Immiscible displacement

1. Pore volume and porosity calculation

PoreVolume=Volume of water imbibied=37 ml

2 2
D 2.825
Cross S ectional A rea= = =6.37 9 cm 2
4 4
Sandpack L ength=19.251.3293.005+0.833=15.749 cm
Bulk Volume=Cross sectional area Sandpack length
2 3
6.379 c m 15.749 cm=100.469 cm
Pore Volume 37
Porosity volume of water imbibed = = =3 6.83
Bulk Volume 100.469
Mass of sand=34 29.4 g3275.5 g=153.9 g

The density for sandstone is found to be 2.65 g /c m3

m 153.9 g 3
Volume of sand grains= = =58.075 cm
2.65 g/c m3
100.46958.075
Porosity= =42.196
100.469

2. Absolute permeability
The permeability could be determined from the equation:
kA dP
q=
dx

Rearrange the equation to get ( qA )=k ( LP ) , by plotting (

q
A ) vs. (

P
the permeability could be determined which is the value of the slope
L
of equation of the fitted line.
is determined to be 1.002cp at room temperature.
When the flow rate is 4ml/min,
q 0.0667 1.002 cpcm
= =0.0105
A 6.379 s
P 0.064 atm
= =0.0033
L 19.25 cm
 flow
Flow Pressu rate
rate re cm^3/ pressur q / A P/ L
ml/min psi s e atm
0.0666 0.0639 0.0104 0.0033
4 0.94 67 46 72 22
0.1333 0.1210 0.0209 0.0062
8 1.78 33 88 44 9
0.1789 0.0314 0.0092
12 2.63 0.2 12 16 94

/ vs. /

0.04
0.03
f(x) = 3.51x - 0
0.03
0.02
/ 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Figure 1: immiscible displacement permeability determination

From the graph, the permeability is calculated to be 3.507 Darcy.
3. Irreducible water saturation
The value for irreducible water saturation could be calculated by the
equation:
V wiV wd 37( 9060 )
S wi = = =0.189=18.9
Vp 37
4. Permeability
The end point effective permeability to oil could be calculated as follow:

k eff , e=
q ( mls ) ( cp) L ( cm ) = 602 25 15.749 =2.30
A ( c m 2) P ( atm ) 13.15
6.379
14.7
Therefore, the endpoint relative permeability to oil is:

2.30
kro= =0.656
3.507

The residual oil saturation is calculated as follow:

 V oiV od
S =
Vp
( 9060 ) 21
S= =0.243
37

Table 2: Raw Data

oil level in the volume of oil

time collector pressure drop produced
min ml psi ml
0 90 0 0
5 87.5 5.53 2.5
10 82 4.5 8
15 77 3.05 13
18 73.5 2.12 16.5
19 73 2.09 17
20 72.5 2.03 17.5
21 72.5 1.98 17.5
22 72.5 1.93 17.5
23 72 1.91 18
24 72 1.87 18
25 72 1.82 18
26 72 1.8 18
28 71.5 1.76 18.5
30 71.5 1.76 18.5
35 71 1.62 19
40 70.5 1.56 19.5
50 70 1.45 20
60 69 1.38 21
 Volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time
25 6

20 5
4
15
3
10
2
5 1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

time (min)

volume of oil pressure drop

Figure 2: Volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time

Read the graph above, the water breakthrough time is about 20 mins.
Then the end point effective permeability could be calculated as follow:

k eff , e=
q ( mls ) ( cp) L ( cm ) = 601 1.002 15.749 =0.4392 Darcy
A ( c m2) P ( atm ) 1.380
6.379
14.7
Therefore, the endpoint relative permeability to water is:

0.4395
kr w= =0.125
3.507
Plot the Volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time again with time
scale from 20min to 60min and pressure drop from 1 to 2.2psi.
 volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time expanded scale
22 2.2

21 2
20
1.8
19
1.6
volume of oil produced (ml) 18 Pressure drop (psi)
1.4
17

16 1.2

15 1
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

time (min)

volume of oil produced pressure drop

Figure 3: volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time expanded scale

Fit smooth curves through the data points by hand

Figure 4: volume of oil produced and pressure drop vs. time expanded scale with
trend lines
Read the data from the curves above, the summary is present in the table
below:
Table 3: Volume of oil produced and pressure drop data from curve

Oil Pressure
Time produced drop
(min) (ml) (psi)
20 17.5 2.02
22 17.7 1.95
24 18 1.85
27 18.3 1.81
30 18.7 1.72
33 19 1.69
35 19.2 1.65
37 19.4 1.58
40 19.6 1.55
45 20 1.48
50 20.3 1.42
55 20.6 1.40
60 20.7 1.38
5. Relative permeability using JBN method
The initial pressure drop is calculated as follow:
 25 0.01667 19.25
A k||= 14.7=5.27 psi
6.379 3.507
qL
Pi =

Table 4: Data needed for JBN Method Calculation

core length (cm) 19.25
core diameter (cm) 2.825
cross-section area (cm^2) 6.379
pore volume (ml) 37
porosity, fraction 0.3683
absolute permeability (Darcy) 3.507
viscosity of oil (cp) 25
viscosity of water (cp) 1.002
irreducible water saturation, fraction 0.189
end-point permeability to oil (Darcy) 0.656
residual oil saturation, fraction 0.243
end point permeability to water (Darcy) 0.125
water injection rate (ml/s) 0.01667
calculated value of initial pressure drop (psi) 5.2715
Sample calculation when time is at 20min:

Volume of water injected is calculated as follow:

q inj t
W i=
Vp

ml
W=
( 0.01667 )(20 60 s)
s
=0.541
i
37 ml
Water saturation is:
Np
S w =S wi +
Vp
17.5 mL
S w =0.189+ =0.662
37 mL
Fractional flow of oil is:
Sw
f o=
Wi
0.00 5405
f o= =0.1
0.0540541
Relative injectivity:
 1 P
= (
I r Pat start of injection ) for constant rate floods

1 2.02 psi
= =0.3 653
I r 5 .53 psi
Fractional flow of oil over relative permeability to oil:

1
fo
=
(
W I )
i r

kro

( W1 )
i

f o 0.08551
= =0.508411
k ro 0.116818

Relative permeability to oil:

Sw
W i
k ro =
1

( )
Wi Ir

( W1 )
i

0.1
k ro = =0 .1967
0.508411

Average water saturation:

S
S
S
( w)t
( w)t + n1

n
2

( w)avg =

S
0.661973+ 0.667378
( w)avg = =0.66 4676
2

 Relative Permeability to water:
f w k ro w
k rw =
f o 0

0.85 0.247 1.002

k rw = =0.056
0.15 25

Tim Oil Pressure Wi PV Sw Sw Wi PV

e produced, drop (psi)
(mi (ml)
n)

0 0 5.53 0 0.189
0.540 0.661
20 17.5 2.02
541 973
0.594 0.667 0.005 0.540
22 17.7 1.95
595 378 405 541
0.648 0.675 0.008 0.054
24 18 1.85
649 486 108 054
0.729 0.683 0.008 0.081
27 18.3 1.81
73 595 108 081
0.810 0.694 0.010 0.081
30 18.7 1.72
811 405 811 081
0.891 0.702 0.008 0.081
33 19 1.69
892 514 108 081
0.945 0.707 0.005 0.054
35 19.2 1.65
946 919 405 054
0.713 0.005 0.054
37 19.4 1.58
1 324 405 054
1.081 0.718 0.005 0.081
40 19.6 1.55
081 73 405 081
1.216 0.729 0.010 0.135
45 20 1.48
216 541 811 135
1.351 0.737 0.008 0.135
50 20.3 1.42
351 649 108 135
1.486 0.745 0.008 0.135
55 20.6 1.4
486 757 108 135
1.621 0.748 0.002 0.135
60 20.7 1.38
622 459 703 135

(1/WiI
Sw/ 1/
1/Ir 1/Wi 1/(WiIr) (1/Wi) r/ kro (Sw)avg
Wi (WiIr)
(1/Wi)
0.3775 1.85 0.6985
 7 05
- -
0.3644 1.6818 0.6129 0.0855 0.1681 0.5084 0.1966 0.6646
0.1 86 18 99 1 8 11 91 76
-
0.3457 1.5416 - 0.1401 0.5700 0.2631 0.6714
0.15 94 67 0.5331 0.0799 5 93 15 32
-
0.3383 1.3703 0.4636 0.0694 - 0.4056 0.2465 0.6795
0.1 18 7 21 8 0.1713 07 44 41
- -
0.1333 0.3214 1.2333 0.3965 0.0671 0.1370 0.4897 0.2722
33 95 33 11 1 4 2 65 0.689
- -
0.3158 1.1212 0.3541 0.0423 0.1121 0.3775 0.2648 0.6984
0.1 88 12 77 3 2 7 51 59
- -
0.3084 1.0571 0.3260 0.0281 0.0640 0.4392 0.2276 0.7052
0.1 11 43 35 4 7 52 6 16
- -
0.2953 0.2953 0.0307 0.0571 0.5373 0.1860 0.7106
0.1 27 1 27 1 4 83 87 22
-
0.0666 0.2897 0.2679 0.0273 0.3644 0.1829 0.7160
67 2 0.925 91 4 -0.075 86 06 27
- -
0.2766 0.8222 0.2274 0.0405 0.1027 0.3943 0.2028 0.7241
0.08 36 22 56 3 8 93 44 35
- -
0.2654 0.1964 0.0310 0.0822 0.3775 0.1589 0.7335
0.06 21 0.74 11 4 2 7 11 95
- -
0.2616 0.6727 0.1760 0.0203 0.0672 0.3028 0.1981 0.7417
0.06 82 27 41 7 7 04 48 03
- -
0.2579 0.6166 0.1590 0.0169 0.0560 0.3028 0.0660 0.7471
0.02 44 67 65 8 6 04 49 08

(Wi)avg fo(Wi)avg Sw2 fw fw/fo (fw/fo)kro krw

0.567568 0.056757 0.607919 0.9 8.99999 1.77022 0.07095

5.66666 0.05975
0.621622 0.093243 0.578189 0.85 7 1.490984 9
0.08893
0.689189 0.068919 0.610622 0.9 9 2.218894 3
0.86666
0.77027 0.102703 0.586297 7 6.5 1.76972 0.07093
 0.09553
0.851351 0.085135 0.613324 0.9 9 2.383663 7
0.08212
0.918919 0.091892 0.613324 0.9 9 2.048936 1
0.06712
0.972973 0.097297 0.613324 0.9 9 1.674783 5
0.93333 0.10263
1.040541 0.069369 0.646658 3 14 2.560684 2
0.09349
1.148649 0.091892 0.632243 0.92 11.5 2.332701 5
15.6666 0.09978
1.283784 0.077027 0.656568 0.94 7 2.489604 3
15.6666 0.12442
1.418919 0.085135 0.656568 0.94 7 3.104321 1
0.12971
1.554054 0.031081 0.716027 0.98 49 3.23642 6

Relative permeability vs. water saturation

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Figure 5: Relative permeability vs. water saturation