energies in the nucleon rest
frame.

Q = q = 2(EE k k ) m2 m2 where m (m ) is the initial
2 2
(final) lepton mass. If EE sin2 (/2) m2 , m2 , then

4EE sin2 (/2), where is the leptons scattering angle with respect
to the lepton beam direction.
Q2
x= where, in the parton model, x is the fraction of the nucleons
2M momentum carried by the struck quark.
qP
y= = is the fraction of the leptons energy lost in the nucleon
kP E
rest frame.
W 2 = (P + q)2 = M 2 + 2M Q2 is the mass squared of the system X
recoiling against the scattered lepton.
Q2
s = (k + P )2 = + M 2 + m2 is the center-of-mass energy squared of the
xy
lepton-nucleon system.
The process in Fig. 19.1 is called deep (Q2 M 2 ) inelastic (W 2 M 2 )
scattering (DIS). In what follows, the masses of the initial and scattered
leptons, m and m , are neglected.

238 19. Structure functions
19.1.1. DIS cross sections :

d2 d2 2 M d2
= x (s M 2 ) = . (19.1)
dx dy dx dQ2 E dNrest dE
In lowest-order perturbation theory, the cross section for the scattering of
polarized leptons on polarized nucleons can be expressed in terms of the
products of leptonic and hadronic tensors associated with the coupling of
the exchanged bosons at the upper and lower vertices in Fig. 19.1 (see
Refs. 14)
d2 2y2 X j
= j Lj W . (19.2)
dxdy Q4
j
For neutral-current processes, the summation is over j = , Z and Z
representing photon and Z exchange and the interference between them,
whereas for charged-current interactions there is only W exchange,
j = W . (For transverse nucleon polarization, there is a dependence on
the azimuthal angle of the scattered lepton.) The lepton tensor L is
associated with the coupling of the exchange boson to the leptons. For
incoming leptons of charge e = 1 and helicity = 1,

L = 2 k k + k k (k k m2 )g i k k ,
e 2
LZ e e
=(gV + egA ) L , LZ e
= (gV + egA ) L ,
2
LW
=(1 + e) L , (19.3)
where gVe = 1 + 2 sin2 W,
e
gA = 1 .
2 2
Although here the helicity formalism is adopted, an alternative approach
is to express the tensors in Eq. (19.3) in terms of the polarization of the
lepton.
The factors j in Eq. (19.2) denote the ratios of the corresponding
propagators and couplings to the photon propagator and coupling squared
! !
GF MZ2 Q2
= 1 ; Z = ;
2 2 Q2 + MZ2
!2
2
2 1 GF MW Q2
Z = Z ; W = 2 . (19.4)
2 4 Q2 + MW
The hadronic tensor, which describes the interaction of the appropriate
electroweak currents with the target nucleon, is given by
Z D h i E
1
W = d4 z eiqz P, S J (z), J (0) P, S , (19.5)
4
where S denotes the nucleon-spin 4-vector, with S 2 = M 2 and S P = 0.
19.2. Structure functions of the proton
The structure functions are defined in terms of the hadronic tensor (see
Refs. 13)

q q P P
W = g + F1 (x, Q2 ) + F2 (x, Q2 )
q2 P q
q P
i F3 (x, Q2 )
2P q

q Sq
+ i S g1 (x, Q2 ) + S P g2 (x, Q2 )
P q P q

Sq
1
+ 1 P S + S P P P g3 (x, Q2 )
P q 2 P q
" #
Sq P P q q
+ g4 (x, Q2 ) + g + g 5 (x, Q 2
) (19.6)
P q P q q2
where
P q Sq
P = P q , S = S q . (19.7)
q2 q2
The cross sections for neutral- and charged-current deep inelastic
scattering on unpolarized nucleons can be written in terms of the structure
functions in the generic form

d2 i 42 i x2 y 2 M 2
= 2
1 y 2
F2i
dxdy xyQ Q

y2
+ y 2 xF1i y xF3i , (19.8)
2
where i = NC, CC corresponds to neutral-current (eN eX) or charged-
current (eN X or N eX) processes, respectively. For incoming
neutrinos, LW of Eq. (19.3) is still true, but with e, corresponding to
the outgoing charged lepton. In the last term of Eq. (19.8), the sign is
taken for an incoming e+ or and the + sign for an incoming e or .
The factor NC = 1 for unpolarized e beams, whereas
CC = (1 )2 W (19.9)
with for ; and where is the helicity of the incoming lepton and
W is defined in Eq. (19.4); for incoming neutrinos CC = 4W . The CC
structure functions, which derive exclusively from W exchange, are
F1CC = F1W , F2CC = F2W , xF3CC = xF3W . (19.10)
Z
The NC structure functions F2 , F2 , F2Z are, for e N e X, given by
Ref. 5,
F2NC = F2 (gVe gA
e
)Z F2Z + (gVe 2 +gA
e2
2gVe gA
e
) Z F2Z (19.11)
and similarly for F1NC , whereas

Z
xF3NC = (gA
e
gVe )Z xF3 +[2gVe gA
e
(gVe 2 +gA
e2
)]Z xF3Z . (19.12)
The polarized cross-section difference
= (n = 1, ) (n = 1, ) , (19.13)
where , n are the helicities (1) of the incoming lepton and nucleon,
respectively, may be expressed in terms of the five structure functions
g1,...5 (x, Q2 ) of Eq. (19.6). Thus,

d2 i 82 i M2 M2
= 2
y 2 y 2x2 y 2 2 xg1i + 4x3 y 2 2 g2i
dxdy xyQ Q Q

M2 M2
+ 2x2 y 2 1 y x2 y 2 2 g3i
Q Q

M2 M2
1 + 2x2 y 2 1 y x2 y 2 2 g4i + xy 2 g5i (19.14)
Q Q

240 19. Structure functions
with i = NC or CC as before. In the M 2 /Q2 0 limit, Eq. (19.8) and

Eq. (19.14) may be written in the form
d2 i 22 i h i
= Y+ F2i Y xF3i y 2 FLi ,
dxdy xyQ2
d2 i 42 i h i
= Y+ g4i Y 2xg1i + y 2 gL
i
, (19.16)
dxdy xyQ2
with i = NC or CC, where Y = 1 (1 y)2 and
FLi = F2i 2xF1i , i
gL = g4i 2xg5i . (19.17)
In the naive quark-parton model, the analogy with the Callan-Gross
relations [6] FLi = 0, are the Dicus relations [7] gL
i = 0. Therefore,
there are only two independent polarized structure functions: g1 (parity
conserving) and g5 (parity violating), in analogy with the unpolarized
structure functions F1 and F3 .
19.2.1. Structure functions in the quark-parton model :
In the quark-parton model [8,9], contributions to the structure
functions F i and g i can be expressed in terms of the quark distribution
functions q(x, Q2 ) of the proton, where q = u, u, d, d etc.The quantity
q(x, Q2 )dx is the number of quarks (or antiquarks) of designated flavor
that carry a momentum fraction between x and x + dx of the protons
momentum in a frame in which the proton momentum is large.
For the neutral-current processes ep eX,
h i Xh i
F2 , F2Z , F2Z = x e2q , 2eq gVq , gVq 2 + gA
q2
(q + q) ,
q
h i X
Z q q q
F3 , F3 , F3Z = 0, 2eq gA , 2gV gA (q q) ,
q
h i Xh i
g1 , g1Z , g1Z = 1 e2q , 2eq gVq , gVq 2 + gA
q2
(q + q) ,
2
q
h i X
Z q q q
g5 , g5 , g5Z = 0, eq gA , gV gA (q q) , (19.18)
q
q q
where gV
= 1
2eq sin2 1
W and gA = 2 , with according to whether
2
q is a u or dtype quark respectively. The quantity q is the difference
q q of the distributions with the quark spin parallel and antiparallel
to the proton spin.
For the charged-current processes e p X and p e+ X, the
structure functions are:

F2W = 2x(u + d + s + c . . .) , F3W = 2(u d s + c . . .) , (19.19)

g1W = (u + d + s + c . . .) , g5W = (u + d + s c . . .) ,
where only the active flavors are to be kept and where CKM mixing has
been neglected. For e+ p X and p e X, the structure functions
+ +
F W , g W are obtained by the flavor interchanges d u, s c in the

expressions for F W , g W . The structure functions for scattering on a
neutron are obtained from those of the proton by the interchange u d.
For both the neutral- and charged-current processes, the quark-parton
model predicts 2xF1i = F2i and g4i = 2xg5i .
Further discussion may be found in the full Review of Particle Physics.

F2(x,Q ) * 2 x
i
2
10 7 H1+ZEUS
BCDMS
E665
NMC
10 6 SLAC
10 5
10 4
10 3
2
10
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10 -1 2 3 4 5 6
10 1 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 2
Q (GeV )
p
Figure 19.8: The proton structure function F2 measured in
electromagnetic scattering of electrons and positrons on protons
(collider experiments H1 and ZEUS for Q2 2 GeV2 ), in the
kinematic domain of the HERA data (see Fig. 19.10 for data at
smaller x and Q2 ), and for electrons (SLAC) and muons (BCDMS,
E665, NMC) on a fixed target. Statistical and systematic errors
added in quadrature are shown. The data are plotted as a function
of Q2 in bins of fixed x. Some points have been slightly offset in
Q2 for clarity. The H1+ZEUS combined binning in x is used in this
plot; all other data are rebinned to the x values of these data. For
the purpose of plotting, F2p has been multiplied by 2ix , where ix is
the number of the x bin, ranging from ix = 1 (x = 0.85) to ix = 24
(x = 0.00005).

242 22. Big-Bang cosmology
22. BIG-BANG COSMOLOGY

Revised September 2015 by K.A. Olive (University of Minnesota) and
J.A. Peacock (University of Edinburgh).
22.1. Introduction to Standard Big-Bang Model
The observed expansion of the Universe [13] is a natural (almost
inevitable) result of any homogeneous and isotropic cosmological model
based on general relativity. In order to account for the possibility that the
abundances of the elements had a cosmological origin, Alpher and Herman
proposed that the early Universe which was once very hot and dense
(enough so as to allow for the nucleosynthetic processing of hydrogen),
and has expanded and cooled to its present state [4,5]. In 1948, Alpher
and Herman predicted that a direct consequence of this model is the
presence of a relic background radiation with a temperature of order a
few K [6,7]. It was the observation of the 3 K background radiation that
singled out the Big-Bang model as the prime candidate to describe our
Universe. Subsequent work on Big-Bang nucleosynthesis further confirmed
the necessity of our hot and dense past. These relativistic cosmological
models face severe problems with their initial conditions, to which the best
modern solution is inflationary cosmology.
22.1.1. The Robertson-Walker Universe :
The observed homogeneity and isotropy enable us to describe the overall
geometry and evolution of the Universe in terms of two cosmological
parameters accounting for the spatial curvature and the overall expansion
(or contraction) of the Universe. These two quantities appear in the most
general expression for a space-time metric which has a (3D) maximally
symmetric subspace of a 4D space-time, known as the Robertson-Walker
metric:
dr2
ds2 = dt2 R2 (t) + r 2
(d 2
+ sin2
d2
) . (22.1)
1 kr2
Note that we adopt c = 1 throughout. By rescaling the radial coordinate,
we can choose the curvature constant k to take only the discrete values
+1, 1, or 0 corresponding to closed, open, or spatially flat geometries.
22.1.2. The redshift :
The cosmological redshift is a direct consequence of the Hubble
expansion, determined by R(t). A local observer detecting light from a
distant emitter sees a redshift in frequency. We can define the redshift as
1 2
z v12 , (22.3)
2
where 1 is the frequency of the emitted light, 2 is the observed frequency
and v12 is the relative velocity between the emitter and the observer.
While the definition, z = (1 2 )/2 is valid on all distance scales,
relating the redshift to the relative velocity in this simple way is only true
on small scales (i.e., less than cosmological scales) such that the expansion
velocity is non-relativistic. For light signals, we can use the metric given
by Eq. (22.1) and ds2 = 0 to write
1 R2
1+z = = . (22.5)
2 R1
This result does not depend on the non-relativistic approximation.
22.1.3. The Friedmann equations of motion :
The cosmological equations of motion are derived from Einsteins
equations
R 12 g R = 8GN T + g . (22.6)

22. Big-Bang cosmology 243
Gliner [17] and Zeldovich [18] have pioneered the modern view,
in which the term is set on the rhs and interpreted as an effective
energymomentum tensor T for the vacuum of g /8GN . It is
common to assume that the matter content of the Universe is a perfect
fluid, for which
T = pg + (p + ) u u , (22.7)
where g is the space-time metric described by Eq. (22.1), p is the
isotropic pressure, is the energy density and u = (1, 0, 0, 0) is the velocity
vector for the isotropic fluid in co-moving coordinates. With the perfect
fluid source, Einsteins equations lead to the Friedmann equations
!2
2 R 8 GN k
H = 2+ , (22.8)
R 3 R 3
and

R 4GN
= ( + 3p) , (22.9)
R 3 3
where H(t) is the Hubble parameter and is the cosmological constant.
The first of these is sometimes called the Friedmann equation. Energy
conservation via T
; = 0, leads to a third useful equation
= 3H ( + p) . (22.10)
Eq. (22.10) can also be simply derived as a consequence of the first law
of thermodynamics. For = 0, it is clear that the Universe must be
expanding or contracting.
22.1.4. Definition of cosmological parameters :
The Friedmann equation can be used to define a critical density such
that k = 0 when = 0,
3H 2
c = 1.88 1026 h2 kg m3
8 GN (22.11)
= 1.05 105 h2 GeV cm3 ,
where the scaled Hubble parameter, h, is defined by
H 100 h km s1 Mpc1
H 1 = 9.78 h1 Gyr (22.12)
= 2998 h1 Mpc .
The cosmological density parameter tot is defined as the energy density
relative to the critical density,
tot = /c . (22.13)
Note that one can now rewrite the Friedmann equation as
k/R2 = H 2 (tot 1) . (22.14)
From Eq. (22.14), one can see that when tot > 1, k = +1 and the
Universe is closed, when tot < 1, k = 1 and the Universe is open, and
when tot = 1, k = 0, and the Universe is spatially flat.
It is often necessary to distinguish different contributions to the
density. It is therefore convenient to define present-day density parameters
for pressureless matter (m ) and relativistic particles (r ), plus the
quantity = /3H 2 . In more general models, we may wish to drop the
assumption that the vacuum energy density is constant, and we therefore
denote the present-day density parameter of the vacuum by v . The
Friedmann equation then becomes
k/R02 = H02 (m + r + v 1) , (22.15)

where the subscript 0 indicates present-day values. Thus, it is the sum of

the densities in matter, relativistic particles, and vacuum that determines
the overall sign of the curvature. Note that the quantity k/R02 H02 is
sometimes (unfortunately) referred to as k .
22.1.5. Standard Model solutions :
During inflation and again today the expansion rate for the Universe
is accelerating, and domination by a cosmological constant or some other
form of dark energy should be considered.
Let us first assume a general equation of state parameter for a single
component, w = p/ which is constant. In this case, Eq. (22.10) can be

written as = 3(1 + w)R/R and is easily integrated to yield
R3(1+w) . (22.16)
Note that at early times when R is small, k/R2 in the Friedmann equation
can be neglected so long as w > 1/3. Curvature domination occurs at
rather late times (if a cosmological constant term does not dominate
sooner). For w 6= 1,
R(t) t2/[3(1+w)] . (22.17)
22.1.5.2. A Radiation-dominated Universe:

In the early hot and dense Universe, it is appropriate to assume an
equation of state corresponding to a gas of radiation (or relativistic
particles) for which w = 1/3. In this case, Eq. (22.16) becomes R4 .
Similarly, one can substitute w = 1/3 into Eq. (22.17) to obtain
R(t) t1/2 ; H = 1/2t . (22.18)
22.1.5.3. A Matter-dominated Universe:
Non-relativistic matter eventually dominates the energy density over
radiation. A pressureless gas (w = 0) leads to the expected dependence
R3 , and, if k = 0, we get
R(t) t2/3 ; H = 2/3t . (22.19)
If there is a dominant source of vacuum energy, acting as a cosmological
constant with equation of state w = 1. This leads to an exponential
expansion of the Universe:
R(t) e /3t . (22.20)
The equation of state of the vacuum need not be the w = 1 of , and may
not even be constant [1921]. There is now much interest in the more
general possibility of a dynamically evolving vacuum energy, for which the
name dark energy has become commonly used. A variety of techniques
exist whereby the vacuum density as a function of time may be measured,
usually expressed as the value of w as a function of epoch [22,23]. The
best current measurement for the equation of state (assumed constant,
but without assuming zero curvature) is w = 0.97 0.05 [24]. Unless
stated otherwise, we will assume that the vacuum energy is a cosmological
constant with w = 1 exactly.
The presence of vacuum energy can dramatically alter the fate of the
Universe. For example, if < 0, the Universe will eventually recollapse
independent of the sign of k. For large values of > 0 (larger than
the Einstein static value needed to halt any cosmological expansion or
contraction), even a closed Universe will expand forever. One way to
quantify this is the deceleration
parameter, q0 , defined as
RR 1 (1 + 3w)
q0 = = m + r + v . (22.21)
R 2 0 2 2

This equation shows us that w < 1/3 for the vacuum may lead
to an accelerating expansion. data indicate that vacuum energy is
indeed the largest contributor to the cosmological density budget, with
v = 0.692 0.012 and m = 0.308 0.012 if k = 0 is assumed (Planck)
[31].
The existence of this constituent is without doubt the greatest puzzle
raised by the current cosmological model; the final section of this review
discusses some of the ways in which the vacuum-energy problem is being
addressed.
22.2. Introduction to Observational Cosmology
22.2.1. Fluxes, luminosities, and distances : The key quantities for
observational cosmology can be deduced quite directly from the metric.
(1) The proper transverse size of an object seen by us to subtend an
angle d is its comoving size d r times the scale factor at the time of
emission:
d = d R0 r/(1 + z) . (22.22)
(2) The apparent flux density of an object is deduced by allowing
its photons to flow through a sphere of current radius R0 r; but photon
energies and arrival rates are redshifted, and the bandwidth d is reduced.
These relations lead to the following common definitions:
angular-diameter distance: DA = (1 + z)1 R0 r
(22.24)
luminosity distance: DL = (1 + z) R0 r .
These distance-redshift relations are expressed in terms of observables
by using the equation of a null radial geodesic plus the Friedmann
equation:
R0 1 1 h
dt = dz = (1 m v r )(1 + z)2
R(t) H(z) H0
i1/2 (22.25)
+ v (1 + z)3+3w + m (1 + z)3 + r (1 + z)4 dz .
The main scale for the distance here is the Hubble length, 1/H0 .
In combination with Cepheid data from the HST and a direct
geometrical distance to the maser galaxy NGC4258, SNe results
extend the distance ladder to the point where deviations from uniform
expansion are negligible, leading to the best existing direct value for H0 :
72.0 3.0 km s1 Mpc1 [32]. Better still, the analysis of high-z SNe has
allowed a simple and direct test of cosmological geometry to be carried
out.
22.2.2. Age of the Universe :
The dynamical
Z result for the age of the Universe may be written as
dz
H0 t 0 = , (22.28)
0 (1 + z) [(1 + z) (1 + m z) z(2 + z)v ]1/2
2
where we have neglected r and chosen w = 1. Over the range of interest

(0.1 < < <
m 1, |v | 1), this exact answer may be approximated to a
few % accuracy by
H0 t0 23 (0.7m + 0.3 0.3v )0.3 . (22.29)
For the special case that m + v = 1, the integral in Eq. (22.28) can be
expressed analytically as
2 1 + v
H0 t 0 = ln (m < 1) . (22.30)
3 v 1 v

The present consensus favors ages for the oldest clusters of about
12 Gyr [36,37].
These methods are all consistent with the age deduced from studies
of structure formation, using the microwave background and large-scale
structure: t0 = 13.80 0.04 Gyr [31], where the extra accuracy comes at
the price of assuming the Cold Dark Matter model to be true.
22.3. The Hot Thermal Universe
22.3.1. Thermodynamics of the early Universe :
Through much of the radiation-dominated period, thermal equilibrium
is established by the rapid rate of particle interactions relative to the
expansion rate of the Universe. In equilibrium, it is straightforward to
compute the thermodynamic quantities, , p, and the entropy density, s.
In the Standard Model, a chemical potential is often associated with
baryon number, and since the net baryon density relative to the photon
density is known to be very small (of order 1010 ), we can neglect any
such chemical potential when computing total thermodynamic quantities.
For photons, we have (in units where ~ = kB = 1)
2 4 1 4 2(3) 3
= T ; p = ; s = ; n = T . (22.39)
15 3 3T 2
Eq. (22.10) can be converted into an equation for entropy conservation,
d(sR3 )/dt = 0 . (22.40)
For radiation, this corresponds to the relationship between expansion and
cooling, T R1 in an adiabatically expanding universe. Note also that
both s and n scale as T 3 .
22.3.2. Radiation content of the Early Universe :
At the very high temperatures associated with the early Universe,
massive particles are pair produced, and are part of the thermal bath.
If for a given particle species i we have T mi , then we can neglect
the mass and the thermodynamic quantities are easily computed. In
general, we can approximate the energy density (at high temperatures) by
including onlythose particles with
! mi T . In this case, we have
X 7X 2 4 2
= gB + gF T N (T ) T 4 , (22.41)
8 30 30
B F
where gB(F) is the number of degrees of freedom of each boson (fermion)
and the sum runs over all boson and fermion states with m T .
Eq. (22.41) defines the effective number of degrees of freedom, N (T ), by
taking into account new particle degrees of freedom as the temperature is
raised.
The value of N (T ) at any given temperature depends on the particle
physics model. In the standard SU(3)SU(2)U(1) model, we can specify
N (T ) up to temperatures of O(100) GeV. The change in N (ignoring mass
effects) can be seen in the table below. At higher temperatures, N (T ) will
be model-dependent.
In the radiation-dominated epoch, Eq. (22.10) can be integrated
(neglecting the T -dependence of N ) giving us a relationship between the
age of the Universe and its temperature
1/2
90
t= 3
T 2 . (22.42)
32 GN N (T )
Put into a more convenient form
2
t TMeV = 2.4[N (T )]1/2 , (22.43)
where t is measured in seconds and TMeV in units of MeV.

Temperature New Particles 4N (T )

T < me s + s 29
me < T < m e 43
m < T < m 57
m < T < T c s 69
Tc < T < mstrange , d, d + gluons
s + u, u 205
ms < T < mcharm s, s 247
mc < T < m c, c 289
m < T < mbottom 303
mb < T < mW,Z b, b 345
mW,Z < T < mHiggs W , Z 381
mH < T < mtop H0 385
mt < T t, t 427
T corresponds to the confinement-deconfinement transition between
c
quarks and hadrons.
22.3.7. Nucleosynthesis :
An essential element of the standard cosmological model is Big-Bang
nucleosynthesis (BBN), the theory which predicts the abundances of
the light element isotopes D, 3 He, 4 He, and 7 Li. Nucleosynthesis takes
place at a temperature scale of order 1 MeV. The nuclear processes lead
primarily to 4 He, with a primordial mass fraction of about 25%. Lesser
amounts of the other light elements are produced: about 105 of D and
3 He and about 1010 of 7 Li by number relative to H. The abundances of
the light elements depend almost solely on one key parameter, the baryon-
to-photon ratio, . The nucleosynthesis predictions can be compared with
observational determinations of the abundances of the light elements.
Consistency between theory and observations driven primarily by recent
D/H measurements [60] leads to a range of
5.8 1010 < < 6.6 1010 . (22.54)
is related to the fraction of contained in baryons, b
b = 3.66 107 h2 , (22.55)
10
or 10 = 274b h . 2
22.4. The Universe at late times

We are beginning to inventory the composition of the Universe:
total: = 1.000 0.005 (from the CMB, BAO, and lensing)
matter: m = 0.308 0.012
baryons: b = 0.048 0.001
CDM: CDM = m b
neutrinos: 0.0012 <
<
0.016
dark energy: v = 0.692 0.012
photons: = 5.38 105
Further discussion and all references may be found in the full Review of
Particle Physics. The numbering of references and equations used here

248 23. Inflation
23. INFLATION
Written May 2016 by J. Ellis (Kings College London; CERN) and D.
Wands (U. of Portsmouth).
23.1. Motivation and Introduction
The hypothesis of inflation [1,2] postulates a period of accelerated
expansion, R > 0, in the very early Universe, preceding the standard
radiation-dominated era. Such a period of accelerated expansion (i) drives
a curved Robertson-Walker spacetime (with spherical or hyperbolic spatial
geometry) towards spatial flatness, and (ii) it also expands the causal
horizon beyond the present Hubble length, so as to encompass all the scales
relevant to describe the large-scale structure observed in our Universe
today, via the following two mechanisms.
(i) A spatially-flat universe with vanishing spatial curvature, k = 0, has
the dimensionless density parameter tot = 1. Observations require
|1 tot,0 | < 0.005 today [8], where the subscript 0 denotes the
present-day value. An extended period of accelerated expansion in the
very early Universe, with R > 0 and R > 0 can drive tot sufficiently
close to unity, so that |1 tot,0 | remains unobservably small today,
even after the radiation- and matter-dominated eras, for a wide range
of initial values of tot .
(ii) In standard decelerated (radiation- or matter-dominated) cosmology
there is a finite comoving distance traversed by light (a particle
horizon) since the Big Bang. However, during a period of inflation,
1/R increases towards the past, and hence the comoving distance
diverges from the big bang, allowing an arbitrarily large causal
horizon, dependent only upon the duration of the accelerated
expansion.
Producing an accelerated expansion in general relativity requires an
energy-momentum tensor with negative pressure, p < /3. The work
done by the cosmological expansion must be negative so that the local
vacuum energy density remains constant in an expanding universe,
V = 3H(V + pV ) = 0. A positive vacuum energy V > 0 does exert
a negative pressure, pV = V and a false vacuum state can drive an
exponential expansion, corresponding to a de Sitter spacetime with a
constant Hubble rate H 2 = 8V /3MP2 on spatially-flat hypersurfaces.
A first-order phase transition would produce a very inhomogeneous
Universe [9]. However, a second-order phase transition [13,14], controlled
by a slowly-rolling scalar field, can lead to a smooth classical exit from the
vacuum-dominated phase.
As a spectacular bonus, quantum fluctuations in that scalar field could
provide a source of almost scale-invariant density fluctuations [15,16], as
detected in the CMB (see section CosmicMicrowaveBackground), which
are thought to be the origin of the structures seen in the Universe today.
Accelerated expansion and primordial perturbations can also be
produced in some modified gravity theories (e.g., [1,17]) , which introduce
additional non-minimally coupled degrees of freedom. Such inflation
models can often be conveniently studied by transforming variables to
an Einstein frame in which Einsteins equations apply with minimally
coupled scalar fields [18,19,20].
Further discussion and all references may be found in the full Review .

25. The Cosmological Parameters 249
25. THE COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Updated November 2015, by O. Lahav (University College London) and
A.R. Liddle (University of Edinburgh).
25.1. Parametrizing the Universe
The term cosmological parameters is forever increasing in its scope,
and nowadays often includes the parameterization of some functions, as
well as simple numbers describing properties of the Universe. The original
usage referred to the parameters describing the global dynamics of the
Universe, such as its expansion rate and curvature. Also now of great
interest is how the matter budget of the Universe is built up from its
constituents: baryons, photons, neutrinos, dark matter, and dark energy.
We need to describe the nature of perturbations in the Universe, through
global statistical descriptors such as the matter and radiation power
spectra. There may also be parameters describing the physical state of the
Universe, such as the ionization fraction as a function of time during the
era since recombination. Typical comparisons of cosmological models with
observational data now feature between five and ten parameters.
25.1.1. The global description of the Universe :
The complete present-epoch state of the homogeneous Universe can be
described by giving the current- values of all the density parameters and
the Hubble constant h. A typical collection would be baryons b , photons
, neutrinos , and cold dark matter c . These parameters also allow
us to track the history of the Universe, at least back until an epoch
where interactions allow interchanges between the densities of the different
species; this is believed to have last happened at neutrino decoupling,
shortly before Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN). To probe further back into
the Universes history requires assumptions about particle interactions,
and perhaps about the nature of physical laws themselves.
25.1.3. The standard cosmological model :
Observations are consistent with spatial flatness, and the inflation
models so far described automatically generate negligible spatial curvature,
so we can set k = 0; the density parameters then must sum to unity,
and so one of them can be eliminated. The neutrino energy density is
often not taken as an independent parameter. Provided that the neutrino
sector has the standard interactions, the neutrino energy density, while
relativistic, can be related to the photon density using thermal physics
arguments, and a minimal assumption takes the neutrino mass sum to be
that of the lowest mass solution to the neutrino oscillation constraints,
namely 0.06 eV. In addition, there is no observational evidence for the
existence of tensor perturbations (though the upper limits are fairly weak),
and so r could be set to zero. This leaves seven parameters, which is the
smallest set that can usefully be compared to the present cosmological
data set. This model is referred to by various names, including CDM,
the concordance cosmology, and the standard cosmological model.
Of these parameters, only is accurately measured directly. The
radiation density is dominated by the energy in the CMB, and the
COBE satellite FIRAS experiment determined its temperature to be
T = 2.7255 0.0006 K [10], corresponding to = 2.47 105 h2 . The
minimum number of cosmological parameters varied in fits to data is six,
though as described below there may additionally be many nuisance

250 25. The Cosmological Parameters
parameters necessary to describe astrophysical processes influencing the

data.
25.2. Extensions to the standard model
25.2.1. More general perturbations :
The standard cosmology assumes adiabatic, Gaussian perturbations.
Adiabaticity means that all types of material in the Universe share a
common perturbation, so that if the space-time is foliated by constant-
density hypersurfaces, then all fluids and fields are homogeneous on those
slices, with the perturbations completely described by the variation of
the spatial curvature of the slices. Gaussianity means that the initial
perturbations obey Gaussian statistics, with the amplitudes of waves of
different wavenumbers being randomly drawn from a Gaussian distribution
of width given by the power spectrum. Note that gravitational instability
generates non-Gaussianity; in this context, Gaussianity refers to a property
of the initial perturbations, before they evolve.
The simplest inflation models, based on one dynamical field, predict
adiabatic perturbations and a level of non-Gaussianity that is too small
to be detected by any experiment so far conceived. For present data, the
primordial spectra are usually assumed to be power laws.
25.2.1.2. Isocurvature perturbations:
An isocurvature perturbation is one that leaves the total density
unperturbed, while perturbing the relative amounts of different materials.
If the Universe contains N fluids, there is one growing adiabatic mode
and N 1 growing isocurvature modes (for reviews see Ref. 7 and Ref. 13
). These can be excited, for example, in inflationary models where there
are two or more fields that acquire dynamically-important perturbations.
If one field decays to form normal matter, while the second survives to
become the dark matter, this will generate a cold dark matter isocurvature
perturbation.
25.3. Probes
25.3.1. Direct measures of the Hubble constant :
One of the most reliable results on the Hubble constant comes from the
Hubble Space Telescope Key Project [20]. This study used the empirical
periodluminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars, and calibrated a
number of secondary distance indicatorsType Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia),
the TullyFisher relation, surface-brightness fluctuations, and Type II
Supernovae.
The most recent derivation based on this approach utilizes the maser-
based distance to NGC4258 to re-calibrate its Cepheid distace scale [21]
to obtain H0 = 72.0 3.0 km s1 Mpc1 [22]. The major sources of
uncertainty in this result are due to the heavy element abundance of
the Cepheids and the distance to the fiducial nearby galaxy, the Large
Magellanic Cloud, relative to which all Cepheid distances are measured.
The indirect determination of H0 by the Planck Collaboration [2] found
a lower value, H0 = 67.8 0.9 km s1 Mpc1 . As discussed in that paper,
there is strong degeneracy of H0 with other parameters, e.g., m and
the neutrino mass. The tension between the H0 from Planck and the
traditional cosmic distance-ladder methods is under investigation.

25. The Cosmological Parameters 251
25.3.4.3. Limits on neutrino mass from galaxy surveys and other probes:
Large-scale structure data place constraints on due to the neutrino
free-streaming effect [47]. Presently there is no clear detection, and
upper limits on neutrino mass are commonly estimated by comparing the
observed galaxy power spectrum with a four-component model of baryons,
cold dark matter, a cosmological constant, and massive neutrinos. Such
analyses also assume that the primordial power spectrum is adiabatic,
scale-invariant, and Gaussian. Potential systematic effects include biasing
of the galaxy distribution and non-linearities of the power spectrum.
An upper limit can also be derived from CMB anisotropies alone, while
combination with additional cosmological data-sets can improve the
results.
Results using a photometric redshift sample of LRGs combined with
WMAP, BAO, Hubble constant and SNe Ia data gave a 95% confidence
upper limit on the total neutrino mass of 0.28 eV [48]. Recent spectroscopic
redshift surveys, with more accurate redshifts but fewer galaxies, yield
similar upper limits for assumed flat CDM model and additional
data-sets: 0.34 eV from BOSS [49] and 0.29 eV from WiggleZ [50].
The Planck collaboration [2] derived from only TT+lensing data (see
their Table 5), without external data sets, a neutrino mass upper limit of
0.675 eV (95% CL) and Neff = 3.13 0.31 (68% CL), in good agreement
with the standard value Neff = 3.046. When adding external data the
upper limit on the neutrino mass is reduced to 0.234 eV, consistent
with the above-mentioned pre-Planck results. The Planck result for Neff
changes little when adding external data.
While the latest cosmological data do not yet constrain the sum of
neutrino masses to below 0.2 eV, because the lower limit on neutrino mass
from terrestrial experiments is 0.06 eV it appears promising that future
cosmological surveys will detect effects from the neutrino mass.
25.4. Bringing observations together
The most powerful data source is the CMB, which on its own supports
all these main tenets. Values for some parameters, as given in Ref. 2, are
reproduced in Table 25.1. These particular results presume a flat Universe.
One derived parameter that is very robust is the age of the Universe,
since there is a useful coincidence that for a flat Universe the position of
the first peak is strongly correlated with the age. The CMB data give
13.80 0.04 Gyr (assuming flatness). This is in good agreement with the
ages of the oldest globular clusters and with radioactive dating.
The baryon density b is now measured with high accuracy from
CMB data alone, and is consistent with and much more precise than
the determination from BBN. The value quoted in the Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis chapter in this volume is 0.021 b h2 0.024 (95%
confidence).
While is measured to be non-zero with very high confidence, there is
no evidence of evolution of the dark energy density. As shown in the Dark
Energy chapter in this volume, from a compilation of CMB, SN and BAO
measurements, assuming a flat universe, w = 0.97 0.05, consistent with
the cosmological constant case w = 1. Allowing more complicated forms
of dark energy weakens the limits.
The data provide strong support for the main predictions of the
simplest inflation models: spatial flatness and adiabatic, Gaussian, nearly

252 25. The Cosmological Parameters
Table 25.1: Parameter constraints reproduced from Ref. 2 (Table

4), with some additional rounding. Both columns assume the CDM
cosmology with a power-law initial spectrum, no tensors, spatial
flatness, a cosmological constant as dark energy, and the sum of
neutrino masses fixed to 0.06eV. Above the line are the six parameter
combinations actually fit to the data (MC is a measure of the sound
horizon at last scattering); those below the line are derived from
these. The first column uses Planck primary CMB data, restricting
polarization data to low multipoles as currently recommended by the
Planck collaboration, plus the Planck measurement of CMB lensing.
This column gives our present recommended values. The second
column adds additional data and is included to show that the effect
of its inclusion is modest; the extra data are the Hubble parameter,
BAO measurements from the SDSS, BOSS, and 6dF surveys, and
supernova constraints from the JLA analysis. Uncertainties are
shown at 68% confidence.
Planck TT+lowP+lensing Planck TT+lowP+lensing+ext
b h2 0.02226 0.00023 0.02227 0.00020
c h 2 0.1186 0.0020 0.1184 0.0012
100 MC 1.0410 0.0005 1.0411 0.0004
ns 0.968 0.006 0.968 0.004
0.066 0.016 0.067 0.013
ln(1010 2R ) 3.062 0.029 3.064 0.024
h 0.678 0.009 0.679 0.006
8 0.815 0.009 0.815 0.009
m 0.308 0.012 0.306 0.007
0.692 0.012 0.694 0.007
scale-invariant density perturbations. But it is disappointing that there is

no sign of primordial gravitational waves, with an upper limit r < 0.11 at
95% confidence [58] (weakening if running is allowed). The spectral index
is clearly required to be less than one by current data, though the strength
of that conclusion can weaken if additional parameters are included in the
model fits.

26. Dark matter 253
26. DARK MATTER

Revised September 2015 by M. Drees (Bonn University) and G. Gerbier
(Queens University, Canada).
26.1. Theory
26.1.1. Evidence for Dark Matter :
The existence of Dark (i.e., non-luminous and non-absorbing) Matter
(DM) is by now well established [1,2]. An important example is the
measurement of galactic rotation curves. The rotational velocity v of an
object on a pstable Keplerian orbit with radius r around a galaxy scales
like v(r) M (r)/r, where M (r) is the mass inside the orbit. If r lies
outside the visible
part of the galaxy and mass tracks light, one would
expect v(r) 1/ r. Instead, in most galaxies one finds that v becomes
approximately constant out to the largest values of r where the rotation
curve can be measured. This implies the existence of a dark halo, with
mass density (r) 1/r2 , i.e., M (r) r and a lower bound on the DM
mass density, DM > 0.1.
The observation of clusters of galaxies tends to give somewhat larger
values, DM 0.2. These observations include measurements of the
peculiar velocities of galaxies in the cluster, which are a measure of their
potential energy if the cluster is virialized; measurements of the X-ray
temperature of hot gas in the cluster, which again correlates with the
gravitational potential felt by the gas; andmost directlystudies of
(weak) gravitational lensing of background galaxies on the cluster.
The currently most accurate, if somewhat indirect, determination of
DM comes from global fits of cosmological parameters to a variety of
observations; see the Section on Cosmological Parameters for details. For
example, using measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) and of the spatial distribution of galaxies, Ref. 7 finds
a density of cold, non-baryonic matter
nbm h2 = 0.1186 0.0020 , (26.1)
where h is the Hubble constant in units of 100 km/(sMpc). Some part of
the baryonic matter density [7],
b h2 = 0.02226 0.00023 , (26.2)
may well contribute to (baryonic) DM, e.g., MACHOs [8] or cold molecular
gas clouds [9].
A recent estimate finds a quite similar result for the smooth component
of the local Dark Matter density [10]: (0.39 0.03) (1.2 0.2) (1
triax )GeVcm3 .
26.1.2. Candidates for Dark Matter :
Candidates for non-baryonic DM in Eq. (26.1) must satisfy several
conditions: they must be stable on cosmological time scales (otherwise
they would have decayed by now), they must interact very weakly
with electromagnetic radiation (otherwise they wouldnt qualify as dark
matter), and they must have the right relic density. Candidates include
primordial black holes, axions, sterile neutrinos, and weakly interacting
massive particles (WIMPs).
The existence of axions [15] was first postulated to solve the strong
CP problem of QCD; they also occur naturally in superstring theories.
They are pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with the (mostly)
spontaneous breaking of a new global Peccei-Quinn (PQ) U(1) symmetry

254 26. Dark matter
at scale fa ; see the Section on Axions in this Review for further details.
Although very light, axions would constitute cold DM, since they were
produced non-thermally. At temperatures well above the QCD phase
transition, the axion is massless, and the axion field can take any value,
parameterized by the misalignment angle i . At T < 1 GeV, the axion
develops a mass ma f m /fa due to instanton effects. Unless the axion
field happens to find itself at the minimum of its potential (i = 0),
it will begin to oscillate once ma becomes comparable to the Hubble
parameter H. These coherent oscillations transform the energy originally
stored in the axion field into physical axion quanta. The contribution of
this mechanism to the present axion relic density is [1]
1.175
a h2 = a fa /1012 GeV i2 , (26.5)
where the numerical factor a lies roughly between 0.5 and a few.
If i O(1), Eq. (26.5) will saturate Eq. (26.1) for fa 1011 GeV,
comfortably above laboratory and astrophysical constraints [15]; this
would correspond to an axion mass around 0.1 meV. However, if the post-
inflationary reheat temperature TR > fa , cosmic strings will form during
the PQ phase transition at T fa . Their decay will give an additional
contribution to a , which is often bigger than that in Eq. (26.5) [1],
leading to a smaller preferred value of fa , i.e., larger ma . On the other
hand, values of fa near the Planck scale become possible if i is for some
reason very small.
Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are particles with
mass roughly between 10 GeV and a few TeV, and with cross sections of
approximately weak strength. Within standard cosmology, their present
relic density can be calculated reliably if the WIMPs were in thermal
and chemical equilibrium with the hot soup of Standard Model (SM)
particles after inflation. Their present relic density is then approximately
given by (ignoring logarithmic corrections) [3]
T03 0.1 pb c
h2 const. 3
. (26.6)
MPl hA vi hA vi
Here T0 is the current CMB temperature, MPl is the Planck mass, c is
the speed of light, A is the total annihilation cross section of a pair
of WIMPs into SM particles, v is the relative velocity between the two
WIMPs in their cms system, and h. . .i denotes thermal averaging. Freeze
out happens at temperature TF m /20 almost independently of the
properties of the WIMP. Notice that the 0.1 pb in Eq. (26.6) contains
factors of T0 and MPl ; it is, therefore, quite intriguing that it happens
to come out near the typical size of weak interaction cross sections.
The currently best motivated WIMP candidate is, therefore, the lightest
superparticle (LSP) in supersymmetric models [17] with exact R-parity
(which guarantees the stability of the LSP). Detailed calculations [1] show
that the lightest neutralino will have the desired thermal relic density
Eq. (26.1) in at least four distinct regions of parameter space. could be
(mostly) a bino or photino (the superpartner of the U(1)Y gauge boson
and photon, respectively), if both and some sleptons have mass below
150 GeV, or if m is close to the mass of some sfermion (so that its relic
density is reduced through co-annihilation with this sfermion), or if 2m
is close to the mass of the CP-odd Higgs boson present in supersymmetric
models. Finally, Eq. (26.1) can also be satisfied if has a large higgsino
or wino component.

26. Dark matter 255
26.2. Experimental detection of Dark Matter

26.2.2. Axion searches :
Axions can be detected by looking for a conversion in a strong
magnetic field [1]. Such a conversion proceeds through the loop-induced
a coupling, whose strength ga is an important parameter of axion
models. There is currently only one experiment searching for axionic DM:
the ADMX experiment [30], originally situated at the LLNL in California
but now running at the University of Washington, started taking data in
the first half of 1996. It employs a high quality cavity, whose Q factor
enhances the conversion rate on resonance, i.e., for ma (c2 + va2 /2) = ~res .
One then needs to scan the resonance frequency in order to cover a
significant range in ma or, equivalently, fa .
26.2.3. Basics of direct WIMP search :
The WIMP mean velocity inside our galaxy relative to its center is
expected to be similar to that of stars, i.e., a few hundred kilometers per
second at the location of our solar system. For these velocities, WIMPs
interact with ordinary matter through elastic scattering on nuclei. With
expected WIMP masses in the range 10 GeV to 10 TeV, typical nuclear
recoil energies are of order of 1 to 100 keV.
Expected interaction rates depend on the product of the local WIMP
flux and the interaction cross section. The first term is fixed by the
local density of dark matter, taken as 0.39 GeV/cm3 , the mean WIMP
velocity, typically 220 km/s, the galactic escape velocity, typically 544
km/s [34] and the mass of the WIMP. The expected interaction rate
then mainly depends on two unknowns, the mass and cross section of
the WIMP (with some uncertainty [10] due to the halo model). This is
why the experimental observable, which is basically the scattering rate
as a function of energy, is usually expressed as a contour in the WIMP
masscross section plane.
The cross section depends on the nature of the couplings. For non-
relativistic WIMPs, one in general has to distinguish spin-independent
and spin-dependent couplings. The former can involve scalar and vector
WIMP and nucleon currents (vector currents are absent for Majorana
WIMPs, e.g., the neutralino), while the latter involve axial vector currents
(and obviously only exist if carries spin). Due to coherence effects, the
spin-independent cross section scales approximately as the square of the
mass of the nucleus, so higher mass nuclei, from Ge to Xe, are preferred
for this search. For spin-dependent coupling, the cross section depends on
the nuclear spin factor; used target nuclei include 19 F, 23 Na, 73 Ge, 127 I,
129 Xe, 131 Xe, and 133 Cs.
Cross sections calculated in MSSM models [35] induce rates of at most

1 evt day1 kg1 of detector, much lower than the usual radioactive
backgrounds. This indicates the need for underground laboratories to
protect against cosmic ray induced backgrounds, and for the selection of
extremely radio-pure materials.
The typical shape of exclusion contours can be anticipated from this
discussion: at low WIMP mass, the sensitivity drops because of the
detector energy threshold, whereas at high masses, the sensitivity also
decreases because, for a fixed mass density, the WIMP flux decreases
1/m . The sensitivity is best for WIMP masses near the mass of the
recoiling nucleus.
For all references, see the full Review.

256 27. Dark energy
27. DARK ENERGY

Revised November 2015 by D. H. Weinberg (OSU) and M. White (UCB,
LBL); written November 2013 by M. J. Mortonson (UCB, LBL), D. H.
Weinberg (OSU), and M. White (UCB, LBL).
27.1. Repulsive Gravity and Cosmic Acceleration
In the late 1990s, supernova surveys by two independent teams provided
direct evidence for accelerating cosmic expansion [8,9], establishing the
cosmological constant model (with m 0.3, 0.7) as the preferred
alternative to the m = 1 scenario. Shortly thereafter, CMB evidence
for a spatially flat universe [10,11], and thus for tot 1, cemented
the case for cosmic acceleration by firmly eliminating the free-expansion
alternative with m 1 and = 0. Today, the accelerating universe
is well established by multiple lines of independent evidence from a tight
web of precise cosmological measurements.
As discussed in the Big Bang Cosmology article of this Review (Sec. 22),
the scale factor R(t) of a homogeneous and isotropic universe governed by
GR grows at an accelerating rate if the pressure p < 31 (in c = 1 units).
A cosmological constant has = constant and pressure p = (see
Eq. 22.10), so it will drive acceleration if it dominates the total energy
density. However, acceleration could arise from a more general form of
dark energy that has negative pressure, typically specified in terms
of the equation-of-state-parameter w = p/ (= 1 for a cosmological
constant). Furthermore, the conclusion that acceleration requires a new
energy component beyond matter and radiation relies on the assumption
that GR is the correct description of gravity on cosmological scales.
27.2. Theories of Cosmic Acceleration
A cosmological constant is the mathematically simplest, and perhaps
the physically simplest, theoretical explanation for the accelerating
universe. The problem is explaining its unnaturally small magnitude, as
discussed in Sec. 22.4.7 of this Review. An alternative (which still requires
finding a way to make the cosmological constant zero or at least negligibly
small) is that the accelerating cosmic expansion is driven by a new form
of energy such as a scalar field [13] with potential V (). In the limit that
1 2 |V ()|, the scalar field acts like a cosmological constant, with
2
p . In this scenario, todays cosmic acceleration is closely akin to
the epoch of inflation, but with radically different energy and timescale.
More generally, the value of w = p / in scalar field models evolves
with time in a way that depends on V () and on the initial conditions
(i , i ); some forms of V () have attractor solutions in which the late-time
behavior is insensitive to initial values. Many forms of time evolution are
possible, including ones where w is approximately constant and broad
classes where w freezes towards or thaws away from w = 1, with
the transition occurring when the field comes to dominate the total
energy budget. If is even approximately constant, then it becomes
dynamically insignificant at high redshift, because the matter density
scales as m (1 + z)3 .

28. Cosmic microwave background 257
28. COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND

Revised September 2015 by D. Scott (University of British Columbia) and
G.F. Smoot (UCB/LBNL).
28.2. CMB Spectrum
The spectrum of the microwave background is very precisely that
of blackbody radiation, whose temperature evolves with redshift as
T (z) = T0 (1 + z) in an expanding universe. As a direct test of its
cosmological origin, this relationship is being tested by measuring the
strengths of emission and absorption lines in high-redshift systems [16].
Measurements of the spectrum are consistent with a blackbody
distribution over more than three decades in frequency. All viable
cosmological models predict a very nearly Planckian spectrum to within
the current observational limits.
28.3. Description of CMB Anisotropies
Observations show that the CMB contains temperature anisotropies
at the 105 level and polarization anisotropies at the 106 (and lower)
level, over a wide range of angular scales. These anisotropies are usually
expressed by using a spherical harmonic expansion of the CMB sky:
X
T (, ) = am Ym (, )
m
(with the linear polarization pattern written in a similar way using
the so-called spin-2 spherical harmonics). Because there are only very
weak phase correlations seen in the CMB sky and since we notice no
preferred direction, the vast majority of the cosmological information is
contained in the temperature 2-point function, i.e., the variance as a
function
P only of angular separation. Equivalently, the power per unit ln
is m |am |2 /4.
28.3.1. The Monopole :
The CMB has a mean temperature of T = 2.7255 0.0006 K (1) [21]
, which can be considered as the monopole component of CMB maps,
a00 . Since all mapping experiments involve difference measurements,
they are insensitive to this average level; monopole measurements can
only be made with absolute temperature devices, such as the FIRAS
instrument on the COBE satellite [22]. The measured kT is equivalent to
0.234 meV or 4.601010 me c2 . A blackbody of the measured temperature
has a number density n = (2(3)/2 ) T3 411 cm3 , energy density
= ( 2 /15) T4 4.64 1034 g cm3 0.260 eV cm3 , and a fraction of
the critical density 5.38 105 .
28.3.2. The Dipole :
The largest anisotropy is in the = 1 (dipole) first spherical harmonic,
with amplitude 3.3645 0.0020 mK [12]. The dipole is interpreted to be
the result of the Doppler boosting of the monopole caused by the solar
system motion relative to the nearly isotropic blackbody field, as broadly
confirmed by measurements of the radial velocities of local galaxies (e.g.,
Ref. [23]).
The dipole is a frame-dependent quantity, and one can thus determine
the absolute rest frame as that in which the CMB dipole would be zero.
28.3.3. Higher-Order Multipoles :
The variations in the CMB temperature maps at higher multipoles
( 2) are interpreted as being mostly the result of perturbations in the

258 28. Cosmic microwave background
density of the early Universe, manifesting themselves at the epoch of the

last scattering of the CMB photons. In the hot Big Bang picture, the
expansion of the Universe cools the plasma so that by a redshift z 1100
(with little dependence on the details of the model), the hydrogen and
helium nuclei can bind electrons into neutral atoms, a process usually
referred to as recombination [27]. Before this epoch, the CMB photons
were tightly coupled to the baryons, while afterwards they could freely
stream towards us. By measuring the am s we are thus learning directly
about physical conditions in the early Universe.
A statistically isotropic sky means that all ms are equivalent, i.e., there
is no preferred axis, so that the temperature correlation function between
two positions on the sky depends only on angular separation and not
orientation. Together with the assumption of Gaussian statistics (i.e., no
correlations between the modes), the variance of the temperature field
(or equivalently the power spectrum in ) then fully characterizes the
anisotropies. The power
summed over all ms at each is (2 + 1)C /(4),
where C |am |2 . Thus averages of am s over m can be used as
estimators of the C s to constrain their expectation values, which are
the quantities predicted by a theoretical model. For an idealized full-sky
observation, the variance of each measured C (i.e., the variance of the
variance) is [2/(2 + 1)]C2 . This sampling uncertainty (known as cosmic
variance) comes about because each C is 2 distributed with (2 + 1)
degrees of freedom for our observable volume of the Universe.
It is important to understand that theories predict the expectation
value of the power spectrum, whereas our sky is a single realization.
Hence the cosmic variance is an unavoidable source of uncertainty when
constraining models; it dominates the scatter at lower s, while the effects
of instrumental noise and resolution dominate at higher s [28].
28.3.4. Angular Resolution and Binning :
There is no one-to-one conversion between multipole and the angle
subtended by a particular spatial scale projected onto the sky. However,
a single spherical harmonic Ym corresponds to angular variations of
/. CMB maps contain anisotropy information from the size of the
map (or in practice some fraction of that size) down to the beam-size
of the instrument, (the standard deviation of the beam, in radians).
One can think of the effect of a Gaussian beam as rolling off the power
2
spectrum with the function e(+1) .
28.6. Current Temperature Anisotropy Data
There has been a steady improvement in the quality of CMB data
that has led to the development of the present-day cosmological model.
The most robust constraints currently available come from Planck
satellite [50,51] data combined with smaller scale results from the
ACT [52] and SPT [53] experiments (together with constraints from
non-CMB cosmological data-sets). We plot power spectrum estimates
from these experiments in Fig. 28.1, along with WMAP data [8] to show
the consistency.
28.7. CMB Polarization
Thomson scattering of an anisotropic radiation field also generates
linear polarization, the CMB is predicted to be polarized at the level of
roughly 5% of the temperature anisotropies [54]. The linear polarization
pattern can be decomposed in a number of ways, with two quantities
required for each pixel in a map, often given as the Q and U Stokes

28. Cosmic microwave background 259
parameters. However, the most intuitive and physical decomposition is a

geometrical one, splitting the polarization pattern into a part that comes
from a divergence (often referred to as the E-mode) and a part with
a curl (called the B-mode) [56] . Globally one sees that the E-modes
have (1) parity (like the spherical harmonics), while the B-modes have
(1)+1 parity.
Since inflationary scalar perturbations give only E-modes, while
tensors generate roughly equal amounts of E- and B-modes, then the
determination of a non-zero B-mode signal is a way to measure the
gravitational wave contribution (and thus potentially derive the energy
scale of inflation), even if it is rather weak.
Figure 28.1: CMB temperature anisotropy band-power estimates

from the Planck, WMAP, ACT, and SPT experiments.
28.9. Constraints on Cosmological Parameters

Within the context of a six parameter family of models (which fixes
tot = 1, dns /d ln k = 0, r = 0, and w = 1) the Planck results for
T T , together with low- polarization and CMB lensing, and the use of
high- data from ACT and SPT to constrain foregrounds, yields [13]:
ln(1010 As ) = 3.062 0.029; ns = 0.968 0.006; b h2 = 0.02226 0.00023;
c h2 = 0.1186 0.0020; 100 = 1.0410 0.0005; and = 0.066 0.016.
Other parameters can be derived from this basic set, including
h = 0.678 0.009, = 0.692 0.012 (= 1 m ) and 8 = 0.815 0.009.
The evidence for ns < 1 remains above the 5 level. The value of the
reionization optical depth has decreased compared with earlier estimates;
it is convincingly detected, but still not of very high significance.
The 95% confidence upper limit on r (measured at k = 0.002 Mpc1 )
from the effect of tensors solely on CT T is 0.11. This limit depends on
how the slope n is restricted and whether dns /d ln k 6= 0 is allowed. The
joint constraints on ns and r allows specific inflationary models to be
tested [33,34].
For all references, see the full Review.

260 29. Cosmic rays
29. COSMIC RAY FLUXES

In the lower half of the atmosphere (altitude < 5 km) most cosmic rays
are muons. Some typical sea-level values for charged particles are given
below, where
Iv flux per unit solid angle per unit horizontal area about vertical
direction
j( = 0, )[ = zenith angle, = azimuthal angle] ;
J1 total flux crossing unit horizontal area from above
Z
j(, ) cos d [d = sin d d] ;
/2
J2 total
Z flux from above (crossing a sphere of unit cross-
sectional area)
j(, ) d .
/2
Total Hard ( ) Soft ( e )

Intensity Component Component
Iv 110 80 30 m2 s1 sr1
J1 180 130 50 m2 s1
J2 240 170 70 m2 s1
At 4300 m (e.g., Mt. Evans or Mauna Kea) the hard component is 2.3
times more intense than at sea level.
The p/ vertical flux ratio at sea level is about 3.5% at 1 GeV/c,
decreasing to about 0.5% at 10 GeV/c. The / ratio is an order of
magnitude smaller.
The mean energy of muons at the ground is 4 GeV. The energy
spectrum is almost flat below 1 GeV, steepens gradually to reflect the
primary spectrum ( E 2.7 ) in the 10100 GeV range, and asymptotically
becomes one power steeper (E 1 TeV). The measurements reported
above are for E > 225 MeV. The angular distribution is very nearly
proportional to cos2 , changing to sec at energies above a TeV (where
is the zenith angle at production). The + / ratio is 1.251.30.
The mean energy of muons originating in the atmosphere is roughly
300 GeV at slant depths underground & a few hundred meters. Beyond
slant depths of 10 km water-equivalent, the muons are due primarily to
in-the-earth neutrino interactions (roughly 1/8 interaction ton1 yr1 for
E > 300 MeV, constant throughout the earth). These muons arrived
with a mean energy of 20 GeV, and have a flux of 2 109 m2 s1 sr1
in the vertical direction and about twice that in the horizontal, down at
least as far as the deepest mines.
Reprint of Cosmic-ray fluxes from the 1986 Review, as updated by
D.E. Groom (2000). The data (by Greisen) are reported in B. Rossi,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 537 (1948). See the full Review on Cosmic Rays
for a more extensive discussion and references.

30. Accelerator physics of colliders 261
30. ACCELERATOR PHYSICS OF COLLIDERS

Revised August 2015 by M.J. Syphers (NIU/FNAL) and F. Zimmermann
(CERN).
30.1. Luminosity
The number of events, Nexp , is the product of the cross section of
interest, exp , and the time integral over the instantaneous luminosity, L :
Z
Nexp = exp L (t)dt. (30.1)
If two bunches containing n1 and n2 particles collide head-on with

frequency fcoll , a basic expression for the luminosity is
n1 n2
L = fcoll (30.2)
4x y
where x and y characterize the rms transverse beam sizes in the
horizontal (bend) and vertical directions. In this form it is assumed
that the bunches are identical in transverse profile, that the profiles
are Gaussian and independent of position along the bunch, and the
particle distributions are not altered during bunch crossing. Nonzero beam
crossing angles and long bunches will reduce the luminosity from this
value.
Whatever the distribution at the source, by the time the beam reaches
high energy, the normal form is a useful approximation as suggested by
the -notation.
The beam size can be expressed in terms of two quantities, one termed
the transverse emittance, , and the other, the amplitude function, . The
transverse emittance is a beam quality concept reflecting the process of
bunch preparation, extending all the way back to the source for hadrons
and, in the case of electrons, mostly dependent on synchrotron radiation.
The amplitude function is a beam optics quantity and is determined by
the accelerator magnet configuration. When expressed in terms of and
the transverse emittance becomes
= 2 / .
Of particular significance is the value of the amplitude function at the
interaction point, . Clearly one wants to be as small as possible; how
small depends on the capability of the hardware to make a near-focus at
the interaction point.
Eq. (30.2) can be recast in terms of emittances and amplitude functions
as
n1 n2
L =f p . (30.10)
4 x x y y
So to achieve high luminosity, all one has to do is make high population
bunches of low emittance collide at high frequency at locations where the
beam optics provides as low values of the amplitude functions as possible.
of Particle Physics.



31. HIGH-ENERGY COLLIDER PARAMETERS
262
Updated in January 2016 with numbers received from representatives of the colliders (contact S. Pagan Griso, LBNL). Except for SuperKEKB, where
design values are quoted, the table shows the parameter values achieved. Quantities are, where appropriate, r.m.s.; energies refer to beam energy; H and
31. High-energy collider parameters

V indicate horizontal and vertical directions. Only selected operating colliders are included. See full Review for complete tables.
VEPP-2000 VEPP-4M BEPC-II DANE SuperKEKB LHC

(Novosibirsk) (Novosibirsk) (China) (Frascati) (KEK) (CERN)
Physics start date 2010 1994 2008 1999 2017 2009 (2015)
Particles collided e+ e e+ e e+ e e+ e e+ e pp
Maximum beam energy (GeV) 1.0 6 1.89 (2.3 max) 0.510 e : 7, e+ : 4 4.0 (6.5)
Luminosity (1030 cm2 s1 ) 100 20 853 453 8 105 7.7 103

(5 103 )
Time between collisions (ns) 40 600 8 2.7 4 49.9 (24.95)
Energy spread (units 103 ) 0.64 1 0.52 0.40 e /e+ : 0.64/0.81 0.1445 (0.105)
Bunch length (cm) 4 5 1.5 1-2 e /e+ : 0.5/0.6 9.4 (9)
Beam radius (106 m) 125 (round) H : 1000 H : 358 H : 260 e : 11 (H), 0.062 (V ) 18.8 (21)
V : 30 V : 4.8 V : 4.8 e+ : 10 (H), 0.048 (V )
Free space at interaction e : +1.20/ 1.28
1 2 0.63 0.295 38
point (m) e+ : +0.78/ 0.73
, amplitude function at H : 0.06 0.11 H : 0.75 H : 1.0 H : 0.26 e : 0.025 (H), 3 104 (V )
0.6 (0.8)
interaction point (m) V : 0.06 0.10 V : 0.05 V : 0.0135 V : 0.009 e+ : 0.032 (H), 2.7 104 (V )
September 26, 2016
September 26, 2016

Interaction regions 2 1 1 1 1 4
Parameters for LHC Run 2 in 2015 given in parenthesis.

15:13
15:13
33. Passage of particles through matter 263
33. PASSAGE OF PARTICLES THROUGH MATTER

Revised August 2015 by H. Bichsel (University of Washington), D.E.
Groom (LBNL), and S.R. Klein (LBNL).
33.1. Notation
Table 33.1: Summary of variables used in this section. The
kinematic variables and have their usual relativistic meanings.
Symbol Definition Value or (usual) units

me c2 electron mass c2 0.510 998 928(11) MeV
re classical electron radius
e2 /40 me c2 2.817 940 3267(27) fm
fine structure constant
e2 /40 ~c 1/137.035 999 074(44)
NA Avogadros number 6.022 141 29(27) 1023 mol1
density g cm3
x mass per unit area g cm2
M incident particle mass MeV/c2
E incident part. energy M c2 MeV
T kinetic energy, ( 1)M c2 MeV
W energy transfer to an electron MeV
in a single collision
k bremsstrahlung photon energy MeV
z charge number of incident particle
Z atomic number of absorber
A atomic mass of absorber g mol1
K 4NA re2 me c2 0.307 075 MeV mol1 cm2
I mean excitation energy eV (Nota bene! )
() density effect correction to ionization
p energy loss
~p plasma energy hZ/Ai 28.816 eV
p | in g cm3
3
4N r m c / 2
e e e
Ne electron density (units of re )3
wj weight fraction of the jth element in a compound or mixture
nj number of jth kind of atoms in a compound or mixture
X0 radiation length g cm2
Ec critical energy for electrons MeV
Ec critical energy for muons GeV
p
Es scale energy 4/ me c2 21.2052 MeV
RM Molière radius g cm2
33.2. Electronic energy loss by heavy particles [132]

33.2.1. Moments and cross sections :
The electronic interactions of fast charged particles with speed v = c
occur in single collisions with energy losses W [1], leading to ionization,
atomic, or collective excitation. Most frequently the energy losses are
small (for 90% of all collisions the energy losses are less than 100 eV). In
thin absorbers few collisions will take place and the total energy loss will
show a large variance [1]; also see Sec. 33.2.9 below. For particles with
charge ze more massive than electrons (heavy particles), scattering from

264 33. Passage of particles through matter
free electrons is adequately described by the Rutherford differential cross

section [2],
dR (W ; ) 2re2 me c2 z 2 (1 2 W/Wmax )
= , (33.1)
dW 2 W2
where Wmax is the maximum energy transfer possible in a single collision.
But in matter electrons are not free. For electrons bound in atoms
Bethe [3] used Born Theorie to obtain the differential cross section
dB (W ; ) d (W, )
= R B(W ) . (33.2)
dW dW
At high energies B is further modified by polarization of the medium,
and this density effect, discussed in Sec 33.2.5, must also be included.
Less important corrections are discussed below.
The mean number of collisions with energy loss between W and
W + dW occuring in a distance x is Ne x (d/dW )dW , where
d(W ; )/dW contains all contributions. It is convenient to define the
moments Z
d(W ; )
Mj () = Ne x W j dW , (33.3)
dW
so that M0 is the mean number of collisions in x, M1 is the mean energy
loss in x, M2 M12 is the variance, etc. The number of collisions is
Poisson-distributed with mean M0 . Ne is either measured in electrons/g
(Ne = NA Z/A) or electrons/cm3 (Ne = NA Z/A).
Mass stopping power [MeV cm2/g]
+ on Cu
100
Bethe Radiative
Anderson-
Ziegler
Lindhard-
Radiative
Scharff
effects Ec
10 reach 1% Radiative
Minimum losses
ionization
Nuclear
losses Without
1
4 5
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10 10

0.1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100

[MeV/c] [GeV/c] [TeV/c]
Muon momentum
Fig. 33.1: Mass stopping power (= hdE/dxi) for positive muons in copper
as a function of = p/M c over nine orders of magnitude in momentum (12
orders of magnitude in kinetic energy). Solid curves indicate the total stopping
power. Data below the break at 0.1 are taken from ICRU 49 [4], and
data at higher energies are from Ref. 5. Vertical bands indicate boundaries
between different approximations discussed in the text. The short dotted
lines labeled illustrate the Barkas effect, the dependence of stopping
power on projectile charge at very low energies [6].
33.2.2. Maximum energy transfer in a single collision : For a
particle with mass M and momentum M c, Wmax is given by
2me c2 2 2
Wmax = . (33.4)
1 + 2me /M + (me /M )2

In older references [2,8] the low-energy approximation Wmax =

2me c2 2 2 , valid for 2me M , is often implicit. For hadrons with
E 100 GeV, it is limited by structure effects.
33.2.3. Stopping power at intermediate energies : The mean rate
of energy loss by moderately relativistic charged heavy particles, M1 /x,
is well-described by the Bethe equation,

dE Z 1 1 2me c2 2 2 Wmax ()
= Kz 2 ln 2
. (33.5)
dx A 2 2 I2 2
It describes the mean rate of energy loss in the region 0.1 < < 1000 for
intermediate-Z materials with an accuracy of a few %.
With definitions and values in Table 33.1, the units are MeV g1 cm2 .
At the lower limit the projectile velocity becomes comparable to atomic
electron velocities (Sec. 33.2.4), and at the upper limit radiative effects
begin to be important (Sec. 33.6). Both limits are Z dependent. A minor
dependence on M at the highest energies is introduced through Wmax ,
but for all practical purposes hdE/dxi in a given material is a function of
alone.
Few concepts in high-energy physics are as misused as hdE/dxi. The
main problem is that the mean is weighted by very rare events with large
single-collision energy deposits. Even with samples of hundreds of events a
dependable value for the mean energy loss cannot be obtained. Far better
and more easily measured is the most probable energy loss, discussed in
Sec 33.2.9. It is considerably below the mean given by the Bethe equation.
In a TPC (Sec. 34.6.5), the mean of 50%70% of the samples with the
smallest signals is often used as an estimator.
Although it must be used with cautions and caveats, hdE/dxi as
described in Eq. (33.5) still forms the basis of much of our understanding
of energy loss by charged particles. Extensive tables are available[4,5,
pdg.lbl.gov/AtomicNuclearProperties/].
The function as computed for muons on copper is shown as the
Bethe region of Fig. 33.1. Mean energy loss behavior below this region
is discussed in Sec. 33.2.6, and the radiative effects at high energy are
discussed in Sec. 33.6. Only in the Bethe region is it a function of alone;
the mass dependence is more complicated elsewhere. The stopping power
in several other materials is shown in Fig. 33.2. Except in hydrogen,
particles with the same velocity have similar rates of energy loss in different
materials, although there is a slow decrease in the rate of energy loss with
increasing Z. The qualitative behavior difference at high energies between
a gas (He in the figure) and the other materials shown in the figure
is due to the density-effect correction, (), discussed in Sec. 33.2.5.
The stopping power functions are characterized by broad minima whose
position drops from = 3.5 to 3.0 as Z goes from 7 to 100. The values
of minimum ionization go roughly as 0.235 0.28 ln(Z), in MeV g1 cm2 ,
for Z > 6.
Eq. (33.5) may be integrated to find the total (or partial) continuous
slowing-down approximation (CSDA) range R for a particle which loses
energy only through ionization and atomic excitation. Since dE/dx in
the Bethe region depends only on , R/M is a function of E/M or
pc/M . In practice, range is a useful concept only for low-energy hadrons
(R < I , where I is the nuclear interaction length), and for muons below
a few hundred GeV (above which radiative effects dominate). R/M as a
function of = p/M c is shown for a variety of materials in Fig. 33.4.
The mass scaling of dE/dx and range is valid for the electronic losses
described by the Bethe equation, but not for radiative losses, relevant only

10
8
dE/dx (MeV g 1cm2) 6 H2 liquid

5
4
He gas
3
C
Al
Fe
2 Sn
Pb
1
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10 000
= p/Mc
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

Muon momentum (GeV/c)
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000

Pion momentum (GeV/c)
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10 000

Proton momentum (GeV/c)
Figure 33.2: Mean energy loss rate in liquid (bubble chamber)

hydrogen, gaseous helium, carbon, aluminum, iron, tin, and lead.
Radiative effects, relevant for muons and pions, are not included.
These become significant for muons in iron for > 1000, and at
lower momenta in higher-Z absorbers. See Fig. 33.21.
for muons and pions.
Estimates of the mean excitation energy I based on experimental
stopping-power measurements for protons, deuterons, and alpha particles
are given in Ref. 11; see also pdg.lbl.gov/AtomicNuclearProperties.
33.2.5. Density effect : As the particle energy increases, its electric
field flattens and extends, so that the distant-collision contribution to
Eq. (33.5) increases as ln . However, real media become polarized,
limiting the field extension and effectively truncating this part of the
logarithmic rise [28,1516]. At very high energies,
/2 ln(~p /I) + ln 1/2 , (33.6)
where ()/2 is the density effect correction introduced in Eq. (33.5)
and ~p is the plasma energy defined in Table 33.1. A comparison with
Eq. (33.5) shows that |dE/dx| then grows as ln rather than ln 2 2 ,
and that the mean excitation energy I is replaced by the plasma energy
~p . Since the plasma frequency scales as the square root of the electron
density, the correction is much larger for a liquid or solid than for a gas,
as is illustrated by the examples in Fig. 33.2.
The remaining relativistic rise comes from the 2 2 growth of Wmax ,
which in turn is due to (rare) large energy transfers to a few electrons.
When these events are excluded, the energy deposit in an absorbing
layer approaches a constant value, the Fermi plateau (see Sec. 33.2.8
below). At extreme energies (e.g., > 332 GeV for muons in iron, and


50000
20000 C
10000 Fe
5000 Pb
2000
R/M (g cm2 GeV1)

H2 liquid
1000
He gas
500
200
100
50
20
10
5
2
1
0.1 2 5 1.0 2 5 10.0 2 5 100.0
= p/Mc
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0

Muon momentum (GeV/c)
0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0

Pion momentum (GeV/c)
0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0

Proton momentum (GeV/c)
Figure 33.4: Range of heavy charged particles in liquid (bubble
chamber) hydrogen, helium gas, carbon, iron, and lead. For example:
For a K + whose momentum is 700 MeV/c, = 1.42. For lead we
read R/M 396, and so the range is 195 g cm2 (17 cm).
at a considerably higher energy for protons in iron), radiative effects are
more important than ionization losses. These are especially relevant for
high-energy muons, as discussed in Sec. 33.6.
33.2.7. Energetic knock-on electrons ( rays) : The distribution of

secondary electrons with kinetic energies T I is [2]
d2 N 1 Z 1 F (T )
= Kz 2 (33.8)
dT dx 2 A 2 T 2
for I T Wmax , where Wmax is given by Eq. (33.4). Here is the
velocity of the primary particle. The factor F is spin-dependent, but is
about unity for T Wmax . For spin-0 particles F (T ) = (1 2 T /Wmax );
forms for spins 1/2 and 1 are also given by Rossi [2]. Additional formulae
are given in Ref. 22. Equation (33.8) is inaccurate for T close to I.
rays of even modest energy are rare. For 1 particle, for example,
on average only one collision with Te > 1 keV will occur along a path
length of 90 cm of Ar gas [1].
33.2.8. Restricted energy loss rates for relativistic ionizing par-

ticles : Further insight can be obtained by examining the mean energy
deposit by an ionizing particle when energy transfers are restricted to
T Wcut Wmax . The restricted energy loss rate is


dE 2Z 1 1 2me c2 2 2 Wcut 2 Wcut
= Kz ln 1 + .
dx T <Wcut A 2 2 I2 2 Wmax 2
(33.10)
This form approaches the normal Bethe function (Eq. (33.5)) as
Wcut Wmax . It can be verified that the difference between Eq. (33.5)
R Wmax
and Eq. (33.10) is equal to W T (d2 N/dT dx)dT , where d2 N/dT dx is
cut
given by Eq. (33.8).
Since Wcut replaces Wmax in the argument of the logarithmic term of
Eq. (33.5), the term producing the relativistic rise in the close-collision
part of dE/dx is replaced by a constant, and |dE/dx|T <Wcut approaches
the constant Fermi plateau. (The density effect correction eliminates
the explicit dependence produced by the distant-collision contribution.)
This behavior is illustrated in Fig. 33.6, where restricted loss rates for
two examples of Wcut are shown in comparison with the full Bethe dE/dx
and the Landau-Vavilov most probable energy loss (to be discussed in
Sec. 33.2.9 below).
33.2.9. Fluctuations in energy loss : For detectors of moderate

thickness x (e.g. scintillators or LAr cells),* the energy loss probability
distribution f (; , x) is adequately described by the highly-skewed
Landau (or Landau-Vavilov) distribution [24,25]. The most probable
energy loss is [26]

2mc2 2 2
p = ln + ln + j 2 () , (33.11)
I I
where = (K/2) hZ/Ai (x/ 2 ) MeV for a detector with a thickness x in
g cm2 , and j = 0.200 [26]. While dE/dx is independent of thickness,
p /x scales as a ln x + b. The density correction () was not included
in Landaus or Vavilovs work, but it was later included by Bichsel [26].
The high-energy behavior of () (Eq. (33.6)), is such that

2mc2
p ln 2
+j . (33.12)
>
100 (~p )
Thus the Landau-Vavilov most probable energy loss, like the restricted
energy loss, reaches a Fermi plateau. The Bethe dE/dx and Landau-
Vavilov-Bichsel p /x in silicon are shown as a function of muon energy
in Fig. 33.6. The case x/ = 1600 m was chosen since it has about
the same stopping power as does 3 mm of plastic scintillator. Folding
in experimental resolution displaces the peak of the distribution, usually
toward a higher value.
The mean of the energy-loss given by the Bethe equation, Eq. (33.5),
is ill-defined experimentally and is not useful for describing energy loss
by single particles. (It finds its application in dosimetry, where only bulk
deposit is of relevance.) It rises as ln because Wmax increases as 2 2 .
The large single-collision energy transfers that increasingly extend the long
tail are rare, making the mean of an experimental distribution consisting
of a few hundred events subject to large fluctuations and sensitive to cuts
as well as to background. The most probable energy loss should be used.
* G <
0.050.1, where G is given by Rossi [Ref. 2, Eq. 2.7(10)]. It is
Vavilovs [25].
Rossi [2], Talman [27], and others give somewhat different values for
j. The most probable loss is not sensitive to its value.


3.0
MeV g1 cm2 (Electonic loses only)

Silicon
2.5
Bethe
2.0 Restricted energy loss for:

Tcut = 10 dE/dx|min
Tcut = 2 dE/dx|min
1.5 Landau/Vavilov/Bichsel p /x for:
x/ = 1600 m
320 m
80 m
1.0
0.5
0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 1000.0
Muon kinetic energy (GeV)
Figure 33.6: Bethe dE/dx, two examples of restricted energy
loss, and the Landau most probable energy per unit thickness in
silicon. The change of p /x with thickness x illustrates its a ln x + b
dependence. Minimum ionization (dE/dx|min ) is 1.664 MeV g1 cm2 .
Radiative losses are excluded. The incident particles are muons.
For very thick absorbers the distribution is less skewed but never
approaches a Gaussian. In the case of Si illustrated in Fig. 33.6, the most
probable energy loss per unit thickness for x 35 g cm2 is very close to
the restricted energy loss with Wcut = 2 dE/dx|min .
The Landau distribution fails to describe energy loss in thin absorbers
such as gas TPC cells [1] and Si detectors [26], as shown clearly in
Fig. 1 of Ref. 1 for an argon-filled TPC cell. Also see Talman [27]. While
p /x may be calculated adequately with Eq. (33.11), the distributions
are significantly wider than the Landau width w = 4 [Ref. 26, Fig. 15].
Examples for thin silicon detectors are shown in Fig. 33.9.
33.2.10. Energy loss in mixtures and compounds : A mixture or

compound can be thought of as made up of thin layers of pure elements
in the right proportion (Bragg additivity). In this case,
X
dE dE
= wj , (33.13)
dx dx j
where hdE/dxij is the mean rate of energy loss (in MeV g cm2 )
in the jth element. Eq. (33.5) can be inserted into Eq. (33.13) to
find
P expressionsPfor hZ/Ai, P hI i, and hi; for example, hZ/Ai =
wj Zj /Aj = nj Zj / nj Aj . However, hI i as defined this way is
an underestimate, because in a compound electrons are more tightly
bound than in the free elements, and hi as calculated this way has little
relevance, because it is the electron density that matters. If possible,
one uses the tables given in Refs. 16 and 29, or the recipes given in
17 (repeated in Ref. 5), which include effective excitation energies and
interpolation coefficients for calculating the density effect correction.
33.3. Multiple scattering through small angles
A charged particle traversing a medium is deflected by many small-angle
scatters. Most of this deflection is due to Coulomb scattering from nuclei,
and hence the effect is called multiple Coulomb scattering. (However, for
hadronic projectiles, the strong interactions also contribute to multiple
scattering.) The Coulomb scattering distribution is well represented by the

theory of Molière [34]. It is roughly Gaussian for small deflection angles,

but at larger angles (greater than a few 0 , defined below) it behaves like
Rutherford scattering, with larger tails than does a Gaussian distribution.
If we define
1 rms
0 = rms
plane = space . (33.14)
2
then it is usually sufficient to use a Gaussian approximation for the central
98% of the projected angular distribution, with a width given by [39,40]
13.6 MeV p h i
0 = z x/X0 1 + 0.038 ln(x/X0 ) . (33.15)
cp
Here p, c, and z are the momentum, velocity, and charge number of
the incident particle, and x/X0 is the thickness of the scattering medium
in radiation lengths (defined below). This value of 0 is from a fit to
Molière distribution for singly charged particles with = 1 for all Z, and
is accurate to 11% or better for 103 < x/X0 < 100.
33.4. Photon and electron interactions in matter
33.4.2. Radiation length : High-energy electrons predominantly lose
energy in matter by bremsstrahlung, and high-energy photons by e+ e
pair production. The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these
related interactions is called the radiation length X0 , usually measured
in g cm2 . It is both (a) the mean distance over which a high-energy
electron loses all but 1/e of its energy by bremsstrahlung, and (b) 79 of the
mean free path for pair production by a high-energy photon [42]. It is also
the appropriate scale length for describing high-energy electromagnetic
cascades. X0 has been calculated and tabulated by Y.S. Tsai [43]:
1 N n o
= 4re2 A Z 2 Lrad f (Z) + Z Lrad . (33.26)
X0 A
1 2
For A = 1 g mol , 4re NA /A = (716.408 g cm ) . Lrad and Lrad
2 1
are given in Table 33.2. The function f (Z) is an infinite sum, but for
elements up to uranium can be represented to 4-place accuracy by

f (Z) = a2 (1 + a2 )1 + 0.20206 0.0369 a2 + 0.0083 a4 0.002 a6 , (33.27)
where a = Z [44].
Table 33.2: Tsais Lrad and Lrad , for use in calculating the
radiation length in an element using Eq. (33.26).
Element Z Lrad Lrad

H 1 5.31 6.144
He 2 4.79 5.621
Li 3 4.74 5.805
Be 4 4.71 5.924
Others >4 ln(184.15 Z 1/3) ln(1194 Z 2/3 )
33.4.3. Bremsstrahlung energy loss by e : At low energies elec-

trons and positrons primarily lose energy by ionization, although
other processes (Mller scattering, Bhabha scattering, e+ annihilation)
contribute, as shown in Fig. 33.10. While ionization loss rates rise
logarithmically with energy, bremsstrahlung losses rise nearly linearly
(fractional loss is nearly independent of energy), and dominates above a
few tens of MeV in most materials.

Ionization loss by electrons and positrons differs from loss by heavy

particles because of the kinematics, spin, and the identity of the incident
electron with the electrons which it ionizes.
At very high energies and except at the high-energy tip of the
bremsstrahlung spectrum, the cross section can be approximated in the
complete screening case as [43]

d/dk = (1/k)4re2 ( 43 34 y + y 2 )[Z 2 (Lrad f (Z)) + Z Lrad ]
(33.29)
+ 19 (1 y)(Z 2 + Z) ,
where y = k/E is the fraction of the electrons energy transfered to the
radiated photon. At small y (the infrared limit) the term on the second
line ranges from 1.7% (low Z) to 2.5% (high Z) of the total. If it is ignored
and the first line simplified with the definition of X0 given in Eq. (33.26),
we have
d A 4 4
= y + y2 . (33.30)
dk X0 NA k 3 3
This formula is accurate except in near y = 1, where screening may
become incomplete, and near y = 0, where the infrared divergence is
removed by the interference of bremsstrahlung amplitudes from nearby
scattering centers (the LPM effect) [45,46] and dielectric suppression
[47,48]. These and other suppression effects in bulk media are discussed in
Sec. 33.4.6.
Except at these extremes, and still in the complete-screening
approximation, the number of photons with energies between kmin and
kmax emitted by an electron travelling a distance d X0 is
" #
2 2
d 4 kmax 4(kmax kmin ) kmax kmin
N = ln + . (33.31)
X0 3 kmin 3E 2E 2
33.4.4. Critical energy : An electron loses energy by bremsstrahlung

at a rate nearly proportional to its energy, while the ionization loss rate
varies only logarithmically with the electron energy. The critical energy
Ec is sometimes defined as the energy at which the two loss rates are
equal [50]. Among alternate definitions is that of Rossi [2], who defines
the critical energy as the energy at which the ionization loss per radiation
length is equal to the electron energy. Equivalently, it is the same as the
first definition with the approximation |dE/dx|brems E/X0 . This form
has been found to describe transverse electromagnetic shower development
more accurately (see below).
The accuracy of approximate forms for Ec has been limited by the
failure to distinguish between gases and solid or liquids, where there is
a substantial difference in ionization at the relevant energy because of
the density effect. Separate fits to Ec (Z), using the Rossi definition, have
been made with functions of the form a/(Z + b) , but was found to be
essentially unity. For Z > 6 we obtain
610 MeV 710 MeV
Ec (solids and liquids) , (gases) .
Z + 1.24 Z + 0.92
Since Ec also depends on A, I, and other factors, such forms are at best
approximate.
33.4.5. Energy loss by photons : Contributions to the photon cross

section in a light element (carbon) and a heavy element (lead) are
shown in Fig. 33.15. At low energies it is seen that the photoelectric
effect dominates, although Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, and
photonuclear absorption also contribute. The photoelectric cross section

100
10
Sn
Absorption length (g/cm 2 )
1
Fe Pb
Si
0.1
H C
0.01
0.001
4
10
5
10
6
10
10 eV 100 eV 1 keV 10 keV 100 keV 1 MeV 10 MeV 100 MeV 1 GeV 10 GeV 100 GeV
Photon energy
Fig. 33.16: The photon mass attenuation length (or mean

free path) = 1/(/) for various elemental absorbers as a
function of photon energy. The mass attenuation coefficient is
/, where is the density. The intensity I remaining after
traversal of thickness t (in mass/unit area) is given by I = I0
exp(t/). The accuraccy is a P few percent. For a chemical
compound or mixture, 1/eff elements wZ /Z , where wZ is
the proportion by weight of the element with atomic number
Z. The processes responsible for attenuation are given in Fig.
33.11. Since coherent processes are included, not all these
processes result in energy deposition.
is characterized by discontinuities (absorption edges) as thresholds for
photoionization of various atomic levels are reached. Photon attenuation
lengths for a variety of elements are shown in Fig 33.16, and data for
30 eV< k <100 GeV for all elements is available from the web pages given
in the caption. Here k is the photon energy.
The increasing domination of pair production as the energy increases is
shown in Fig. 33.17 of the full Review. Using approximations similar to
those used to obtain Eq. (33.30), Tsais formula for the differential cross
section [43] reduces to
d A
= 1 43 x(1 x) (33.32)
dx X0 NA
in the complete-screening limit valid at high energies. Here x = E/k is the
fractional energy transfer to the pair-produced electron (or positron), and
k is the incident photon energy. The cross section is very closely related
to that for bremsstrahlung, since the Feynman diagrams are variants of
one another. The cross section is of necessity symmetric between x and
1 x, as can be seen by the solid curve in See the review by Motz, Olsen,
& Koch for a more detailed treatment [53].
Eq. (33.32) may be integrated to find the high-energy limit for the total
e+ e pair-production cross section:
= 79 (A/X0 NA ) . (33.33)
Equation Eq. (33.33) is accurate to within a few percent down to energies
as low as 1 GeV, particularly for high-Z materials.

33.4.6. Bremsstrahlung and pair production at very high ener-

gies : At ultrahigh energies, Eqns. 33.2933.33 will fail because of
quantum mechanical interference between amplitudes from different scat-
tering centers. Since the longitudinal momentum transfer to a given center
is small ( k/E(E k), in the case of bremsstrahlung), the interaction
is spread over a comparatively long distance called the formation length
( E(E k)/k) via the uncertainty principle. In alternate language, the
formation length is the distance over which the highly relativistic electron
and the photon split apart. The interference is usually destructive.
Calculations of the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect may be
made semi-classically based on the average multiple scattering, or more
rigorously using a quantum transport approach [45,46].
In amorphous media, bremsstrahlung is suppressed if the photon energy
k is less than E 2 /(E + ELP M ) [46], where*
(me c2 )2 X0 X0
ELP M = = (7.7 TeV/cm) . (33.34)
4~c
Since physical distances are involved, X0 /, in cm, appears. The energy-
weighted bremsstrahlung spectrum for lead, k dLP M /dk, is shown in
Fig. 27.11 of the full Review. With appropriate scaling by X0 /, other
materials behave similarly.
For photons, pair production is reduced for E(k E) > k ELP M . The
pair-production cross sections for different photon energies are shown in
Fig. 33.18 of the full Review.
If k E, several additional mechanisms can also produce suppression.
When the formation length is long, even weak factors can perturb
the interaction. For example, the emitted photon can coherently
forward scatter off of the electrons in the media. Because of this,
for k < p E/me 104 , bremsstrahlung is suppressed by a factor
(kme /p E)2 [48]. Magnetic fields can also suppress bremsstrahlung.
In crystalline media, the situation is more complicated, with coherent
enhancement or suppression possible [55].
33.5. Electromagnetic cascades
When a high-energy electron or photon is incident on a thick absorber, it
initiates an electromagnetic cascade as pair production and bremsstrahlung
generate more electrons and photons with lower energy. The longitudinal
development is governed by the high-energy part of the cascade, and
therefore scales as the radiation length in the material. Electron energies
eventually fall below the critical energy, and then dissipate their energy
by ionization and excitation rather than by the generation of more shower
particles. In describing shower behavior, it is therefore convenient to
introduce the scale variables t = x/X0 and y = E/Ec , so that distance
is measured in units of radiation length and energy in units of critical
energy.
The mean longitudinal profile of the energy deposition in an
electromagnetic cascade is reasonably well described by a gamma
distribution [60]:
dE (bt)a1 ebt
= E0 b (33.36)
dt (a)
The maximum tmax occurs at (a 1)/b. We have made fits to shower
profiles in elements ranging from carbon to uranium, at energies from 1
* This definition differs from that of Ref. 54 by a factor of two. ELP M
scales as the 4th power of the mass of the incident particle, so that ELP M =
(1.4 1010 TeV/cm) X0 / for a muon.

GeV to 100 GeV. The energy deposition profiles are well described by
Eq. (33.36) with
tmax = (a 1)/b = 1.0 (ln y + Cj ) , j = e, , (33.37)
where Ce = 0.5 for electron-induced cascades and C = +0.5 for
photon-induced cascades. To use Eq. (33.36), one finds (a 1)/b from
Eq. (33.37), then finds a either by assuming b 0.5 or by finding a
more accurate value from Fig. 33.21. The results are very similar for the
electron number profiles, but there is some dependence on the atomic
number of the medium. A similar form for the electron number maximum
was obtained by Rossi in the context of his Approximation B, [2] but
with Ce = 1.0 and C = 0.5; we regard this as superseded by the EGS4
result.
The shower length Xs = X0 /b is less conveniently parameterized,
since b depends upon both Z and incident energy, as shown in Fig. 33.21.
As a corollary of this Z dependence, the number of electrons crossing a
plane near shower maximum is underestimated using Rossis approxima-
tion for carbon and seriously overestimated for uranium. Essentially the
same b values are obtained for incident electrons and photons. For many
purposes it is sufficient to take b 0.5.
The gamma function distribution is very flat near the origin, while
the EGS4 cascade (or a real cascade) increases more rapidly. As a result
Eq. (33.36) fails badly for about the first two radiation lengths, which are
excluded from fits. Because fluctuations are important, Eq. (33.36) should
be used only in applications where average behavior is adequate.
The transverse development of electromagnetic showers in different
materials scales fairly accurately with the Molière radius RM , given by
[62,63]
RM = X0 Es /Ec , (33.38)
where Es 21 MeV (Table 33.1), and the Rossi definition of Ec is used.
Measurements of the lateral distribution in electromagnetic cascades
are shown in Ref. 62 and 63. On the average, only 10% of the energy
lies outside the cylinder with radius RM . About 99% is contained
inside of 3.5RM , but at this radius and beyond composition effects
become important and the scaling with RM fails. The distributions are
characterized by a narrow core, and broaden as the shower develops. They
are often represented as the sum of two Gaussians, and Grindhammer [61]
describes them with the function
2r R2
f (r) = 2 , (33.40)
(r + R2 )2
where R is a phenomenological function of x/X0 and ln E.
At high enough energies, the LPM effect (Sec. 33.4.6) reduces the cross
sections for bremsstrahlung and pair production, and hence can cause
significant elongation of electromagnetic cascades [56].
33.6. Muon energy loss at high energy
At sufficiently high energies, radiative processes become more important
than ionization for all charged particles. For muons and pions in materials
such as iron, this critical energy occurs at several hundred GeV. (There
is no simple scaling with particle mass, but for protons the critical
energy is much, much higher.) Radiative effects dominate the energy
loss of energetic muons found in cosmic rays or produced at the newest
accelerators. These processes are characterized by small cross sections,
hard spectra, large energy fluctuations, and the associated generation of
electromagnetic and (in the case of photonuclear interactions) hadronic

showers [6472]. At these energies the treatment of energy loss as a

uniform and continuous process is for many purposes inadequate.
It is convenient to write the average rate of muon energy loss as [73]
dE/dx = a(E) + b(E) E . (33.41)
Here a(E) is the ionization energy loss given by Eq. (33.5), and b(E)
is the sum of e+ e pair production, bremsstrahlung, and photonuclear
contributions. To the approximation that these slowly-varying functions
are constant, the mean range x0 of a muon with initial energy E0 is given
by
x0 (1/b) ln(1 + E0 /Ec ) , (33.42)
where Ec = a/b.
The muon critical energy Ec can be defined more exactly as the
energy at which radiative and ionization losses are equal, and can be
found by solving Ec = a(Ec )/b(Ec ). This definition corresponds to the
solid-line intersection in 33.13 of the full Review, and is different from the
Rossi definition we used for electrons. It serves the same function: below
Ec ionization losses dominate, and above Ec radiative effects dominate.
The dependence of Ec on atomic number Z is shown in Fig. 33.24 in the
full Review.
The radiative cross sections are expressed as functions of the fractional
energy loss . The bremsstrahlung cross section goes roughly as 1/ over
most of the range, while for the pair production case the distribution
goes as 3 to 2 [74]. Hard losses are therefore more probable in
bremsstrahlung, and in fact energy losses due to pair production may
very nearly be treated as continuous. The simulated [72] momentum
distribution of an incident 1 TeV/c muon beam after it crosses 3 m of
iron is shown in Fig. 33.25 of the full Review. The hard bremsstrahlung
photons and hadronic debris from photonuclear interactions induce
cascades which can obscure muon tracks in detector planes and reduce
tracking [76].
33.7. Cherenkov and transitional radiation[33,77,78]
A charged particle radiates if its velocity is greater than the local phase
velocity of light (Cherenkov radiation) or if it crosses suddenly from one
medium to another with different optical properties (transition radiation).
Neither process is important for energy loss, but both are used in
high-energy physics detectors.
33.7.1. Optical Cherenkov radiation : The cosine of the angle c of
Cherenkov radiation, relative to the particles direction, for a particle with
velocity c in a medium with index of refraction n, is 1/n, or
p p
tan c = 2 n2 1 2(1 1/n) (33.43)
for small c , e.g., in gases. The threshold velocity t is 1/n, and
t = 1/(1 t2 )1/2 . Therefore, t t = 1/(2 + 2 )1/2 , where = n 1.
Practical Cherenkov radiator materials are dispersive. Let be the
photons frequency, and let k = 2/ be its wavenumber. The photons
propage at the group velocity vg = d/dk = c/[n() + (dn/d)]. In a
non-dispersive medium, this simplifies to vg = c/n.
The number of photons produced per unit path length of a particle
with charge ze and per unit energy interval of the photons is

d2 N z 2 2 z 2 1
= sin2 c = 1
dEdx ~c re me c2 2 n2 (E)
370 sin2 c (E) eV1 cm1 (z = 1) , (33.45)

or, equivalently,

d2 N 2z 2 1
= 1 . (33.46)
dxd 2 2 n2 ()
The index of refraction n is a function of photon energy E = ~. For
practical use, Eq. (33.45) must be multiplied by the photodetector response
function and integrated over the region for which n() > 1.
When two particles are within < 1 wavelength, the electromagnetic
fields from the particles may add coherently, affecting the Cherenkov
radiation. The radiation from an e+ e pair at close separation is
suppressed compared to two independent leptons [84].
33.7.2. Coherent radio Cherenkov radiation :
Coherent Cherenkov radiation is produced by many charged particles
with a non-zero net charge moving through matter on an approximately
common wavefrontfor example, the electrons and positrons in a
high-energy electromagnetic cascade. The signals can be visible above
backgrounds for shower energies as low as 1017 eV; see Sec. 34.3.3 for more
details. The phenomenon is called the Askaryan effect [85]. The photons
can Compton-scatter atomic electrons, and positrons can annihilate with
atomic electrons to contribute even more photons which can in turn
Compton scatter. These processes result in a roughly 20% excess of
electrons over positrons in a shower. The net negative charge leads to
coherent radio Cherenkov emission. Because the emission is coherent, the
electric field strength is proportional to the shower energy, and the signal
power increases as its square. The electric field strength also increases
linearly with frequency, up to a maximum frequency determined by the
lateral spread of the shower. This cutoff occurs at about 1 GHz in ice, and
scales inversely with the Moliere radius. At low frequencies, the radiation
is roughly isotropic, but, as the frequency rises toward the cutoff frequency,
the radiation becomes increasingly peaked around the Cherenkov angle.
33.7.3. Transition radiation : The energy I radiated when a particle
with charge ze crosses the boundary between vacuum and a medium with
plasma frequency p is z 2 ~p/3, where
q q
~p = 4Ne re3 me c2 / = (in g/cm3 ) hZ/Ai 28.81 eV . (33.48)
For styrene and similar materials, ~p 20 eV; for air it is 0.7 eV.
The number spectrum dN /d(~ diverges logarithmically at low
energies and decreases rapidly for ~/~p > 1. About half the energy
is emitted in the range 0.1 ~/~p 1. Inevitable absorption in a
practical detector removes the divergence. For a particle with = 103 ,
the radiated photons are in the soft x-ray range 2 to 40 keV. The
dependence of the emitted energy thus comes from the hardening of the
spectrum rather than from an increased quantum yield.
The number of photons with energy ~ > ~0 is given by the answer
to problem 13.15 in Ref. 33,
" 2 #
z 2 ~p 2
N (~ > ~0 ) = ln 1 + , (33.49)
~0 12
within corrections of order (~0 /~p)2 . The number of photons above a
fixed energy ~0 ~p thus grows as (ln )2 , but the number above a
fixed fraction of ~p (as in the example above) is constant. For example,
for ~ > ~p /10, N = 2.519 z 2/ = 0.59% z 2 .
The particle stays in phase with the x ray over a distance called the
formation length, d(). Most of the radiation is produced in a distance

Without absorption
25 m Mylar/1.5 mm air
= 2 104
102
dS/d( ), differential yield per interface (keV/keV)

Single interface
200 foils
103
With absorption
104
105
1 10 100 1000
x-ray energy (keV)
Figure 33.27: X-ray photon energy spectra for a radiator consisting
of 200 25 m thick foils of Mylar with 1.5 mm spacing in air (solid
lines) and for a single surface (dashed line). Curves are shown with
and without absorption. Adapted from Ref. 88.
d() = (2c/)(1/ 2 + 2 + p2 / 2 )1 . Here is the x-ray emission angle,
characteristically
1/.
For = 1/ the formation length has a maximum
at d(p / 2) = c/ 2 p . In practical situations it is tens of m.
Since the useful x-ray yield from a single interface is low, in practical
detectors it is enhanced by using a stack of N foil radiatorsfoils
L thick, where L is typically several formation lengthsseparated by
gas-filled gaps. The amplitudes at successive interfaces interfere to cause
oscillations about the single-interface spectrum. At increasing frequencies
above the position of the last interference maximum (L/d(w) = /2), the
formation zones, which have opposite phase, overlap more and more and
the spectrum saturates, dI/d approaching zero as L/d() 0. This is
illustrated in Fig. 33.27 for a realistic detector configuration.
For regular spacing of the layers fairly complicated analytic solutions for
the intensity have been obtained [88,89]. (See also Ref. 89 and references
therein.) Although one might expect the intensity of coherent radiation
from the stack of foils to be proportional to N 2 , the angular dependence
of the formation length conspires to make the intensity N .
Particle Physics. The equation and reference numbering corresponds to
that version.

278 34. Detectors at accelerators
34. PARTICLE DETECTORS AT ACCELERATORS

This is an abridgment of the discussion given in the full Review of
Particle Physics (the full Review); the equation and reference numbering
corresponds to that version. The quoted numbers are usually based on
typical devices, and should be regarded only as rough approximations
for new designs. A more detailed discussion of detectors can be found in
Refs. 1 and 64.
34.1. Introduction
This review summarizes the detector technologies employed at
accelerator particle physics experiments. Several of these detectors are
also used in a non-accelerator context and examples of such applications
will be provided. The detector techniques which are specific to non-
accelerator particle physics experiments are the subject of Chap. 35. More
detailed discussions of detectors and their underlying physics can be found
in books by Ferbel [1], Kleinknecht [2], Knoll [3], Green [4], Leroy &
Rancoita [5], and Grupen [6].
In Table 34.1 are given typical resolutions and deadtimes of common
charged particle detectors. The quoted numbers are usually based on
typical devices, and should be regarded only as rough approximations
for new designs. The spatial resolution refers to the intrinsic detector
resolution, i.e. without multiple scattering. We note that analog detector
readout can provide better spatial resolution than digital readout by
measuring the deposited charge in neighboring channels. Quoted ranges
attempt to be representative of both possibilities. The time resolution is
defined by how accurately the time at which a particle crossed the detector
can be determined. The deadtime is the minimum separation in time
between two resolved hits on the same channel. Typical performance of
calorimetry and particle identification are provided in the relevant sections
below.
Table 34.1: Typical resolutions and deadtimes of common charged
particle detectors. Revised November 2011.
Intrinsinc Spatial Time Dead

Detector Type Resolution (rms) Resolution Time
Resistive plate chamber . 10 mm 1 ns (50 psa )

Streamer chamber 300 ma 2 s 100 ms
Liquid argon drift [7] 175450 m 200 ns 2 s
Scintillation tracker 100 m 100 ps/na 10 ns
Bubble chamber 10150 m 1 ms 50 msa
Proportional chamber 50100 ma 2 ns 20-200 ns
Drift chamber 50100 m 2 nsa 20-100 ns
Micro-pattern gas detectors 3040 m < 10 ns 10-100 ns
Silicon strip pitch/(3 to 7)a few nsa . 50 nsa
Silicon pixel . 10 m few nsa . 50 nsa
Emulsion 1 m
a See full Review for qualifications and assumptions.

34. Detectors at accelerators 279
34.2. Photon detectors

Updated August 2011 by D. Chakraborty (Northern Illinois U) and
T. Sumiyoshi (Tokyo Metro U).
Most detectors in high-energy, nuclear, and astrophysics rely on the
detection of photons in or near the visible range, 100 nm . . 1000 nm,
or E a few eV. This range covers scintillation and Cherenkov radiation
as well as the light detected in many astronomical observations.
Generally, photodetection involves generating a detectable electrical
signal proportional to the (usually very small) number of incident photons.
34.2.1. Vacuum photodetectors : Vacuum photodetectors can be
broadly subdivided into three types: photomultiplier tubes, microchannel
plates, and hybrid photodetectors.
34.2.1.1. Photomultiplier tubes: A versatile class of photon detectors,
vacuum photomultiplier tubes (PMT) has been employed by a vast major-
ity of all particle physics experiments to date [9]. Both transmission-
and reflection-type PMTs are widely used. In the former, the pho-
tocathode material is deposited on the inside of a transparent window
through which the photons enter, while in the latter, the photocathode
material rests on a separate surface that the incident photons strike. The
cathode material has a low work function, chosen for the wavelength band
of interest. When a photon hits the cathode and liberates an electron (the
photoelectric effect), the latter is accelerated and guided by electric fields
to impinge on a secondary-emission electrode, or dynode, which then emits
a few ( 5) secondary electrons. The multiplication process is repeated
typically 10 times in series to generate a sufficient number of electrons,
which are collected at the anode for delivery to the external circuit. The
total gain of a PMT depends on the applied high voltage V as G = AV kn ,
where k 0.70.8 (depending on the dynode material), n is the number
of dynodes in the chain, and A a constant (which also depends on n).
Typically, G is in the range of 105 106 .
34.2.2. Gaseous photon detectors : In gaseous photomultipliers
(GPM) a photoelectron in a suitable gas mixture initiates an avalanche
in a high-field region, producing a large number of secondary impact-
ionization electrons. In principle the charge multiplication and collection
processes are identical to those employed in gaseous tracking detectors
such as multiwire proportional chambers, micromesh gaseous detectors
(Micromegas), or gas electron multipliers (GEM). These are discussed in
Sec. 34.6.3.
34.2.3. Solid-state photon detectors : In a phase of rapid develop-
ment, solid-state photodetectors are competing with vacuum- or gas-based
devices for many existing applications and making way for a multitude of
new ones. Compared to traditional vacuum- and gaseous photodetectors,
solid-state devices are more compact, lightweight, rugged, tolerant to
magnetic fields, and often cheaper. They also allow fine pixelization, are
easy to integrate into large systems, and can operate at low electric
potentials, while matching or exceeding most performance criteria. They
are particularly well suited for detection of - and X-rays. Except for ap-
plications where coverage of very large areas or dynamic range is required,
solid-state detectors are proving to be the better choice. Some hybrid
devices attempt to combine the best features of different technologies while
applications of nanotechnology are opening up exciting new possibilities.
Silicon photodiodes (PD) are widely used in high-energy physics as
particle detectors and in a great number of applications (including solar

cells!) as light detectors. The structure is discussed in some detail in

Sec. 34.7.
Very large arrays containing O(107 ) of O(10 m2 )-sized photodiodes
pixelizing a plane are widely used to photograph all sorts of things
from everyday subjects at visible wavelengths to crystal structures
with X-rays and astronomical objects from infrared to UV. To limit
the number of readout channels, these are made into charge-coupled
devices (CCD), where pixel-to-pixel signal transfer takes place over
thousands of synchronous cycles with sequential output through shift
registers [14]. Thus, high spatial resolution is achieved at the expense of
speed and timing precision. Custom-made CCDs have virtually replaced
photographic plates and other imagers for astronomy and in spacecraft.
In APDs, an exponential cascade of impact ionizations initiated by the
original photogenerated e-h pair under a large reverse-bias voltage leads to
an avalanche breakdown [15]. As a result, detectable electrical response
can be obtained from low-intensity optical signals down to single photons.
34.3. Organic scintillators
Revised August 2011 by Kurtis F. Johnson (FSU).
Organic scintillators are broadly classed into three types, crystalline,
liquid, and plastic, all of which utilize the ionization produced by
charged particles to generate optical photons, usually in the blue to
green wavelength regions [19]. Plastic scintillators are by far the most
widely used, liquid organic scintillator is finding increased use, and crystal
organic scintillators are practically unused in high-energy physics. Plastic
scintillator densities range from 1.03 to 1.20 g cm3 . Typical photon yields
are about 1 photon per 100 eV of energy deposit [20]. A one-cm-thick
scintillator traversed by a minimum-ionizing particle will therefore yield
2 104 photons. The resulting photoelectron signal will depend on the
collection and transport efficiency of the optical package and the quantum
efficiency of the photodetector.
Decay times are in the ns range; rise times are much faster. Ease of
fabrication into desired shapes and low cost has made plastic scintillator
a common detector element. In the form of scintillating fiber it has found
widespread use in tracking and calorimetry [23].
34.3.2. Scintillating and wavelength-shifting fibers :
The clad optical fiber comprising scintillator and wavelength shifter
(WLS) is particularly useful [31]. Since the initial demonstration of the
scintillating fiber (SCIFI) calorimeter [32], SCIFI techniques have become
mainstream [33]. SCIFI calorimeters are fast, dense, radiation hard, and
can have leadglass-like resolution. SCIFI trackers can handle high rates
and are radiation tolerant, but the low photon yield at the end of a
long fiber (see below) forces the use of sensitive photodetectors. WLS
scintillator readout of a calorimeter allows a very high level of hermeticity
since the solid angle blocked by the fiber on its way to the photodetector
is very small.

34.4. Inorganic scintillators

Revised November 2015 by R.-Y. Zhu (California Institute of Technology)
and C.L. Woody (BNL).
Inorganic crystals form a class of scintillating materials with much
higher densities than organic plastic scintillators (typically 48 g/cm3 )
with a variety of different properties for use as scintillation detectors. Due
to their high density and high effective atomic number, they can be used
in applications where high stopping power or a high conversion efficiency
for electrons or photons is required. These include total absorption
electromagnetic calorimeters (see Sec. 34.8.1), which consist of a totally
active absorber (as opposed to a sampling calorimeter), as well as serving
as gamma ray detectors over a wide range of energies. Many of these
crystals also have very high light output, and can therefore provide
excellent energy resolution down to very low energies ( few hundred
keV).
34.5. Cherenkov detectors
Revised August 2015 by B.N. Ratcliff (SLAC).
Although devices using Cherenkov radiation are often thought of as
only particle identification (PID) detectors, in practice they are used over
a much broader range of applications including; (1) fast particle counters;
(2) hadronic PID; and (3) tracking detectors performing complete event
reconstruction. Examples of applications from each category include;
(1) the Quartic fast timing counter designed to measure small angle
scatters at the LHC [56]; (2) the hadronic PID detectors at the
B factory detectorsDIRC in BaBar [57] and the aerogel threshold
Cherenkov in Belle [58]; and (3) large water Cherenkov counters such as
Super-Kamiokande [59]. Cherenkov counters contain two main elements;
(1) a radiator through which the charged particle passes, and (2) a
photodetector. As Cherenkov radiation is a weak source of photons, light
collection and detection must be as efficient as possible. The refractive
index n and the particles path length through the radiator L appear
in the Cherenkov relations allowing the tuning of these quantities for
particular applications.
Cherenkov detectors utilize one or more of the properties of Cherenkov
radiation discussed in the Passages of Particles through Matter section
(Sec. 33 of this Review): the prompt emission of a light pulse; the existence
of a velocity threshold for radiation; and the dependence of the Cherenkov
cone half-angle c and the number of emitted photons on the velocity of
the particle and the refractive index of the medium.
34.6. Gaseous detectors
34.6.1. Energy loss and charge transport in gases : Revised March
2010 by F. Sauli (CERN) and M. Titov (CEA Saclay).
Gas-filled detectors localize the ionization produced by charged
particles, generally after charge multiplication. The statistics of ionization
processes having asymmetries in the ionization trails, affect the coordinate
determination deduced from the measurement of drift time, or of the center
of gravity of the collected charge. For thin gas layers, the width of the
energy loss distribution can be larger than its average, requiring multiple
sample or truncated mean analysis to achieve good particle identification.
In the truncated mean method for calculating hdE/dxi, the ionization
measurements along the track length are broken into many samples and
then a fixed fraction of high-side (and sometimes also low-side) values are
rejected [64].

The energy loss of charged particles and photons in matter is discussed

in Sec. 33. Table 34.2 provides values of relevant parameters in some
commonly used gases at NTP (normal temperature, 20 C, and pressure,
1 atm) for unit-charge minimum-ionizing particles (MIPs) [6571].
Table 34.2: Properties of noble and molecular gases at normal

temperature and pressure (NTP: 20 C, one atm). EX , EI : first
excitation, ionization energy; WI : average energy per ion pair;
dE/dx|min , NP , NT : differential energy loss, primary and total
number of electron-ion pairs per cm, for unit charge minimum
ionizing particles.
Gas Density, Ex EI WI dE/dx|min NP NT

mg cm3 eV eV eV keV cm1 cm1 cm1
He 0.179 19.8 24.6 41.3 0.32 3.5 8

Ne 0.839 16.7 21.6 37 1.45 13 40
Ar 1.66 11.6 15.7 26 2.53 25 97
Xe 5.495 8.4 12.1 22 6.87 41 312
CH4 0.667 8.8 12.6 30 1.61 28 54
C2 H6 1.26 8.2 11.5 26 2.91 48 112
iC4 H10 2.49 6.5 10.6 26 5.67 90 220
CO2 1.84 7.0 13.8 34 3.35 35 100
CF4 3.78 10.0 16.0 54 6.38 63 120
When an ionizing particle passes through the gas it creates electron-ion

pairs, but often the ejected electrons have sufficient energy to further ionize
the medium. As shown in Table 34.2, the total number of electron-ion
pairs (NT ) is usually a few times larger than the number of primaries
(NP ).
The probability for a released electron to have an energy E or larger
follows an approximate 1/E 2 dependence (Rutherford law), taking into
account the electronic structure of the medium
The number of electron-ion pairs per primary ionization, or cluster
size, has an exponentially decreasing probability; for argon, there is about
1% probability for primary clusters to contain ten or more electron-ion
pairs [67].
Once released in the gas, and under the influence of an applied electric
field, electrons and ions drift in opposite directions and diffuse towards
the electrodes. The drift velocity and diffusion of electrons depend very
strongly on the nature of the gas. Large drift velocities are achieved by
adding polyatomic gases (usually CH4 , CO2 , or CF4 ) having large inelastic
cross sections at moderate energies, which results in cooling electrons
into the energy range of the Ramsauer-Townsend minimum (at 0.5 eV)
of the elastic cross-section of argon. In a simple approximation, gas kinetic
theory provides the drift velocity v as a function of the mean collision
time and the electric field E: v = eE /me (Townsends expression). In
the presence of an external magnetic field, the Lorentz force acting on
electrons between collisions deflects the drifting electrons and modifies the
drift properties.
If the electric field is increased sufficiently, electrons gain enough energy
between collisions to ionize molecules. Above a gas-dependent threshold,
the mean free path for ionization, i , decreases exponentially with the field;
its inverse, = 1/i , is the first Townsend coefficient. In wire chambers,

most of the increase of avalanche particle density occurs very close to

the anode wires, and a simple electrostatic consideration shows that the
largest fraction of the detected signal is due to the motion of positive
ions receding from the wires. The electron component, although very fast,
contributes very little to the signal. This determines the characteristic
shape of the detected signals in the proportional mode: a fast rise followed
by a gradual increase.
34.6.2. Multi-Wire Proportional and Drift Chambers : Revised
March 2010 by Fabio Sauli (CERN) and Maxim Titov (CEA Saclay).
Multiwire proportional chambers (MWPCs) [73,74], introduced in the
late 60s, detect, localize and measure energy deposit by charged particles
over large areas. A mesh of parallel anode wires at a suitable potential,
inserted between two cathodes, acts almost as a set of independent
proportional counters. Electrons released in the gas volume drift towards
the anodes and produce avalanches in the increasing field.
Detection of charge on the wires over a predefined threshold provides
the transverse coordinate to the wire with an accuracy comparable to that
of the wire spacing. The coordinate along each wire can be obtained by
measuring the ratio of collected charge at the two ends of resistive wires.
Making use of the charge profile induced on segmented cathodes, the
so-called center-of gravity (COG) method, permits localization of tracks
to sub-mm accuracy.
Drift chambers, developed in the early 70s, can be used to estimate the
longitudinal position of a track by exploiting the arrival time of electrons
at the anodes if the time of interaction is known [77]. The distance
between anode wires is usually several cm, allowing coverage of large areas
at reduced cost.
34.6.3. Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors : Revised March 2010 by
Fabio Sauli (CERN) and Maxim Titov (CEA Saclay)
By using pitch size of a few hundred m, an order of magnitude
improvement in granularity over wire chambers, these detectors offer
intrinsic high rate capability (> 106 Hz/mm2 ), excellent spatial resolution
( 30 m), multi-particle resolution ( 500 m), and single photo-
electron time resolution in the ns range.
The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector consists of a thin-foil
copper-insulator-copper sandwich chemically perforated to obtain a high
density of holes in which avalanches occur [94]. The hole diameter is
typically between 25 m and 150 m, while the corresponding distance
between holes varies between 50 m and 200 m. The central insulator
is usually (in the original design) the polymer Kapton, with a thickness
of 50 m. Application of a potential difference between the two sides of
the GEM generates the electric fields. Each hole acts as an independent
proportional counter. Electrons released by the primary ionization particle
in the upper conversion region (above the GEM foil) drift into the holes,
where charge multiplication occurs in the high electric field (5070 kV/cm).
Most of avalanche electrons are transferred into the gap below the GEM.
Several GEM foils can be cascaded, allowing the multi-layer GEM
detectors to operate at overall gas gain above 104 in the presence of highly
ionizing particles, while strongly reducing the risk of discharges.
The micro-mesh gaseous structure (Micromegas) is a thin parallel-plate
avalanche counter. It consists of a drift region and a narrow multiplication
gap (25150 m) between a thin metal grid (micromesh) and the readout
electrode (strips or pads of conductor printed on an insulator board).
Electrons from the primary ionization drift through the holes of the mesh
into the narrow multiplication gap, where they are amplified. The electric

field is homogeneous both in the drift (electric field 1 kV/cm) and

amplification (5070 kV/cm) gaps. The small amplification gap produces
a narrow avalanche, giving rise to excellent spatial resolution: 12 m
accuracy, limited by the micro-mesh pitch, has been achieved for MIPs, as
well as very good time resolution and energy resolution ( 12% FWHM
with 6 keV x rays) [97].
The performance and robustness of GEM and Micromegas have
encouraged their use in high-energy and nuclear physics, UV and visible
photon detection, astroparticle and neutrino physics, neutron detection
and medical physics.
34.6.4. Time-projection chambers : Written August 2015 by C.
Lippmann (GSI Helmholtzzentrum f ur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt,
Germany)
The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) concept was invented by David
Nygren in the late 1970s [82]. It consists of a cylindrical or square field
cage filled with a detection medium that is usually a gas or a liquid.
Charged particles produce tracks of ionization electrons that drift in a
uniform electric field towards a position-sensitive amplification stage which
provides a 2D projection of the particle trajectories. The third coordinate
can be calculated from the arrival times of the drifted electrons. The
start for this drift time measurement is usually derived from an external
detector, e.g. a fast interaction trigger detector.
Identification of the charged particles crossing the TPC is possible by
simultaneously measuring their momentum and specific energy deposit
through ionisation (dE/dx). The momentum, as well as the charge sign,
are calculated from a helix fit to the particle trajectory in the presence of
a magnetic field (typically parallel to the drift field).
The greatest challenges for a large TPC are due to the length of the
drift of up to several meters. In particular, it can make the device sensitive
to small distortions in the electric field. Such distortions can arise from a
number of sources, e.g. imperfections in the field cage construction or the
presence of ions in the drift volume.
The drift and diffusion of electrons depend strongly on the nature of
the gas that is used. The optimal gas mixture varies according to the
environment in which the TPC will operate. In all cases, the oxygen
concentration must be kept very low (few ten parts per million in a large
TPC) in order to avoid electron loss through attachment.
Historically, the amplification stages used in gaseous TPCs have been
planes of anode wires operated in proportional mode. The performance is
limited by effects related to the feature size of a few mm (wire spacing).
The smaller feature sizes of Micro-Pattern Gas Detectors (MPGDs) like
GEMs and Micromegas lead to many advantages as compared to wire
planes (see Sec. 34.6.3).
34.6.5. Transition radiation detectors (TRDs) : Revised August
2013 by P. Nevski (BNL) and A. Romaniouk (Moscow Eng. & Phys. Inst.)
Transition radiation (TR) x-rays are produced when a highly relativistic
particle ( > 3
10 ) crosses a refractive index interface, as discussed in
Sec. 33.7. The x-rays, ranging from a few keV to a few dozen keV or more,
are emitted at a characteristic angle 1/ from the particle trajectory. Since
the TR yield is about 1% per boundary crossing, radiation from multiple
surface crossings is used in practical detectors. In the simplest concept, a
detector module might consist of low-Z foils followed by a high-Z active
layer made of proportional counters filled with a Xe-rich gas mixture.
The atomic number considerations follow from the dominant photoelectric
absorption cross section per atom going roughly as Z n /Ex3 , where n varies

between 4 and 5 over the region of interest, and the x-ray energy is Ex . To
minimize self-absorption, materials such as polypropylene, Mylar, carbon,
and (rarely) lithium are used as radiators. The TR signal in the active
regions is in most cases superimposed upon the particle ionization losses,
which are proportional to Z.
The TR intensity for a single boundary crossing always increases with
, but, for multiple boundary crossings, interference leads to saturation
above a Lorentz factor sat = 0.6 1 1 2 /c [111], where 1 is the
radiator material plasma frequency, 1 is its thickness, and 2 the spacing.
In most of the detectors used in particle physics the radiator parameters
are chosen to provide sat 2000. Those detectors normally work as
threshold devices, ensuring the best electron/pion separation in the
momentum range 1 GeV/c < p< 150 GeV/c.
The discrimination between electrons and pions can be based on the
charge deposition measured in each detection module, on the number of
clusters energy depositions observed above an optimal threshold (usually
it is 57 keV ), or on more sophisticated methods such as analyzing
the pulse shape as a function of time. The total energy measurement
technique is more suitable for thick gas volumes, which absorb most of
the TR radiation and where the ionization loss fluctuations are small. The
cluster-counting method works better for detectors with thin gas layers,
where the fluctuations of the ionization losses are big. Recent TRDs for
particle astrophysics are designed to directly measure the Lorentz factor
of high-energy nuclei by using the quadratic dependence of the TR yield
on nuclear charge; see Cherry and M uller papers in [113].
34.7. Semiconductor detectors
Updated November 2013 by H. Spieler.
Semiconductor detectors provide a unique combination of energy and
position resolution. In collider detectors they are most widely used as
position sensing devices and photodetectors (Sec. 34.2).
34.7.1. Materials Requirements :
Semiconductor detectors are essentially solid state ionization chambers.
Absorbed energy forms electron-hole pairs, i.e., negative and positive
charge carriers, which under an applied electric field move towards their
respective collection electrodes, where they induce a signal current. The
energy required to form an electron-hole pair is proportional to the
bandgap. In tracking detectors the energy loss in the detector should be
minimal, whereas for energy spectroscopy the stopping power should be
maximized, so for gamma rays high-Z materials are desirable.
Measurements on silicon photodiodes [141] show that for photon
energies below 4 eV one electron-hole (e-h) pair is formed per incident
photon. The mean energy Ei required to produce an e-h pair peaks at
4.4 eV for a photon energy around 6 eV. Above 1.5 keV it assumes
a constant value, 3.67 eV at room temperature. It is larger than the
bandgap energy because momentum conservation requires excitation of
lattice vibrations (phonons). For minimum-ionizing particles, the most
probable charge deposition in a 300 m thick silicon detector is about
3.5 fC (22000 electrons). Other typical ionization energies are 2.96 eV in
Ge, 4.2 eV in GaAs, and 4.43 eV in CdTe.
Since both electronic and lattice excitations are involved, the variance
in the number of charge carriers N = E/Ei produced by an absorbed
energyE is reduced by the Fano factor F (aboutp 0.1 in Si and Ge). Thus,
N = F N and the energy resolution E /E = F Ei /E. However, the
measured signal fluctuations are usually dominated by electronic noise or
energy loss fluctuations in the detector.

A major effort is to find high-Z materials with a bandgap that is

sufficiently high to allow room-temperature operation while still providing
good energy resolution. Compound semiconductors, e.g., CdZnTe,
can allow this, but typically suffer from charge collection problems,
characterized by the product of mobility and carrier lifetime. In Si and
Ge > 1 cm2 V1 for both electrons and holes, whereas in compound
semiconductors it is in the range 103 108 . Since for holes is typically
an order of magnitude smaller than for electrons, detector configurations
where the electron contribution to the charge signal dominatese.g., strip
or pixel structurescan provide better performance.
34.7.2. Detector Configurations :
A p-n junction operated at reverse bias forms a sensitive region depleted
of mobile charge and sets up an electric field that sweeps charge liberated
by radiation to the electrodes. Detectors typically use an asymmetric
structure, e.g., a highly doped p electrode and a lightly doped n region,
so that the depletion region extends predominantly into the lightly doped
volume.
In a planar device the thickness of the depleted region is
p p
W = 2 (V + Vbi )/N e = 2(V + Vbi ) , (34.19)
where V = external bias voltage
Vbi = built-in voltage ( 0.5 V for resistivities typically used in Si
detectors)
N = doping concentration
e = electronic charge
= dielectric constant = 11.9 0 1 pF/cm in Si
= resistivity (typically 110 k cm in Si)
= charge carrier mobility
= 1350 cm2 V1 s1 for electrons in Si
= 450 cm2 V1 s1 for holes in Si
In Si p
W = 0.5 [m/ -cm V] (V + Vbi ) for n-type Si, and
p
W = 0.3 [m/ -cm V] (V + Vbi ) for p-type Si.
Large volume ( 102 103 cm3 ) Ge detectors are commonly configured as
coaxial detectors, e.g., a cylindrical n-type crystal with 510 cm diameter
and 10 cm length with an inner 510 mm diameter n+ electrode and an
outer p+ layer forming the diode junction. Ge can be grown with very
low impurity levels, 109 1010 cm3 (HPGe), so these large volumes can be
depleted with several kV.
34.7.3. Signal Formation :
The signal pulse shape depends on the instantaneous carrier velocity
v(x) = E(x) and the electrode geometry, which determines the
distribution of induced charge (e.g., see Ref. 140, pp. 7183). Charge
collection time decreases with increasing bias voltage, and can be reduced
further by operating the detector with overbias, i.e., a bias voltage
exceeding the value required to fully deplete the device. Note that in
partial depletion the electric field goes to zero, whereas going beyond
full depletion adds a constantly distributed field. The collection time is
limited by velocity saturation at high fields (in Si approaching 107 cm/s
at E > 104 V/cm); at an average field of 104 V/cm the collection time
is about 15 ps/m for electrons and 30 ps/m for holes. In typical
fully-depleted detectors 300 m thick, electrons are collected within about
10 ns, and holes within about 25 ns.

Position resolution is limited by transverse diffusion during charge

collection (typically 5 m for 300 m thickness) and by knock-on electrons.
Resolutions of 24 m (rms) have been obtained in beam tests. In
magnetic fields, the Lorentz drift deflects the electron and hole trajectories
and the detector must be tilted to reduce spatial spreading (see Hall
effect in semiconductor textbooks).
Electrodes can be in the form of cm-scale pads, strips, or m-scale
pixels. Various readout structures have been developed for pixels, e.g.,
CCDs, DEPFETs, monolithic pixel devices that integrate sensor and
electronics (MAPS), and hybrid pixel devices that utilize separate sensors
and readout ICs connected by two-dimensional arrays of solder bumps.
For an overview and further discussion see Ref. 140.
Strip and pixel detectors have remained functional at fluences beyond
1015 cm2 for minimum ionizing protons. At this damage level, charge
loss due to recombination and trapping becomes significant and the
high signal-to-noise ratio obtainable with low-capacitance pixel structures
extends detector lifetime. The higher mobility of electrons makes them
less sensitive to carrier lifetime than holes, so detector configurations that
emphasize the electron contribution to the charge signal are advantageous,
e.g., n+ strips or pixels on a p- or n-substrate. The occupancy of
the defect charge states is strongly temperature dependent; competing
processes can increase or decrease the required operating voltage. It is
critical to choose the operating temperature judiciously (10 to 0 C in
typical collider detectors) and limit warm-up periods during maintenance.
For a more detailed summary see Ref. 146 and and the web-sites of the
ROSE and RD50 collaborations at http://RD48.web.cern.ch/rd48 and
http://RD50.web.cern.ch/rd50. Materials engineering, e.g., introducing
oxygen interstitials, can improve certain aspects and is under investigation.
At high fluences diamond is an alternative, but operates as an insulator
rather than a reverse-biased diode.
34.8. Calorimeters
A calorimeter is designed to measure a particles (or jets) energy and
direction for an (ideally) contained electromagnetic (EM) or hadronic
shower. The characteristic interaction distance for an electromagnetic
interaction is the radiation length X0 , which ranges from 13.8 g cm2
in iron to 6.0 g cm2 in uranium.* Similarly, the characteristic nuclear
interaction length I varies from 132.1 g cm2 (Fe) to 209 g cm2 (U).
In either case, a calorimeter must be many interaction lengths deep,
where many is determined by physical size, cost, and other factors. EM
calorimeters tend to be 1530 X0 deep, while hadronic calorimeters are
usually compromised at 58 I . In real experiments there is likely to be
an EM calorimeter in front of the hadronic section, which in turn has
less sampling density in the back, so the hadronic cascade occurs in a
succession of different structures.
In all cases there is a premium on small I / and X0 / (both with
units of length).
These considerations are for sampling calorimeters consisting of metallic
absorber sandwiched or (threaded) with an active material which generates
signal. The active medium may be a scintillator, an ionizing noble liquid,
a gas chamber, a semiconductor, or a Cherenkov radiator.
There are also homogeneous calorimeters, in which the entire volume
is sensitive, i.e., contributes signal. Homogeneous calorimeters (so far
* X0 = 120 g cm2 Z 2/3 to better than 5% for Z > 23.

= 37.8 g cm2 A0.312 to within 0.8% for Z > 15.
I
See pdg.lbl.gov/AtomicNuclearProperties for actual values.

usually electromagnetic) may be built with inorganic heavy (high density,

high hZi) scintillating crystals, or non-scintillating Cherenkov radiators
such as lead glass and lead fluoride. Scintillation light and/or ionization
in noble liquids can be detected. Nuclear interaction lengths in inorganic
crystals range from 17.8 cm (LuAlO3 ) to 42.2 cm (NaI).
34.8.1. Electromagnetic calorimeters :
Revised September 2015 by R.-Y. Zhu (California Institute of Technology).
The development of electromagnetic showers is discussed in the section
on Passage of Particles Through Matter (Sec. 33 of this Review).
The energy resolution E /E of a calorimeter can be parameterized as

a/ E b c/E, where represents addition in quadrature and E is in
GeV. The stochastic term a represents statistics-related fluctuations such
as intrinsic shower fluctuations, photoelectron statistics, dead material at
the front of the calorimeter, and sampling fluctuations. For a fixed number
of radiation lengths, the stochastic
p term a for a sampling calorimeter is
expected to be proportional to t/f , where t is plate thickness and f
is sampling fraction [152,153]. While a is at a few percent level for a
homogeneous calorimeter, it is typically 10% for sampling calorimeters.
The main contributions to the systematic, or constant, term b are
detector non-uniformity and calibration uncertainty. In the case of the
hadronic cascades discussed below, non-compensation also contributes to
the constant term. One additional contribution to the constant term for
calorimeters built for modern high-energy physics experiments, operated
in a high-beam intensity environment, is radiation damage of the active
medium. This can be mitigated by developing radiation-hard active
media [51], by reducing the signal path length [52] and by frequent in situ
calibration and monitoring [50,153].
34.8.2. Hadronic calorimeters : [15,153]
Revised September 2013 by D. E. Groom (LBNL).
Most large hadron calorimeters are parts of large 4 detectors at
colliding beam facilities. At present these are sampling calorimeters:
plates of absorber (Fe, Pb, Cu, or occasionally U or W) alternating with
plastic scintillators (plates, tiles, bars), liquid argon (LAr), or gaseous
detectors. The ionization is measured directly, as in LAr calorimeters, or
via scintillation light observed by photodetectors (usually PMTs or silicon
photodiodes). Wavelength-shifting fibers are often used to solve difficult
problems of geometry and light collection uniformity. Silicon sensors are
being studied for ILC detectors; in this case e-h pairs are collected.
In an inelastic hadronic collision a significant fraction fem of the
energy is removed from further hadronic interaction by the production
of secondary 0 s and s, whose decay photons generate high-energy
electromagnetic (EM) showers. Charged secondaries ( , p, . . . ) deposit
energy via ionization and excitation, but also interact with nuclei,
producing spallation protons and neutrons, evaporation neutrons, and
spallation products. The charged collision products produce detectable
ionization, as do the showering -rays from the prompt de-excitation of
highly excited nuclei. The recoiling nuclei generate little or no detectable
signal. The neutrons lose kinetic energy in elastic collisions, thermalize on
a time scale of several s, and are captured, with the production of more
-raysusually outside the acceptance gate of the electronics. Between
endothermic spallation losses, nuclear recoils, and late neutron capture, a
significant fraction of the hadronic energy (20%40%, depending on the
absorber and energy of the incident particle) is used to overcome nuclear
binding energies and is therefore lost or invisible.

For hh/ei = 6 1 (noncompensation), fluctuations in fem significantly

contribute to or even dominate the resolution. Since the fem distribution
has a high-energy tail, the calorimeter response is non-Gaussian with a
high-energy tail if hh/ei < 1. Noncompensation thus seriously degrades
resolution and produces a nonlinear response.
It is clearly desirable to compensate the response, i.e., to design the
calorimeter such that hh/ei = 1. This is possible only with a sampling
calorimeter, where several variables can be chosen or tuned:
1. Decrease the EM sensitivity. EM cross sections increase with Z,
and most of the energy in an EM shower is deposited by low-
energy electrons. A disproportionate fraction of the EM energy is
thus deposited in the higher-Z absorber. The degree of EM signal
suppression can be somewhat controlled by tuning the sensor/absorber
thickness ratio.
2. Increase the hadronic sensitivity. The abundant neutrons produced
in the cascade have large n-p elastic scattering cross sections, so
that low-energy scattered protons are produced in hydrogenous
sampling materials such as butane-filled proportional counters or
plastic scintillator.
3. Fabjan and Willis proposed that the additional signal generated in the
aftermath of fission in 238 U absorber plates should compensate nuclear
fluctuations [166].
Motivated very much by the work of Brau, Gabriel, Br uckmann, and
Wigmans [168], several groups built calorimeters which were very nearly
compensating. The degree of compensation was sensitive to the acceptance
gate width, and so could be somewhat further tuned.
After the first interaction of the incident hadron, the average
longitudinal distribution rises to a smooth peak. The peak position
increases slowly with energy. The distribution becomes nearly exponential
after several interaction lengths. A gamma distribution fairly well describes
the longitudinal development of an EM shower, as discussed in Sec. 33.5.
The transverse energy deposit is characterized by a central core
dominated by EM cascades, together with a wide skirt produced by
wide-angle hadronic interactions [174].
The asymptotic pair-production cross section scales roughly as Z 0.75 ,

and |dE/dx| slowly decreases with increasing Z.

290 35. Detectors for non-accelerator physics
35. PARTICLE DETECTORS

FOR NON-ACCELERATOR PHYSICS
This is an abridgment of the discussion given in the full Review of

Particle Physics (the full Review); the equation and reference numbering
corresponds to that version. The quoted numbers are usually based on
typical devices, and should be regarded only as rough approximations for
new designs.
35.1. Introduction
Non-accelerator experiments have become increasingly important in
particle physics. These include classical cosmic ray experiments, neutrino
oscillation measurements, and searches for double-beta decay, dark
matter candidates, and magnetic monopoles. The experimental methods
are sometimes those familiar at accelerators (plastic scintillators, drift
chambers, TRDs, etc.) but there is also instrumentation either not
found at accelerators or applied in a radically different way. Examples
are atmospheric scintillation detectors (Flys Eye), massive Cherenkov
detectors (Super-Kamiokande, IceCube), ultracold solid state detectors
(CDMS). And, except for the cosmic ray detectors, radiologically
ultra-pure materials are required.
In this section, some more important detectors special to terrestrial
non-accelerator experiments are discussed. Techniques used in both
accelerator and non-accelerator experiments are described in Sec. 28,
Particle Detectors at Accelerators, some of which have been modified to
accommodate the non-accelerator nuances.
35.2. High-energy cosmic-ray hadron and gamma-ray
detectors
35.2.1. Atmospheric fluorescence detectors :
Revised August 2015 by L.R. Wiencke (Colorado School of Mines).
Cosmic-ray fluorescence detectors (FDs) use the atmosphere as a
giant calorimeter to measure isotropic scintillation light that traces the
development profiles of extensive air showers. An extensive air shower
(EAS) is produced by the interactions of ultra high-energy (E > 1017 eV)
subatomic particles in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. The
amount of scintillation light generated is proportional to energy deposited
in the atmosphere and nearly independent of the primary species.
The fluorescence light is emitted primarily between 290 and 430 nm,
when relativistic charged particles, primarily electrons and positrons,
excite nitrogen molecules in air, resulting in transitions of the 1P and 2P
systems.
An FD element (telescope) consists of a non-tracking spherical mirror
(3.513 m2 and less than astronomical quality), a close-packed camera
of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) (for example, Hamamatsu R9508 or
Photonis XP3062) near the focal plane, and a flash ADC readout system
with a pulse and track-finding trigger scheme [10]. Simple reflector optics
(12 16 degree field of view (FOV) on 256 PMTs) and Schmidt optics
(30 30 FOV on 440 PMTs), including a correcting element, have been
used.
The EAS generates a track consistent with a light source moving at
v = c across the FOV. The number of photons (N ) as a function of
atmospheric depth (X) can be expressed as [8]
tot Z
dEdep
dN
= Y (, P, T, u) atm (, X) FD ()d , (35.1)
dX dX

35. Detectors for non-accelerator physics 291
where atm (, X) is the atmospheric transmission, including wavelength

() dependence, and FD () is the FD efficiency. FD () includes
geometric factors and collection efficiency of the optics, quantum efficiency
of the PMTs, and other throughput factors. The typical systematic
uncertainties, atm (10%) and FD (photometric calibration 10%),
currently dominate the total reconstructed EAS energy uncertainty.
E/E of 20% is possible, provided the geometric fit of the EAS axis is
constrained typically by multi-eye stereo projection, or by timing from a
colocated sparse array of surface detectors.
35.2.2. Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes for high-energy -ray
astronomy :
Revised November 2015 by J. Holder (Dept. of Physics and Astronomy &
Bartol Research Inst., Univ. of Delaware).
Atmospheric Cherenkov detectors achieve effective collection areas of
>105 m2 by employing the Earths atmosphere as an intrinsic part of the
detection technique. A hadronic cosmic ray or high energy -ray incident
on the Earths atmosphere triggers a particle cascade, or air shower.
Relativistic charged particles in the cascade generate Cherenkov radiation,
which is emitted along the shower direction, resulting in a light pool on the
ground with a radius of 130 m. Cherenkov light is produced throughout
the cascade development, with the maximum emission occurring when the
number of particles in the cascade is largest, at an altitude of 10 km for
primary energies of 100 GeV1 TeV. Following absorption and scattering in
the atmosphere, the Cherenkov light at ground level peaks at a wavelength,
300350 nm. The photon density is typically 100 photons/m2 for a
1 TeV primary, arriving in a brief flash of a few nanoseconds duration.
Modern atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes consist of large (> 100 m2 )
segmented mirrors on steerable altitude-azimuth mounts. A camera made
from an array of photosensors is placed at the focus of each mirror
and used to record a Cherenkov image of each air shower. Images are
recorded at kHz rates, the vast majority of which are due to showers
with hadronic cosmic-ray primaries. The shape and orientation of the
Cherenkov images are used to discriminate -ray photon events from this
cosmic-ray background, and to reconstruct the photon energy and arrival
direction.
The total Cherenkov yield from the air shower is proportional to the
energy of the primary particle. The energy resolution of this technique,
also energy-dependent, is typically 1520% at energies above a few hundred
GeV. Energy spectra of -ray sources can be measured over a wide range,
depending upon the instrument characteristics, source properties (flux,
spectral slope, elevation angle, etc.), and exposure time.
35.3. Large neutrino detectors
35.3.1. Deep liquid detectors for rare processes :
Revised August 2015 by K. Scholberg & C.W. Walter (Duke University)
Deep, large detectors for rare processes tend to be multi-purpose
with physics reach that includes not only solar, reactor, supernova and
atmospheric neutrinos, but also searches for baryon number violation,
searches for exotic particles such as magnetic monopoles, and neutrino
and cosmic-ray astrophysics in different energy regimes. The detectors
may also serve as targets for long-baseline neutrino beams for neutrino
oscillation physics studies. In general, detector design considerations can
be divided into high-and low-energy regimes, for which background and
event reconstruction issues differ. The high-energy regime, from about
100 MeV to a few hundred GeV, is relevant for proton decay searches,

atmospheric neutrinos and high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. The

low-energy regime (a few tens of MeV or less) is relevant for supernova,
solar, reactor and geological neutrinos.
Large water Cherenkov and scintillator detectors usually consist of a
volume of transparent liquid viewed by photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).
Because photosensors lining an inner surface represent a driving cost that
scales as surface area, very large volumes can be used for comparatively
reasonable cost. A common configuration is to have at least one concentric
outer layer of liquid material separated from the inner part of the detector
to serve as shielding against ambient background. If optically separated
and instrumented with PMTs, an outer layer may also serve as an active
veto against entering cosmic rays and other background events.
Because in most cases one is searching for rare events, large detectors
are usually sited underground to reduce cosmic-ray-related background
(see Chapter 29). The minimum depth required varies according to the
physics goals [29].
35.3.1.1. Liquid scintillator detectors:
Past and current large underground detectors based on hydrocarbon
scintillators include LVD, MACRO, Baksan, Borexino, KamLAND and
SNO+. Experiments at nuclear reactors include CHOOZ, Double CHOOZ,
Daya Bay, and RENO. Organic liquid scintillators for large detectors
are chosen for high light yield and attenuation length, good stability,
compatibility with other detector materials, high flash point, low toxicity,
appropriate density for mechanical stability, and low cost.
Scintillation detectors have an advantage over water Cherenkov
detectors in the lack of Cherenkov threshold and the high light yield.
However, scintillation light emission is nearly isotropic, and therefore
directional capabilities are relatively weak.
35.3.1.2. Water Cherenkov detectors:
Very large imaging water detectors reconstruct ten-meter-scale
Cherenkov rings produced by charged particles (see Sec. 34.5.0). The
first such large detectors were IMB and Kamiokande. The only currently
existing instance of this class of detector is Super-Kamiokande (Super-K).
Cherenkov detectors are excellent electromagnetic calorimeters, and the
number of Cherenkov photons produced by an e/ is nearly proportional
to its kinetic energy. The number of collected photoelectrons depends
on the scattering and attenuation in the water along with the photo-
cathode coverage, quantum efficiency and the optical parameters of any
external light collection systems or protective material surrounding them.
Event-by-event corrections are made for geometry and attenuation.
High-energy (100 MeV or more) neutrinos from the atmosphere
or beams interact with nucleons; for the nucleons bound inside the
16 O nucleus, nuclear effects must be considered both at the interaction
and as the particles leave the nucleus. Various event topologies can be
distinguished by their timing and fit patterns, and by presence or absence
of light in a veto.
Low-energy neutrino interactions of solar neutrinos in water are
predominantly elastic scattering off atomic electrons; single electron events
are then reconstructed.
p At solar neutrino energies, the visible energy
resolution ( 30%/ Evis (MeV)) is about 20% worse than photoelectron
counting statistics would imply. At these energies, radioactive backgrounds
become a dominant issue.
The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) detector [35] is the only
instance of a large heavy water detector and deserves mention here. In
addition to an outer 1.7 kton of light water, SNO contained 1 kton of D2 O,

giving it unique sensitivity to neutrino neutral current (x +d x +p+n),

and charged current (e + d p + p + e ) deuteron breakup reactions.
35.3.2. Coherent radio Cherenkov radiation detectors :
Revised August 2015 by S.R. Klein (LBNL/UC Berkeley)
Radio-frequency detectors are an attractive way to search for coherent
Cherenkov radiation from showers produced from interations of ultra-high
energy cosmic neutrinos.
Electromagnetic and hadronic showers produce radio pulses via the
Askaryan effect [51], as discussed in Sec. 33. The shower contains more
electrons than positrons, leading to coherent emission.
High-frequency radiation is concentrated around the Cherenkov angle.
The electric field strength increases linearly with frequency, up to a cut-off
fc , which is set by the transverse size of the shower [53]. Near fc ,
radiation is narrowly concentrated around the Cherenov angle. At very
low frequencies, the distribution is nearly isotropic. The signal is linearly
polarized in the plane perpendicular to the neutrino direction.
35.3.3. The Moon as a target :
Because of its large size and non-conducting regolith, and the
availability of large radio-telescopes, the Moon is an attractive target [60].
Conventional radio-telescopes are reasonably well suited to lunar neutrino
searches, with natural beam widths not too dissimilar from the size of the
Moon. The big limitation of lunar experiments is that the 240,000 km
target-antenna separation leads to neutrino energy thresholds above 1020
eV.
Experiments so far include Parkes, Glue, NuMoon, Lunaska, and Resun.
No signals have been detected. In the near future, several large radio
detector arrays should reach significantly lower limits. The LOFAR array
is beginning to take data with 36 detector clusters spread over Northwest
Europe. In the longer term, the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) with 1
km2 effective area will push thresholds down to near 1020 eV.
35.3.4. Ice-based detectors :
Lower energy thresholds require a smaller antenna-target separation.
Natural ice is an attractive medium for this, with attenuation lengths over
300 m.
Although the ice is mostly uniform, the top 100 m of Antarctic ice,
the firn, contains a gradual transition from packed snow at the surface
(typical surface density 0.35 g/cm3 ) to solid ice (density 0.92 g/cm3 )
below [62]. The index of refraction depends linearly on the density,
so radio waves curve downward in the firn. This bending reduces the
effectiveness of surface or aerial antennas.
There are two types of Antarctic neutrino experiments. In one class,
antennas mounted on scientific balloons observe the ice from above. The
ANITA experiment is one example. It made two flights around Antarctica,
floating at an altitude around 35 km [63]. Because of the significant
source-detector separation, ANITA is most sensitive at energies above
1019 eV, above the peak of the GZK neutrino spectrum. By using the
several-meter separation between antennas, they achieved a pointing
accuracy of 0.2-0.40 in elevation, and 0.5-1.10 in azimuth. ANITA has set
the most stringent limits on GZK neutrinos to date.
The proposed EVA experiment will use a portion of a fixed-shape
balloon as a large parabolic radio antenna. Because of the large antenna
surface, they hope to achieve threshold around 1017 eV.
Other ice based experiments use antennas located within the active
volume, allowing them to reach thresholds around 1017 eV. This approach

was pioneered by the RICE experiment, which buried 18 half-wave dipole

antennas in holes drilled for AMANDA [64] at the South Pole.
Three groups are prototyping detectors, with the goal of a detector
with a 100 km3 active volume. The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is
located at the South Pole [65], while the Antarctic Ross Iceshelf Antenna
Neutrino Array (ARIANNA) is on the Ross Ice Shelf [66]. The Greenland
Neutrino Observatory (GNO) collaboration is proposing a detector near
the U.S. Summit Station in Greenland [67].
35.4. Large time-projection chambers for rare event
detection
Written Nov. 2015 by T. Shutt (SLAC).
Rare event searches require detectors that combine large target masses
and low levels of radioactivity, and that are located deep underground to
eliminate cosmic-ray related backgrounds. Past and present efforts include
searches for the scattering of particle dark matter, neutrinoless double
beta decay, and the measurement of solar neutrinos, while next generation
experiments will also probe coherent scattering of solar, atmospheric and
diffuse supernova background neutrinos. Large time project chambers
(TPCs), adapted from particle collider experiments, have emerged as a
leading technology for these efforts. Events are measured in a central
region confined by a field cage and usually filled with a liquid noble
element target. Ionized electrons are drifted (in the z direction) to an
anode region by use of electrode grids and field shaping rings, where their
magnitude and x y location is measured. In low background TPCs,
scintillation generated at the initial event site is also measured, and the
time difference between this prompt signal and the later-arriving charge
signal gives the event location in z for a known electron drift speed.
Thus, 3D imaging is a achieved in a monolithic central volume. Noble
elements have relatively high light yields (comparable to or exceeding
the best inorganic scintillators), and the charge signal can be amplified
by multiplication or electroluminescence. Radioactive backgrounds are
distinguished by event imaging, the separate measurements of charge and
light, and scintillation pulse shape. For recent reviews of noble element
detectors, see [70,71].
Methods for achieving very low radioactive backgrounds are discussed
in general in section 34.6. The basic architecture of large TPCs is very
favorable for this application because gas or liquid targets can be relatively
easily purified, while the generally more radioactive readout and support
materials are confined to the periphery. The use of higher density targets
(i.e., liquid instead of gas and/or higher mass elements) maximizes the
ratio of target to surrounding material mass.
An important technical challenge in liquid detectors is achieving the
high voltages needed for electron drift and measurement. At low energies
(e.g., in a dark matter search) it is also important to suppress low-level
emission of electrons and associated photons. Drift of electrons over meter
scales with minimal loss from attachment on trace levels of dissolved
impurities (e.g., O2 ) has so far required continuous circulating purification.
The relatively slow readout due to msec/m drift speeds is not a major
pile-up concern in low background experiments.
35.4.1. Dark matter and other low energy signals :
A major goal of low background experiments is detection of WIMP
(Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) dark matter through scattering on
nuclei in a terrestrial detector. Energy transfers are generally small, a few
tens of keV at most. Liquid noble TPCs distinguish nuclear recoils (NR)
from dark matter from the usually dominant background of electron recoils

(ER) from gamma rays and beta decays by requiring single scatters and
based on their charge to light ratio or scintillation pulse shape. Neutrons
are a NR background, but can be recognized in a large imaging TPC
if they multiply scatter. To detect small charge signals, a dual phase
technique is used wherein electrons from interactions in the liquid target
are drifted to the liquid surface and extracted with high field ( 5 kV/cm)
into the gas phase leading to an amplified electroluminescence signal
measured by an array of PMTs.
LXe experiments have had the best WIMP sensitivity for most WIMP
masses for the last decade. Two experiments to date have produced dark
matter limits using dual phase Ar TPCs. A variety of TPC configurations
are being pursued to accomplish directional dark matter detection, most
with a CF4 target.
35.4.2. 0 Decay :
Another major class of rare event search is neutrinoless double beta
decay (0). The first detector to observe the standard model process
2 neutrino double beta decay was a gaseous TPC which imaged the two
electrons tracks from 82 Se embedded in a foil. EXO-200, which currently
has one of the best search limits for 0 [79], is a large single-phase LXe
TPC with roughly 110 active kg of Xe enriched to 80.7% 136 Xe, and a
multi-ton successor nEXO has been proposed. These detectors are similar
to dark matter TPCs, but, not needing charge gain, use single phase with
charge measured directly on crossed wire grids. Light readout is done with
LAAPDs (EXO-200) and SiPMs (nEXO).
The NEXT collaboration uses a high pressure gas phase Xe TPC with
electroluminescent readout of the charge to achieve mm spatial resolution
so that the two-electron topology of 0 events can be distinguished from
single electrons from photoabsorption of background gammas. In addition,
the low recombination fraction in the gas phase suppresses recombination
fluctuations, in principle allowing below 0.2% via the charge channel
alone.
35.5. Sub-Kelvin detectors
Written September 2015 by K. Irwin (Stanford and SLAC).
Many particle physics experiments utilize detectors operated at
temperatures below 1 K. These include WIMP searches, beta-decay
experiments to measure the absolute mass of the electron neutrino,
and searches for neutrinoless-double-beta decay (0) to probe the
properties of Majorana neutrinos. Sub-Kelvin detectors also provide
important cosmological constraints on particle physics through sensitive
measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). CMB
measurements probe the physics of inflation at 1016 GeV, and the
absolute mass, hierarchy, and number of neutrino species.
Detectors that operate below 1 K benefit from reduced thermal noise
and lower material specific heat and thermal conductivity. At these
temperatures, superconducting materials, sensors with high responsivity,
and cryogenic preamplifiers and multiplexers are available.
Sub-Kelvin detectors can be categorized as equilibrium thermal
detectors or non-equilibrium detectors. Equilibrium detectors measure a
temperature rise in a material when energy is deposited. Non-equilibrium
detectors are based on the measurement of prompt, non-equilibrated
signals and on the excitation of materials with an energy gap.
35.5.1. Equilibrium thermal detectors :
An equilibrium thermal detector consists of a thermometer and absorber
with combined heat capacity C coupled to a heat bath through a weak

thermal conductance G. The rise time of a thermal detector is limited

by the internal equilibration time of the thermometer-absorber system and
the electrical time constant of the thermometer. The thermal relaxation
time over which heat escapes to the heat bath is = C/G. Thermal
detectors are often designed so that an energy input to the absorber is
thermalized and equilibrated through the absorber and thermometer on
timescales shorter than , making the operation particularly simple. An
equilibrium thermal detector can be operated as either a calorimeter,
which measures an incident energy deposition E, or as a bolometer, which
measures an incident power P .
The most commonly used sub-Kelvin thermometer is the supercon-
ducting transition-edge sensor (TES). The current flowing through a
TES is read out by a superconducting quantum interference device
(SQUID) amplifier. Neutron-transmutation-doped (NTD) germanium and
implanted silicon semiconductors read out by cryogenic FET amplifiers
are also used as thermometers. Finally, the temperature dependence of
the permeability of a paramagnetic material is used as a thermometer,
referred to as metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMC).
35.5.2. Nonequilibrium Detectors :
Nonequilibrium detectors use many of the same principles and
techniques as equilibrium detectors, but are also sensitive to details of the
energy down-conversion before thermalization. Sub-Kelvin nonequilibrium
detectors measure athermal phonon signals in a dielectric crystal, electron-
hole pairs in a semiconductor crystal, athermal quasiparticle excitations
in a superconductor, photon emission from a scintillator, or a combination
of two of the above to better discriminate recoils from nuclei or electrons.
Because the phonons are athermal, sub-Kelvin nonequilibrium detectors
can use absorbers with larger heat capacity, and they use information
about the details of energy down-conversion pathways in order to better
discriminate signal from background.
35.6. Low-radioactivity background techniques
Revised August 2015 by A. Piepke (University of Alabama).
The physics reach of low-energy rare-event searches e.g. for dark matter,
neutrino oscillations, or double beta decay is often limited by background
caused by radioactivity. Depending on the chosen detector design, the
separation of the physics signal from this unwanted interference can be
achieved on an event-by-event basis by active event tagging, utilizing
some unique event features, or by reducing the flux of the background
radiation by appropriate shielding and material selection. In both cases,
the background rate is proportional to the flux of the interfering radiation.
Its reduction is thus essential for realizing the full physics potential of the
experiment. In this context, low energy may be defined as the regime of
natural, anthropogenic, or cosmogenic radioactivity, all at energies up to
about 10 MeV. Following the classification of [86], sources of background
may be categorized into the following classes:
1. environmental radioactivity,
2. radio-impurities in detector or shielding components,
3. radon and its progeny,
4. cosmic rays,
5. neutrons from natural fission, (, n) reactions and from cosmic-ray
muon spallation and capture.

36. Radioactivity and radiation protection 297
36. RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIATION PROTECTION

Revised August 2013 by S. Roesler and M. Silari (CERN).
36.1. Definitions
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
(ICRU) recommends the use of SI units. Therefore we list SI units first,
followed by cgs (or other common) units in parentheses, where they differ.
Activity (unit: Becquerel):
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (= 27 pCi).
Absorbed dose (unit: gray): The absorbed dose is the energy
imparted by ionizing radiation in a volume element of a specified material
divided by the mass of this volume element.
1 Gy = 1 J/kg (= 104 erg/g = 100 rad)
= 6.24 1012 MeV/kg deposited energy.
Kerma (unit: gray): Kerma is the sum of the initial kinetic energies of
all charged particles liberated by indirectly ionizing particles in a volume
element of the specified material divided by the mass of this volume
element.
Exposure (unit: C/kg of air [= 3880 Roentgen ]): The exposure is
a measure of photon fluence at a certain point in space integrated over
time, in terms of ion charge of either sign produced by secondary electrons
in a small volume of air about the point. Implicit in the definition is
the assumption that the small test volume is embedded in a sufficiently
large uniformly irradiated volume that the number of secondary electrons
entering the volume equals the number leaving (so-called charged particle
equilibrium).
Table 36.1: Radiation weighting factors, wR .
Radiation type wR
Photons 1
Electrons and muons 1
Neutrons, En < 1 MeV 2.5 + 18.2 exp[(ln En )2 /6]
1 MeV En 50 MeV 5.0 + 17.0 exp[(ln(2En ))2 /6]
En > 50 MeV 2.5 + 3.25 exp[(ln(0.04En ))2 /6]
Protons and charged pions 2
Alpha particles, fission
fragments, heavy ions 20
Equivalent dose (unit: Sievert [= 100 rem (roentgen equivalent in

man)]): The equivalent dose HT in an organ or tissue T is equal to the
sum of the absorbed doses DT,R in the organ or tissue caused by different
radiation types R weighted with so-called radiation weighting factors wR :
X
HT = wR DT,R . (36.1)
R
This unit is somewhat historical, but appears on some measuring in-

struments. One R is the amount of radiation required to liberate positive
and negative charges of one electrostatic unit of charge in 1 cm3 of air at
standard temperature and pressure (STP)

298 36. Radioactivity and radiation protection
It expresses long-term risks (primarily cancer and leukemia) from low-level

chronic exposure. The values for wR recommended recently by ICRP [2]
are given in Table 36.1.
Effective dose (unit: Sievert): The sumPof the equivalent doses,
weighted by the tissue weighting factors wT ( T wT = 1) of several organs
and tissues T of the body that are considered to be most sensitive [2], is
called effective dose E:
X
E= wT HT . (36.2)
T
36.2. Radiation levels [4]
Natural annual background, all sources: Most world areas, whole-
body equivalent dose rate (1.013) mSv (0.11.3 rem). Can range up
to 50 mSv (5 rem) in certain areas. U.S. average 3.6 mSv, including
2 mSv ( 200 mrem) from inhaled natural radioactivity, mostly radon
and radon daughters. (Average is for a typical house and varies by more
than an order of magnitude. It can be more than two orders of magnitude
higher in poorly ventilated mines. 0.10.2 mSv in open areas.)
Cosmic ray background (sea level, mostly muons):
1 min1 cm2 sr1 . For more accurate estimates and details, see the
Cosmic Rays section (Sec. 29 of this Review).
Fluence (per cm2 ) to deposit one Gy, assuming uniform irradiation:
(charged particles) 6.24109/(dE/dx), where dE/dx (MeV
g1 cm2 ), the energy loss per unit length, may be obtained from Figs.
33.2 and 33.4 in Sec. 33 of the Review, and pdg.lbl.gov/AtomicNuclear
Properties.
3.5 109 cm2 minimum-ionizing singly-charged particles in carbon.
(photons) 6.24109/[Ef /], for photons of energy E (MeV),
attenuation length (g cm2 ), and fraction f . 1 expressing the fraction
of the photons energy deposited in a small volume of thickness but
large enough to contain the secondary electrons.
2 1011 photons cm2 for 1 MeV photons on carbon (f 1/2).
36.3. Health effects of ionizing radiation
Recommended limits of effective dose to radiation workers
(whole-body dose):
EU/Switzerland: 20 mSv yr1
U.S.: 50 mSv yr1 (5 rem yr1 )
Lethal dose: The whole-body dose from penetrating ionizing radiation
resulting in 50% mortality in 30 days (assuming no medical treatment)
is 2.54.5 Gy (250450 rad), as measured internally on body longitudinal
center line. Surface dose varies due to variable body attenuation and may
be a strong function of energy.
Cancer induction by low LET radiation: The cancer induction
probability is about 5% per Sv on average for the entire population [2].
Footnotes:
The ICRP recommendation [2] is 20 mSv yr1 averaged over 5 years,
with the dose in any one year 50 mSv.
Many laboratories in the U.S. and elsewhere set lower limits.
See full Review for references and further details.

37. Commonly used radioactive sources 299
37. COMMONLY USED RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
Table 37.1. Revised November 1993 by E. Browne (LBNL).
Particle Photon
Type of Energy Emission Energy Emission
Nuclide Half-life decay (MeV) prob. (MeV) prob.
22 Na 2.603 y + , EC 0.545 90% 0.511 Annih.
11
1.275 100%
54 Mn 0.855 y EC 0.835 100%
25
Cr K x rays 26%
55 Fe 2.73 y EC Mn K x rays:
26
0.00590 24.4%
0.00649 2.86%
57 Co 0.744 y EC 0.014 9%
27
0.122 86%
0.136 11%
Fe K x rays 58%
60 Co 5.271 y 0.316 100% 1.173 100%
27
1.333 100%
68 Ge 0.742 y EC Ga K x rays 44%
32
--------------------------------------------------------
68
31 Ga + , EC 1.899 90% 0.511 Annih.
1.077 3%
90 Sr 28.5 y 0.546 100%
38
--------------------------------------------------------
90
39 Y 2.283 100%
106 Ru 1.020 y 0.039 100%
44
--------------------------------------------------------
106
45 Rh 3.541 79% 0.512 21%
0.622 10%
109 Cd 1.267 y EC 0.063 e 41% 0.088 3.6%
48
0.084 e 45% Ag K x rays 100%
0.087 e 9%
113 Sn 0.315 y EC 0.364 e 29% 0.392 65%
50
0.388 e 6% In K x rays 97%
137 Cs 30.2 y 0.514 94% 0.662 85%
55
1.176 6%

300 37. Commonly used radioactive sources
133 Ba 10.54 y EC 0.045 e 50% 0.081 34%

56
0.075 e 6% 0.356 62%
Cs K x rays 121%
207 Bi 31.8 y EC 0.481 e 2% 0.569 98%
83
0.975 e 7% 1.063 75%
1.047 e 2% 1.770 7%
Pb K x rays 78%
228 Th 1.912 y 6: 5.341 to 8.785 0.239 44%
90
3 : 0.334 to 2.246 0.583 31%
2.614 36%
(224
88 Ra 220
86 Rn 216
84 Po 212
82 Pb 212
83 Bi 212
84 Po)
241 Am 432.7 y 5.443 13% 0.060 36%
95
5.486 85% Np L x rays 38%
241 Am/Be 432.2 y 6 105 neutrons (48 MeV) and
95
4 105 s (4.43 MeV) per Am decay
244 Cm 18.11 y 5.763 24% Pu L x rays 9%
96
5.805 76%
252 Cf 2.645 y (97%) 6.076 15%
98
6.118 82%
Fission (3.1%)
20 s/fission; 80% < 1 MeV
4 neutrons/fission; hEn i = 2.14 MeV
Emission probability is the probability per decay of a given emission;

because of cascades these may total more than 100%. Only principal
emissions are listed. EC means electron capture, and e means
monoenergetic internal conversion (Auger) electron. The intensity of 0.511
MeV e+ e annihilation photons depends upon the number of stopped
positrons. Endpoint energies are listed. In some cases when energies
are closely spaced, the -ray values are approximate weighted averages.
Radiation from short-lived daughter isotopes is included where relevant.
Half-lives, energies, and intensities are from E. Browne and R.B. Firestone,
Table of Radioactive Isotopes (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986), recent
Nuclear Data Sheets, and X-ray and Gamma-ray Standards for Detector
Calibration, IAEA-TECDOC-619 (1991).
Neutron data are from Neutron Sources for Basic Physics and Applications
(Pergamon Press, 1983).

38. Probability 301
38. PROBABILITY
Revised September 2015 by G. Cowan (RHUL).
The following is a much-shortened version of Sec. 38 of the full Review.
Equation, section, and figure numbers follow the Review.
38.2. Random variables
Probability density function (p.d.f.): x is a random variable.
Continuous: f (x; )dx = probability x is between x to x + dx, given
parameter(s) ;
Discrete: f (x; ) = probability of x given .
Cumulative distribution function:
Z a
F (a) = f (x) dx . (38.6)

Here and below, if x is discrete-valued, the integral is replaced by a sum.
The endpoint a is indcluded in the integral or sum.
Expectation values: Given a function u:
Z
E [u(x)] = u(x) f (x) dx . (38.7)

Moments:
nth moment of a random variable: n = E[xn ] , (38.8a)
nth central moment: mn = E[(x 1 )n ] . (38.8b)
Mean: 1 . (38.9a)
2 2
Variance: V [x] m2 = 2 . (38.9b)
Coefficient of skewness: 1 m3 / 3 .
Kurtosis: 2 = m4 / 4 3 .
Median: F (xmed ) = 1/2.
Marginal p.d.f.: Let x,y be two random variables with joint p.d.f.
f (x, y). Z Z
f1 (x) = f (x, y) dy ; f2 (y) = f (x, y) dx . (38.10)

Conditional p.d.f.:
f4 (x|y) = f (x, y)/f2 (y) ; f3 (y|x) = f (x, y)/f1 (x) .
Bayes theorem:
f3 (y|x)f1 (x) f3 (y|x)f1 (x)
f4 (x|y) = =R . (38.11)
f2 (y) f3 (y|x )f1 (x ) dx
Correlation coefficient and covariance:

Z Z
x = xf (x, y) dx dy , (38.12)

xy = E (x x )(y y ) /x y cov[x, y]/x y ,

302 38. Probability

Z Z
x = (x x )2 f (x, y) dx dy . Note 2xy 1.

Independence: x,y are independent if and only if f (x, y) = f1 (x) f2 (y);

then xy = 0, E[u(x) v(y)] = E[u(x)] E[v(y)] and V [x+ y] = V [x]+ V [y].
Change of variables: From x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) to y = (y1 , . . . , yn ):
g(y) = f (x(y)) |J| where |J| is the absolute value of the determinant of
the Jacobian Jij = xi /yj . For discrete variables, use |J| = 1.
38.3. Characteristic functions
Given a pdf f (x) for a continuous random variable x, the characteristic
function (u) is given by (31.6). Its derivatives are related to the algebraic
moments of x by (31.7).
h i Z
(u) = E eiux = eiux f (x) dx . (38.17)

Z
dn
in = xn f (x) dx = n . (38.18)
dun u=0
If the p.d.f.s f1 (x) and f2 (y) for independent random variables x and
y have characteristic functions 1 (u) and 2 (u), then the characteristic
function of the weighted sum ax + by is 1 (au)2 (bu). The additional rules
for several important distributions (e.g., that the sum of two Gaussian
distributed variables also follows a Gaussian distribution) easily follow
from this observation.
38.4. Some probability distributions
See Table 38.1.
38.4.2. Poisson distribution :
The Poisson distribution f (n; ) gives the probability of finding exactly
n events in a given interval of x (e.g., space or time) when the events
occur independently of one another and of x at an average rate of per
the given interval. The variance 2 equals . It is the limiting case p 0,
N , N p = of the binomial distribution. The Poisson distribution
approaches the Gaussian distribution for large .
38.4.3. Normal or Gaussian distribution :
Its cumulative distribution, for mean 0 and variance 1, is often tabulated
as the error function
h i
F (x; 0, 1) = 1 1 + erf(x/ 2) . (38.24)
2
For mean and variance 2 ,

replace x by (x )/.
P (x in range ) = 0.6827,
P (x in rangep 0.6745) = 0.5,
E[|x |] = 2/ = 0.7979,

half-width at half maximum = 2 ln 2 = 1.177.



Table 38.1. Some common probability density functions, with corresponding characteristic functions and
means and variances. In the Table, (k) is the gamma function, equal to (k 1)! when k is an integer.
Probability density function Characteristic
Distribution f (variable; parameters) function (u) Mean Variance 2
(
1/(b a) axb eibu eiau a+b (b a)2
Uniform f (x; a, b) =
0 otherwise (b a)iu 2 12
N!
Binomial f (r; N, p) = pr q N r (q + peiu )N Np N pq
r!(N r)!
r = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N ; 0 p 1 ; q = 1p
n e
Poisson f (n; ) = ; n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; > 0 exp[(eiu 1)]
n!
1
Normal f (x; , 2 ) = exp((x )2 /2 2 ) exp(iu 12 2 u2 ) 2
(Gaussian) 2
< x < ; < < ; > 0
1
Multivariate f (x; , V ) = p exp i u 21 uT V u Vjk
Gaussian (2)n/2 |V |

exp 12 (x )T V 1 (x )
< xj < ; < j < ; |V | > 0
z n/21 ez/2
2 f (z; n) = n/2 ; z0 (1 2iu)n/2 n 2n
2 (n/2)
38. Probability
September 26, 2016
September 26, 2016

(n+1)/2
1 [(n + 1)/2] t2 0 n/(n 2)
Students t f (t; n) = 1+
n (n/2) n for n > 1 for n > 2
< t < ; n not required to be integer
xk1 k ex
Gamma f (x; , k) = ; 0x<; (1 iu/)k k/ k/2
(k)
k not required to be integer
303
15:17
15:17
304 38. Probability
For n Gaussian random variables xi , the joint p.d.f. is the multivariate

Gaussian:
1 h i
f (x; , V ) = p exp 12 (x )T V 1 (x ) , |V | > 0 .
(2) n/2 |V |
(38.25)
V is the n n covariance matrix; Vij E[(xi i )(xj j )] ij i j ,
and Vii = V [xi ]; |V | is the determinant of V . For n = 2, f (x; , V ) is

1 1
f (x1 , x2 ; 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , ) = p exp
21 2 1 2 2(1 2 )

(x1 1 )2 2(x1 1 )(x2 2 ) (x2 2 )2
2 + 2 . (38.26)
1 1 2 2
The marginal distribution of any xi is a Gaussian with mean i and
variance Vii . V is n n, symmetric, and positive definite. Therefore for
any vector X, the quadratic form X T V 1 X = C, where C is any positive
number, traces an n-dimensional ellipsoid as X varies. If Xi = xi i ,
then C is a random variable obeying the 2 distribution with n degrees
of freedom, discussed in the following section. The probability that X
corresponding to a set of Gaussian random variables xi lies outside
the ellipsoid characterized by a given value of C (= 2 ) is given by
1 F2 (C; n), where F2 is the cumulative 2 distribution. This may
be read from Fig. 39.1. For example, the s-standard-deviation ellipsoid
occurs at C = s2 . For the two-variable case (n = 2), the point X lies
outside the one-standard-deviation ellipsoid with 61% probability. The
use of these ellipsoids as indicators of probable error is described in
Sec. 39.4.2.2; the validity of those indicators assumes that and V are
correct.
38.4.5. 2 distribution :
If x1P, . . . , xn are independent Gaussian random variables, the sum
z = n 2 2 2
i=1 (xi i ) /i follows the p.d.f. with n degrees of freedom,
which we denote by 2 (n). More generally, for n correlated Gaussian
variables as components of a vector X with covariance matrix V ,
z = X T V 1 X follows 2 (n) P as in the previousP section. For a set of zi ,
each of which follows 2 (ni ), zi follows 2 ( ni ). For large n, the 2
p.d.f. approaches a Gaussian with mean = n and variance 2 = 2n.
The 2 p.d.f. is often used in evaluating the level of compatibility between
observed data and a hypothesis for the p.d.f. that the data might follow.
This is discussed further in Sec. 39.3.2 on tests of goodness-of-fit.
38.4.7. Gamma distribution :
For a process that generates events as a function of x (e.g., space or time)
according to a Poisson distribution, the distance in x from an arbitrary
starting point (which may be some particular event) to the k th event
follows a gamma distribution, f (x; , k). The Poisson parameter is
per unit x. The special case k = 1 (i.e., f (x; , 1) = ex ) is called the
exponential distribution.
P A sum of k exponential random variables xi is
distributed as f ( xi ; , k ).
The parameter k is not required to be an integer. For = 1/2 and
k = n/2, the gamma distribution reduces to the 2 (n) distribution.
See the full Review for further discussion and all references.

39. Statistics 305
39. STATISTICS
Revised September 2015 by G. Cowan (RHUL).
There are two main approaches to statistical inference, which we
may call frequentist and Bayesian. In frequentist statistics, probability is
interpreted as the frequency of the outcome of a repeatable experiment.
The most important tools in this framework are parameter estimation,
covered in Section 39.2, statistical tests, discussed in Section 39.3, and
confidence intervals, which are constructed so as to cover the true value of
a parameter with a specified probability, as described in Section 39.4.2.
Note that in frequentist statistics one does not define a probability for a
hypothesis or for the value of a parameter.
In Bayesian statistics, the interpretation of probability is more general
and includes degree of belief (called subjective probability). One can then
speak of a probability density function (p.d.f.) for a parameter, which
expresses ones state of knowledge about where its true value lies. Using
Bayes theorem (Eq. (38.4)), the prior degree of belief is updated by the
data from the experiment. Bayesian methods for interval estimation are
discussed in Sections 39.4.1 and 39.4.2.4.
Following common usage in physics, the word error is often used in
this chapter to mean uncertainty. More specifically it can indicate the
size of an interval as in the standard error or error propagation, where
the term refers to the standard deviation of an estimator.
39.2. Parameter estimation
Here we review point estimation of parameters. An estimator b (written
with a hat) is a function of the data used to estimate the value of the
parameter .
39.2.1. Estimators for mean, variance, and median :
Suppose we have a set of n independent measurements, x1 , . . . , xn , each
assumed to follow a p.d.f. with unknown mean and unknown variance
2 (the measurements do not necessarily have to follow a Gaussian
distribution). Then
n
1X

b= xi (39.5)
n
i=1
X n
c2 = 1
b)2
(xi (39.6)
n1
i=1
are unbiased estimators of and 2 . The variance of b is 2 /n and the
c2
variance of is
h i
V c2 = 1 m n 3 4 , (39.7)
4
n n1
where m4 is the 4th central moment of x (see Eq. (38.8b)). For Gaussian
distributed xi , this becomes 2 4 /(n 1) for any n 2, and for large n
the standard deviation of b (the error of the error) is / 2n. For any
n and Gaussian xi , b is an efficient estimator for , and the estimators

b and c2 are uncorrelated. Otherwise the arithmetic mean (39.5) is not
necessarily the most efficient estimator.
If the xi have different, known variances i2 , then the weighted average
n
1 X

b= wi xi , (39.8)
w
i=1

306 39. Statistics

P
where wi = 1/i2 and w = i wi , is an unbiased estimator for with a
smallervariance than an unweighted average. The standard deviation of
b is 1/ w.

39.2.2. The method of maximum likelihood :
Suppose we have a set of measured quantities x and the likelihood
L() = P (x|) for a set of parameters = (1 , . . . , N ). The maximum
likelihood (ML) estimators for are defined as the values that give the
maximum of L. Because of the properties of the logarithm, it is usually
easier to work with ln L, and since both are maximized for the same
parameter values , the ML estimators can be found by solving the
likelihood equations,
ln L
=0, i = 1, . . . , N . (39.9)
i
In evaluating the likelihood function, it is important that any
normalization factors in the p.d.f. that involve be included.
The inverse V 1 of the covariance matrix Vij = cov[bi , bj ] for a set of
ML estimators can be estimated by using
2 ln L
(Vb 1 )ij = ; (39.12)
i j b
for finite samples, however, Eq. (39.12) can result in a misestimate of the
variances. In the large sample limit (or in a linear model with Gaussian
errors), L has a Gaussian form and ln L is (hyper)parabolic. In this
case, it can be seen that a numerically equivalent way of determining
s-standard-deviation errors is from the hypersurface defined by the such
that
ln L() = ln Lmax s2 /2 , (39.13)
where ln Lmax is the value of ln L at the solution point (compare with
Eq. (39.68)). The minimum and maximum values of i on the hypersurface
then give an approximate s-standard deviation confidence interval for i
(see Section 39.4.2.2).
39.2.3. The method of least squares :
The method of least squares (LS) coincides with the method of maximum
likelihood in the following special case. Consider a set of N independent
measurements yi at known points xi . The measurement yi is assumed
to be Gaussian distributed with mean (xi ; ) and known variance i2 .
The goal is to construct estimators for the unknown parameters . The
log-likelihood function contains the sum of squares
XN
(yi (xi ; ))2
2 () = 2 ln L() + constant = . (39.19)
i=1
i2
The parameter values that maximize L are the same as those which
minimize 2 .
The minimum of the chi-square function in Equation (39.19) defines
the least-squares estimators b for the more general case where the yi are
not Gaussian distributed as long as they are independent. If they are not
independent but rather have a covariance matrix Vij = cov[yi , yj ], then
the LS estimators are determined by the minimum of
2 () = (y ())T V 1 (y ()) , (39.20)
where y = (y1 , . . . , yN ) is the (column) vector of measurements, ()
is the corresponding vector of predicted values, and the superscript T
denotes the transpose. If the yi are not Gaussian distributed, then the LS
and ML estimators will not in general coincide.

39. Statistics 307
Often one further restricts the problem to the case where (xi ; ) is a
linear function of the parameters, i.e.,
m
X
(xi ; ) = j hj (xi ) . (39.21)
j=1
Here the hj (x) are m linearly independent functions, e.g., 1, x, x2 , . . . , xm1
or Legendre polynomials. We require m < N and at least m of the xi
must be distinct.
Minimizing 2 in this case with m parameters reduces to solving a
system of m linear equations. Defining Hij = hj (xi ) and minimizing 2
by setting its derivatives with respect to the i equal to zero gives the LS
estimators,
b = (H T V 1 H)1 H T V 1 y Dy . (39.22)
The covariance matrix for the estimators Uij = cov[bi , bj ] is given by

U = DV DT = (H T V 1 H)1 . (39.23)
2
Expanding () about ,b one finds that the contour in parameter space
defined by
2 () = 2 ()
b + 1 = 2 + 1
min (39.29)
has tangent planes located at approximately plus-or-minus-one standard
b
deviation b from the LS estimates .
As the minimum value of the 2 represents the level of agreement
between the measurements and the fitted function, it can be used for
assessing the goodness-of-fit; this is discussed further in Section 39.3.2.
39.2.5. Propagation of errors :
Consider a set of n quantities = (1 , . . . , n ) and a set of m functions
() = (1 (), . . . , m ()). Suppose we have estimated b = (b1 , . . . , bn ),
using, say, maximum-likelihood or least-squares, and we also know or
have estimated the covariance matrix Vij = cov[bi , bj ]. The goal of error
propagation is to determine the covariance matrix for the functions,
Uij = cov[bi , bj ], where b = (b ). In particular, the diagonal elements
Uii = V [b
i ] give the variances. The new covariance matrix can be found
by expanding the functions () about the estimates b to first order in a
Taylor series. Using this one finds
X i j
Uij V . (39.37)
k l b kl
k,l
This can be written in matrix notation as U AV AT where the matrix of
derivatives A is
i
Aij = , (39.38)
j b

and AT is its transpose. The approximation is exact if () is linear.

39.3. Statistical tests
39.3.1. Hypothesis tests :
A frequentist test of a hypothesis (often called the null hypothesis, H0 )
is a rule that states for which data values x the hypothesis is rejected.
A region of x-space called the critical region, w, is specified such that
there is no more than a given probability under H0 , , called the size or
significance level of the test, to find x w. If the data are discrete, it may
not be possible to find a critical region with exact probability content ,

308 39. Statistics
and thus we require P (x w|H0 ) . If the data are observed in the

critical region, H0 is rejected.
The critical region is not unique. Its choice should take into account the
probabilities for the data predicted by some alternative hypothesis (or set
of alternatives) H1 . Rejecting H0 if it is true is called a type-I error, and
occurs by construction with probability no greater than . Not rejecting
H0 if an alternative H1 is true is called a type-II error, and for a given test
this will have a certain probability = P (x / w|H1 ). The quantity 1
is called the power of the test of H0 with respect to the alternative H1 . A
strategy for defining the critical region can therefore be to maximize the
power with respect to some alternative (or alternatives) given a fixed size
.
To maximize the power of a test of H0 with respect to the alternative
H1 , the NeymanPearson lemma states that the critical region w should
be chosen such that for all data values x inside w, the ratio
f (x|H1 )
(x) = , (39.39)
f (x|H0 )
is greater than a given constant, the value of which is determined by the
size of the test . Here H0 and H1 must be simple hypotheses, i.e., they
should not contain undetermined parameters.
The lemma is equivalent to the statement that (39.39) represents the
optimal test statistic where the critical region is defined by a single cut on
. This test will lead to the maximum power for a given probability to
reject H0 if H0 is in fact true. It can be difficult in practice, however, to
determine (x), since this requires knowledge of the joint p.d.f.s f (x|H0 )
and f (x|H1 ). Often one does not have explicit formulae for these, but
rather Monte Carlo models that allow one to generate instances of x
(events) that follow the p.d.f.s.
39.3.2. Tests of significance (goodness-of-fit) :
Often one wants to quantify the level of agreement between the data
and a hypothesis without explicit reference to alternative hypotheses. This
can be done by defining a statistic t that is a function of the data whose
value reflects in some way the level of agreement between the data and the
hypothesis.
The hypothesis in question, H0 , will determine the p.d.f. f (t|H0 ) for
the statistic. The significance of a discrepancy between the data and
what one expects under the assumption of H0 is quantified by giving the
p-value, defined as the probability to find t in the region of equal or lesser
compatibility with H0 than the level of compatibility observed with the
actual data. For example, if t is defined such that large values correspond
to poor agreement with the hypothesis,
Z then the p-value would be

p= f (t|H0 ) dt , (39.40)
tobs
where tobs is the value of the statistic obtained in the actual experiment.
The p-value should not be confused with the size (significance level)
of a test, or the confidence level of a confidence interval (Section 39.4),
both of which are pre-specified constants. We may formulate a hypothesis
test, however, by defining the critical region to correspond to the data
outcomes that give the lowest p-values, so that finding p implies
that the data outcome was in the critical region. When constructing a
p-value, one generally chooses the region of data space deemed to have
lower compatibility with the model being tested as one having higher
compatibility with a given alternative, such that the corresponding test

39. Statistics 309
will have a high power with respect to this alternative.

The p-value is a function of the data, and is therefore itself a random
variable. If the hypothesis used to compute the p-value is true, then
for continuous data p will be uniformly distributed between zero and
one. Note that the p-value is not the probability for the hypothesis; in
frequentist statistics, this is not defined.
39.3.2.3. Goodness-of-fit with the method of Least Squares:
When estimating parameters using the method of least squares, one
obtains the minimum value of the quantity 2 (39.19). This statistic can
be used to test the goodness-of-fit, i.e., the test provides a measure of
the significance of a discrepancy between the data and the hypothesized
functional form used in the fit. It may also happen that no parameters
are estimated from the data, but that one simply wants to compare a
histogram, e.g., a vector of Poisson distributed numbers n = (n1 , . . . , nN ),
with a hypothesis for their expectation values i = E[ni ]. As the
distribution is Poisson with variances i2 = i , the 2 (39.19) becomes
Pearsons 2 statistic,
N
X (ni i )2
2 = . (39.48)
i
i=1
If the hypothesis = (1 , . . . , N ) is correct, and if the expected values
i in (39.48) are sufficiently large (or equivalently, if the measurements ni
can be treated as following a Gaussian distribution), then the 2 statistic
will follow the 2 p.d.f. with the number of degrees of freedom equal to
the number of measurements N minus the number of fitted parameters.
Assuming the goodness-of-fit statistic follows a 2 p.d.f., the p-value for
the hypothesis is then Z
p= f (z; nd ) dz , (39.49)
2
2
where f (z; nd ) is the p.d.f. and nd is the appropriate number of degrees
of freedom. Values are shown in Fig. 39.1 or obtained from the ROOT
function TMath::Prob.
Since the mean of the 2 distribution is equal to nd , one expects in a
reasonable experiment to obtain 2 nd . Hence the quantity 2 /nd is
sometimes reported. Since the p.d.f. of 2 /nd depends on nd , however,
one must report nd as well if one wishes to determine the p-value. The
p-values obtained for different values of 2 /nd are shown in Fig. 39.2.
39.3.3. Bayes factors :
In Bayesian statistics, all of ones knowledge about a model is contained
in its posterior probability, which one obtains using Bayes theorem. Thus
one could reject a hypothesis H if its posterior probability P (H|x) is
sufficiently small. The difficulty here is that P (H|x) is proportional to the
prior probability P (H), and there will not be a consensus about the prior
probabilities for the existence of new phenomena. Nevertheless one can
construct a quantity called the Bayes factor (described below), which can
be used to quantify the degree to which the data prefer one hypothesis
over another, and is independent of their prior probabilities.
Consider two models (hypotheses), Hi and Hj , described by vectors
of parameters i and j , respectively. Some of the components will
be common to both models and others may be distinct. The full prior
probability for each model can be written in the form
(Hi , i ) = P (Hi )( i |Hi ) . (39.50)

310 39. Statistics

1.000
0.500
for confidence intervals
0.200
n=1 2 3 4 6 8 15 25 40
0.100
p-value for test
10 20 30 50
0.050
0.020
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.001
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 70 100
2
Figure 39.1: One minus the 2 cumulative distribution, 1F (2 ; n),
for n degrees of freedom. This gives the p-value for the 2 goodness-
of-fit test as well as one minus the coverage probability for confidence
regions (see Sec. 39.4.2.2).
2.5
2.0
1%
1.5
10% 5%
2 /n
32%
1.0 50%
68%
90% 95%
0.5 99%
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Degrees of freedom n
Figure 39.2: The reduced 2 , equal to 2 /n, for n degrees
of freedom. The curves show as a function of n the 2 /n that
corresponds to a given p-value.

39. Statistics 311
Here P (Hi ) is the overall prior probability for Hi , and ( i |Hi ) is

the normalized p.d.f. of its parameters. For each model, the posterior
probability is found using RBayes theorem,
P (x|i , Hi )P (Hi )( i |Hi ) di
P (Hi |x) = , (39.51)
P (x)
where the integration is carried out over the internal parameters i of the
model. The ratio of posterior
R probabilities for the models is therefore
P (Hi |x) P (x|i , Hi )( i |Hi ) d i P (Hi )
= R . (39.52)
P (Hj |x) P (x|j , Hj )( j |Hj ) dj P (Hj )
The Bayes factor is definedR as
P (x|i , Hi )( i |Hi ) di
Bij = R . (39.53)
P (x|j , Hj )( j |Hj ) d j
This gives what the ratio of posterior probabilities for models i and j
would be if the overall prior probabilities for the two models were equal.
If the models have no nuisance parameters, i.e., no internal parameters
described by priors, then the Bayes factor is simply the likelihood ratio.
The Bayes factor therefore shows by how much the probability ratio of
model i to model j changes in the light of the data, and thus can be
viewed as a numerical measure of evidence supplied by the data in favour
of one hypothesis over the other.
Although the Bayes factor is by construction independent of the overall
prior probabilities P (Hi ) and P (Hj ), it does require priors for all internal
parameters of a model, i.e., one needs the functions ( i |Hi ) and ( j |Hj ).
In a Bayesian analysis where one is only interested in the posterior p.d.f.
of a parameter, it may be acceptable to take an unnormalizable function
for the prior (an improper prior) as long as the product of likelihood and
prior can be normalized. But improper priors are only defined up to an
arbitrary multiplicative constant, and so the Bayes factor would depend on
this constant. Furthermore, although the range of a constant normalized
prior is unimportant for parameter determination (provided it is wider
than the likelihood), this is not so for the Bayes factor when such a prior
is used for only one of the hypotheses. So to compute a Bayes factor, all
internal parameters must be described by normalized priors that represent
meaningful probabilities over the entire range where they are defined.
39.4. Intervals and limits
When the goal of an experiment is to determine a parameter ,
the result is usually expressed by quoting, in addition to the point
estimate, some sort of interval which reflects the statistical precision of the
measurement. In the simplest case, this can be given by the parameters
estimated value b plus or minus an estimate of the standard deviation of
b
, bb . If, however, the p.d.f. of the estimator is not Gaussian or if there
are physical boundaries on the possible values of the parameter, then
one usually quotes instead an interval according to one of the procedures
described below.
39.4.1. Bayesian intervals :
A Bayesian posterior probability may be used to determine regions that
will have a given probability of containing the true value of a parameter.
In the single parameter case, for example, an interval (called a Bayesian
or credible interval) [lo , up ] can be determined which contains a given
fraction 1 of the posterior probability, i.e.,
Z up
1= p(|x) d . (39.55)
lo

312 39. Statistics
Sometimes an upper or lower limit is desired, i.e., lo or up can be set to

a physical boundary or to plus or minus infinity. In other cases, one might
be interested in the set of values for which p(|x) is higher than for
any not belonging to the set, which may constitute a single interval or
a set of disjoint regions; these are called highest posterior density (HPD)
intervals. Note that HPD intervals are not invariant under a nonlinear
transformation of the parameter.
If a parameter is constrained to be non-negative, then the prior p.d.f.
can simply be set to zero for negative values. An important example is
the case of a Poisson variable n, which counts signal events with unknown
mean s, as well as background with mean b, assumed known. For the
signal mean s, one often uses the prior
0 s<0
(s) = . (39.56)
1 s0
For example, to obtain an upper limit on s, one may proceed as follows.
The likelihood for s is given by the Poisson distribution for n with mean
s + b,
(s + b)n (s+b)
P (n|s) = e , (39.57)
n!
along with the prior (Eq. 39.56) in Bayes theorem gives the posterior
density for s. An upper limit sup at confidence level (or here, rather,
credibility level) 1 can be obtained by requiring
Z sup R sup
P (n|s) (s) ds
1 = p(s|n)ds = R , (39.58)
P (n|s) (s) ds
where the lower limit of integration is effectively zero because of the cut-off
in (s). By relating the integrals in Eq. (39.58) to incomplete gamma
functions, the solution for the upper limit is found to be
sup = 12 F1
2 [p, 2(n + 1)] b , (39.59)
where F1 2
2 is the quantile of the distribution (inverse of the cumulative
distribution). Here the quantity
p is
p = 1 1 F2 [2b, 2(n + 1)] , (39.60)
where F2 is the cumulative 2 distribution. For both F2 and F1
2
above, the argument 2(n + 1) gives the number of degrees of freedom. For
the special case of b = 0, the limit reduces to
sup = 21 F1
2 (1 ; 2(n + 1)) . (39.61)
It happens that for the case of b = 0, the upper limit from Eq. (39.61)
coincides numerically with the frequentist upper limit discussed in
Section 39.4.2.3. Values for 1 = 0.9 and 0.95 are given by the values
up in Table 39.3.
39.4.2. Frequentist confidence intervals :
39.4.2.1. The Neyman construction for confidence intervals:
Consider a p.d.f. f (x; ) where x represents the outcome of the
experiment and is the unknown parameter for which we want to
construct a confidence interval. The variable x could (and often does)
represent an estimator for . Using f (x; ), we can find for a pre-specified
probability 1 , and for every value of , a set of values x1 (, ) and
x2 (, ) such that Z x2
P (x1 < x < x2 ; ) = f (x; ) dx 1 . (39.62)
x1

39. Statistics 313
If x is discrete, the integral is replaced by the corresponding sum. In that

case there may not exist a range of x values whose summed probability is
exactly equal to a given value of 1 , and one requires by convention
P (x1 < x < x2 ; ) 1 .
This is illustrated for continuous x in Fig. 39.3: a horizontal line
segment [x1 (, ), x2 (, )] is drawn for representative values of . The
union of such intervals for all values of , designated in the figure as D(),
is known as the confidence belt. Typically the curves x1 (, ) and x2 (, )
are monotonic functions of , which we assume for this discussion.
D()
x2(), 2(x)
parameter
0
x1(), 1(x)
x1(0) x2(0)
Possible experimental values x
Figure 39.3: Construction of the confidence belt (see text).
Upon performing an experiment to measure x and obtaining a value

x0 , one draws a vertical line through x0 . The confidence interval for
is the set of all values of for which the corresponding line segment
[x1 (, ), x2 (, )] is intercepted by this vertical line. Such confidence
intervals are said to have a confidence level (CL) equal to 1 .
Now suppose that the true value of is 0 , indicated in the figure.
We see from the figure that 0 lies between 1 (x) and 2 (x) if and only
if x lies between x1 (0 ) and x2 (0 ). The two events thus have the same
probability, and since this is true for any value 0 , we can drop the
subscript 0 and obtain
1 = P (x1 () < x < x2 ()) = P (2 (x) < < 1 (x)) . (39.63)
In this probability statement, 1 (x) and 2 (x), i.e., the endpoints of the
interval, are the random variables and is an unknown constant. If the
experiment were to be repeated a large number of times, the interval
[1 , 2 ] would vary, covering the fixed value in a fraction 1 of the
experiments.
The condition of coverage in Eq. (39.62) does not determine x1 and x2
uniquely, and additional criteria are needed. One possibility is to choose
central intervals such that the probabilities to find x below x1 and above
x2 are each /2. In other cases, one may want to report only an upper or
lower limit, in which case one of P (x x1 ) or P (x x2 ) can be set to
and the other to zero.

314 39. Statistics
When the observed random variable x is continuous, the coverage

probability obtained with the Neyman construction is 1 , regardless
of the true value of the parameter. Because of the requirement
P (x1 < x < x2 ) 1 when x is discrete, one obtains in that case
confidence intervals that include the true parameter with a probability
greater than or equal to 1 .
39.4.2.2. Gaussian distributed measurements:
An important example of constructing a confidence interval is when
the data consists of a single random variable x that follows a Gaussian
distribution; this is often the case when x represents an estimator for a
parameter and one has a sufficiently large data sample. If there is more
than one parameter being estimated, the multivariate Gaussian is used.
For the univariate case with known , the probability that the measured
value x will fall within of the true value is
Z +
1 2 2
1= e(x) /2 dx = erf = 2 1 ,
2 2
(39.65)
where erf is the Gaussian error function, which is rewritten in the final
equality using , the Gaussian cumulative distribution. Fig. 39.4 shows a
= 1.64 confidence interval unshaded. The choice = gives an interval
called the standard error which has 1 = 68.27% if is known. Values
of for other frequently used choices of are given in Table 39.1.
f (x; ,)
/2 /2
3 2 1 0 1 2 3
(x) /
Figure 39.4: Illustration of a symmetric 90% confidence interval
(unshaded) for a measurement of a single quantity with Gaussian
errors. Integrated probabilities, defined by = 0.1, are as shown.
We can set a one-sided (upper or lower) limit by excluding above x +

(or below x ). The values of for such limits are half the values in
Table 39.1.
The relation (39.65) can be re-expressed using the cumulative
distribution function for the 2 distribution as
= 1 F (2 ; n) , (39.66)
for 2 = (/)2 and n = 1 degree of freedom. This can be seen as
the n = 1 curve in Fig. 39.1 or obtained by using the ROOT function
TMath::Prob.
For multivariate measurements of, say, n parameter estimates
b = (b1 , . . . , bn ), one requires the full covariance matrix Vij = cov[bi , bj ],

39. Statistics 315
Table 39.1: Area of the tails outside from the mean of a

Gaussian distribution.

0.3173 1 0.2 1.28
4.55 102 2 0.1 1.64
2.7 103 3 0.05 1.96
6.3105 4 0.01 2.58
5.7107 5 0.001 3.29
2.0109 6 104 3.89
which can be estimated as described in Sections 39.2.2 and 39.2.3. Under

fairly general conditions with the methods of maximum-likelihood or
least-squares in the large sample limit, the estimators will be distributed
according to a multivariate Gaussian centered about the true (unknown)
values , and furthermore, the likelihood function itself takes on a
Gaussian shape.
The standard error ellipse for the pair (bi , bj ) is shown in Fig. 39.5,
corresponding to a contour 2 = 2min + 1 or ln L = ln Lmax 1/2. The
ellipse is centered about the estimated values , b and the tangents to the
ellipse give the standard deviations of the estimators, i and j . The
angle of the major axis of the ellipse is given by
2ij i j
tan 2 = 2 , (39.67)
j i2
where ij = cov[bi , bj ]/i j is the correlation coefficient.
The correlation coefficient can be visualized as the fraction of the
distance i from the ellipses horizontal center-line at which the ellipse
becomes tangent to vertical, i.e., at the distance ij i below the center-line
as shown. As ij goes to +1 or 1, the ellipse thins to a diagonal line.
i
i
inner
î
i iji

j j
^j j
Figure 39.5: Standard error ellipse for the estimators bi and bj . In

the case shown the correlation is negative.
As in the single-variable case, because of the symmetry of the Gaussian

function between and , b one finds that contours of constant ln L or
2 cover the true values with a certain, fixed probability. That is, the

316 39. Statistics
Table 39.2: Values of 2 or 2 ln L corresponding to a coverage

probability 1 in the large data sample limit, for joint estimation
of m parameters.
(1 ) (%) m=1 m=2 m=3

68.27 1.00 2.30 3.53
90. 2.71 4.61 6.25
95. 3.84 5.99 7.82
95.45 4.00 6.18 8.03
99. 6.63 9.21 11.34
99.73 9.00 11.83 14.16
confidence region is determined by

ln L() ln Lmax ln L , (39.68)
or where a 2 has been defined for use with the method of least-squares,
2 () 2min + 2 . (39.69)
Values of 2 or 2 ln L are given in Table 39.2 for several values of the
coverage probability 1 and number of fitted parameters m. For Gaussian
distributed data, these are related by 2 = 2 ln L = F 1
2 (1 ), where
m
F 1 is the chi-square quantile (inverse of the cumulative distribution) for
2m
m degrees of freedom.
For finite non-Gaussian data samples, these are not exact confidence
regions according to our previous definition.
39.4.2.3. Poisson or binomial data:
Another important class of measurements consists of counting a certain
number of events, n. In this section, we will assume these are all events of
the desired type, i.e., there is no background. If n represents the number
of events produced in a reaction with cross section , say, in a fixed
integrated luminosity L, then it follows a Poisson distribution with mean
= L. If, on the other hand, one has selected a larger sample of N
events and found n of them to have a particular property, then n follows
a binomial distribution where the parameter p gives the probability for
the event to possess the property in question. This is appropriate, e.g.,
for estimates of branching ratios or selection efficiencies based on a given
total number of events.
For the case of Poisson distributed n, limits on the mean value can
be found from the Neyman procedure as discussed in Section 39.4.2.1 with
n used directly as the statistic x . The upper and lower limits are found
to be
lo = 12 F1
2 (lo ; 2n) , (39.71a)
up = 21 F1
2 (1 up ; 2(n + 1)) , (39.71b)
where confidence levels of 1 lo and 1 up , refer separately to the
corresponding intervals lo and up , and F1 2 is the quantile
of the 2 distribution (inverse of the cumulative distribution). The
quantiles F1
2 can be obtained from standard tables or from the ROOT
routine TMath::ChisquareQuantile. For central confidence intervals at
confidence level 1 , set lo = up = /2.

39. Statistics 317
Table 39.3: Lower and upper (one-sided) limits for the mean
of a Poisson variable given n observed events in the absence of
background, for confidence levels of 90% and 95%.
1 =90% 1 =95%
n lo up lo up
0 2.30 3.00
1 0.105 3.89 0.051 4.74
2 0.532 5.32 0.355 6.30
3 1.10 6.68 0.818 7.75
4 1.74 7.99 1.37 9.15
5 2.43 9.27 1.97 10.51
6 3.15 10.53 2.61 11.84
7 3.89 11.77 3.29 13.15
8 4.66 12.99 3.98 14.43
9 5.43 14.21 4.70 15.71
10 6.22 15.41 5.43 16.96
It happens that the upper limit from Eq. (39.71b) coincides numerically
with the Bayesian upper limit for a Poisson parameter, using a uniform
prior p.d.f. for . Values for confidence levels of 90% and 95% are shown
in Table 39.3. For the case of binomially distributed n successes out of N
trials with probability of success p, the upper and lower limits on p are
found to be
nFF1 [lo ; 2n, 2(N n + 1)]
plo = , (39.72a)
N n + 1 + nFF1 [lo ; 2n, 2(N n + 1)]
(n + 1)FF1 [1 up ; 2(n + 1), 2(N n)]
pup = . (39.72b)
(N n) + (n + 1)FF1 [1 up ; 2(n + 1), 2(N n)]
Here FF1 is the quantile of the F distribution (also called the Fisher
Snedecor distribution; see Ref. 4).
A number of issues arise in the construction and interpretation of
confidence intervals when the parameter can only take on values in a
restricted range. Important examples are where the mean of a Gaussian
variable is constrained on physical grounds to be non-negative and where
the experiment finds a Poisson-distributed number of events, n, which
includes both signal and background. Application of some standard recipes
can lead to intervals that are partially or entirely in the unphysical region.
Furthermore, if the decision whether to report a one- or two-sided interval
is based on the data, then the resulting intervals will not in general cover
the parameter with the stated probability 1 .
Several problems with such intervals are overcome by using the unified
approach of Feldman and Cousins [35]. Properties of these intervals are
described further in the Review. Table 39.4 gives the unified confidence
intervals [1 , 2 ] for the mean of a Poisson variable given n observed
events in the absence of background, for confidence levels of 90% and 95%.
The values of 1 given here refer to the coverage of the true parameter

318 39. Statistics
by the whole interval [1 , 2 ]. In Table 39.3 for the one-sided upper and
lower limits, however, 1 referred to the probability to have individually
up or lo .
Table 39.4: Unified confidence intervals [1 , 2 ] for a the mean

of a Poisson variable given n observed events in the absence of
background, for confidence levels of 90% and 95%.
1 =90% 1 =95%
n 1 2 1 2
0 0.00 2.44 0.00 3.09

1 0.11 4.36 0.05 5.14
2 0.53 5.91 0.36 6.72
3 1.10 7.42 0.82 8.25
4 1.47 8.60 1.37 9.76
5 1.84 9.99 1.84 11.26
6 2.21 11.47 2.21 12.75
7 3.56 12.53 2.58 13.81
8 3.96 13.99 2.94 15.29
9 4.36 15.30 4.36 16.77
10 5.50 16.50 4.75 17.82
Another possibility is to construct a Bayesian interval as described in

Section 39.4.1. The presence of the boundary can be incorporated simply
by setting the prior density to zero in the unphysical region. Advantages
and pitfalls of this approach are discussed further in the Review.
Another alternative is presented by the intervals found from the
likelihood function or 2 using the prescription of Equations (39.68) or
(39.69). As in the case of the Bayesian intervals, the coverage probability
is not, in general, independent of the true parameter. Furthermore, these
intervals can for some parameter values undercover.
In any case it is important to report sufficient information so that the
result can be combined with other measurements. Often this means giving
an unbiased estimator and its standard deviation, even if the estimated
value is in the unphysical region. It is also useful to report the likelihood
function or an appropriate summary of it. Although this by itself is not
sufficient to construct a frequentist confidence interval, it can be used to
find the Bayesian posterior probability density for any desired prior p.d.f.
Particle Physics; the equation and reference numbering corresponds to
that version.

44. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients 319
44. CLEBSCH-GORDAN COEFFICIENTS,

SPHERICAL HARMONICS, AND d FUNCTIONS
= (1)Jj1 j2 hj2 j1 m2 m1 |j2 j1 JM i

hj1 j2 m1 m2 |j1 j2 JM i
8/15.
p
Note: A square-root sign is to be understood over every coefficient, e.g., for 8/15 read
sin cos ei
1
2
sin2 e2i
cos2
sin ei
cos
5 3
4 2
8
8
15
r
4 2
1 15
3
4
3
r
r
r
Y11 =
Y21 =
Y10 =
Y20 =
Y2 =
2
Ym = (1)m Ym



r
320
4
d m,0 = Y m eim 1 + cos
j j j 2 + 1 d 10,0 = cos
1/2
d 1/2,1/2 = cos d 11,1 =
d m ,m = (1)mm d m,m = d m,m 2 2
sin
44. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients

1/2
d 1/2,1/2 = sin d 11,0 =
2 2
1 cos
d 11,1 =
2
3/2 1 + cos
d 3/2,3/2 = cos
2 2 1 + cos 2
3/2 1 + cos d 22,2 =
d 3/2,1/2 = 3 sin 2
2 2
1 cos 1 + cos
3/2
d 3/2,1/2 = 3 cos d 22,1 = sin
2 2 2
1 cos 6 1 + cos
3/2
d 3/2,3/2 = sin d 22,0 = sin2 d 21,1 = (2 cos 1)
2 2 4 r2
3/2 3 cos 1 1 cos 2 3
September 26, 2016
d 1,0 = sin cos
September 26, 2016

d 1/2,1/2 = cos d 22,1 = sin
2 2 2 2
3 cos + 1 1 cos 2 1 cos 3 1
3/2 2 2
d 1/2,1/2 = sin d 2,2 = d 1,1 = (2 cos + 1) d 20,0 = cos2
2 2 2 2 2 2
15:18
15:18
47. Kinematics 321
47. KINEMATICS
Revised January 2000 by J.D. Jackson (LBNL) and September 2016 by
D.R. Tovey (Sheffield).
Throughout this section units are used in which ~ = c = 1. The following
conversions are useful: ~c = 197.3 MeV fm, (~c)2 = 0.3894 (GeV)2 mb.
47.1. Lorentz transformations
The energy E and 3-momentum p of a particle of mass m form a
4-vector p = (E, p) whose square p2 E 2 |p|2 = m2 . The velocity of
the particle is = p/E. The energy and momentum (E , p ) viewed from
a frame moving with velocity f are given by

E f f f E
pk
= , pT = pT , (47.1)
f f f pk
where f = (1f2 )1/2 and pT (pk ) are the components of p perpendicular
(parallel) to f . Other 4-vectors, such as the space-time coordinates of
events, of course transform in the same way. The scalar product of two
4-momenta p1 p2 = E1 E2 p1 p2 is invariant (frame independent).
47.2. Center-of-mass energy and momentum
In the collision of two particles of masses m1 and m2 the total
center-of-mass energy can be expressed in the Lorentz-invariant form
h i1/2
Ecm = (E1 + E2 )2 (p1 + p2 )2 ,
h i1/2
= m21 + m22 + 2E1 E2 (1 1 2 cos ) , (47.2)
where is the angle between the particles. In the frame where one particle
(of mass m2 ) is at rest (lab frame),
Ecm = (m21 + m22 + 2E1 lab m2 )1/2 . (47.3)
The velocity of the center-of-mass in the lab frame is
cm = plab /(E1 lab + m2 ) , (47.4)
where plab p1 lab and
cm = (E1 lab + m2 )/Ecm . (47.5)
The c.m. momenta of particles 1 and 2 are of magnitude
m2
pcm = plab . (47.6)
Ecm
For example, if a 0.80 GeV/c kaon beam is incident on a proton target,
the center of mass energy is 1.699 GeV and the center of mass momentum
of either particle is 0.442 GeV/c. It is also useful to note that
Ecm dEcm = m2 dE1 lab = m2 1 lab dplab . (47.7)
47.3. Lorentz-invariant amplitudes

The matrix elements for a scattering or decay process are written in
terms of an invariant amplitude iM . As an example, the S-matrix for
2 2 scattering is related to M by
hp1 p2 |S| p1 p2 i = I i(2)4 4 (p1 + p2 p1 p2 )
M (p1 , p2 ; p1 , p2 )
1/2
. (47.8)
(2E1 ) (2E2 )1/2 (2E1 )1/2 (2E2 )1/2

322 47. Kinematics
The state normalization is such that

hp |pi = (2)3 3 (p p ) . (47.9)
47.4. Particle decays

The partial decay rate of a particle of mass M into n bodies in its rest
frame is given in terms of the Lorentz-invariant matrix element M by
(2)4
d = |M |2 dn (P ; p1 , . . . , pn ), (47.10)
2M
where dn is an element of n-body phase space given by
n
X n
Y d3 pi
dn (P ; p1 , . . . , pn ) = 4 (P pi ) . (47.11)
(2)3 2Ei
i=1 i=1
This phase space can be generated recursively, viz.
dn (P ; p1 , . . . , pn ) = dj (q; p1 , . . . , pj )
dnj+1 (P ; q, pj+1 , . . . , pn )(2)3 dq 2 , (47.12)
P P 2
j j
where q 2 = ( i=1 Ei )2 i=1 pi . This form is particularly useful in
the case where a particle decays into another particle that subsequently
decays.
47.4.1. Survival probability : If a particle of mass M has mean
proper lifetime (= 1/) and has momentum (E, p), then the probability
that it lives for a time t0 or greater before decaying is given by
P (t0 ) = et0 / = eM t0 /E , (47.13)
and the probability that it travels a distance x0 or greater is
P (x0 ) = eM x0 /|p| . (47.14)
47.4.2. Two-body decays :
p1, m1
P, M
p2, m2
Figure 47.1: Definitions of variables for two-body decays.
In the rest frame of a particle of mass M , decaying into 2 particles

labeled 1 and 2,
M 2 m22 + m21
E1 = , (47.15)
2M
|p1 | = |p2 |
1/2
M 2 (m1 + m2 )2 M 2 (m1 m2 )2
= , (47.16)
2M
and
1 |p |
d = |M |2 12 d , (47.17)
32 2 M

47. Kinematics 323
where d = d1 d(cos 1 ) is the solid angle of particle 1. The invariant mass

M can be determined from the energies and momenta using Eq. (47.2)
with M = Ecm .
47.4.3. Three-body decays :
p1, m1
P, M p2, m2
p3, m3
Figure 47.2: Definitions of variables for three-body decays.
Defining pij = pi + pj and m2ij = p2ij , then m212 + m223 + m213 =

M2 + m21 + m22 + m23 and m212 = (P p3 )2 = M 2 + m23 2M E3 , where
E3 is the energy of particle 3 in the rest frame of M . In that frame,
the momenta of the three decay particles lie in a plane. The relative
orientation of these three momenta is fixed if their energies are known.
The momenta can therefore be specified in space by giving three Euler
angles (, , ) that specify the orientation of the final system relative to
the initial particle [1]. Then
1 1
d = |M |2 dE1 dE3 d d(cos ) d . (47.18)
(2)5 16M
Alternatively
1 1
d = |M |2 |p1 | |p3 | dm12 d1 d3 , (47.19)
(2)5 16M 2
where (|p1 |, 1 ) is the momentum of particle 1 in the rest frame of 1
and 2, and 3 is the angle of particle 3 in the rest frame of the decaying
particle. |p1 | and |p3 | are given by
2 1/2
m12 (m1 + m2 )2 m212 (m1 m2 )2
|p1 | = , (47.20a)
2m12
and
2 1/2
M (m12 + m3 )2 M 2 (m12 m3 )2
|p3 | = . (47.20b)
2M
[Compare with Eq. (47.16).]
If the decaying particle is a scalar or we average over its spin states,
then integration over the angles in Eq. (47.18) gives
1 1
d = |M |2 dE1 dE3
(2)3 8M
1 1
= |M |2 dm212 dm223 . (47.21)
(2)3 32M 3
This is the standard form for the Dalitz plot.

324 47. Kinematics
47.4.3.1. Dalitz plot: For a given value of m212 , the range of m223 is
determined by its values when p2 is parallel or antiparallel to p3 :
(m223 )max =
q q 2
(E2 + E3 )2 E22 m22 E32 m23 , (47.22a)
(m223 )min =
q q 2
(E2 + E3 )2 E22 m22 + E32 m23 . (47.22b)
Here E2 = (m212 m21 + m22 )/2m12 and E3 = (M 2 m212 m23 )/2m12 are
the energies of particles 2 and 3 in the m12 rest frame. The scatter plot
in m212 and m223 is called a Dalitz plot. If |M |2 is constant, the allowed
region of the plot will be uniformly populated with events [see Eq. (47.21)].
A nonuniformity in the plot gives immediate information on |M |2 . For
example, in the case of D K, bands appear when m(K) = mK (892) ,
reflecting the appearance of the decay chain D K (892) K.
10
(m1+m2) 2
8 (Mm1) 2
(m223)max
(GeV 2)
6
(Mm3) 2
m23
2
4
2 )
(m23 min
2 (m2+m3) 2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
2 (GeV 2)
m12
Figure 47.3: Dalitz plot for a three-body final state. In this
example, the state is + K 0 p at 3 GeV. Four-momentum conservation
restricts events to the shaded region.
47.4.4. Kinematic limits :

47.4.4.1. Three-body decays: In a three-body decay (Fig. 47.2) the
maximum of |p3 |, [given by Eq. (47.20)], is achieved when m12 = m1 + m2 ,
i.e., particles 1 and 2 have the same vector velocity in the rest frame of the
decaying particle. If, in addition, m3 > m1 , m2 , then |p3 |max > |p1 |max ,
|p2 |max . The distribution of m12 values possesses an end-point or
maximum value at m12 = M m3 . This can be used to constrain the
mass difference of a parent particle and one invisible decay product.

47. Kinematics 325
47.4.5. Multibody decays : The above results may be generalized to

final states containing any number of particles by combining some of the
particles into effective particles and treating the final states as 2 or 3
effective particle states. Thus, if pijk... = pi + pj + pk + . . ., then
q
mijk... = p2 ijk... , (47.25)
and mijk... may be used in place of e.g., m12 in the relations in Sec. 47.4.3
or Sec. 47.4.4 above.
47.5. Cross sections
p1, m1 p3, m3
.
.
.
p2, m2 pn+2, mn+2
Figure 47.5: Definitions of variables for production of an n-body
final state.
The differential cross section is given by

(2)4 |M |2
d = q
4 (p1 p2 )2 m21 m22
dn (p1 + p2 ; p3 , . . . , pn+2 ) . (47.26)
[See Eq. (47.11).] In the rest frame of m2 (lab),
q
(p1 p2 )2 m21 m22 = m2 p1 lab ; (47.27a)
while in the center-of-mass
q frame

(p1 p2 )2 m21 m22 = p1cm s . (47.27b)
47.5.1. Two-body reactions :
p1, m1 p3, m3
p2, m2 p4, m4
Figure 47.6: Definitions of variables for a two-body final state.
Two particles of momenta p1 and p2 and masses m1 and m2 scatter

to particles of momenta p3 and p4 and masses m3 and m4 ; the
Lorentz-invariant Mandelstam variables are defined by
s = (p1 + p2 )2 = (p3 + p4 )2
= m21 + 2E1 E2 2p1 p2 + m22 , (47.28)
t = (p1 p3 )2 = (p2 p4 )2
= m21 2E1 E3 + 2p1 p3 + m23 , (47.29)

326 47. Kinematics
u = (p1 p4 )2 = (p2 p3 )2
= m21 2E1 E4 + 2p1 p4 + m24 , (47.30)
and they satisfy
s + t + u = m21 + m22 + m23 + m24 . (47.31)
The two-body cross section may be written as
d 1 1
= |M |2 . (47.32)
dt 64s |p1cm |2
In the center-of-mass frame
t = (E1cm E3cm )2 (p1cm p3cm )2 4p1cm p3cm sin2 (cm /2)
= t0 4p1cm p3cm sin2 (cm /2) , (47.33)
where cm is the angle between particle 1 and 3. The limiting values

t0 (cm = 0) and t1 (cm = ) for 2 2 scattering are
2 2
m1 m23 m22 + m24
t0 (t1 ) = (p1 cm p3 cm )2 . (47.34)
2 s
In the literature the notation tmin (tmax ) for t0 (t1 ) is sometimes used,
which should be discouraged since t0 > t1 . The center-of-mass energies
and momenta of the incoming particles are
s + m21 m22 s + m22 m21
E1cm = , E2cm = , (47.35)
2 s 2 s
For E3cm and E4cm , change m1 to m3 and m2 to m4 . Then
q
p m
2 .
pi cm = Ei2cm m2i and p1cm = 1 lab (47.36)
s
Here the subscript lab refers to the frame where particle 2 is at rest. [For
other relations see Eqs. (47.2)(47.4).]
47.5.2. Inclusive reactions : Choose some direction (usually the beam

direction) for the z-axis; then the energy and momentum of a particle can
be written as
E = mT cosh y , px , py , pz = mT sinh y , (47.37)
where mT , conventionally called the transverse mass, is given by
m2T = m2 + p2x + p2y . (47.38)
and the rapidity y is defined by

1 E + pz
y= ln
2 E pz
p
E + pz z
= ln = tanh1 . (47.39)
mT E
Note that the definition of the transverse mass in Eq. (47.38) differs
from that used by experimentalists at hadron colliders (see Sec. 47.6.1
below). Under a boost in the z-direction to a frame with velocity ,
y y tanh1 . Hence the shape of the rapidity distribution dN/dy is
invariant, as are differences in rapidity. The invariant cross section may

47. Kinematics 327
also be rewritten
d3 d3 d2
E 3 = = . (47.40)
d p d dy pT dpT dy d(p2T )
The second form is obtained using the identity dy/dpz = 1/E, and the
third form represents the average over .
Feynmans x variable is given by
pz E + pz
x= (pT |pz |) . (47.41)
pz max (E + pz )max
In the c.m. frame,
2pz cm 2mT sinh ycm
x = (47.42)
s s
and
= (ycm )max = ln( s/m) . (47.43)
The invariant mass M of the two-particle system described in Sec. 47.4.2
can be written in terms of these variables as
M 2 = m21 + m22 + 2[ET (1)ET (2) cosh y pT (1) pT (2)] , (47.44)
where q
ET (i) = |pT (i)|2 + m2i , (47.45)
and pT (i) denotes the transverse momentum vector of particle i.
For p m, the rapidity [Eq. (47.39)] may be expanded to obtain
1 cos2 (/2) + m2 /4p2 + . . .
y= ln
2 sin2 (/2) + m2 /4p2 + . . .
ln tan(/2) (47.46)
where cos = pz /p. The pseudorapidity defined by the second line is
approximately equal to the rapidity y for p m and 1/, and in any
case can be measured when the mass and momentum of the particle are
unknown. From the definition one can obtain the identities
sinh = cot , cosh = 1/ sin , tanh = cos . (47.47)
47.5.3. Partial waves : The amplitude in the center of mass for elastic
scattering of spinless particles may be expanded in Legendre polynomials
1X
f (k, ) = (2 + 1)a P (cos ) , (47.48)
k

where k is the c.m. momentum, is the c.m. scattering angle, a =
( e2i 1)/2i, 0 1, and is the phase shift of the th partial
wave. For purely elastic scattering, = 1. The differential cross section
is
d
= |f (k, )|2 . (47.49)
d
The optical theorem states that
4
tot = Im f (k, 0) , (47.50)
k
and the cross section in the th partial wave is therefore bounded:
4 4(2 + 1)
= 2 (2 + 1)|a |2 . (47.51)
k k2

328 47. Kinematics
47.5.3.1. Resonances: The Breit-Wigner (nonrelativistic) form for an

elastic amplitude a with a resonance at c.m. energy ER , elastic width
el , and total width tot is
el /2
a = , (47.54)
ER E itot /2
where E is the c.m. energy.
The spin-averaged Breit-Wigner cross section for a spin-J resonance
produced in the collision of particles of spin S1 and S2 is
(2J + 1) Bin Bout 2tot
BW (E) = , (47.55)
(2S1 + 1)(2S2 + 1) k 2 (E ER )2 + 2tot /4
where k is the c.m. momentum, E is the c.m. energy, and B in and B out
are the branching fractions of the resonance into the entrance and exit
channels. The 2S + 1 factors are the multiplicities of the incident spin
states, and are replaced by 2 for photons. This expression is valid only for
an isolated state. If the width is not small, tot cannot be treated as a
constant independent of E. There are many other forms for BW , all of
which are equivalent to the one given here in the narrow-width case. Some
of these forms may be more appropriate if the resonance is broad.
The relativistic Breit-Wigner form corresponding to Eq. (47.54) is:
mel
a = . (47.56)
s m2 + imtot
A betterform incorporates the known kinematic dependences, replacing
mtot by s tot (s), where tot (s) is the width the resonanceparticle
would have if its mass were s, and correspondingly mel by s el (s)
where el (s) is the partial width in the incident channel for a mass s:

s el (s)
a = . (47.57)
s m2 + i s tot (s)
For the Z boson, all the decays are to particles whose masses are small
enough to be ignored, so on dimensional grounds tot (s) = s 0 /mZ ,
where 0 defines the width of the Z, and el (s)/tot (s) is constant. A full
treatment of the line shape requires consideration of dynamics, not just
kinematics. For the Z this is done by calculating the radiative corrections
in the Standard Model.
47.6. Transverse variables
At hadron colliders, a significant and unknown proportion of the energy
of the incoming hadrons in each event escapes down the beam-pipe.
Consequently if invisible particles are created in the final state, their net
momentum can only be constrained in the plane transverse to the beam
direction. Defining the z-axis as the beam direction, this net momentum
is equal to the missing transverse energy vector
X
ETmiss = pT (i) , (47.58)
i
where the sum runs over the transverse momenta of all visible final state
particles.

47. Kinematics 329
47.6.1. Single production with semi-invisible final state :

Consider a single heavy particle of mass M produced in association
with visible particles which decays as in Fig. 47.1 to two particles, of
which one (labeled particle 1) is invisible. The mass of the parent particle
can be constrained with the quantity MT defined by
MT2 [ET (1) + ET (2)]2 [pT (1) + pT (2)]2
= m21 + m22 + 2[ET (1)ET (2) pT (1) pT (2)] , (47.59)
where
pT (1) = ETmiss . (47.60)
This quantity is called the transverse mass by hadron collider
experimentalists but it should be noted that it is quite different from
that used in the description of inclusive reactions [Eq. (47.38)]. The
distribution of event MT values possesses an end-point at MTmax = M . If
m1 = m2 = 0 then
MT2 = 2|pT (1)||pT (2)|(1 cos 12 ) , (47.61)
where ij is defined as the angle between particles i and j in the transverse
plane.
47.6.2. Pair production with semi-invisible final states :
p1 , m1 p3 , m1
M M
p2 , m2 p4 , m4
Figure 47.9: Definitions of variables for pair production of semi-

invisible final states. Particles 1 and 3 are invisible while particles 2
and 4 are visible.
Consider two identical heavy particles of mass M produced such that

their combined center-of-mass is at rest in the transverse plane (Fig. 47.9).
Each particle decays to a final state consisting of an invisible particle of
fixed mass m1 together with an additional visible particle. M and m1 can
be constrained with the variables MT 2 and MCT which are defined in
Refs. [4] and [5].

330 49. Cross-section formulae for specific processes
49. CROSS-SECTION FORMULAE

FOR SPECIFIC PROCESSES
Revised October 2009 by H. Baer (University of Oklahoma) and R.N.

Cahn (LBNL).
PART I: STANDARD MODEL PROCESSES
Setting aside leptoproduction (for which, see Sec. 16 of this Review),
the cross sections of primary interest are those with light incident particles,
e+ e , , qq, gq , gg, etc., where g and q represent gluons and light
quarks. The produced particles include both light particles and heavy
ones - t, W , Z, and the Higgs boson H. We provide the production cross
sections calculated within the Standard Model for several such processes.
49.1. Resonance Formation
Resonant cross sections are generally described by the Breit-Wigner
formula (Sec. 19 of this Review).

2J + 1 4 2 /4
(E) = Bin Bout , (49.1)
(2S1 + 1)(2S2 + 1) k 2 (E E0 )2 + 2 /4
where E is the c.m. energy, J is the spin of the resonance, and the
number of polarization states of the two incident particles are 2S1 + 1
and 2S2 + 1. The c.m. momentum in the initial state is k, E0 is the
c.m. energy at the resonance, and is the full width at half maximum
height of the resonance. The branching fraction for the resonance into
the initial-state channel is Bin and into the final-state channel is Bout .
For a narrow resonance, the factor in square brackets may be replaced by
(E E0 )/2.
49.2. Production of light particles
The production of point-like, spin-1/2 fermions in e+ e annihilation
through a virtual photon, e+ e f f , at c.m. energy squared s is
d 2
= Nc [1 + cos2 + (1 2 ) sin2 ]Q2f , (49.2)
d 4s
where is v/c for the produced fermions in the c.m., is the c.m.
scattering angle, and Qf is the charge of the fermion. The factor Nc is 1
for charged leptons and 3 for quarks. In the ultrarelativistic limit, 1,
42 86.8 nb
= Nc Q2f = Nc Q2f . (49.3)
3s s (GeV2 )
The cross section for the annihilation of a qq pair into a distinct pair
q q through a gluon is completely analogous up to color factors, with the
replacement s . Treating all quarks as massless, averaging over the
colors of the initial quarks and defining t = s sin2 (/2), u = s cos2 (/2),
one finds
d 2 t2 + u2
(qq q q ) = s . (49.4)
d 9s s2
Crossing symmetry gives
d 2 s2 + u2
(qq qq ) = s . (49.5)
d 9s t2
If the quarks q and q are identical, we have

d 2 t2 + u2 s2 + u 2 2u2
(qq qq) = s 2 + 2 , (49.6)
d 9s s t 3st

49. Cross-section formulae for specific processes 331
and by crossing

d 2 t2 + s2 s2 + u 2 2s2
(qq qq) = s + . (49.7)
d 9s u2 t2 3ut
Annihilation of e+ e into has the cross section
d + 2 u2 + t2
(e e ) = . (49.8)
d 2s tu
The related QCD process also has a triple-gluon coupling. The cross
section is
d 82s 2 1 9
(qq gg) = (t + u2 )( 2 ) . (49.9)
d 27s tu 4s
The crossed reactions are
d 2 1 9
(qg qg) = s (s2 + u2 )( + ), (49.10)
d 9s su 4t2
d 2 1 9
(gg qq) = s (t2 + u2 )( 2 ) , (49.11)
d 24s tu 4s
d 92s ut su st
(gg gg) = (3 2 2 2 ) . (49.12)
d 8s s t u
Lepton-quark scattering is analogous (neglecting Z exchange)
d 2 2 s2 + u2
(eq eq) = e , (49.13)
d 2s q t2
eq is the quark charge. For -scattering with the four-Fermi interaction
d G2 s
(d u) = F2 , (49.14)
d 4
where the Cabibbo angle suppression is ignored. Similarly
d G2 s (1 + cos )2
(u d) = F2 . (49.15)
d 4 4
For deep inelastic scattering (presented in more detail in Section 19)
we consider quarks of type i carrying a fraction x = Q2 /(2M ) of the
nucleons energy, where = E E is the energy lost by the lepton in the
nucleon rest frame. With y = /E we have the correspondences
1 + cos 2(1 y) , dcm 4fi (x)dx dy , (49.16)
where the latter incorporates the quark distribution, fi (x). We find
d 42 xs 1 h i
(eN eX) = 4 1 + (1 y)2
dx dy Q 2
h4 1 i
(u(x) + u(x) + . . .)+ (d(x) + d(x) + . . .) (49.17)
9 9
where now s = 2M E is the cm energy squared for the electron-nucleon
collision and we have suppressed contributions from higher mass quarks.
Similarly,
d G2 xs
(N X) = F [(d(x) + . . .) + (1 y)2 (u(x) + . . .)] , (49.18)
dx dy
d + G2F xs
(N X) = [(d(x) + . . .) + (1 y)2 (u(x) + . . .)] . (49.19)
dx dy
Quasi-elastic neutrino scattering ( n p, p + n) is directly
related to the crossed reaction, neutron decay.

49.3. Hadroproduction of heavy quarks

For hadroproduction of heavy quarks Q = c, b, t, it is important to
include mass effects in the
s formulae. For qq QQ, one has
d 2 4mQ 2 h i
(qq QQ) = s 1 (m2Q t)2 + (m2Q u)2 + 2m2Q s ,
d 9s 3 s
(49.20)
while for gg QQ one has
s

d 2 4m2Q 6
(gg QQ) = s 1 (m2 t)(m2Q u)
d 32s s s2 Q
m2Q (s 4m2Q ) 2 2 2 2
4 (mQ t)(mQ u) 2mQ (mQ + t)
2 2 + 2
3(mQ t)(mQ u) 3 (mQ t) 2
2 2 2 2
4 (mQ t)(mQ u) 2mQ (mQ + u)
+ 2
3 (mQ u) 2
#
(m2Q t)(m2Q u) + m2Q (u t) (m2Q t)(m2Q u) + m2Q (t u)
3 3 .
s(m2Q t) s(m2Q u)
(49.21)
49.4. Production of Weak Gauge Bosons
49.4.1. W and Z resonant production :
Resonant production of a single W or Z is governed by the partial widths

2GF m3W
(W i i ) = (49.22)
12 2 3
2GF |Vij | mW
(W qi q j ) = 3 (49.23)
12 3
2GF mZ
(Z f f ) = Nc
h 6 i
(T3 Qf sin2 W )2 + (Qf sin2 W )2 . (49.24)
The weak mixing angle is W . The CKM matrix elements are Vij . Nc is 3
for qq and 1 for leptonic final states. These widths along with associated
branching fractions may be applied to the resonance production formula
of Sec. 49.1 to gain the total W or Z production cross section.
49.4.2. Production of pairs of weak gauge bosons :
The cross section for f f W + W is given in term of the couplings of the
left-handed and right-handed fermion f , = 2(T3 QxW ), r = 2QxW ,
where T3 is the third component of weak isospin for the left-handed f , Q
is its electric charge (in units of the proton charge), and xW = sin2 W :
( !2 !2
d 2 2 +r s r s
= Q+ + A(s, t, u)
dt N c s2 4xW s m2Z 4xW s m2Z
!
1 s
+ Q+ ((Q)I(s, t, u) (Q)I(s, u, t))
2xW 2xW s m2Z
)
1
+ 2 ((Q)E(s, t, u) + (Q)E(s, u, t)) , (49.26)
8xW

49. Cross-section formulae for specific processes 333
where (x) is 1 for x > 0 and 0 for x < 0, and where

! !
tu 1 m2W m4W s
A(s, t, u) = 1 +3 2 + 2 4,
m4W 4 s s mW
! !
tu 1 m2W m4W s m2
I(s, t, u) = 4
1 + 2 2+2 W,
mW 4 2s st mW t
! !
4
tu 1 mW s
E(s, t, u) = 1 + 2 + 2 , (49.27)
m4W 4 t mW
and s, t, u are the usual Mandelstam variables with s = (pf + pf )2 , t =
(pf pW )2 , u = (pf pW + )2 . The factor Nc is 3 for quarks and 1 for
leptons.
The analogous cross-section for qi q j W Z 0 is
( !2
d 2 |Vij |2 1 9 8xW
= 2 2
ut m2W m2Z
dt 2
6s xW s mW 4
i
2 2
+ (8xW 6) s mW + mZ
" #
ut m2W m2Z s(m2W + m2Z ) j i
+
s m2W t u
" 2 # )
ut m2W m2Z j 2i s(m2W + m2Z ) i j
+ + + , (49.28)
4(1 xW ) t2 u2 2(1 xW ) tu
where i and j are the couplings of the left-handed qi and qj as defined
above. The CKM matrix element between qi and qj is Vij .
The cross section for qi q i Z 0 Z 0 is
" #
d 2 4i + ri4 t u 4m2Z s 4 1 1
= + + m Z + .
dt 96 x2W (1 x2W )2 s2 u t tu t2 u2
(49.29)
49.5. Production of Higgs Bosons
49.5.1. Resonant Production :
The Higgs boson of the Standard Model can be produced resonantly
in the collisions of quarks, leptons, W or Z bosons, gluons, or photons.
The production cross section is thus controlled by the partial width of the
Higgs boson into the entrance channel and its total width. The partial
widths are given by the relations
GF m2f mH Nc 3/2
(H f f ) = 1 4m2f /m2H , (49.30)
4 2
GF m3H W
(H W + W ) = 4 4aW + 3a2W , (49.31)
32 2
GF m3H Z
(H ZZ) = 4 4aZ + 3a2Z . (49.32)
64 2
where Nc is 3 for quarks and 1 for leptons and where aW = 1 W 2 =
4m2W /m2H and aZ = 1 Z 2 = 4m2 /m2 . The decay to two gluons

Z H
proceeds through quark loops, with the t quark dominating. Explicitly,

2
2s GF m3H X

(H gg) = I(m2q /m2H ) , (49.33)
36 3 2
q
where I(z) is complex for z < 1/4. For z < 2 103 , |I(z)| is small so the
light quarks contribute negligibly. For mH < 2mt , z > 1/4 and
" 2 #
1 1
I(z) = 3 2z + 2z(1 4z) sin , (49.34)
2 z
which has the limit I(z) 1 as z .
49.5.2. Higgs Boson Production in W and Z decay :
The Standard Model Higgs boson can be produced in the decay of
a virtual W or Z (Higgstrahlung): In particular, if k is the c.m.
momentum of the Higgs boson,
2 |Vij |2 2k k 2 + 3m2W
(qi q j W H) = (49.35)
36 sin4 W s (s m2W )2
22 (2f + rf2 ) 2k k 2 + 3m2Z
(f f ZH) = . (49.36)
48Nc sin W cos W s (s m2Z )2
4 4
where and r are defined as above.
49.5.3. W and Z Fusion :
Just as high-energy electrons can be regarded as sources of virtual photon
beams, at very high energies they are sources of virtual W and Z beams.
For Higgs boson production, it is the longitudinal components of the W s
and Zs that are important. The distribution of longitudinal W s carrying
a fraction y of the electrons energy is
g2 1 y
f (y) = , (49.37)
16 2 y
where g = e/ sin W . In the limit s mH mW , the rate (H
WL WL ) = (g 2 /64)(m3H /m2W ) and in the equivalent W approximation
3
1
(e+ e e e H) =
16m2 sin2 W
" W ! #
m2 s m2
1 + H log 2 2 + 2 H . (49.38)
s mH s
There are significant corrections to this relation when mH is not large
compared
to mW . For mH = 150 GeV, the estimate is too high by 51%
for s = 1000 GeV, 32% too high at s = 2000 GeV, and 22% too high
at s = 4000 GeV. Fusion of ZZ to make a Higgs boson can be treated
similarly. Identical formulae apply for Higgs production in the collisions
of quarks whose charges permit the emission of a W + and a W , except
that QCD corrections and CKM matrix elements are required. Even in
the absence of QCD corrections, the fine-structure constant ought to be
evaluated at the scale of the collision, say mW . All quarks contribute to
the ZZ fusion process.
Further discussion and all references may be found in the full Review; the
equation and reference numbering corresponds to that version.

50. Neutrino Cross Section Measurements 335
50. Neutrino Cross Section Measurements

Revised August 2015 by G.P. Zeller (Fermilab)
This section has been abridged from the full version of the Review.
Neutrino cross sections are an essential ingredient in all neutrino
experiments. Interest in neutrino scattering has recently increased due
to the need for such information in the interpretation of neutrino
oscillation data. Both charged current (CC) and neutral current (NC)
channels have been collected over many decades using a variety of targets,
analysis techniques, and detector technologies. This work summarizes
accelerator-based neutrino cross section measurements performed in the
0.1 300 GeV range with an emphasis on inclusive, quasi-elastic, and
pion production processes, areas where we have the most experimental
input at present (Table 50.1 and Table 50.2).
Table 50.1: List of beam properties, nuclear targets, and durations
for modern accelerator-based neutrino experiments.
hE i, hE i neutrino run
Experiment beam GeV target(s) period
ArgoNeuT , 4.3, 3.6 Ar 2009 2010

ICARUS 20.0 Ar 2010 2012
K2K 1.3 CH, H2 O 2003 2004
MicroBooNE 0.8 Ar 2015
MINERvA , 3.5 (LE), 5.5 (ME) He, CH, H2 O, Fe, Pb 2009
MiniBooNE , 0.8, 0.7 CH2 2002 2012
MINOS , 3.5, 6.1 Fe 2004
NOMAD , 23.4, 19.7 C 1995 1998
NOvA , 2.0, 2.0 CH2 2010
SciBooNE , 0.8, 0.7 CH 2007 2008
T2K , 0.6, 0.6 CH, H2 O 2010
Table 50.2: Summary of published neutrino cross section measure-

ments. All measurements are or scattering with the exception
of the last column which is a e measurement.
Experiment inclusive 0 0 e
ArgoNeuT CC 2p CC
K2K CC CC CC,NC
MINERA CC CC,1p CC CC
MiniBooNE CC,MA ,NC CC CC,
MINOS CC MA
NOMAD CC CC NC
SciBooNE CC CC NC
T2K CC CC,NC CC

336 50. Neutrino Cross Section Measurements
50.1. Inclusive Scattering

Experiments have measured the total inclusive cross section for neutrino
( N X) and antineutrino ( N + X) scattering off nucleons
covering a broad range of neutrino energies. As can be seen in Fig. 50.1,
the inclusive cross section approaches a linear dependence on neutrino
energy. Such behavior is expected for point-like scattering of neutrinos
from quarks, an assumption which breaks down at lower energies.
T2K (Fe) PRD 90, 052010 (2014) CDHS, ZP C35, 443 (1987)
T2K (CH) PRD 90, 052010 (2014) GGM-SPS, PL 104B, 235 (1981)
cm2 / GeV)
1.6 T2K (C), PRD1.6

87, 092003 (2013) GGM-PS, PL 84B (1979)
ArgoNeuT PRD 89, 112003 (2014) IHEP-ITEP, SJNP 30, 527 (1979)
IHEP-JINR, ZP C70, 39 (1996)
ArgoNeuT, PRL 108, 161802 (2012)
1.4 1.4
ANL, PRD 19, 2521 (1979)
MINOS, PRD 81, 072002 (2010)
NOMAD, PLB 660, 19 (2008)
BEBC, ZP C2, 187 (1979) NuTeV, PRD 74, 012008 (2006)
1.2 BNL, PRD 25,1.2
617 (1982) SciBooNE, PRD 83, 012005 (2011)
CCFR (1997 Seligman Thesis) SKAT, PL 81B, 255 (1979)
-38
1 1
CC / E (10
0.8 0.8 N - X
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2 N + X
0 0
1 10 100 150 200 250 300 350
E (GeV)
Figure 50.1: Measurements of and CC inclusive scattering
cross sections (per nucleon) divided by neutrino energy as a function
of neutrino energy.
50.2. Quasi-elastic scattering
Quasi-elastic (QE) scattering is the dominant neutrino interaction for
neutrino energies less than 1 GeV and represents a large fraction of
the signal samples in many neutrino oscillation experiments. Historically,
neutrino (antineutrino) quasi-elastic scattering refers to the process,
n p ( p + n), where a charged lepton and single nucleon
are ejected in the elastic interaction of a neutrino (or antineutrino) with a
nucleon in the target material.
50.3. Pion Production
In addition to such elastic processes, neutrinos can also inelastically
scatter producing a nucleon excited state (, N ). Such baryonic
resonances quickly decay, most often to a nucleon and single-pion final
state. Furthermore, neutrinos can also coherently scatter off of the
entire nucleus and produce a distinctly forward-scattered single pion
final state. Both CC ( A A + , A + A ) and NC
( A A 0 , A A 0 ) processes are possible in this case. Even
though the level of coherent pion production is small compared to resonant
processes, observations exist across a broad energy range and on multiple
nuclear targets [64].

51. Plots of cross sections and related quantities 337
103
5 -( +) d 10
2 K -(K +) d 10
102
2
p (p) p
-p
101
K -(K +) p -( +) p
5
100
5

2
10-1
p
5
ab
, mb
2
10-2
2

10-3
5
, GeV
2
1 2 3 4
2 5 10 2 5 10 2 5 10 2 5 10 2 5
_
0.3 pp 0.3 - p 0.3 K- p
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1

pp + p K+ p
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3 -0.3

s , GeV s , GeV s , GeV
101 102 103 104 101 102 103 104 101 102 103 104
Figure 51.8: Summary of h p anything, p hadrons,

hadrons total cross sections ab in mb and h p the ratio
of real to imaginary parts of the forward hadronic amplitudes. Also
for qualitative comparison of the uniformity of data description by
HPR1 R2 mod el across the different collisions and observables. The
uncertainties for the experimental data points include both the statistical
and systematic errors. Curves, corresponding to fit above 5 GeV cut, are
plotted with error bands calculated with parameter covariance matrix
constructed on MC-propagated vectors from 95% quantile of the empirical
distribution. Corresponding computer-readable data files may be found
at http://pdg.lbl.gov/current/xsect/. (Courtesy of the COMPAS
group, IHEP, Protvino, June 2016.)



338
6. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Table 6.1. Abridged from pdg.lbl.gov/AtomicNuclearProperties by D. E. Groom (2015). Quantities in parentheses are for gases at 20 C
6. Atomic and nuclear properties of materials

and 1 atm. Boiling points are at 1 atm. Refractive indices n are evaluated at the sodium D line blend (589.2 nm); values 1 in brackets are for
(n 1) 106 (gases) at 0 C and 1 atm.
Material Z A hZ/Ai Nucl.coll. Nucl.inter. Rad.len. dE/dx|min Density Melting Boiling Refract.
length T length I X0 { MeV {g cm3 } point point index
{g cm2 } {g cm2 } {g cm2 } g1 cm2 } ({g1 }) (K) (K) @ Na D
H2 1 1.008(7) 0.99212 42.8 52.0 63.04 (4.103) 0.071(0.084) 13.81 20.28 1.11[132.]
D2 1 2.01410177803(8) 0.49650 51.3 71.8 125.97 (2.053) 0.169(0.168) 18.7 23.65 1.11[138.]
He 2 4.002602(2) 0.49967 51.8 71.0 94.32 (1.937) 0.125(0.166) 4.220 1.02[35.0]
Li 3 6.94(2) 0.43221 52.2 71.3 82.78 1.639 0.534 453.6 1615.
Be 4 9.0121831(5) 0.44384 55.3 77.8 65.19 1.595 1.848 1560. 2744.
C diamond 6 12.0107(8) 0.49955 59.2 85.8 42.70 1.725 3.520 2.42
C graphite 6 12.0107(8) 0.49955 59.2 85.8 42.70 1.742 2.210
N2 7 14.007(2) 0.49976 61.1 89.7 37.99 (1.825) 0.807(1.165) 63.15 77.29 1.20[298.]
O2 8 15.999(3) 0.50002 61.3 90.2 34.24 (1.801) 1.141(1.332) 54.36 90.20 1.22[271.]
F2 9 18.998403163(6) 0.47372 65.0 97.4 32.93 (1.676) 1.507(1.580) 53.53 85.03 [195.]
Ne 10 20.1797(6) 0.49555 65.7 99.0 28.93 (1.724) 1.204(0.839) 24.56 27.07 1.09[67.1]
Al 13 26.9815385(7) 0.48181 69.7 107.2 24.01 1.615 2.699 933.5 2792.
Si 14 28.0855(3) 0.49848 70.2 108.4 21.82 1.664 2.329 1687. 3538. 3.95
Cl2 17 35.453(2) 0.47951 73.8 115.7 19.28 (1.630) 1.574(2.980) 171.6 239.1 [773.]
Ar 18 39.948(1) 0.45059 75.7 119.7 19.55 (1.519) 1.396(1.662) 83.81 87.26 1.23[281.]
Ti 22 47.867(1) 0.45961 78.8 126.2 16.16 1.477 4.540 1941. 3560.
Fe 26 55.845(2) 0.46557 81.7 132.1 13.84 1.451 7.874 1811. 3134.
Cu 29 63.546(3) 0.45636 84.2 137.3 12.86 1.403 8.960 1358. 2835.
Ge 32 72.630(1) 0.44053 86.9 143.0 12.25 1.370 5.323 1211. 3106.
Sn 50 118.710(7) 0.42119 98.2 166.7 8.82 1.263 7.310 505.1 2875.
Xe 54 131.293(6) 0.41129 100.8 172.1 8.48 (1.255) 2.953(5.483) 161.4 165.1 1.39[701.]
W 74 183.84(1) 0.40252 110.4 191.9 6.76 1.145 19.300 3695. 5828.
September 23, 2016
September 23, 2016

Pt 78 195.084(9) 0.39983 112.2 195.7 6.54 1.128 21.450 2042. 4098.
Au 79 196.966569(5) 0.40108 112.5 196.3 6.46 1.134 19.320 1337. 3129.
Pb 82 207.2(1) 0.39575 114.1 199.6 6.37 1.122 11.350 600.6 2022.
U 92 [238.02891(3)] 0.38651 118.6 209.0 6.00 1.081 18.950 1408. 4404.
15:58
15:58


Air (dry, 1 atm) 0.49919 61.3 90.1 36.62 (1.815) (1.205) 78.80
Shielding concrete 0.50274 65.1 97.5 26.57 1.711 2.300
Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) 0.49707 64.6 96.5 28.17 1.696 2.230
Lead glass 0.42101 95.9 158.0 7.87 1.255 6.220
Standard rock 0.50000 66.8 101.3 26.54 1.688 2.650
Methane (CH4 ) 0.62334 54.0 73.8 46.47 (2.417) (0.667) 90.68 111.7 [444.]
Ethane (C2 H6 ) 0.59861 55.0 75.9 45.66 (2.304) (1.263) 90.36 184.5
Butane (C4 H10 ) 0.59497 55.5 77.1 45.23 (2.278) (2.489) 134.9 272.6
Octane (C8 H18 ) 0.57778 55.8 77.8 45.00 2.123 0.703 214.4 398.8
Paraffin (CH3 (CH2 )n23 CH3 ) 0.57275 56.0 78.3 44.85 2.088 0.930
6. Atomic and nuclear properties of materials

Nylon (type 6, 6/6) 0.54790 57.5 81.6 41.92 1.973 1.18
Polycarbonate (Lexan) 0.52697 58.3 83.6 41.50 1.886 1.20
Polyethylene ([CH2 CH2 ]n ) 0.57034 56.1 78.5 44.77 2.079 0.89
Polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) 0.52037 58.9 84.9 39.95 1.848 1.40
Polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) 0.53937 58.1 82.8 40.55 1.929 1.19 1.49
Polypropylene 0.55998 56.1 78.5 44.77 2.041 0.90
Polystyrene ([C6 H5 CHCH2 ]n ) 0.53768 57.5 81.7 43.79 1.936 1.06 1.59
Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 0.47992 63.5 94.4 34.84 1.671 2.20
Polyvinyltoluene 0.54141 57.3 81.3 43.90 1.956 1.03 1.58
Aluminum oxide (sapphire) 0.49038 65.5 98.4 27.94 1.647 3.970 2327. 3273. 1.77
Barium flouride (BaF2 ) 0.42207 90.8 149.0 9.91 1.303 4.893 1641. 2533. 1.47
Carbon dioxide gas (CO2 ) 0.49989 60.7 88.9 36.20 1.819 (1.842) [449.]
Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) 0.49989 60.7 88.9 36.20 1.787 1.563 Sublimes at 194.7 K
Cesium iodide (CsI) 0.41569 100.6 171.5 8.39 1.243 4.510 894.2 1553. 1.79
September 23, 2016
September 23, 2016

Lithium fluoride (LiF) 0.46262 61.0 88.7 39.26 1.614 2.635 1121. 1946. 1.39
Lithium hydride (LiH) 0.50321 50.8 68.1 79.62 1.897 0.820 965.
Lead tungstate (PbWO4 ) 0.41315 100.6 168.3 7.39 1.229 8.300 1403. 2.20
Silicon dioxide (SiO2 , fused quartz) 0.49930 65.2 97.8 27.05 1.699 2.200 1986. 3223. 1.46
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.47910 71.2 110.1 21.91 1.847 2.170 1075. 1738. 1.54
Sodium iodide (NaI) 0.42697 93.1 154.6 9.49 1.305 3.667 933.2 1577. 1.77
Water (H2 O) 0.55509 58.5 83.3 36.08 1.992 1.000(0.756) 273.1 373.1 1.33
339
15:58
15:58
Silica aerogel 0.50093 65.0 97.3 27.25 1.740 0.200 (0.03 H2 O, 0.97 SiO2 )
September 23, 2016 15:59
340 NOTES

September 23, 2016 15:59
September 23, 2016 15:59
NOTES 341

September 23, 2016 15:59
September 23, 2016 15:59
342 NOTES

September 23, 2016 15:59
September 23, 2016 15:59
NOTES 343

September 23, 2016 15:59
September 23, 2016 15:59
344 NOTES

September 23, 2016 15:59


Table 4.1. Revised June 2016 by D.E. Groom (LBNL). The atomic number (top left) is the number of protons in the nucleus. The atomic masses (bottom)
of stable elements are weighted by isotopic abundances in the Earths surface. Atomic masses are relative to the mass of 12 C, defined to be exactly 12 unified
atomic mass units (u) (approx. g/mole). The exceptions are Th, Pa, and U, which have no stable isotopes but do have characteristic terrestrial compositions.
Relative isotopic abundances often vary considerably, both in natural and commercial samples; this is reflected in the number of significant figures given for
the mass. Masses may be found at http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand alone.pl . If there is no stable isotope the atomic mass of the
most stable isotope is given in parentheses. IUPAC announced verification of the discoveries of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 in December 2015. Provisional
names were assigned in June 2016. The 7th period of the periodic table is now complete.
1 18
IA VIIIA
1 H 2 He
****** INSIDE BACK COVER ******
hydrogen 2 13 14 15 16 17 helium
1.008 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.002602
3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne
lithium beryllium PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
6.94 9.012182 10.81 12.0107 14.007 15.999 18.998403163 20.1797
11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar
sodium magnesium 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 aluminum silicon phosph. sulfur chlorine argon
22.98976928 24.305 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 26.9815385 28.085 30.973761998 32.06 35.45 39.948
19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium german. arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39.0983 40.078 44.955908 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938044 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.921595 78.971 79.904 83.798
37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybd. technet. ruthen. rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85.4678 87.62 88.90584 91.224 92.90637 95.95 (97.907212) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.414 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293
55 Cs 56 Ba 5771 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn
cesium barium Lantha- hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
132.90545196 137.327 nides 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.592 204.38 207.2 208.98040 (208.98243) (209.98715) (222.01758)
87 Fr 88 Ra 89103 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og
September 26, 2016
September 26, 2016

francium radium Actinides rutherford. dubnium seaborg. bohrium hassium meitner. darmstadt. roentgen. copernicium (nihonium) flerovium (moscovium) livermorium (tennessine) (oganesson)
(223.01974) (226.02541) (267.12169) (268.12567) (271.13393) (270.13429) (269.13429) (276.15159) (281.16451) (280.16514) (285.17712) (284.17873) (289.19042) (288.19274) (293.20449) (292.20746) (294.21392)
Lanthanide 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu
series lanthan. cerium praseodym. neodym. prometh. samarium europium gadolin. terbium dyspros. holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
138.90547 140.116 140.90765 144.242 (144.91276) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.500 164.93033 167.259 168.93422 173.054 174.9668
Actinide 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr
series actinium thorium protactin. uranium neptunium plutonium americ. curium berkelium californ. einstein. fermium mendelev. nobelium lawrenc.
(227.02775) 232.0377 231.03588 238.02891 (237.04817) (244.06420) (243.06138) (247.07035) (247.07031) (251.07959) (252.08298) (257.09511) (258.09844) (259.10103) (262.10961)
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2016 2017
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
****** OUTSIDE BACK COVER ******
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
under Contract DE-AC02-05CH11231
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 30 31
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
30 31 31
2017 2018
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
29 30 31 26 27 28 26 27 28 29 30 31 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
APRIL MAY JUNE APRIL MAY JUNE
September 26, 2018
September 26, 2018

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 2
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
30
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Particle Data Group - Particle Physics Booklet 2016

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PDG_booklet_COVER_2016-Final.

pdf 1 9/22/16 5:47 PM

The complete 2016 Review of Particle Physics is published online by

Visit our web site: http://pdg.lbl.gov/

The publication of the Review of Particle Physics is supported by the

****** INSIDE FRONT COVER ******

PARTICLE PHYSICS BOOKLET

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Abridged from the full Review of Particle Physics.

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

3. International System of Units (SI)

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Please use crop marks to align pages

Quantity Symbol, equation Value Uncertainty (ppb)

September 10, 2016

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Please use crop marks to align pages

gravitational constant GN 6.674 08(31)1011 m3 kg1 s2 4.7 104

September 10, 2016

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Please use crop marks to align pages

September 29, 2016

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Please use crop marks to align pages

September 29, 2016

8 Summary Tables of Parti le Properties

Extracted from the Particle Listings of the

GAUGE AND HIGGS BOSONS

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table 9

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

10 Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table 11

Neutral Higgs Bosons, Sear hes for

Charged Higgs Bosons (H and H ), Sear hes for

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

12 Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table

Mass m > 2.900 103 GeV, CL = 95% (p p dire t sear h)

Axions (A0 ) and Other

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Gauge & Higgs Boson Summary Table 13

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

14 Lepton Summary Table

Magneti moment anomaly

(g2)/2 = (1159.65218091 0.00000026) 106

Mean life > 6.6 1028 yr, CL = 90% [ a

DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Con den e level (MeV/ )

Lepton Family number (LF ) violating modes

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Lepton Summary Table 15

Im(d ) < 1.1 1017 e m, CL = 95%

Weak anomalous magneti dipole moment

Im( ) < 2.7 103, CL = 95%

K 0 (RATE DIFFERENCE) / (RATE SUM) =

DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Con den e level (MeV/ )

Modes with one harged parti le

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

16 Lepton Summary Table

[g (10.82 0.05 ) % 883

*** NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet ***

Lepton Summary Table 17

< 1.7 103 CL=95% 760

INSIDE FRONT COVER

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

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DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

DECAY MODES Fra tion ( i / ) Conden e level (MeV/ )

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

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* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

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* NOTE TO PUBLISHER OF Particle Physics Booklet *

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